Transparent antenna stacks and assemblies

Abstract

The optically transparent antenna laminate includes at least two stacked optically transparent antennas. Each antenna includes a conductive metal mesh including a plurality of interconnected conductive metal traces defining a plurality of enclosed open areas. The metal mesh of each antenna and each lead has an open area percentage greater than about 50%. The at least two stacked optically transparent antennas include a first antenna configured to operate over a first frequency band but not over a second frequency band, and a second antenna configured to operate over the second frequency band but not over the first frequency band. The optically transparent antenna laminate has an optical transmittance of at least about 50% for at least one wavelength within a wavelength range of about 450 nm to about 600 nm.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to antennas, and more particularly to transparent antenna stacks and assemblies. [Background technology]

[0002] Antennas are typically used to transmit and receive electromagnetic signals in networks, for example, cellular networks. To improve network quality and speed, a large number of antennas may need to be deployed at various locations on streets, such as utility poles, road signs, etc. However, existing regulations may limit the deployment of these antennas due to their visual impact on the environment. Summary of the Invention

[0003] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides an optically transparent antenna laminate. The optically transparent antenna laminate includes at least two stacked optically transparent antennas. Each of the optically transparent antennas includes a conductive metal mesh including a plurality of interconnected conductive metal traces. The conductive metal traces define a plurality of closed open areas. The at least two stacked optically transparent antennas include a first antenna configured to operate over a first frequency band but not over a second frequency band, and a second antenna configured to operate over the second frequency band but not over the first frequency band. The optically transparent antenna laminate has an optical transmittance of at least about 50% for at least one wavelength in a wavelength range of about 450 nanometers (nm) to about 600 nm.

[0004] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides an antenna assembly. The antenna assembly includes an optically transparent substrate. The antenna assembly further includes a plurality of antennas and a plurality of leads disposed on the substrate. Each antenna and each lead includes a conductive metal mesh including a plurality of interconnected conductive metal traces that define a plurality of enclosed open areas. Each lead corresponds to a different antenna and electrically connects the antenna to a conductive pad for connection to an electrical circuit. The metal mesh of each antenna and each lead has an open area percent greater than about 50%. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0005] Exemplary embodiments disclosed herein may be more fully understood by considering the following Detailed Description in conjunction with the following figures. The figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. Like numbers used in the figures refer to like components. However, it will be understood that the use of a number to indicate a component in a given figure is not intended to limit the component in another figure that is indicated with the same number. [Figure 1] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an optically transparent antenna laminate according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Diagram 2] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an optically transparent antenna laminate according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. [Diagram 3] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a conductive metal mesh of an antenna according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 4] 1 is an exemplary plot illustrating operating frequency bands for different antennas. [Figure 5A] 1A-1D are schematic diagrams of conductive metal traces of different antennas according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 5B] 1A-1D are schematic diagrams of conductive metal traces of different antennas according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 6A] 1A-1D are schematic diagrams of different types of conductive metal meshes. [Figure 6B] 1A-1D are schematic diagrams of different types of conductive metal meshes. [Figure 6C]1A-1D are schematic diagrams of different types of conductive metal meshes. [Figure 6D] 1A-1D are schematic diagrams of different types of conductive metal meshes. [Figure 6E] 1A-1D are schematic diagrams of different types of conductive metal meshes. [Figure 7] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an antenna assembly according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 8] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an antenna having leads according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 9] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a lead according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0006] In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and in which various embodiments are shown by way of illustration. It is to be understood that other embodiments are contemplated and may be made without departing from the scope or spirit of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the following detailed description is not to be taken in a limiting sense.

[0007] The present disclosure relates to an optically transparent antenna laminate including at least two stacked optically transparent antennas. Each antenna includes a conductive metal mesh including a plurality of interconnected conductive metal traces that define a plurality of enclosed open areas. The antennas can be configured to operate over non-overlapping frequency bands. The optically transparent antenna laminate can easily blend with the environment and reduce visual impact. The optically transparent antenna laminate can be flexible and can conform to curved surfaces, such as curved windows.

[0008] The present disclosure also relates to an antenna assembly including a light-transmitting substrate and a plurality of antennas and a plurality of leads disposed on the substrate. Each antenna and each lead includes a conductive metal mesh including a plurality of interconnected conductive metal traces that define a plurality of enclosed and open areas. The antenna assembly can easily blend with the environment and can reduce visual impact. The antenna assembly can be flexible and can conform to curved surfaces, such as curved windows.

[0009] As used herein, a component referred to as "transparent," "substantially transparent," or "light-transmitting" allows visible light to pass through without appreciable scattering, such that objects on the other side are visible.

[0010] Turning now to the figures, FIG. 1 illustrates an optically transparent antenna laminate 300 including stacked optically transparent first and second antennas 100, 200. In some embodiments, one or more additional stacked optically transparent antennas may be included in the optically transparent antenna laminate 300. The optically transparent antenna laminate 300 may be interchangeably referred to as an "antenna laminate 300." Specifically, the antenna laminate 300 includes a first antenna 100 and a second antenna 200 stacked on top of one another. Each of the first and second antennas 100, 200 may be one of a dipole antenna, a monopole antenna, a patch antenna, and the like. Each of the first and second antennas 100, 200 may have a different shape, such as a square, a circle, a bowtie, a rectangle, an ellipse, a triangle, a polygon, or any other suitable shape. In some embodiments, the first and second antennas 100, 200 are configured to operate over discontinuous or non-overlapping frequency bands.

[0011] Each of the first and second antennas 100, 200 includes a conductive metal mesh 10, 20. Specifically, the first antenna 100 includes a conductive metal mesh 10, and the second antenna 200 includes a conductive metal mesh 20. In some embodiments, the metal mesh 10, 20 of each of the first and second antennas 100, 200 includes one or more of gold, silver, palladium, aluminum, copper, nickel, tin, and any other conductive material. The sheet resistance of each metal mesh 10, 20 may be less than about 0.01 ohms / square, less than about 0.05 ohms / square, less than about 0.1 ohms / square, or less than about 1 ohm / square. In some embodiments, each metal mesh 10, 20 has a percent open area of ​​greater than about 50%. In some embodiments, each metal mesh 10, 20 has a percent open area of ​​greater than about 70%. In some other embodiments, each metal mesh 10, 20 has a percent open area of ​​greater than about 80%.

[0012] Each of the first and second antennas 100, 200 further includes conductive leads 13, 23 connecting the metal mesh 10, 20 to conductive pads 14, 24 for connection to electronics 15, 25 (shown in FIG. 3). Specifically, the first antenna 100 includes conductive lead 13, and the second antenna 200 includes conductive lead 23. The conductive lead 13 connects the metal mesh 10 to the conductive pad 14 for connection to electronics 15. Furthermore, the conductive lead 23 connects the metal mesh 20 to the conductive pad 24 for connection to electronics 25. In some embodiments, each of the conductive leads 13, 23 includes one or more of gold, silver, palladium, aluminum, copper, nickel, tin, and any other conductive material. In some embodiments, each of the conductive pads 14, 24 includes one or more of gold, silver, palladium, aluminum, copper, nickel, tin, and any other conductive material. In some embodiments, the thickness of each conductive lead 13, 23 is in the range of about 0.5 micrometers to about 100 micrometers. In some embodiments, the width of each conductive lead 13, 23 is in the range of about 0.5 micrometers to about 100 micrometers. The thickness of each conductive lead 13, 23 can be measured along a direction substantially perpendicular to the width of each conductive lead 13, 23. In some embodiments, the thickness of each conductive pad 14, 24 is in the range of about 0.5 micrometers to about 100 micrometers. In some embodiments, the width of each conductive pad 14, 24 is in the range of about 0.5 micrometers to about 100 micrometers. The thickness of each conductive pad 14, 24 can be measured along a direction substantially perpendicular to the width of each conductive pad 14, 24.

[0013] In some embodiments, for each antenna 100, 200, the metal mesh 10, 20, the conductive leads 13, 23, and the conductive pads 14, 24 have the same composition and approximately the same thickness. Specifically, the metal mesh 10, the conductive leads 13, and the conductive pads 14 have the same composition and approximately the same thickness. Furthermore, the metal mesh 20, the conductive leads 23, and the conductive pads 24 have the same composition and approximately the same thickness.

[0014] In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 1, the metal mesh 10 of the first antenna 100 is disposed on a first substrate 16, and the metal mesh 20 of the second antenna 200 is disposed on a different second substrate 17. Each of the first and second substrates 16, 17 may be made of an electrically insulating material, such as glass or a polymer. Examples of polymers useful for the first and second substrates 16, 17 include polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN). In other embodiments, each of the first and second substrates 16, 17 is made of one or more dielectric materials, such as acrylic, polycarbonate, polyvinyl chloride, silicone, etc., to provide specific properties, such as high heat resistance, outdoor durability, high strength, or to conform to irregular surfaces. Each of the first and second substrates 16, 17 may be substantially planar and flexible while maintaining sufficient rigidity, so that excessive bending may not damage the corresponding metal mesh 10, 20. In some embodiments, each of the first and second substrates 16, 17 can have low passive intermodulation (PIM) (e.g., about -150 dBc) and high radiation efficiency. In some embodiments, each of the first and second substrates 16, 17 is substantially transparent. In some embodiments, each of the first and second substrates 16, 17 has an optical transmittance of at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% for at least one wavelength in a wavelength range of about 450 nanometers (nm) to about 600 nm.

[0015] As shown in FIG. 1, the light-transmitting antenna laminate 300 further includes a first light-transmitting adhesive 50 disposed between the first substrate 16 and the second substrate 17. The first light-transmitting adhesive 50 bonds the first substrate 16 to the second substrate 17. The second antenna 200 includes a second light-transmitting adhesive 51 disposed on the second substrate 17 opposite the first light-transmitting adhesive 50. The second light-transmitting adhesive 51 can secure the light-transmitting antenna laminate 300 to an interior or exterior surface of various structures, such as buildings, utility poles, road signs, street furniture, or windows. In some embodiments, each of the light-transmitting adhesives 50, 51 has a light transmittance of at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% for at least one wavelength in a wavelength range of about 450 nm to about 600 nm. A suitable optically transparent adhesive may be Optically Clear Laminating Adhesive 8141 or 8671 from 3M Company. The optically transparent adhesives 50, 51 may be modified or removed if the antenna stack 300 is incorporated into another design. For temporary installations, a temporary attachment method may be used, such as a removable adhesive (e.g., 3M Dual Lock) attached to the second substrate 17.

[0016] In some embodiments, at least one of the first and second antennas 100, 200 includes one or more of an ultraviolet protection layer 60 and a scratch-resistant layer 61 (shown in FIG. 2) disposed on the metal mesh 10, 20 of at least one of the first and second antennas 100, 200. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 1, the ultraviolet protection layer 60 is disposed on the first antenna 100. In some embodiments, the ultraviolet protection layer 60 is configured to absorb ultraviolet light. A suitable material for the ultraviolet protection layer 60 may be S20EXT from 3M Company. In some embodiments, the ultraviolet protection layer 60 has a light transmittance of at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% for at least one wavelength in a wavelength range of about 450 nm to about 600 nm.

[0017] In some embodiments, the optically transparent antenna laminate 300 has an optical transmittance of at least about 50% for at least one wavelength in the wavelength range of about 450 nm to about 600 nm. In some other embodiments, the optically transparent antenna laminate 300 has an optical transmittance of at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, or at least about 90% for at least one wavelength in the wavelength range of about 450 nm to about 600 nm.

[0018] FIG. 2 shows an alternative embodiment of the optically transparent antenna laminate 300. As shown in FIG. 2, the metal meshes 10, 20 of the first and second antennas 100, 200 are disposed on opposite sides of the same substrate 18. Specifically, the first antenna 100 is disposed on a first side of the substrate 18, and the second antenna 200 is disposed on a second side of the substrate 18. The second side is opposite the first side. The first antenna 100 further includes a conductive lead 13 that connects the metal mesh 10 of the first antenna 100 to a conductive pad 14 for connection to an electronic device 15 (shown in FIG. 3). The second antenna 200 further includes a conductive lead 23 that connects the metal mesh 20 of the second antenna 200 to a conductive pad 24 for connection to an electronic device 25 (shown in FIG. 3).

[0019] The second antenna 200 further includes an optically transparent adhesive 52 disposed on the metal mesh 20 of the second antenna 200 opposite the substrate 18. The optically transparent adhesive 52 can secure the optically transparent antenna laminate 300 to the interior or exterior surface of various structures, such as buildings, utility poles, road signs, street furniture, or windows. In some embodiments, the optically transparent adhesive 52 has an optical transmittance of at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% for at least one wavelength in the wavelength range of about 450 nm to about 600 nm. A suitable optically transparent adhesive may be Optically Clear Laminating Adhesive 8141 or 8671 from 3M Company. The optically transparent adhesive 52 may be modified or removed when the antenna laminate 300 is incorporated into another design. For temporary installation, a temporary attachment method such as a removable adhesive (e.g., 3M Dual Lock) attached to the substrate 18 may be used.

[0020] 2, the first antenna 100 further includes an UV protection layer 60 and a scratch-resistant layer 61 disposed on the metal mesh 10 of the first antenna 100. In some embodiments, the UV protection layer 60 is configured to absorb UV rays.

[0021] The scratch-resistant layer 61 is configured to provide abrasion resistance and protection from environmental elements. In some embodiments, the scratch-resistant layer 61 has a light transmittance of at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% for at least one wavelength in the wavelength range of about 450 nm to about 600 nm. The scratch-resistant layer 61 may be made of glass or a polymer.

[0022] Because the antenna laminate 300 includes an overlaminate that includes a UV protective layer 60 and a scratch resistant layer 61, the traditional radome structure can be eliminated, thereby providing a light transparent antenna. Furthermore, this can allow the light transparent antenna laminate 300 to be installed in locations that were previously not possible for aesthetic reasons.

[0023] In some other embodiments, the UV protection layer 60 and the scratch resistant layer 61 may alternatively or additionally be disposed on the metal mesh 20 of the second antenna 200 .

[0024] In some embodiments, the optically transparent antenna laminate 300 of FIGS. 1 and 2 may be flexible and may conform to curved surfaces, such as curved windows.

[0025] In some embodiments, the optically transparent antenna laminate 300 of FIGS. 1 and 2 may further include one or more additional layers (not shown), such as an additional mesh layer, an inkjet printable overlaminate, a graffiti-resistant protective layer, or a thermal interface layer.

[0026] The additional mesh layer may be a homogeneous macroscopic mesh acting as a ground plane. The additional mesh layer may modify the radio frequency (RF) radiation characteristics of the first and / or second antenna 100, 200. The additional mesh layer may also function as a heating element, providing an increase in temperature of the surface to which it is bonded, thereby defrosting or de-fogging the surface. Furthermore, the additional mesh layer may also help to increase the antenna efficiency. The additional mesh layer may be identical to the first or second metal mesh 10, 20. Furthermore, the additional mesh layer may reduce the sheet resistance of the first and / or second antenna 100, 200, thereby improving the antenna performance. The additional mesh layer and the first or second metal mesh 10, 20 may be separated by a substrate. The additional mesh layer and the first or second metal mesh 10, 20 may both be active elements of the first or second antenna 100, 200.

[0027] An inkjet printable overlaminate can provide further concealment or allow for more installation alternatives by adding printed graphics on the outer surface of the light transparent antenna laminate 300.

[0028] A graffiti resistant protective layer may be added to the light transparent antenna laminate 300 to provide protection against paint, scratches and gouges. For example, an overlaminate of 3M AG-6 or similar material may be added.

[0029] A thermal interface layer with high thermal conductivity may be added to provide heat transfer away from the optically transparent antenna stack 300 .

[0030] FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary hexagonal conductive metal mesh. At least one of the metal meshes 10, 20 may be embodied as the hexagonal mesh of FIG. 3. The hexagonal mesh is exemplary in nature, and each metal mesh 10, 20 may have an alternative pattern. The metal meshes 10, 20 include a plurality of interconnected conductive metal traces 11, 21. Specifically, the metal mesh 10 includes an interconnected conductive metal trace 11. Additionally, the metal mesh 20 includes an interconnected conductive metal trace 21. The metal traces 11, 21 define a plurality of closed open areas 12, 22 within the metal meshes 10, 20. Specifically, the metal trace 11 defines a closed open area 12 that is not deposited with a conductor. Additionally, the metal trace 21 defines a closed open area 22 that is not deposited with a conductor. In some embodiments, each metal mesh 10, 20 has an open area percentage of greater than about 50%. In some embodiments, each metal mesh 10, 20 has a percent open area of ​​greater than about 80%. In some other embodiments, each metal mesh 10, 20 has a percent open area of ​​greater than about 60%, greater than about 70%, greater than about 90%, or greater than about 95%.

[0031] The metal meshes 10, 20 further include conductive leads 13, 23. The conductive leads 13, 23 connect the metal meshes 10, 20 to conductive pads 14, 24 for connection to electronic devices 15, 25. Specifically, the metal mesh 10 includes a conductive lead 13 that electrically connects the metal mesh 10 to the conductive pad 14. Furthermore, the metal mesh 20 includes a conductive lead 23 that electrically connects the metal mesh 20 to the conductive pad 24. The conductive pads 14, 24 connect the corresponding first and second antennas 100, 200 to the corresponding electronic devices 15, 25. The electronic devices 15, 25 may include one or more electronic devices and circuits, such as a transmitter, a receiver, or a transceiver.

[0032] The metal meshes 10, 20 may be homogenously distributed or may be arranged macroscopically to provide a particular radio frequency (RF) radiation pattern. The arrangement of the metal traces 11, 21 may be produced using one of several processes, such as etching, punching, laser cutting, or any other suitable process. In some other embodiments, the metal traces 11, 21 of the metal meshes 10, 20 may be formed in an open mesh design. The metal mesh may be of a design such that the PIM performance meets or exceeds industry standards.

[0033] The line width and line pitch of each metal mesh 10, 20 can be optimized such that each metal mesh 10, 20 can be substantially transparent from a distance. In some embodiments, the line pitch of each metal mesh 10, 20 can range from about 200 micrometers to about 3000 micrometers to provide higher transparency while minimizing sheet resistance. In some embodiments, the metal traces 11, 21 have a width of 0.5 micrometers to 100 micrometers. In some other embodiments, the metal traces 11, 21 have a width of 5 micrometers to 100 micrometers, or 10 micrometers to 50 micrometers. In some embodiments, the metal traces 11, 21 have a thickness of 0.5 micrometers to 100 micrometers. In some other embodiments, the metal traces 11, 21 have a thickness of 5 micrometers to 100 micrometers, or 10 micrometers to 50 micrometers. The thickness of the metal traces 11, 21 can be measured along a direction substantially perpendicular to the width of the metal traces 11, 21. The thickness, width, and pitch of the metal traces 11, 21 are exemplary and may vary depending on desired application attributes. In some embodiments, each metal mesh 10, 20 has an optical transmittance of at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, or at least about 90% for at least one wavelength in the wavelength range of about 450 nm to about 600 nm.

[0034] 1-3, in some embodiments, the optically transparent antenna laminate 300 can support various frequency bands. FIG. 4 shows an example plot of the operating frequency bands of the first and second antennas 100, 200. To achieve a wide bandwidth or to support different frequency bands, the first and second antennas 100, 200 can support discontinuous frequency bands. In some embodiments, the first antenna 100 is configured to operate over the first frequency band 30 but not over the second frequency band 40. The second antenna 200 is configured to operate over the second frequency band 40 but not over the first frequency band 30. As shown in FIG. 4, the first and second frequency bands 30, 40 are discontinuous frequency bands.

[0035] 5A and 5B show the interconnected conductive metal traces 11, 21 of the first and second antennas 100, 200, respectively. In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 5A and 5B, the metal traces 11 of the metal mesh 10 of the first antenna 100 are wider than the metal traces 21 of the metal mesh 20 of the second antenna 200. Similarly, the conductive leads 13 of the first antenna 100 are wider than the conductive leads 23 of the second antenna 200. Furthermore, the conductive pads 14 of the first antenna 100 are wider than the conductive pads 24 of the second antenna 200. In some other embodiments, the metal traces 21 of the metal mesh 20 of the second antenna 200 may be wider than the metal traces 11 of the metal mesh 10 of the first antenna 100. Furthermore, the conductive leads 23 of the second antenna 200 may be wider than the conductive leads 13 of the first antenna 100. Additionally, the conductive pad 24 of the second antenna 200 may be wider than the conductive pad 14 of the first antenna 100 .

[0036] 6A-6E show different embodiments of the conductive metal mesh 10, 20, respectively. Various metal mesh patterns may be implemented, such as linear, hexagonal, bubble, polygonal, or any other type. In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 6A-6E, the metal mesh 10, 20 of each of the first and second antennas 100, 200 includes one or more of a hexagonal mesh 90, a square mesh 91, a rectangular mesh 92, a curved mesh 93, a linear mesh 91, a non-linear mesh 93, a random mesh 94, and a periodic mesh, such as the metal mesh 90, 91, or 92.

[0037] Specifically, as shown in FIG. 6A, the metal meshes 10, 20 of the first and second antennas 100, 200 may be hexagonal meshes 90. As shown in FIG. 6B, the metal meshes 10, 20 of the first and second antennas 100, 200 may be square meshes 91. As shown in FIG. 6C, the metal meshes 10, 20 of the first and second antennas 100, 200 may be rectangular meshes 92. Furthermore, the metal meshes 10, 20 of the first and second antennas 100, 200 may be periodic meshes, such as hexagonal meshes 90, square meshes 91, or rectangular meshes 92. As shown in FIG. 6D, the metal meshes 10, 20 of the first and second antennas 100, 200 may be nonlinear and curved meshes 93. As shown in FIG. 6E, the metal meshes 10, 20 of the first and second antennas 100, 200 may be random meshes 94.

[0038] The light-transmitting antenna laminate 300 can easily blend in with the environment and reduce the visual impact. Furthermore, the light-transmitting antenna laminate 300 can be easily deployed in various locations via the light-transmitting adhesive.

[0039] FIG. 7 illustrates an antenna assembly 400. The antenna assembly 400 includes an optically transparent substrate 410. The transparent substrate 410 may be formed from an electrically insulating material, such as glass or a polymer. Examples of polymers useful for the transparent substrate 410 include polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN). In other embodiments, the transparent substrate 410 may be made of one or more dielectric materials, such as acrylic, polycarbonate, polyvinyl chloride, silicone, etc., to provide specific properties, such as high heat resistance, outdoor durability, high strength, or to conform to irregular surfaces. In some embodiments, the transparent substrate 410 may have low PIM (e.g., about -150 dBc) and high radiation efficiency. In some embodiments, the transparent substrate 410 is substantially transparent. In some embodiments, the transparent substrate 410 has a light transmittance of at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% for at least one wavelength in the wavelength range of about 450 nm to about 600 nm.

[0040] The antenna assembly 400 includes a plurality of antennas 420, 421, 422. Each of the plurality of antennas 420, 421, 422 may be one of a dipole antenna, a monopole antenna, a patch antenna, or the like. The plurality of antennas 420, 421, 422 may have different shapes, such as a square, a circle, a bowtie shape, a rectangle, an oval, a triangle, a polygon, or any other suitable shape. In some embodiments, at least two antennas of the plurality of antennas 420, 421, 422 have different shapes. For example, the antenna 420 has a square shape, while the antenna 421 has a circular shape. Furthermore, the antenna 422 has a bowtie shape. In some embodiments, the plurality of antennas 420, 421, 422 can support non-contiguous frequency bands.

[0041] As shown in FIG. 7, the plurality of antennas 420, 421, 422 are disposed on one side of the transparent substrate 410. In some other embodiments, at least one antenna of the plurality of antennas 420, 421, 422 is disposed on one side of the transparent substrate 410 and at least one other antenna of the plurality of antennas 420, 421, 422 is disposed on the opposite side of the transparent substrate 410. For example, the antennas 420, 421 may be disposed on one side of the transparent substrate 410 and the antenna 422 may be disposed on the opposite side of the transparent substrate 410. Such a configuration may be substantially similar to the antenna stack 300 shown in FIG. 2.

[0042] The antenna assembly 400 further includes a plurality of leads 430, 431, 432. The plurality of leads 430, 431, 432 are disposed on the transparent substrate 410. Each of the plurality of antennas 420, 421, 422 and each of the plurality of leads 430, 431, 432 include a conductive mesh. In some embodiments, each of the antennas 420, 421, 422 and each of the leads 430, 431, 432 includes a conductive metal mesh 10 as shown in FIG. 3. The conductive metal mesh 10 includes a plurality of interconnected conductive metal traces 11 that define a plurality of closed and open areas 12. Specifically, the metal traces 11 define the closed and open areas 12 that are not deposited with a conductor. The metal mesh 10 includes one or more of gold, silver, palladium, aluminum, copper, nickel, tin, and any other conductive material. The sheet resistance of the metal mesh 10 may be less than about 0.01 ohms / square, less than about 0.05 ohms / square, less than about 0.1 ohms / square, or less than about 1 ohm / square. In some embodiments, the metal mesh 10 of each antenna 420, 421, 422 and each lead 430, 431, 432 has a percent open area of ​​greater than about 50%. In some embodiments, the metal mesh 10 of each antenna 420, 421, 422 and each lead 430, 431, 432 has a percent open area of ​​greater than about 70%. In some other embodiments, the metal mesh 10 of each antenna 420, 421, 422 and each lead 430, 431, 432 has a percent open area of ​​greater than about 80%.

[0043] The transparent substrate 410 may be substantially planar and flexible while maintaining sufficient rigidity so that excessive bending may not damage the metal mesh 10. The line width and line pitch of the metal mesh 10 may be optimized so that the metal mesh 10 may be substantially transparent from a distance. In some embodiments, the line pitch of the metal mesh 10 may range from about 200 micrometers to about 3000 micrometers to allow for greater transparency while minimizing sheet resistance. In some embodiments, the metal traces 11 of the metal mesh 10 in each lead 430, 431, 432 have a width between 0.5 micrometers and 100 micrometers. In some other embodiments, the metal traces 11 of the metal mesh 10 in each lead 430, 431, 432 have a width between 5 micrometers and 100 micrometers, or between 10 micrometers and 50 micrometers. In some embodiments, the metal traces 11 of the metal mesh 10 in each lead 430, 431, 432 have a thickness between 0.5 micrometers and 100 micrometers. In some other embodiments, the metal traces 11 of the metal mesh 10 in each lead 430, 431, 432 have a thickness between 5 micrometers and 100 micrometers, or between 10 micrometers and 50 micrometers. In some other embodiments, the metal traces 11 of the metal mesh 10 in each antenna 420, 421, 422 have a width between 5 micrometers and 100 micrometers, or between 10 micrometers and 50 micrometers. In some embodiments, the metal traces 11 of the metal mesh 10 in each antenna 420, 421, 422 have a thickness between 0.5 micrometers and 100 micrometers. In some other embodiments, the metal traces 11 of the metal mesh 10 in each antenna 420, 421, 422 have a thickness between 5 micrometers and 100 micrometers, or between 10 micrometers and 50 micrometers. The thickness of the metal traces 11 can be measured along a direction substantially perpendicular to the width of the metal traces 11. The thickness, width, and pitch of the metal traces 11 are exemplary and may vary depending on desired application attributes.In some embodiments, the metal mesh 10 has a light transmittance of at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, or at least about 90% for at least one wavelength in the wavelength range of about 450 nm to about 600 nm.

[0044] Various metal mesh patterns may be implemented, such as linear, hexagonal, bubble, polygonal, or any other type. In some embodiments, the metal mesh 10 of each antenna 420, 421, 422 includes one or more of a hexagonal mesh 90, a square mesh 91, a rectangular mesh 92, a curved mesh 93, a rectilinear mesh 91, a non-linear mesh 93, a random mesh 94, and a periodic mesh 90, 91, or 92, as shown in Figures 6A-6E.

[0045] Each lead 430, 431, 432 corresponds to a different antenna and electrically connects the antenna to a conductive pad 440, 441, 442 for connection to the electrical circuit 450. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 7, lead 430 corresponds to antenna 420 and electrically connects antenna 420 to conductive pad 440 for connection to the electrical circuit 450. Further, lead 431 corresponds to antenna 421 and electrically connects antenna 421 to conductive pad 441 for connection to the electrical circuit 450. Further, lead 432 corresponds to antenna 422 and electrically connects antenna 422 to conductive pad 442 for connection to the electrical circuit 450. The electrical circuit 450 may include one or more of a transmitter, a receiver, or a transceiver.

[0046] In some embodiments, the antenna assembly 400 can support various frequency bands. In one embodiment, to achieve a wide bandwidth, the antennas 420, 421, 422 can support different non-contiguous frequency bands. For example, referring to FIG. 4, the antenna 420 can be configured to operate over a first frequency band 30 but not over a second frequency band 40. The antenna 421 can be configured to operate over the second frequency band 40 but not over the first frequency band 30. The antenna 422 can operate over a third frequency band (not shown) that is different from the first and second frequency bands 30, 40.

[0047] In some embodiments, the metal traces 11 of the metal mesh 10 can have different widths across the antennas 420, 421, 422 and the corresponding leads 430, 431, 432. For example, the metal traces 11 of the antenna 420 can be wider than the metal traces 11 of the antennas 421, 422. Furthermore, the metal traces 11 of the antenna 421 can be wider than the metal traces 11 of the antenna 422. Similarly, the metal traces 11 of the lead 430 can be wider than the metal traces 11 of the leads 431, 432. Furthermore, the metal traces 11 of the lead 431 can be wider than the metal traces 11 of the lead 432.

[0048] In some embodiments, the metal traces 11 of the metal mesh 10 in at least one of the antennas 420, 421, 422 and at least one of the leads 430, 431, 432 have a uniform width. For example, as shown in FIG. 8, the antenna 422 and the lead 432 have metal traces of uniform width.

[0049] In some other embodiments, the metal traces 11 of the metal mesh 10 in at least one of the leads 430, 431, 432 have varying widths. For example, as shown in FIG. 9, the lead 433 has metal traces of varying widths. The lead 433 can correspond to at least one of the antennas 420, 421, 422.

[0050] In some embodiments, the antenna assembly 400 may be flexible and may conform to curved surfaces, such as curved windows.

[0051] The antenna assembly 400 can easily blend into the environment and has a reduced visual impact.The number and arrangement of antennas within the antenna assembly 400 may vary depending on desired application attributes.

[0052] In one embodiment, the antenna assembly 400 may further include multiple arrays of antennas. Each array may include multiple antennas. The number of antennas in each array may vary, for example, two, four, eight, or sixteen. Furthermore, the antennas in each array may be arranged in rows, columns, or a combination thereof. Several arrays of antennas may be combined and assembled together to form a larger multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna. In this embodiment, each array may be housed within a specific portion of the transparent substrate 410 or may be housed within other arrays. Each array may be connected to an edge connector card by a transmission line, such as a microstrip or stripline. The edge connector card may have a connection mechanism that allows connection to a coaxial cable. The connection mechanism may be a solder joint, a highly conductive adhesive, or a mechanical compression fixture. The edge connector card may further include a phase shifter that is used to substantially equalize the variation in the length of the transmission line between the various antennas. To achieve a wide bandwidth, some antenna arrays may support various non-contiguous frequency bands.

[0053] Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing feature sizes, quantities and physical properties used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified by the term "about." Accordingly, unless specifically indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the above specification and appended claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art utilizing the teachings disclosed herein.

[0054] Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, those skilled in the art will recognize that the specific embodiments illustrated and described may be replaced by various alternative and / or equivalent embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. This application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the specific embodiments discussed herein. Accordingly, it is intended that the present disclosure be limited only by the claims and their equivalents. In addition to the above-described embodiments, the following aspects are noted. (Appendix 1) 1. An optically transparent antenna laminate comprising at least two stacked optically transparent antennas, each antenna comprising a conductive metal mesh including a plurality of interconnected conductive metal traces defining a plurality of enclosed open areas, the at least two stacked optically transparent antennas comprising: a first antenna configured to operate over a first frequency band but not over a second frequency band; and a second antenna configured to operate over the second frequency band but not over the first frequency band, the optically transparent antenna laminate having an optical transmittance of at least about 50% for at least one wavelength in a wavelength range of about 450 nm to about 600 nm. (Appendix 2) 2. The optically transparent antenna laminate of claim 1, wherein each antenna further comprises a conductive lead connecting the metal mesh of the antenna to a conductive pad for connection to electronic equipment, and for each antenna, the metal mesh, the lead, and the pad have the same composition and approximately the same thickness. (Appendix 3) 2. The light-transmitting antenna laminate of claim 1, wherein each metal mesh has an open area percentage of greater than about 80%, the metal mesh of the first antenna is disposed on a first substrate and the metal mesh of the second antenna is disposed on a different second substrate, a first light-transmitting adhesive bonds the first substrate to the second substrate, and the second antenna comprises a second light-transmitting adhesive disposed on the second substrate opposite the first light-transmitting adhesive. (Appendix 4) 2. The optically transparent antenna laminate of claim 1, wherein the metal meshes of the first antenna and the second antenna are disposed on opposite sides of the same substrate, and the second antenna comprises an optically transparent adhesive disposed on the metal mesh of the second antenna on the opposite side of the substrate. (Appendix 5) 2. The optically transparent antenna laminate of claim 1, wherein the metal traces of the metal mesh of the first antenna are wider than the metal traces of the metal mesh of the second antenna. (Appendix 6) 2. The optically transparent antenna laminate of claim 1, wherein the metal mesh of each of the first antenna and the second antenna comprises one or more of gold, silver, palladium, platinum, aluminum, copper, nickel, and tin. (Appendix 7) 2. The optically transparent antenna laminate of claim 1, wherein the metal trace has a width of 0.5 micrometers to 100 micrometers, and the metal trace has a thickness of 0.5 micrometers to 100 micrometers. (Appendix 8) A light-transmitting substrate; a plurality of antennas and a plurality of leads disposed on the substrate; each antenna and each lead comprises a conductive metal mesh including a plurality of interconnected conductive metal traces defining a plurality of enclosed open areas, each lead corresponding to a different antenna and electrically connecting the antenna to a conductive pad for connection to an electrical circuit, the metal mesh of each antenna and each lead having an open area percentage greater than about 50%. Antenna assembly. (Appendix 9) 9. The antenna assembly of claim 8, wherein the metal mesh of each antenna and each lead has an open area percent of greater than about 70%, and the metal traces of the metal mesh in each lead have a width of 0.5 to 100 micrometers. (Appendix 10) 9. The antenna assembly of claim 8, wherein the metal traces of the metal mesh in at least one lead have varying widths, and at least one antenna in the plurality of antennas is disposed on one side of the transparent substrate and at least one other antenna in the plurality of antennas is disposed on an opposing side of the transparent substrate.

Claims

1. 1. An optically transparent antenna stack comprising at least two stacked optically transparent antennas, each antenna comprising a conductive metal mesh including a plurality of interconnected conductive metal traces defining a plurality of enclosed open areas, the at least two stacked optically transparent antennas comprising: a first antenna configured to operate over a first frequency band but not over a second frequency band; and a second antenna configured to operate over the second frequency band but not over the first frequency band, the optically transparent antenna stack having an optical transmittance of at least about 50% for at least one wavelength in a wavelength range of about 450 nm to about 600 nm.

2. 2. The optically transparent antenna laminate of claim 1, wherein each antenna further comprises a conductive lead connecting the metal mesh of the antenna to a conductive pad for connection to electronics, and wherein for each antenna, the metal mesh, the lead, and the pad have the same composition and approximately the same thickness.

3. 10. The light transparent antenna laminate of claim 1, wherein each metal mesh has an open area percent of greater than about 80%, the metal mesh of the first antenna is disposed on a first substrate and the metal mesh of the second antenna is disposed on a different second substrate, a first light transparent adhesive bonds the first substrate to the second substrate, and the second antenna comprises a second light transparent adhesive disposed on the second substrate opposite the first light transparent adhesive.

4. 2. The optically transparent antenna laminate of claim 1, wherein the metal meshes of the first antenna and the second antenna are disposed on opposite sides of a same substrate, the second antenna comprising an optically transparent adhesive disposed on the metal mesh of the second antenna on the opposite side of the substrate.

5. 2. The optically transparent antenna laminate of claim 1, wherein the metal traces of the metal mesh of the first antenna are wider than the metal traces of the metal mesh of the second antenna.

6. 2. The optically transparent antenna laminate of claim 1, wherein the metal mesh of each of the first antenna and the second antenna comprises one or more of gold, silver, palladium, platinum, aluminum, copper, nickel, and tin.

7. 10. The optically transparent antenna laminate of claim 1, wherein the metal traces have a width between 0.5 micrometers and 100 micrometers, and the metal traces have a thickness between 0.5 micrometers and 100 micrometers.

8. A light-transmitting substrate; a plurality of antennas and a plurality of leads disposed on the substrate; each antenna and each lead comprises a conductive metal mesh including a plurality of interconnected conductive metal traces defining a plurality of enclosed open areas, each lead corresponding to a different antenna and electrically connecting said antenna to a conductive pad for connection to an electrical circuit, said metal mesh of each antenna and each lead having an open area percentage of greater than about 50%; the metal traces of the metal mesh in at least one lead have varying widths, and at least one antenna in the plurality of antennas is disposed on one side of the permeable substrate and at least one other antenna in the plurality of antennas is disposed on an opposite side of the permeable substrate; Antenna assembly.

9. 9. The antenna assembly of claim 8, wherein the metal mesh of each antenna and each lead has an open area percent of greater than about 70%, and the metal traces of the metal mesh in each lead have a width of 0.5 to 100 micrometers.

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