Interrogation Cell

Abstract

To provide a modular assembly for storage, illumination and detection of a specimen, in a centrifugal separator.SOLUTION: A rotor system includes a rotor 1 which is constructed and arranged so as to rotate about a rotary shaft 3. An electromagnetic radiation source is arranged at a first position of the rotor 1, and discharges electromagnetic radiation at one or more wavelengths. The rotor system further includes a specimen region. A detector is arranged at a second position of the rotor 1, and the detector 8 is constructed and arranged so as to receive electromagnetic radiation crossing at least a part of the specimen region.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2

Description

[Background technology]

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 635,514, filed February 26, 2018, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0002] Analytical Ultracentrifuge (AUC) instruments are centrifuges known for generating sedimentation data that can be unconvoluted to determine the size distribution profile of proteins and other biological samples for the purpose of assessing the degree of aggregates or other impurities in a fluid sample. An early example is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,399,623, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, in which the basic components of an AUC instrument are described in detail. More recent examples include U.S. Patent No. 5,399,623, ... and U.S. Patent No. 5,399,623, the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference, and in which present improvements in the design of AUC instruments, and the introduction of improved support equipment, include an AUC cell that is built into and inserted into a dedicated rotor that allows for data collection via a module within the centrifuge.

[0003] The standard operating procedure for a conventional AUC instrument and its associated hardware components is to first assemble the AUC cell, which is a layered window assembly, a sector-shaped sample chamber, and an outer housing and a screw ring. Specifically, the sector geometry is defined as a volume element of a cylindrical segment with a sector-shaped cross-sectional area (the area enclosed by two radii of a larger circle, an arc bounding the larger circle between the radii, and an arc of a smaller concentric circle with a smaller radius). When torqued to make the sample chamber liquid-tight, the fluid sample can enter the chamber through a small port, which is then also sealed. The AUC cell is placed in a rotor, typically solid titanium, with a cylindrical cavity parallel to and symmetrically disposed about the axis of rotation. The rotor is placed inside the AUC instrument and allowed to equilibrate to a desired temperature by the thermostatic regulation of the centrifuge chamber, controlled by a cooling or heating element provided inside the centrifuge. The centrifuge is also programmed to accelerate the rotor to a desired centrifugal speed and maintain this speed for a period of time. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0004] [Patent Document 1] U.S. Pat. No. 1,648,369 [Patent Document 2] U.S. Patent No. 2,340,825 [Patent Document 3] U.S. Pat. No. 3,391,597 [Patent Document 4] U.S. Pat. No. 3,487,994 [Patent Document 5] U.S. Pat. No. 4,226,537 Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0005] Each embodiment relates to centrifugation, and more particularly to analytical centrifugation or ultracentrifugation centrifuge systems and methods for detecting the degree of sedimentation of soluble molecules, aggregates, or particles in a fluid sample. In some embodiments, detection can be performed in real time and continuously. In some embodiments, detection can be performed during the course of the sedimentation process. Some embodiments provide an assembly of modules or subunits for sample containment, illumination, and detection. In some embodiments, the support functions are integrated and confined within the rotor geometry. In some embodiments, the support functions of sample interrogation, data generation and data collection, and modulation and control of sample conditions are integrated into a unit, and in some embodiments, are incorporated into a structure or cell that is fixed within the rotor. The resulting configuration can be spun by an externally applied centrifugal force, such as that applied by a standard commercially available floor centrifuge, ultracentrifuge, or tabletop centrifuge. In some embodiments, the resulting self-contained integrated device can generate, store, and transmit data to complete an analytical centrifugation or ultracentrifugation experiment. [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] In one aspect, a rotor system includes a rotor constructed and arranged to rotate about a rotation axis, an electromagnetic radiation source at a first location on the rotor and configured to emit electromagnetic radiation at one or more wavelengths, a sample region, and a detector at a second location on the rotor and constructed and arranged to receive the electromagnetic radiation across at least a portion of the sample region.

[0007] In one embodiment, the rotor includes a central opening.

[0008] In one embodiment, the central opening is aligned with the axis of rotation.

[0009] In one embodiment, the rotor is constructed and arranged to mate with the spindle.

[0010] In one embodiment, the spindle is aligned with the axis of rotation.

[0011] In one embodiment, the spindle comprises a centrifuge spindle.

[0012] In one embodiment, the rotor is oriented symmetrically about the axis of rotation.

[0013] In one embodiment, the rotor comprises one or more subunits configured to be stacked vertically in extension along the axis of rotation.

[0014] In one embodiment, adjacent ones of the stacked one or more subunits are coupled to one another with a threaded interface.

[0015] In one embodiment, one or more of the stacked one or more subunits are coupled in a bolt-through configuration.

[0016] In one embodiment, packing is disposed between one or more of the stacked one or more subunits.

[0017] In one embodiment, the packing is constructed and arranged to form a sealed region.

[0018] In one embodiment, the sealed region is sealed from the surrounding region outside of the sealed region.

[0019] In one embodiment, one or more of the one or more subunits are bonded to one another using a tongue and groove configuration.

[0020] In one embodiment, one or more of the stacked one or more subunits comprises a high strength material.

[0021] In one embodiment, the high strength material includes titanium.

[0022] In one embodiment, the high strength material comprises an alloy material.

[0023] In one embodiment, the high strength material comprises a composite material.

[0024] In one embodiment, the high strength material includes a material that includes a carbon fiber material.

[0025] In one embodiment, the sample region comprises a sector shape.

[0026] In one embodiment, the sample region comprises a sample chamber.

[0027] In one embodiment, the sample chamber includes a removable liner.

[0028] In one embodiment, the first location and the second location are in a sample chamber, the sample chamber comprising an electromagnetic radiation source and a detector.

[0029] In one embodiment, the sample area comprises an open top and an open bottom.

[0030] In one embodiment, the sample region is bound to one or more adjacent subunits.

[0031] In one embodiment, a portion of the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the electromagnetic radiation source is incident on a detector.

[0032] In one embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation is directed towards the sample region.

[0033] In one embodiment, the detector is positioned to detect electromagnetic radiation that traverses a portion of the sample volume.

[0034] In one embodiment, the sample region, the electromagnetic radiation source, and the detector are arranged along an axis that is parallel to the axis of rotation.

[0035] In one embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation source is disposed in a first of the one or more stacked subunits.

[0036] In one embodiment, the sample region is disposed on a second of the one or more stacked subunits.

[0037] In one embodiment, the detector is disposed in a third of the one or more stacked subunits.

[0038] In one embodiment, the system further comprises an alignment mechanism that aligns a first, second, and third of the one or more stacked subunits such that the electromagnetic radiation source, the sample region, and the detector are vertically aligned along an axis of interrogation that is parallel to the axis of rotation.

[0039] In one embodiment, a portion of the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the electromagnetic radiation source traverses a portion of the sample chamber.

[0040] In one embodiment, the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation are incident at a sample region.

[0041] In one embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation propagates through the sample region to a detector.

[0042] In one embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation induces a reaction in a material in the sample region.

[0043] In one embodiment, the detector collects electromagnetic radiation emitted from the sample region, where the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the sample region comprises one or more wavelengths that are different from the one or more wavelengths emitted from the electromagnetic radiation source.

[0044] In one embodiment, the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the sample region is greater than one or more wavelengths emitted from the electromagnetic radiation source.

[0045] In one embodiment, the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the sample region is smaller than one or more wavelengths emitted from the electromagnetic radiation source.

[0046] In one embodiment, electromagnetic radiation induces a photophysical interaction.

[0047] In one embodiment, the photophysical interaction involves exciting molecules present in the sample region to an energy level higher than the ground state of the sample molecules.

[0048] In one embodiment, the excitation of an energy level comprises at least one of an excitation of an electronic energy level, an excitation of a vibrational energy level, or an excitation of a rotational energy level.

[0049] In one embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation source is one of a plurality of electromagnetic radiation sources optically coupled to the detector.

[0050] In one embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation source is coupled to the circuit board.

[0051] In one embodiment, the rotor comprises one or more subunits configured to be stacked vertically along an extension along an axis of rotation, a top subunit of the one or more subunits comprising an electromagnetic radiation source coupled to a circuit board.

[0052] In one embodiment, the rotor comprises one or more subunits configured to be stacked vertically along an extension along an axis of rotation, a top subunit of the one or more subunits comprising a plurality of electromagnetic radiation sources, the sample region comprising a plurality of sample regions, and the detector comprising a plurality of detectors, each electromagnetic radiation source optically coupled to a corresponding detector through an optical path that includes a corresponding sample region.

[0053] In one embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation source is a single light emitting diode (LED).

[0054] In one embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation source comprises an array of light emitting diodes (LEDs).

[0055] In one embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation source comprises a laser diode.

[0056] In one embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation source comprises an array of laser diodes.

[0057] In one embodiment, the detector comprises an array detector.

[0058] In one embodiment, the detector comprises a point detector.

[0059] In one embodiment, the detector comprises a CCD array.

[0060] In one embodiment, the detector comprises a photodiode.

[0061] In one embodiment, the detector periodically samples the incident electromagnetic radiation.

[0062] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a storage for storing information collected by the detector.

[0063] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a transmitter for transmitting the stored information stored by the storage to the receiver.

[0064] In one embodiment, the transmitter transmits the stored information as the rotor rotates about the axis of rotation.

[0065] In one embodiment, the system transmits the stored information when the rotor is stationary.

[0066] In one embodiment, the system is configured to measure the light absorbance of the sample region based on stored information collected by the detector.

[0067] In one embodiment, the system is configured to provide spectroscopic information of the sample region based on stored information collected by the detector.

[0068] In one embodiment, the system is configured to provide hyperspectral image data of the sample area based on the stored information collected by the detector.

[0069] In one embodiment, the system is configured to provide a Schlieren image of the sample area based on stored information collected by the detector.

[0070] In one embodiment, the system is configured to provide a fluorescent image of the sample area based on stored information collected by the detector.

[0071] In one embodiment, the system is configured to provide quantitative fluorescence emission data of the sample area based on stored information collected by the detector.

[0072] In one embodiment, the quantitative fluorescence data includes the spatial location of the sample regions.

[0073] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a Fabry-Perot interferometer optically coupled to the electromagnetic radiation source and the detector.

[0074] In one embodiment, the system further comprises one or more optical filters disposed between the electromagnetic radiation source and the detector.

[0075] In one embodiment, the system further comprises one or more optical lenses disposed between the electromagnetic radiation source and the detector.

[0076] In one embodiment, the system further comprises one or more mirrors disposed between the electromagnetic radiation source and the detector.

[0077] In one embodiment, the system further comprises one or more optical diffusers disposed between the electromagnetic radiation source and the detector.

[0078] In one embodiment, the system further comprises one or more optical collimators disposed between the electromagnetic radiation source and the detector.

[0079] In one embodiment, one or more of the one or more optical collimators comprises at least one self-collimating photonic crystal.

[0080] In one embodiment, one or more of the one or more optical collimators comprises at least one micro-Fresnel lens.

[0081] In one embodiment, the system further comprises one or more optical lenses disposed between the electromagnetic radiation source and the detector, the one or more optical lenses being positioned relative to the sample region and the detector such that the detector detects an image of a plane in the sample region.

[0082] In one embodiment, one or more lenses are positioned below the sample region.

[0083] In one embodiment, the system further comprises an elongated edge constructed and arranged to block a portion of the light incident on the detector.

[0084] In one embodiment, the system further comprises an aperture constructed and arranged to block a portion of the light incident on the detector.

[0085] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a beam splitter system constructed and arranged to direct electromagnetic radiation from the electromagnetic radiation source to a plurality of locations.

[0086] In one embodiment, the beam splitter system comprises at least one mirror.

[0087] In one embodiment, the beam splitter system comprises at least one filter.

[0088] In one embodiment, the beam splitter system comprises at least one lens.

[0089] In one embodiment, the beam splitter system is constructed and arranged such that electromagnetic radiation emitted from a first subunit of the rotor is optically coupled to a detector on a second subunit of the rotor that is different from the first subunit.

[0090] In one embodiment, the rotor comprises one or more subunits configured to be stacked vertically along the axis of rotation, with one or more of the stacked subunits being electrically connected using one or more connectors.

[0091] In one embodiment, the one or more connectors are configured to convey information.

[0092] In one embodiment, the one or more connectors are configured to transfer electrical power.

[0093] In one embodiment, one or more of the stacked one or more subunits are electrically connected using a USB port.

[0094] In one embodiment, one or more of the stacked one or more subunits are electrically connected using a micro USB port.

[0095] In one embodiment, one or more of the stacked one or more subunits are electrically connected using a VGA port.

[0096] In one embodiment, one or more of the stacked one or more subunits are electrically connected using a D-type connector.

[0097] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a transmitter configured to transmit information from the detector.

[0098] In one embodiment, the transmitter is configured to transmit the information in an encrypted form.

[0099] In one embodiment, the transmitter is configured to transmit the information to a cloud-based storage system.

[0100] In one embodiment, the transmitter is configured to transmit the information wirelessly.

[0101] In one embodiment, the transmitter comprises an antenna.

[0102] In one embodiment, the transmitter is configured to transmit information optically.

[0103] In one embodiment, the transmitter comprises a cable connection.

[0104] In one embodiment, the cable connection includes an electrical connection.

[0105] In one embodiment, the cabling includes optical fiber.

[0106] In one embodiment, the cable connection includes a connection to a circuit board.

[0107] In one embodiment, the cable connection includes a connection to on-board memory.

[0108] In one embodiment, the on-board memory includes a device selected from the group consisting of a random access memory (RAM) device, a read-only memory (ROM) device, a solid-state memory (SSD) device, an SD memory card, or a micro SD memory card.

[0109] In one embodiment, the transmitter is located at the bottom portion of the rotor.

[0110] In one embodiment, the rotor includes a central opening aligned with the axis of rotation.

[0111] In one embodiment, the transmitter is constructed and arranged to extend through the central opening.

[0112] In one embodiment, the transmitter extends from the bottom of the rotor to the top of the rotor.

[0113] In one embodiment, the transmitter comprises one of a plurality of transmitters.

[0114] In one embodiment, the transmitter comprises a battery.

[0115] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a charging mechanism for charging the battery, the charging mechanism converting rotational energy from rotation of the rotor into an electrical current.

[0116] In one embodiment, the charging mechanism comprises a generator with a planetary gear arrangement constructed and arranged to aid in the relative internal rotation of the rotor and stator pairing.

[0117] In one embodiment, the system further comprises an on-board memory on the rotor.

[0118] In one embodiment, the on-board memory includes a device selected from the group consisting of a random access memory (RAM) device, a read-only memory (ROM) device, a solid-state memory (SSD) device, an SD memory card, or a micro SD memory card.

[0119] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a temperature control system configured to alter the temperature of the sample region.

[0120] In one embodiment, the temperature control system is configured to maintain the temperature of the sample region.

[0121] In one embodiment, maintaining the temperature includes heating the sample region.

[0122] In one embodiment, maintaining the temperature includes cooling the sample region.

[0123] In one embodiment, the temperature control system cycles a thermally conductive material in the sample region.

[0124] In one embodiment, the temperature control system includes a pump system that circulates the thermally conductive material.

[0125] In one embodiment, the temperature control system heats the sample region.

[0126] In one embodiment, the temperature control system cools the sample region.

[0127] In one embodiment, the temperature control system circulates a thermally conductive material through channels in one or more subunits of the rotor.

[0128] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a temperature sensor, and the temperature control system adjusts the temperature of the sample region in response to an output of the temperature sensor.

[0129] In one embodiment, the temperature sensor comprises a thermocouple.

[0130] In one embodiment, the temperature sensor comprises an optical sensor.

[0131] In one embodiment, the temperature sensor comprises an infrared sensor.

[0132] In one embodiment, the temperature sensor is one of a plurality of temperature sensors.

[0133] In one embodiment, at least two of the plurality of temperature sensors are in communication with each other.

[0134] In one embodiment, the temperature control system includes an open loop temperature system.

[0135] In one embodiment, the temperature control system includes a closed loop temperature feedback system.

[0136] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a sample chamber in the sample region, and the temperature control system is configured to regulate a temperature of the sample chamber.

[0137] In one embodiment, the temperature control system is located in the sample region.

[0138] In one embodiment, the temperature control system comprises a thermoelectric or Peltier element.

[0139] In one embodiment, the rotor comprises one or more subunits configured to be stacked vertically along an extension along an axis of rotation, and one or more of the stacked one or more subunits comprises a power source.

[0140] In one embodiment, the power source comprises at least one battery.

[0141] In one embodiment, at least one battery is disposed on the first sub-unit and provides power to a device on the second sub-unit.

[0142] In one embodiment, each of the one or more subunits includes a power source.

[0143] In one embodiment, the power source comprises a charging mechanism constructed and arranged to convert the rotational energy of the rotor into electrical current.

[0144] In one embodiment, the charging mechanism includes at least one voltaic cell.

[0145] In one embodiment, at least one voltaic cell comprises two electrodes separated by an electrolyte solution.

[0146] In one embodiment, the current is driven by the difference in electrolyte concentration in the electrolyte solution caused by centrifugation.

[0147] In one embodiment, at least one voltaic cell includes a concentration cell.

[0148] In one embodiment, at least one voltaic cell is powered by the decay of a radioisotope.

[0149] In one embodiment, the at least one voltaic cell comprises a betavoltaic cell.

[0150] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a charging mechanism for charging the battery, the charging mechanism converting rotational energy from rotation of the rotor into an electrical current.

[0151] In one embodiment, the charging mechanism comprises a generator with a planetary gear arrangement constructed and arranged to aid in the relative internal rotation of the rotor and stator pairing.

[0152] In another aspect, an integrated rotor system includes a rotor having at least one rotor cavity and constructed and arranged to rotate about an axis of rotation, and an interrogation cell disposed within the at least one rotor cavity, the interrogation cell including an electromagnetic radiation source at a first location of the interrogation cell and configured to emit electromagnetic radiation at one or more wavelengths, a sample region, and a detector at a second location of the interrogation cell and configured to receive the electromagnetic radiation traversing at least a portion of the sample region.

[0153] In one embodiment, the at least one rotor cavity comprises a plurality of rotor cavities.

[0154] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a plurality of interrogation cells, each interrogation cell corresponding to one of the plurality of rotor cavities.

[0155] In one embodiment, the rotor includes a central opening.

[0156] In one embodiment, the central opening is aligned with the axis of rotation.

[0157] In one embodiment, the rotor is constructed and arranged to mate with the spindle.

[0158] In one embodiment, the spindle is aligned with the axis of rotation.

[0159] In one embodiment, the spindle comprises a centrifuge spindle.

[0160] In one embodiment, the rotor is oriented symmetrically about the axis of rotation.

[0161] In one embodiment, the interrogation cell comprises one or more subunits configured to be stacked vertically along the axis of rotation.

[0162] In one embodiment, adjacent ones of the stacked one or more subunits are coupled to one another with a threaded interface.

[0163] In one embodiment, one or more of the stacked one or more subunits are coupled in a bolt-through configuration.

[0164] In one embodiment, packing is disposed between one or more of the stacked one or more subunits.

[0165] In one embodiment, the packing is constructed and arranged to form a sealed region.

[0166] In one embodiment, the sealed region is sealed from the surrounding region outside of the sealed region.

[0167] In one embodiment, one or more of the one or more subunits are bonded to one another using a tongue and groove configuration.

[0168] In one embodiment, one or more of the stacked one or more subunits comprises a high strength material.

[0169] In one embodiment, the high strength material includes titanium.

[0170] In one embodiment, the high strength material comprises an alloy material.

[0171] In one embodiment, the high strength material comprises a composite material.

[0172] In one embodiment, the high strength material includes a material that includes a carbon fiber material.

[0173] In one embodiment, the sample region comprises a sector shape.

[0174] In one embodiment, the sample region comprises a sample chamber.

[0175] In one embodiment, the sample chamber includes a removable liner.

[0176] In one embodiment, the first location and the second location are in a sample chamber, the sample chamber comprising an electromagnetic radiation source and a detector.

[0177] In one embodiment, the sample area comprises an open top and an open bottom.

[0178] In one embodiment, the sample region is bound to one or more adjacent subunits.

[0179] In one embodiment, a portion of the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the electromagnetic radiation source is incident on a detector.

[0180] In one embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation is directed towards the sample region.

[0181] In one embodiment, the detector is positioned to detect electromagnetic radiation that traverses a portion of the sample volume.

[0182] In one embodiment, the sample region, the electromagnetic radiation source, and the detector are arranged along an axis that is parallel to the axis of rotation.

[0183] In one embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation source is disposed in a first of the one or more stacked subunits.

[0184] In one embodiment, the sample region is disposed on a second of the one or more stacked subunits.

[0185] In one embodiment, the detector is disposed in a third of the one or more stacked subunits.

[0186] In one embodiment, the system further comprises an alignment mechanism that aligns a first, second, and third of the one or more stacked subunits such that the electromagnetic radiation source, the sample region, and the detector are vertically aligned along an axis of interrogation that is parallel to the axis of rotation.

[0187] In one embodiment, a portion of the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the electromagnetic radiation source traverses a portion of the sample chamber.

[0188] In one embodiment, the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation are incident at a sample region.

[0189] In one embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation propagates through the sample region to a detector.

[0190] In one embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation induces a reaction in a material in the sample region.

[0191] In one embodiment, the detector collects electromagnetic radiation emitted from the sample region, where the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the sample region comprises one or more wavelengths that are different from the one or more wavelengths emitted from the electromagnetic radiation source.

[0192] In one embodiment, the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the sample region is greater than one or more wavelengths emitted from the electromagnetic radiation source.

[0193] In one embodiment, the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the sample region is smaller than one or more wavelengths emitted from the electromagnetic radiation source.

[0194] In one embodiment, electromagnetic radiation induces a photophysical interaction.

[0195] In one embodiment, the photophysical interaction involves exciting molecules present in the sample region to an energy level higher than the ground state of the sample molecules.

[0196] In one embodiment, the excitation of an energy level comprises at least one of an excitation of an electronic energy level, an excitation of a vibrational energy level, or an excitation of a rotational energy level.

[0197] In one embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation source is one of a plurality of electromagnetic radiation sources optically coupled to the detector.

[0198] In one embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation source is coupled to the circuit board.

[0199] In one embodiment, the interrogation cell comprises one or more subunits configured to be stacked vertically of the extension along the axis of rotation, a top subunit of the one or more subunits comprising an electromagnetic radiation source coupled to a circuit board.

[0200] In one embodiment, the interrogation cell comprises one or more subunits configured to be stacked vertically along an extension along an axis of rotation, a top subunit of the one or more subunits comprising a plurality of electromagnetic radiation sources, the sample region comprising a plurality of sample regions, and the detector comprising a plurality of detectors, each electromagnetic radiation source optically coupled to a corresponding detector through an optical path that includes a corresponding sample region.

[0201] In one embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation source is a single light emitting diode (LED).

[0202] In one embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation source comprises an array of light emitting diodes (LEDs).

[0203] In one embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation source comprises a laser diode.

[0204] In one embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation source comprises an array of laser diodes.

[0205] In one embodiment, the detector comprises an array detector.

[0206] In one embodiment, the detector comprises a point detector.

[0207] In one embodiment, the detector comprises a CCD array.

[0208] In one embodiment, the detector comprises a photodiode.

[0209] In one embodiment, the detector periodically samples the incident electromagnetic radiation.

[0210] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a storage for storing information collected by the detector.

[0211] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a transmitter for transmitting the stored information stored by the storage to the receiver.

[0212] In one embodiment, the transmitter transmits the stored information as the rotor rotates about the axis of rotation.

[0213] In one embodiment, the system transmits the stored information when the rotor is stationary.

[0214] In one embodiment, the system is configured to measure the light absorbance of the sample region based on stored information collected by the detector.

[0215] In one embodiment, the system is configured to provide spectroscopic information of the sample region based on stored information collected by the detector.

[0216] In one embodiment, the system is configured to provide hyperspectral image data of the sample area based on the stored information collected by the detector.

[0217] In one embodiment, the system is configured to provide a Schlieren image of the sample area based on stored information collected by the detector.

[0218] In one embodiment, the system is configured to provide a fluorescent image of the sample area based on stored information collected by the detector.

[0219] In one embodiment, the system is configured to provide quantitative fluorescence emission data of the sample area based on stored information collected by the detector.

[0220] In one embodiment, the quantitative fluorescence data includes the spatial location of the sample regions.

[0221] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a Fabry-Perot interferometer optically coupled to the electromagnetic radiation source and the detector.

[0222] In one embodiment, the system further comprises one or more optical filters disposed between the electromagnetic radiation source and the detector.

[0223] In one embodiment, the system further comprises one or more optical lenses disposed between the electromagnetic radiation source and the detector.

[0224] In one embodiment, the system further comprises one or more mirrors disposed between the electromagnetic radiation source and the detector.

[0225] In one embodiment, the system further comprises one or more optical diffusers disposed between the electromagnetic radiation source and the detector.

[0226] In one embodiment, the system further comprises one or more optical collimators disposed between the electromagnetic radiation source and the detector.

[0227] In one embodiment, one or more of the one or more optical collimators comprises at least one self-collimating photonic crystal.

[0228] In one embodiment, one or more of the one or more optical collimators comprises at least one micro-Fresnel lens.

[0229] In one embodiment, the system further comprises one or more optical lenses disposed between the electromagnetic radiation source and the detector, the one or more optical lenses being positioned relative to the sample region and the detector such that the detector detects an image of a plane in the sample region.

[0230] In one embodiment, one or more lenses are positioned below the sample region.

[0231] In one embodiment, the system further comprises an elongated edge constructed and arranged to block a portion of the light incident on the detector.

[0232] In one embodiment, the system further comprises an aperture constructed and arranged to block a portion of the light incident on the detector.

[0233] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a beam splitter system constructed and arranged to direct electromagnetic radiation from the electromagnetic radiation source to a plurality of locations.

[0234] In one embodiment, the beam splitter system comprises at least one mirror.

[0235] In one embodiment, the beam splitter system comprises at least one filter.

[0236] In one embodiment, the beam splitter system comprises at least one lens.

[0237] In one embodiment, the beam splitter system is constructed and arranged such that electromagnetic radiation emitted from a first subunit of the interrogation cell is optically coupled to a detector on a second subunit of the interrogation cell that is different from the first subunit.

[0238] In one embodiment, the interrogation cell comprises one or more subunits configured to be stacked vertically along an extension along an axis of rotation, with one or more of the stacked subunits being electrically connected using one or more connectors.

[0239] In one embodiment, the one or more connectors are configured to convey information.

[0240] In one embodiment, the one or more connectors are configured to transfer electrical power.

[0241] In one embodiment, one or more of the stacked one or more subunits are electrically connected using a USB port.

[0242] In one embodiment, one or more of the stacked one or more subunits are electrically connected using a micro USB port.

[0243] In one embodiment, one or more of the stacked one or more subunits are electrically connected using a VGA port.

[0244] In one embodiment, one or more of the stacked one or more subunits are electrically connected using a D-type connector.

[0245] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a transmitter configured to transmit information from the detector.

[0246] In one embodiment, the transmitter is configured to transmit the information in an encrypted form.

[0247] In one embodiment, the transmitter is configured to transmit the information to a cloud-based storage system.

[0248] In one embodiment, the transmitter is configured to transmit the information wirelessly.

[0249] In one embodiment, the transmitter comprises an antenna.

[0250] In one embodiment, the transmitter is configured to transmit information optically.

[0251] In one embodiment, the transmitter comprises a cable connection.

[0252] In one embodiment, the cable connection includes an electrical connection.

[0253] In one embodiment, the cabling includes optical fiber.

[0254] In one embodiment, the cable connection includes a connection to a circuit board.

[0255] In one embodiment, the cable connection includes a connection to on-board memory.

[0256] In one embodiment, the on-board memory includes a device selected from the group consisting of a random access memory (RAM) device, a read-only memory (ROM) device, a solid-state memory (SSD) device, an SD memory card, or a micro SD memory card.

[0257] In one embodiment, the transmitter is located in a bottom portion of the interrogation cell.

[0258] In one embodiment, the rotor includes a central opening aligned with the axis of rotation.

[0259] In one embodiment, the transmitter is constructed and arranged to extend through the central opening.

[0260] In one embodiment, the transmitter extends from the bottom of the rotor to the top of the rotor.

[0261] In one embodiment, the transmitter comprises one of a plurality of transmitters.

[0262] In one embodiment, the transmitter comprises a battery.

[0263] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a charging mechanism for charging the battery, the charging mechanism converting rotational energy from rotation of the rotor into an electrical current.

[0264] In one embodiment, the charging mechanism comprises a generator with a planetary gear arrangement constructed and arranged to aid in the relative internal rotation of the rotor and stator pairing.

[0265] In one embodiment, the system further comprises an on-board memory in the interrogation cell.

[0266] In one embodiment, the on-board memory includes a device selected from the group consisting of a random access memory (RAM) device, a read-only memory (ROM) device, a solid-state memory (SSD) device, an SD memory card, or a micro SD memory card.

[0267] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a temperature control system configured to alter the temperature of the sample region.

[0268] In one embodiment, the temperature control system is configured to maintain the temperature of the sample region.

[0269] In one embodiment, maintaining the temperature includes heating the sample region.

[0270] In one embodiment, maintaining the temperature includes cooling the sample region.

[0271] In one embodiment, the temperature control system cycles a thermally conductive material in the sample region.

[0272] In one embodiment, the temperature control system includes a pump system that circulates the thermally conductive material.

[0273] In one embodiment, the temperature control system heats the sample region.

[0274] In one embodiment, the temperature control system cools the sample region.

[0275] In one embodiment, the temperature control system circulates a thermally conductive material through channels in one or more subunits of the interrogation cell.

[0276] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a temperature sensor, and the temperature control system adjusts the temperature of the sample region in response to an output of the temperature sensor.

[0277] In one embodiment, the temperature sensor comprises a thermocouple.

[0278] In one embodiment, the temperature sensor comprises an optical sensor.

[0279] In one embodiment, the temperature sensor comprises an infrared sensor.

[0280] In one embodiment, the temperature sensor is one of a plurality of temperature sensors.

[0281] In one embodiment, at least two of the plurality of temperature sensors are in communication with each other.

[0282] In one embodiment, the temperature control system includes an open loop temperature system.

[0283] In one embodiment, the temperature control system includes a closed loop temperature feedback system.

[0284] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a sample chamber in the sample region, and the temperature control system is configured to regulate a temperature of the sample chamber.

[0285] In one embodiment, the temperature control system is located in the sample region.

[0286] In one embodiment, the temperature control system comprises a thermoelectric or Peltier element.

[0287] In one embodiment, the interrogation cell comprises one or more subunits configured to be stacked vertically of the extension along the axis of rotation, and one or more of the stacked subunits comprises a power source.

[0288] In one embodiment, the power source comprises at least one battery.

[0289] In one embodiment, at least one battery is disposed on the first sub-unit and provides power to a device on the second sub-unit.

[0290] In one embodiment, each of the one or more subunits includes a power source.

[0291] In one embodiment, the power source comprises a charging mechanism constructed and arranged to convert the rotational energy of the rotor into electrical current.

[0292] In one embodiment, the charging mechanism includes at least one voltaic cell.

[0293] In one embodiment, at least one voltaic cell comprises two electrodes separated by an electrolyte solution.

[0294] In one embodiment, the current is driven by the difference in electrolyte concentration in the electrolyte solution caused by centrifugation.

[0295] In one embodiment, at least one voltaic cell includes a concentration cell.

[0296] In one embodiment, at least one voltaic cell is powered by the decay of a radioisotope.

[0297] In one embodiment, the at least one voltaic cell comprises a betavoltaic cell.

[0298] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a charging mechanism for charging the battery, the charging mechanism converting rotational energy from rotation of the rotor into an electrical current.

[0299] In one embodiment, the charging mechanism comprises a generator with a planetary gear arrangement constructed and arranged to aid in the relative internal rotation of the rotor and stator pairing.

[0300] In another aspect, an interrogation cell includes an electromagnetic radiation source at a first location configured to emit electromagnetic radiation at one or more wavelengths, a sample region, and a detector at a second location configured to receive the electromagnetic radiation across at least a portion of the sample region, the interrogation cell being dimensioned for placement within a rotor cavity of a centrifuge rotor.

[0301] In one embodiment, the interrogation cell comprises one or more subunits configured to be stacked vertically of the extension along the axis of rotation.

[0302] In one embodiment, adjacent ones of the stacked one or more subunits are coupled to one another with a threaded interface.

[0303] In one embodiment, one or more of the stacked one or more subunits are coupled in a bolt-through configuration.

[0304] In one embodiment, packing is disposed between one or more of the stacked one or more subunits.

[0305] In one embodiment, the packing is constructed and arranged to form a sealed region.

[0306] In one embodiment, the sealed region is sealed from the surrounding region outside of the sealed region.

[0307] In one embodiment, one or more of the one or more subunits are bonded to one another using a tongue and groove configuration.

[0308] In one embodiment, one or more of the stacked one or more subunits comprises a high strength material.

[0309] In one embodiment, the high strength material includes titanium.

[0310] In one embodiment, the high strength material comprises an alloy material.

[0311] In one embodiment, the high strength material comprises a composite material.

[0312] In one embodiment, the high strength material includes a material that includes a carbon fiber material.

[0313] In one embodiment, the sample region comprises a sector shape.

[0314] In one embodiment, the sample region comprises a sample chamber.

[0315] In one embodiment, the sample chamber includes a removable liner.

[0316] In one embodiment, the first location and the second location are in a sample chamber, the sample chamber comprising an electromagnetic radiation source and a detector.

[0317] In one embodiment, the sample area comprises an open top and an open bottom.

[0318] In one embodiment, the sample region is bound to one or more adjacent subunits.

[0319] In one embodiment, a portion of the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the electromagnetic radiation source is incident on a detector.

[0320] In one embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation is directed towards the sample region.

[0321] In one embodiment, the detector is positioned to detect electromagnetic radiation that traverses a portion of the sample volume.

[0322] In one embodiment, the sample region, the electromagnetic radiation source, and the detector are arranged along an axis that is parallel to the axis of rotation.

[0323] In one embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation source is disposed in a first of the one or more stacked subunits.

[0324] In one embodiment, the sample region is disposed on a second of the one or more stacked subunits.

[0325] In one embodiment, the detector is disposed in a third of the one or more stacked subunits.

[0326] In one embodiment, the system further comprises an alignment mechanism that aligns a first, second, and third of the one or more stacked subunits such that the electromagnetic radiation source, the sample region, and the detector are vertically aligned along an axis of interrogation that is parallel to the axis of rotation.

[0327] In one embodiment, a portion of the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the electromagnetic radiation source traverses a portion of the sample chamber.

[0328] In one embodiment, the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation are incident at a sample region.

[0329] In one embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation propagates through the sample region to a detector.

[0330] In one embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation induces a reaction in a material in the sample region.

[0331] In one embodiment, the detector collects electromagnetic radiation emitted from the sample region, where the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the sample region comprises one or more wavelengths that are different from the one or more wavelengths emitted from the electromagnetic radiation source.

[0332] In one embodiment, the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the sample region is greater than one or more wavelengths emitted from the electromagnetic radiation source.

[0333] In one embodiment, the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the sample region is smaller than one or more wavelengths emitted from the electromagnetic radiation source.

[0334] In one embodiment, electromagnetic radiation induces a photophysical interaction.

[0335] In one embodiment, the photophysical interaction involves exciting molecules present in the sample region to an energy level higher than the ground state of the sample molecules.

[0336] In one embodiment, the excitation of an energy level comprises at least one of an excitation of an electronic energy level, an excitation of a vibrational energy level, or an excitation of a rotational energy level.

[0337] In one embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation source is one of a plurality of electromagnetic radiation sources optically coupled to the detector.

[0338] In one embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation source is coupled to the circuit board.

[0339] In one embodiment, the interrogation cell comprises one or more subunits configured to be stacked vertically of the extension along the axis of rotation, a top subunit of the one or more subunits comprising an electromagnetic radiation source coupled to a circuit board.

[0340] In one embodiment, the interrogation cell comprises one or more subunits configured to be stacked vertically along an extension along an axis of rotation, a top subunit of the one or more subunits comprising a plurality of electromagnetic radiation sources, the sample region comprising a plurality of sample regions, and the detector comprising a plurality of detectors, each electromagnetic radiation source optically coupled to a corresponding detector through an optical path that includes a corresponding sample region.

[0341] In one embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation source is a single light emitting diode (LED).

[0342] In one embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation source comprises an array of light emitting diodes (LEDs).

[0343] In one embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation source comprises a laser diode.

[0344] In one embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation source comprises an array of laser diodes.

[0345] In one embodiment, the detector comprises an array detector.

[0346] In one embodiment, the detector comprises a point detector.

[0347] In one embodiment, the detector comprises a CCD array.

[0348] In one embodiment, the detector comprises a photodiode.

[0349] In one embodiment, the detector periodically samples the incident electromagnetic radiation.

[0350] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a storage for storing information collected by the detector.

[0351] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a transmitter for transmitting the stored information stored by the storage to the receiver.

[0352] In one embodiment, the transmitter transmits the stored information as the interrogation cell rotates about the rotor's axis of rotation.

[0353] In one embodiment, the system transmits the stored information when the interrogation cell is stationary.

[0354] In one embodiment, the system is configured to measure the light absorbance of the sample region based on stored information collected by the detector.

[0355] In one embodiment, the system is configured to provide spectroscopic information of the sample region based on stored information collected by the detector.

[0356] In one embodiment, the system is configured to provide hyperspectral image data of the sample area based on the stored information collected by the detector.

[0357] In one embodiment, the system is configured to provide a Schlieren image of the sample area based on stored information collected by the detector.

[0358] In one embodiment, the system is configured to provide a fluorescent image of the sample area based on stored information collected by the detector.

[0359] In one embodiment, the system is configured to provide quantitative fluorescence emission data of the sample area based on stored information collected by the detector.

[0360] In one embodiment, the quantitative fluorescence data includes the spatial location of the sample regions.

[0361] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a Fabry-Perot interferometer optically coupled to the electromagnetic radiation source and the detector.

[0362] In one embodiment, the system further comprises one or more optical filters disposed between the electromagnetic radiation source and the detector.

[0363] In one embodiment, the system further comprises one or more optical lenses disposed between the electromagnetic radiation source and the detector.

[0364] In one embodiment, the system further comprises one or more mirrors disposed between the electromagnetic radiation source and the detector.

[0365] In one embodiment, the system further comprises one or more optical diffusers disposed between the electromagnetic radiation source and the detector.

[0366] In one embodiment, the system further comprises one or more optical collimators disposed between the electromagnetic radiation source and the detector.

[0367] In one embodiment, one or more of the one or more optical collimators comprises at least one self-collimating photonic crystal.

[0368] In one embodiment, one or more of the one or more optical collimators comprises at least one micro-Fresnel lens.

[0369] In one embodiment, the system further comprises one or more optical lenses disposed between the electromagnetic radiation source and the detector, the one or more optical lenses being positioned relative to the sample region and the detector such that the detector detects an image of a plane in the sample region.

[0370] In one embodiment, one or more lenses are positioned below the sample region.

[0371] In one embodiment, the system further comprises an elongated edge constructed and arranged to block a portion of the light incident on the detector.

[0372] In one embodiment, the system further comprises an aperture constructed and arranged to block a portion of the light incident on the detector.

[0373] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a beam splitter system constructed and arranged to direct electromagnetic radiation from the electromagnetic radiation source to a plurality of locations.

[0374] In one embodiment, the beam splitter system comprises at least one mirror.

[0375] In one embodiment, the beam splitter system comprises at least one filter.

[0376] In one embodiment, the beam splitter system comprises at least one lens.

[0377] In one embodiment, the beam splitter system is constructed and arranged such that electromagnetic radiation emitted from a first subunit of the interrogation cell is optically coupled to a detector on a second subunit of the interrogation cell that is different from the first subunit.

[0378] In one embodiment, the interrogation cell comprises one or more subunits configured to be stacked vertically along an extension along an axis of rotation, with one or more of the stacked subunits being electrically connected using one or more connectors.

[0379] In one embodiment, the one or more connectors are configured to convey information.

[0380] In one embodiment, the one or more connectors are configured to transfer electrical power.

[0381] In one embodiment, one or more of the stacked one or more subunits are electrically connected using a USB port.

[0382] In one embodiment, one or more of the stacked one or more subunits are electrically connected using a micro USB port.

[0383] In one embodiment, one or more of the stacked one or more subunits are electrically connected using a VGA port.

[0384] In one embodiment, one or more of the stacked one or more subunits are electrically connected using a D-type connector.

[0385] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a transmitter configured to transmit information from the detector.

[0386] In one embodiment, the transmitter is configured to transmit the information in an encrypted form.

[0387] In one embodiment, the transmitter is configured to transmit the information to a cloud-based storage system.

[0388] In one embodiment, the transmitter is configured to transmit the information wirelessly.

[0389] In one embodiment, the transmitter comprises an antenna.

[0390] In one embodiment, the transmitter is configured to transmit information optically.

[0391] In one embodiment, the transmitter comprises a cable connection.

[0392] In one embodiment, the cable connection includes an electrical connection.

[0393] In one embodiment, the cabling includes optical fiber.

[0394] In one embodiment, the cable connection includes a connection to a circuit board.

[0395] In one embodiment, the cable connection includes a connection to on-board memory.

[0396] In one embodiment, the on-board memory includes a device selected from the group consisting of a random access memory (RAM) device, a read-only memory (ROM) device, a solid-state memory (SSD) device, an SD memory card, or a micro SD memory card.

[0397] In one embodiment, the transmitter is located in a bottom portion of the interrogation cell.

[0398] In one embodiment, the transmitter comprises one of a plurality of transmitters.

[0399] In one embodiment, the transmitter comprises a battery.

[0400] In one embodiment, the system further comprises an on-board memory in the interrogation cell.

[0401] In one embodiment, the on-board memory includes a device selected from the group consisting of a random access memory (RAM) device, a read-only memory (ROM) device, a solid-state memory (SSD) device, an SD memory card, or a micro SD memory card.

[0402] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a temperature control system configured to alter the temperature of the sample region.

[0403] In one embodiment, the temperature control system is configured to maintain the temperature of the sample region.

[0404] In one embodiment, maintaining the temperature includes heating the sample region.

[0405] In one embodiment, maintaining the temperature includes cooling the sample region.

[0406] In one embodiment, the temperature control system cycles a thermally conductive material in the sample region.

[0407] In one embodiment, the temperature control system includes a pump system that circulates the thermally conductive material.

[0408] In one embodiment, the temperature control system heats the sample region.

[0409] In one embodiment, the temperature control system cools the sample region.

[0410] In one embodiment, the temperature control system circulates a thermally conductive material through channels in one or more subunits of the interrogation cell.

[0411] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a temperature sensor, and the temperature control system adjusts the temperature of the sample region in response to an output of the temperature sensor.

[0412] In one embodiment, the temperature sensor comprises a thermocouple.

[0413] In one embodiment, the temperature sensor comprises an optical sensor.

[0414] In one embodiment, the temperature sensor comprises an infrared sensor.

[0415] In one embodiment, the temperature sensor is one of a plurality of temperature sensors.

[0416] In one embodiment, at least two of the plurality of temperature sensors are in communication with each other.

[0417] In one embodiment, the temperature control system includes an open loop temperature system.

[0418] In one embodiment, the temperature control system includes a closed loop temperature feedback system.

[0419] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a sample chamber in the sample region, and the temperature control system is configured to regulate a temperature of the sample chamber.

[0420] In one embodiment, the temperature control system is located in the sample region.

[0421] In one embodiment, the temperature control system comprises a thermoelectric or Peltier element.

[0422] In one embodiment, the interrogation cell comprises one or more subunits configured to be stacked vertically of the extension along the axis of rotation, and one or more of the stacked subunits comprises a power source.

[0423] In one embodiment, the power source comprises at least one battery.

[0424] In one embodiment, at least one battery is disposed on the first sub-unit and provides power to a device on the second sub-unit.

[0425] In one embodiment, each of the one or more subunits includes a power source.

[0426] In one embodiment, the power source comprises a charging mechanism constructed and arranged to convert the rotational energy of the interrogation cell into electrical current.

[0427] In one embodiment, the charging mechanism includes at least one voltaic cell.

[0428] In one embodiment, at least one voltaic cell comprises two electrodes separated by an electrolyte solution.

[0429] In one embodiment, the current is driven by the difference in electrolyte concentration in the electrolyte solution caused by centrifugation.

[0430] In one embodiment, at least one voltaic cell includes a concentration cell.

[0431] In one embodiment, at least one voltaic cell is powered by the decay of a radioisotope.

[0432] In one embodiment, the at least one voltaic cell comprises a betavoltaic cell.

[0433] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a charging mechanism for charging the battery, the charging mechanism converting rotational energy from the rotation of the interrogation cell into an electrical current.

[0434] In one aspect, a method includes providing a rotor constructed and arranged to rotate about a rotation axis, providing an electromagnetic radiation source at a first position on the rotor and configured to emit electromagnetic radiation at one or more wavelengths, providing a sample region, and providing a detector at a second position on the rotor and constructed and arranged to receive the electromagnetic radiation across at least a portion of the sample region.

[0435] In one embodiment, the method further includes mounting the rotor system on a centrifuge.

[0436] In one aspect, a method includes providing a rotor having at least one rotor cavity and constructed and arranged to rotate about a rotation axis; providing an interrogation cell disposed within the at least one rotor cavity, the method including providing an electromagnetic radiation source at a first position in the interrogation cell and configured to emit electromagnetic radiation at one or more wavelengths; providing a sample region; and providing a detector at a second position in the interrogation cell and configured to receive electromagnetic radiation traversing at least a portion of the sample region.

[0437] In one embodiment, the method further includes mounting the rotor system on a centrifuge.

[0438] In one aspect, a method of preparing an interrogation cell includes providing an electromagnetic radiation source configured to emit electromagnetic radiation at one or more wavelengths, providing a sample region, and providing a detector at a second location and configured to receive the electromagnetic radiation across at least a portion of the sample region, wherein the interrogation cell is dimensioned for placement within a rotor cavity of a centrifuge rotor.

[0439] In one embodiment, the method further includes attaching the interrogation cell to the centrifuge rotor.

[0440] In one embodiment, the method further includes mounting a centrifuge rotor including the interrogation cell in a centrifuge.

[0441] The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of embodiments of the inventive concept will be apparent from a more particular description of the embodiments, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which like reference characters refer to the same elements throughout the various views, and in which the drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the embodiments. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0442] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a rotor body showing one possible embodiment of the profile. [Diagram 2] FIG. 2 is a perspective view with a cutaway showing one embodiment of possible internal structures within the device. [Diagram 3] FIG. 2 is a diagram of a section of internal components showing possible functional configurations and connectivity within the measurement system. [Figure 4] FIG. 13 is a side cutaway cross-sectional view illustrating an embodiment in which functional components are located on modular units of a rotor that can be assembled / disassembled to form a functional rotor device. [Diagram 5] FIG. 1 is a perspective view with a cutaway cross section to show an embodiment in which the functional components are located in one or more separate cell units, whereby the functional cells are then fixed to the inside of the rotor. [Figure 6] FIG. 2 is a top-down view of an optical cavity showing one embodiment in which components and interfaces are arranged. [Figure 7] FIG. 1 is a cut-away (cross-sectional) view of one embodiment of an optical cavity including the fluid chamber, light source, and detector, as well as the orientation of other components within the cavity. [Figure 8A] 1 is a perspective cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a rotor system in accordance with an aspect of the present concept; [Figure 8B] FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of an embodiment with four subunits in accordance with aspects of the inventive concept. [Figure 8C] FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of an embodiment with four subunits in accordance with aspects of the inventive concept. [Figure 8D]FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of an embodiment with four subunits in accordance with aspects of the inventive concept. [Figure 8E] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of four subunits assembled in accordance with aspects of the inventive concept. [Figure 8F] FIG. 13 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a subunit with a sealing gasket in accordance with an aspect of the present concept. [Figure 8G] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a subunit including a functional element in accordance with an aspect of the inventive concept; [Figure 8G1] FIG. 13 is an exploded perspective view of one embodiment of a functional component and associated connector in accordance with an aspect of the inventive concept; [Figure 8H1] FIG. 8F2 is a perspective view of one embodiment of the two subunits of FIG. 8F1 in accordance with an aspect of the inventive concept. [Figure 8H2] FIG. 8F1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of two subunits of FIG. 8F1 joined in an air-tight and liquid-tight joint, in accordance with an aspect of the inventive concept. [Figure 8H3] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a sample being applied to a sample area in accordance with an aspect of the inventive concept. [Figure 8H4] FIG. 13 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a subunit added above a sample area in accordance with an aspect of the inventive concept. [Figure 8H5] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of three subunits bonded together in accordance with aspects of the inventive concept. [Figure 9] 1 is a perspective cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a rotor system in accordance with an aspect of the present concept; [Figure 10] 1 is a perspective cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a rotor system in accordance with an aspect of the present concept; [Figure 11A] FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of one embodiment of a rotor system in accordance with an aspect of the present concept; [Figure 11B] FIG. 13 is a plan view of one embodiment of a sample subunit and a corresponding source subunit in accordance with an aspect of the inventive concept. [Figure 11C] FIG. 13 is a plan view of one embodiment of a source subunit, in accordance with an aspect of the inventive concept; [Figure 11C1] FIG. 13 is an exploded perspective view of one embodiment of one or more lighting elements 70 in position in a source subunit in accordance with an aspect of the inventive concept. [Figure 11D1] 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of an electromagnetic radiation source in accordance with an aspect of the present concept; [Figure 11D2] 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of an electromagnetic radiation source in accordance with an aspect of the present concept; [Figure 11E] FIG. 1 is a plan view of one embodiment of a sample subunit and a corresponding detection subunit in accordance with aspects of the inventive concept. [Figure 11F] FIG. 13 is a plan view of one embodiment of a detection subunit, in accordance with aspects of the inventive concept. [Figure 11F1] FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of one embodiment of one or more sensing elements in accordance with aspects of the present concept. [Figure 11G1] 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a rotor system including a system for detecting Schlieren images in accordance with an aspect of the present concept; [Figure 11G2] FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram of one embodiment of a rotor system configured to perform Schlieren imaging, in accordance with an aspect of the inventive concept. [Figure 11H1] 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a rotor system including a hyperspectral image detection system in accordance with an aspect of the present concept; FIG. [Figure 11H2] FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram of one embodiment of a rotor system configured to perform hyperspectral imaging in accordance with aspects of the inventive concept. [Figure 11I] FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram of one embodiment of a rotor system with a filtered illumination source, in accordance with an aspect of the inventive concept. [Figure 11J] FIG. 13 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a central protrusion comprising an electromagnetic radiation source in accordance with an aspect of the present concept; [Figure 12A] 1 is a side view of an embodiment of a rotor system in accordance with an aspect of the present concept; [Figure 12B1]FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a subunit comprising at least one sample area and a temperature control system in accordance with an aspect of the inventive concept. [Figure 12B2] FIG. 12B1 is an enlarged perspective view of one embodiment of the sample area of ​​FIG. 12B1 in accordance with an aspect of the inventive concept. [Figure 12B3] FIG. 13 is a plan view of one embodiment of a sample subunit with thermal channels in accordance with an aspect of the inventive concept. [Figure 12B4] FIG. 1 is an enlarged perspective view of one embodiment of a temperature control element and an agitator in accordance with aspects of the present concept. [Figure 12C] FIG. 1 is a side view of one embodiment of a centrifugally powered voltaic cell constructed and arranged to supply electrical power to one or more subunits in accordance with aspects of the inventive concept. [Figure 12D] FIG. 1 is a side view of one embodiment of a voltaic cell constructed and arranged to be powered by beta particle radiation from radioisotope decay to power one or more subunits, in accordance with an embodiment of the inventive concept. [Figure 13] FIG. 1 is a perspective cross-sectional view of one embodiment of an interrogation cell, in accordance with an aspect of the present concept; [Figure 14] FIG. 1 is an exploded cross-sectional view of one embodiment of an integrated interrogation cell apparatus in accordance with aspects of the present concept. [Figure 15] 1 is a perspective cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a assembled cell apparatus, in accordance with an embodiment of the inventive concept; [Figure 16] 1 is a perspective cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a assembled cell apparatus in accordance with an aspect of the present concept; [Figure 17] 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a assembled cell apparatus fitted inside a rotor in accordance with an aspect of the present concept; FIG. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0443] Reference will now be made in detail to the present embodiments of the present technology, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Like reference numerals may be used to refer to like components. However, the description is not intended to limit the disclosure to the particular embodiments, but should be construed as including various modifications, equivalents, and / or alternatives of the embodiments described herein.

[0444] As used herein, words such as "comprising" (and any form of comprising, such as "comprise" and "comprises"), "having" (and any form of having, such as "have" and "has"), "including" (and any form of including, such as "includes" and "include"), or "containing" (and any form of containing, such as "contains" and "contain") will be understood to specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or components, but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or groups thereof.

[0445] It will be further understood that although terms such as first, second, third, etc. may be used herein to describe various limitations, elements, components, regions, layers, and / or sections, these limitations, elements, components, regions, layers, and / or sections should not be limited to these terms. These terms are merely used to distinguish one limitation, element, component, region, layer, or section from another limitation, element, component, region, layer, or section. Thus, a first limitation, element, component, region, layer, or section described below may be named a second limitation, element, component, region, layer, or section without departing from the teachings of the present application.

[0446] It will be further understood that when an element is referred to as "on," "attached," "connected," or "coupled" to another element, the element may be directly on or above the other element, or connected or coupled to the other element, or there may be one or more intervening elements. In contrast, when an element is referred to as "directly on," "directly attached," "directly connected," or "directly coupled to" another element, there are no intervening elements present. Other words used to describe relationships between elements (e.g., "between" and "directly between," "adjacent" and "directly adjacent," etc.) should be interpreted in the same manner.

[0447] It will be further understood that when a first element is referred to as being "in," "on," and / or "within" a second element, the first element may be disposed within an interior space of the second element, within a portion of the second element (e.g., within a wall of the second element), disposed on an exterior and / or interior surface of the second element, or a combination of one or more of these.

[0448] As used herein, the term "proximate" is intended to include a location relatively close to, on, within, and / or within a referenced component, anatomical location, or other location.

[0449] Spatially relative terms such as "below," "lower," "lower side," "above," "upper," etc., may be used, for example, to describe the relationship of an element and / or feature as depicted in the figures to another element and / or feature. It will be further understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use and / or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as "below" and / or "below" the other element or feature would then be oriented "above" the other element or feature. The device may be otherwise oriented (e.g., rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptions used herein interpreted accordingly.

[0450] As used herein, the terms "reduce," "reducing," "reduction," and the like are intended to include a reduction in an amount, including a reduction to zero. A reduction in the likelihood of occurrence is intended to include preventing occurrence.

[0451] As used herein, the term "and / or" shall be construed as referring to the specific disclosure of each of the two specified features or components, with or without the other. For example, "A and / or B" shall be construed as referring to the specific disclosure of each of (i) A, (ii) B, and (iii) A and B, as if each were individually set forth herein.

[0452] As used herein, unless expressly stated otherwise, "and" can mean "or" and "or" can mean "and." For example, if a feature is described as having A, B, or C, the feature can have any combination of A, B, and C, or A, B, and C. Similarly, if a feature is described as having A, B, and C, the feature can have only one or two of A, B, or C.

[0453] The phrase "configured (or configured)" as used in this disclosure may be used interchangeably with, for example, the phrases "suitable for," "capable of," "designed for," "adapted for," "made for," and "capable of," depending on the context. The phrase "configured (or configured)" does not mean only "specially designed to" in hardware. Alternatively, in some contexts, the phrase "apparatus configured for" may mean that an apparatus is "capable of" operating with another apparatus or component.

[0454] It will be understood that certain features of the disclosure that are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the disclosure that are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable subcombination. For example, it will be understood that all features recited in any of the claims (whether independent or dependent) may be combined in any given manner.

[0455] While at least some of the drawings and descriptions of the present disclosure have been simplified to focus on elements relevant for a clear understanding of the present disclosure, it should be understood that other elements understood by those skilled in the art that have been omitted for clarity may also form part of the present disclosure, however, because such elements are well known in the art, and because they do not necessarily aid in a better understanding of the present disclosure, descriptions of such elements are not provided herein.

[0456] The terms defined in this disclosure are merely used to describe certain embodiments of the disclosure and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure. Unless otherwise clearly indicated in the context, terms given in the singular form are intended to include the plural form. Unless otherwise specified herein, all terms used herein, including technical or scientific terms, have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art. Terms defined in commonly used dictionaries should be interpreted as having the same or similar meaning as the contextual meaning of the relevant art, and should not be interpreted as having an ideal or exaggerated meaning unless otherwise clearly specified herein. In some cases, the terms defined in this disclosure should not be interpreted as excluding embodiments of the disclosure.

[0457] In contrast to the prior art where most of the measurement functions are performed on modules located within the centrifuge rather than by assembling critical components within the rotor area, the integrated rotor device for autonomous analytical centrifugation offers advantages over previous approaches in that the rotating device itself is equipped with all the means to complete the AUC assay, except for centrifugal force. Thus, by providing most of the assay functionality in self-contained modules or cells within the rotating rotor device, the embodied device is versatile, efficient, and can be used in a range of centrifuges, including smaller, cost-effective bench-top (table-top) centrifuges where lower centrifugation speeds are sufficient, such as in the analysis of high molecular weight biological species including viral particles and gene delivery vectors. Furthermore, by moving the light source, sample, and detector all together (in alignment) during sedimentation, in the rotating reference frame, the speed of data acquisition and the quality of the data are improved, resulting in higher resolution and precision in the numerical results.

[0458] In this manner, a system is provided which is portable, cost effective and versatile in its measurement capabilities, and which allows for the collection of high quality sedimentation profile data.

[0459] In one embodiment of the device, the cells can be loaded into the rotor without the need for any special cell alignment (which can be highly subjective based on interpretation by the user operating the equipment).

[0460] In another embodiment, a minimum number of input parameters may be required from the technician operating the device, after which a numerical output of the sedimentation data may be provided in a retrievable digital format.

[0461] In another embodiment, a numerical output of sedimentation data can be provided in a retrievable digital format in real time during sedimentation by means such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or other wireless modes for data transmission to an external unit or cloud storage.

[0462] In another embodiment, robust temperature control of the fluid chamber can be provided by a thermostatic regulator (such as a thermoelectric unit) located inside the rotor device and in close proximity to the fluid chamber area of ​​the device.

[0463] In another embodiment, rapid data acquisition and improved data quality can be provided by using a diode array to collect optical absorbance, interference, or fluorescence profiles simultaneously along the radial dimension of each fluid chamber, rather than by sequentially using detectors on a radially moving armature system.

[0464] In another embodiment, improved quality of the AUC data can be provided by collecting optical absorbance, interference, or fluorescence profiles across the radial dimension of the fluid chamber while the source and detector remain fixed in the same reference frame as the fluid chamber (a rotating reference frame) during centrifugation and data collection.

[0465] The measurement device is in the form of an assembly of integrated modules and / or functional cells within a rotor, housing inside the rotor all the equipment for the acquisition of sedimentation profile data in a controlled AUC assay manner.

[0466] In some embodiments, the fluid chamber region confines the sample and / or reference fluid in a sector-shaped geometry. The fluid chamber is a wall unit or multiple such units that are open on the top and bottom and bounded on the top and bottom by transparent windows that can be fixed to each open side of the chamber, sealing the unit against leakage in all directions and allowing the passage of electromagnetic radiation, such as visible or ultraviolet light, and other types of sample monitoring.

[0467] The assembly of integrated modules or functional cells within a rotor body involves configuring the rotor body with an opening or cavity that coincides with the axis of rotation so that the rotor can be placed atop the drive shaft (spindle) of a centrifuge in a manner similar to conventional analytical rotors (i.e., non-functional or non-data acquisition rotors that are merely structural units constructed of solid titanium, for example). The cavity is configured to accept the drive shaft and, with appropriate fit, can be capable of accepting multiple shaft sizes.

[0468] A centrifuge, external to and separate from the rotor device, in which the rotor device is placed, provides centrifugal forces that cause sedimentation in the sample and / or reference chambers. In some embodiments, the electromagnetic radiation source and detector are fixed along a linear axis that is parallel to the axis of rotation and coincides with a line that intersects transparent windows that bound the upper and lower surfaces of the fluid chambers.

[0469] In some embodiments, separate light sources and detectors are positioned along a linear axis through each separate fluid chamber housed within the cell structure and / or the entire rotor apparatus. In some embodiments, the light sources and detectors are rigidly fixed within the rotor apparatus to maintain a collinear arrangement of light sources, fluid chambers, and detectors at all times before, during, and after centrifugation, thus allowing each fluid chamber to be illuminated and subsequently detected for sedimentation simultaneously across the radial dimension of each sample / reference chamber, and each separate fluid chamber to be illuminated and detected simultaneously with (and / or independently of) any other chamber.

[0470] In some embodiments, light sources, detectors, and other modules are stacked together in a rigid sleeve or housing, which can be considered a functional cell, which can be removed from the rotor and then firmly secured back onto the rotor at the appropriate time prior to the start of the assay.

[0471] The radiation source associated with each chamber may be a single diode or an array of light emitting diodes that uniformly illuminates the radial dimension of each chamber, and similarly the detector may be a corresponding array of diodes, charge coupled devices, or the like that generate a voltage or current as a function of illumination. Each voltage or current amount may be transferred to a threshold detector means that encodes a light intensity level at a pixel and compares the intensity levels to determine a sedimentation profile for each chamber at regular times throughout sedimentation. The emission and detection functions are managed and controlled by a microprocessor and appropriate circuitry and chipset, which in turn controls and maintains the desired chamber temperature, accurately processes the sample in a programmed manner, and calculates and numerically displays the results obtained.

[0472] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an integrated rotor device having a rotor body 1 or chassis according to an embodiment of the inventive concept. In some embodiments, the integrated rotor body 1 is constructed from a rigid material and has an upper handle feature 2. The form of the body 1 and handle 2 is symmetrical about an axis of rotation 3 that passes through the center of the device. With reference to FIG. 1, in some embodiments, the main body of the rotor device 1 has a cylindrical shape. In other embodiments, the body 1 may take other forms that are not purely cylindrical, but are still symmetrical about the axis of rotation.

[0473] 2 is a perspective view with a cutaway section through rotor body 1 according to an embodiment of the inventive concept. The cutaway section is provided in this drawing to show the possible locations of key components inside rotor body 1, which due to the rigid nature of the chassis are designed to all move in alignment in a rotational plane 4 that correlates with a rotational axis 3. In some embodiments, the rotational force that spins chassis 1 (and thus plane 4 as well) about axis 3 is provided by an external centrifuge, and the embodied device is designed to interface with this by a cavity 5 that mates with a spindle that mates with the spindle or drive shaft of the external centrifuge. In some embodiments, cavity 5 is configured to be adaptable to accommodate multiple shaft sizes that may be common to many commercial centrifuges.

[0474] 3 shows and individually names some components that may be housed within the rotor's rigid body 1, illustrating their possible relative orientation and connectivity to form a system capable of measuring sedimentation data in an autonomous device. A sector-shaped sample chamber 6 is represented as the central component surrounded by a light source 7 and a detector 8, which in this embodiment are shown as above and below the sample chamber, respectively.

[0475] In some embodiments, multiple chambers 6 may be housed in a symmetrical manner within the rotor body 1, with ancillary modules (including but not limited to light sources 7 and detectors 8) similarly symmetrically oriented and appropriately interconnected, although the depiction of FIG. 3 shows only one such sample chamber 6.

[0476] The depiction in Figure 3 points in an up / down orientation relative to the plane of rotation 4. The plane of rotation is defined as perpendicular to the axis of rotation 3, and the plane is defined as passing through the centre of the sample chamber or chambers, although other arrangements and / or multiples of light sources 7 and detectors 8 are possible depending on the nature of the emission and detection scheme.

[0477] Also surrounding each sample chamber 6 is a thermostat unit 9, which may be a thermoelectric circuit component and may be located in close proximity to the sample chamber 6, to maintain a constant temperature in the area where the sample fluid is present, and particularly within the fluid itself, thereby reducing any temperature gradients that may result from irradiation of the fluid or nearby circuitry or other sources. Although not shown in FIG. 3, in some embodiments the thermostat unit 9 may have an associated heat sink to enhance the thermostat function of the unit labeled 9.

[0478] Finally, Fig. 3 shows possible electrical interconnectivity between units 7, 8, and 9 and a circuit board or substrate 10 that houses key components such as a CPU (10A), digital memory such as RAM / ROM (10B) or removable microSD, an internal rechargeable battery (10C), wireless communication circuitry (10D), and other components necessary for the ability to control and manage the functions of the ancillary modules in a programmable manner, as well as for proper collection, storage, and retrieval of sedimentation data. In particular, Fig. 3 shows one possible interconnectivity, such as via wiring, but other interconnectivities are possible, for example to accommodate multiple measurement components around multiple sample chambers 6, which in some embodiments may all be connected to a single main CPU.

[0479] FIG. 4 is a side schematic view of an integrated rotor device that allows modular assembly / disassembly according to an embodiment of the inventive concept. In the embodiment of FIG. 4, the arrangement of functional units 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 that are required for autonomous collection of sedimentation data, introduced in FIG. 3, is shown as being located on separate pieces of the rotor body (1A, 1B, 1C, etc.). The separation of the rotor body 1 into separate units that can be assembled into one rigid body provides a means of providing the functional units 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, etc. in a manner that allows the units to be cleaned, maintained, modified, replaced, or otherwise manipulated before final assembly in preparation for an assay. Introduced in FIG. 4 is an embodiment in which there is a functional unit such as an alternator 11, a type of generator, that may be able to convert part of the rotational energy of the spinning rotor during an assay into an electric current that can provide support power for the autonomous device during an assay and / or may be able to charge a battery based on a battery charge depletion condition at any time. Starting from a disassembled state in which all rotor parts 1A, 1B, 1C etc. are separated, once all functional units are properly adjusted and ready for analysis, rotor parts 1A, 1B, 1C etc. are then rigidly fastened together as shown, for example in this embodiment, by a fastening mechanism represented by 12, such as but not limited to a tension adjusting rod, screw or bolt.

[0480] FIG. 5 is a perspective view with a cutaway section according to an embodiment of the inventive concept. The embodiment of FIG. 5 highlights an apparatus in which important functional components 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, etc. are provided within smaller geometries, specifically units such as functional cells. The embodiment of FIG. 5 shows a rotor body 1 configuration with cylindrical cavities parallel to the axis of rotation 3 and symmetrically arranged about the axis. Although only two such cavities 13 are shown, in practice, multiple cavities can be realized within any single rotor body 1. Provided sufficient miniaturization of the functional components is possible, the components 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 can all be co-located onto a small structural unit that can be designed as a cell 14. The components within the cell can be rigidly fixed within the cell body by using a tension adjusting mechanism 15, such as a screw ring. Once assembled, each cell unit 14 can then be fixed inside the corresponding cavity 13, and the rotor apparatus is prepared for data collection.

[0481] Furthermore, the cell unit 14 embodied in Figure 5 may be sufficiently miniaturized such that the dimensions of the cell unit are comparable to those of AUC cells already in use for conventional AUC experiments (i.e., conventional AUC cells that have no internal functionality, but rather simply house the sample in a fixed geometry). In such cases, the cell unit 14 may fit into an analytical rotor already in use and be secured inside such a commercially available rotor for autonomous generation of sedimentation data.

[0482] 6 is a plan view of one embodiment according to the concepts of the present invention. In some embodiments, the cavity wall 16 includes a collar 17 that is a long, narrow ridge or extension of the wall. The collar 17 may form a ring around an axis that runs through the center of the optical cavity. In some embodiments, the collar 17 is at a fixed height within the optical cavity. The purpose of the collar 17 is to provide a stop against which a component can press so that the component can be firmly secured inside the cavity.

[0483] The keyways 18 extend along the cavity walls in a direction parallel to the axis of rotation. The keyways 18 are constructed and positioned to mate with components stacked inside the optical cavity to provide precise and robust alignment of the components relative to the axis of rotation. Each keyway 18 inside each cavity may be removable or may be a rigid, continuous part of the cavity wall, as may be desired for precise and robust alignment and placement of the stacked components. From a plan view, the keyways 18 appear as elongated ridges that protrude into the optical cavity and run the length of the cavity from top to bottom.

[0484] One or more thermostat devices 19, such as thermoelectric modules, can be positioned around the optical cavity. The one or more thermoelectric elements 19 can be rectangular in shape with a certain thickness. In some embodiments, the thermoelectric elements 19 can be curved to surround the optical cavity to better maintain the temperature near one or more sample / reference chambers. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 6, the thermostat (thermoelectric) module 19 is card-like in form and runs parallel to the length of the cavity from top to bottom. In the illustrated embodiment, the module 19 is intended to fit into a slot in the rotor body 1 and can be inserted, removed, and replaced from the slot.

[0485] In some embodiments, the integrated rotor device receives a card slot 20. The card slot 20 may be constructed and arranged to mate with an electrical circuit board. In some embodiments, the circuit board is coupled to one or more thermoelectric elements 19 by any suitable means, such as a ribbon cable or cable cord connector. The measurement components (including, but not limited to, the light source and the detector) may also be coupled to the circuit board. The circuit board may include a central microprocessor unit (CPU). The circuit board may further include other chipsets and circuit components, including, but not limited to, digital memory modules, a rechargeable battery for power supply, and all of the measurement and temperature control management in a programmable manner. Although FIG. 6 shows one card slot 20 constructed and arranged to mate with a circuit board, other embodiments may include a different number of card slots and circuit boards. The number of card slots and circuit boards depends on the needs of calculation, data management, and power.

[0486] 7 is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of an optical cavity in accordance with the concepts of the present invention. The cavity walls 16 are shown, as well as the previously described collar 17. Thermostat devices 19, such as thermoelectric modules, are also shown on either side of the optical cavity.

[0487] The integrated rotor device may comprise a central part 21. In some embodiments, the central part 21 is a wall unit that encloses a sector-shaped compartment of sample and / or reference liquid (fluid).

[0488] Specifically, the geometry of a sector is defined as a volume element of a cylindrical segment having a cross-sectional area of ​​the sector (the area enclosed by two radii of a larger circle, an arc of this larger circle, and an arc of a smaller concentric circle of smaller radius).

[0489] In some embodiments, the central piece 21 is inserted from the bottom of the rotor up through the cavity wall and the central piece is pushed upward until it contacts the collar 17. In some embodiments, the central piece includes a first elongated ridge on its top surface that mates with the collar, allowing the top surface of the central piece 21 to protrude slightly above the collar 17. The central piece 21 can include a second elongated ridge that allows it to mate with the keyway 18 for precise alignment of the central piece 21 within the optical cavity.

[0490] In some embodiments, the lower window unit 22 is inserted from the bottom of the optical cavity. In some embodiments, the lower window unit 22 is a rigid metal housing in which a transparent (such as quartz) cylindrical window is held. The lower window unit 22 may also have a keyway as part of its construction that fits into an elongated ridge for precise and optimal alignment of the window. In the embodiment shown in Figure 7, the lower window unit 22 is pressed upwards until the window surface is in perfect flush contact with the underside of the central piece 21.

[0491] In some embodiments, the detector unit 23 is inserted from the bottom of the optical cavity in a similar manner and pushed upwards. The detector unit 23 may also include a keyway as part of its structure that fits into an elongated ridge for the same purposes as described above for the center piece etc. The detector 23 may be of a certain geometric shape such that a portion of the detector device protrudes upwards to allow it to fit into an opening in the structure of the lower window retainer 22, allowing intimate contact between a portion of the detector and the (e.g., quartz) window surface.

[0492] In some embodiments, the detector unit 23 is constructed and arranged to determine the differential absorbance (or other signal) spread across the radial dimension in the sample chamber as sedimentation occurs during centrifugation. In some embodiments, detection is accomplished by a linear arrangement of an array of detector units, such as an array of diodes capable of detecting light intensity, or other detection means such as fluorescence, refraction, etc. Since the detector 23 is fixed in alignment with the sample chamber, the detector 23 is designed to undergo the same centrifugal speed as the sample chamber. In some embodiments, the detector 23 can be programmed to collect data at any desired time during centrifugation, simultaneously, across the radial dimension, and independently from any other sample chambers centrifuged in the same rotor. In some embodiments, the detector 23 is designed to transmit its signal, such as a voltage or current value, by wired connection to the card slot peripheral 20 (see FIG. 6).

[0493] In some embodiments, the bottom packing 24 is pressed up from the bottom of the optical cavity to connect with the underside of the detector unit 23. In some embodiments, a bottom screw ring 25 is also fixed from the bottom, which mates with a screw thread in the wall of the optical cavity. The purpose of the bottom screw ring 25 is to provide a sizable tension force that can be adjusted and made to press all the subunits of the bottom half of the cavity together, thereby pressing against the collar 17. When enough tension force is applied through the bottom screw ring 25, the bottom halves of the subunits provide a leak-tight joint between the inner wall of the central part 21 (sample / reference chamber) and the underside of the central part that meets the same plane as the window surface.

[0494] In some embodiments, the sample and / or reference fluids can be pipetted from above into the liquid-tight chamber, i.e. into the open face of the sector-shaped chamber of the central part 21. It should be noted that by first sealing the central part and the lower window by tensioning the collar, the sector-shaped chamber becomes liquid-tight and can be filled with a volume of fluid through the top of the chamber, which remains open until the upper window is applied.

[0495] In some embodiments, after fluid insertion, the top window assembly 26 rests face down on the central piece 21. In some embodiments, the top window assembly 26 is aligned with the keyway 18 (FIG. 6). A ridge on the top of the central piece 21 extends just above the high point of the collar 17 so that flush contact between the central piece 21 and the top window 26 is achieved. When tension is applied from above, both the top and bottom surfaces of the central piece are sealed at such a point that the fluid is trapped within a chamber that is leak-tight in all dimensions.

[0496] In some embodiments, the light source 27 is inserted down into the cavity. In some embodiments, the light source 27 includes a keyed elongated ridge for alignment. In some embodiments, the light source 27 is constructed and arranged to provide uniform sample illumination. The light source 27 may be monochromatic or narrow band wavelength, or may be a broadband source that is made monochromatic by sufficient means for propagation through the light source module.

[0497] Similar to the lower half of the cavity assembly, the upper portion can be sealed by a top packing 28 and a top screw ring 29. When the top screw ring 29 is sufficiently torqued downwards, the entire stack is a liquid-tight and air-tight stack enclosed within the rotor body. Because there is an electrical connection between the source CPU and the detector CPU, illumination across the sample chamber and subsequent detection can be operated in a controlled and programmed manner. Input of the experimental parameters is intended to be entered by the operator prior to placing the device in the centrifuge by a separate electrical connection between the device and the workstation, such as a USB connection.

[0498] FIG. 8A is a perspective cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a rotor system 100 (also referred to as a smart rotor) according to aspects of the inventive concept. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 8A, the rotor system 100 comprises a rotor body 1 (or chassis), a sample region 40, an electromagnetic radiation source 107, and a detector 108a. In alternative embodiments, the rotor system 100 comprises a different number of sample regions 40, electromagnetic radiation sources 107, and / or detectors 108. For example, in this figure, an additional source and an additional detector 108b associated with the sample region can be seen. Examples of electromagnetic radiation sources 107 include, but are not limited to, light emitting diodes, laser diodes, gas discharge arc lamps (e.g., deuterium arc lamps or xenon arc lamps), and incandescent light sources. Examples of operating wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation incident on the sample region 40 include, but are not limited to, 214 nm, 260 nm, 280 nm, and 395 nm.

[0499] In some embodiments, the rotor body 1 comprises one or more subunits 30 stacked together. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 8A, the rotor body 1 comprises five subunits 30a-e stacked and fixed together. In alternative embodiments, the rotor body 1 comprises a different number of subunits 30 stacked and fixed together. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 8A, the top subunit is a source subunit 30a comprising at least one electromagnetic radiation source 107. Below this is a first window subunit 30b. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 8A, the first window subunit 30b comprises a first window area 45a. In the illustrated embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation source 107 extends into the first window area 45a. In FIG. 8A, the first window area 45a comprises a first window 110a on the lower surface. In some embodiments, the first window 110a is transparent to at least one wavelength emitted from the electromagnetic radiation source 107. In some embodiments, the first and second window subunits 30b, 30d comprise a material that is completely transparent, partially transparent, or opaque to the wavelengths of the electromagnetic energy emitted by the electromagnetic radiation source 107.

[0500] In the embodiment shown in Figure 8A, the sample subunit 30c is disposed below the first window subunit 30b. The sample subunit 30c comprises at least one sample area 40. In this embodiment, the sample area 40 is disposed below the first window 110a of the first window area 45a of the first window subunit 30b.

[0501] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 8A, the second window subunit 30d is disposed below the sample subunit 30c. In this embodiment, the second window subunit 30d comprises a second window region 45b. In the illustrated embodiment, the first detector 108a extends into the second window region 45b. In FIG. 8A, the second window region 45b comprises a second window 110b on an upper surface. The second window 110b is disposed below the sample region 40. In some embodiments, the second window 110b transmits at least one wavelength emitted from the sample region 40.

[0502] In the embodiment shown in Figure 8A, the detection subunit 30e is disposed below the second window subunit 30d. In this embodiment, the detection subunit 30e comprises a first detector 108a and a second detector 108b. In alternative embodiments, the detection subunit 30e comprises a different number of detectors.

[0503] In some embodiments, one or more of the one or more subunits 30 includes an opening 31 constructed and arranged to allow insertion of a central protrusion (not shown in FIG. 8A ). In some embodiments, the opening 31 is centered about the axis of rotation 103. In alternative embodiments, the opening 31 and shaft are off-center with respect to the axis of rotation 103. In some embodiments, the rotor body 1 is symmetrical about the axis of rotation 103.

[0504] FIG. 8B is an exploded perspective view of one embodiment with four subunits in accordance with aspects of the inventive concept. In this embodiment, the base subunit 32 includes a receiving hole 33 that is constructed and arranged to mate with a drive shaft (not shown) from a centrifuge. In different embodiments, the receiving hole 33 is constructed and arranged to mate with different commercially available centrifuges. In some embodiments, the base subunit 32 includes one or more bolt holes 39. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 8B, the base subunit 32 includes three bolt holes 39a-c, with different embodiments including different numbers of bolt holes.

[0505] In some embodiments, the base subunit 32 comprises a central protrusion 34. The central protrusion 34 extends in a vertical direction transverse to the horizontal direction of the extension x of the base subunit 32. In some embodiments, the central protrusion 34 comprises a high strength material and is configured to absorb and distribute the centrifugal forces of the centrifuge drive shaft. In some embodiments, the central protrusion 34 comprises a transmitter 200, which is constructed and arranged to transmit information from the rotor system 100 to an external location. In some embodiments, the transmitter 200 comprises a broadcast antenna. In some embodiments, the transmitter 200 transmits a wireless electromagnetic signal.

[0506] 8B, three further subunits 30f-h are shown, each with a plurality of bolt holes 39 and an aperture 31 constructed and arranged to mate with a central projection 34 of a base subunit 32.

[0507] 8C is an exploded perspective view of an embodiment with four subunits in accordance with an aspect of the inventive concept. FIG. 8C shows the embodiment of FIG. 8B where one of the subunits 30 is coupled to a base subunit 32. A central protrusion 34 passes through an opening 31.

[0508] FIGURE 8D is an exploded perspective view of an embodiment with four subunits according to aspects of the inventive concept. FIGURE 8D shows the embodiment of FIGURE 8B in which three of the subunits 30 are coupled to a base subunit 32. A central projection 34 passes through a central opening in each additional subunit. The bolt holes 39 of each subunit are aligned so that a bolt can be inserted from the top or bottom, pass through one of the bolt holes, and secure to the opposite side.

[0509] FIG. 8E is a perspective view of one embodiment in which four subunits are assembled in accordance with aspects of the inventive concept. FIG. 8E shows bolts 139a-c disposed in bolt holes 39a-c that provide an air-tight, liquid-tight, hard fit between the subunits. In this embodiment, a central nut 140 secures the subunits 32, 30f-h at the central projection 34. In alternative embodiments, there may be a threaded connection between the outer edges of each subunit 32, 30f-h to secure the subunits to one another. In other embodiments, the subunits may be secured to one another using other suitable fastening mechanisms.

[0510] 8F is a perspective view of one embodiment of a subunit 30z including a sealing gasket 35 in accordance with aspects of the inventive concept. In some embodiments, the sealing gasket 35 is disposed in a groove 35a along the periphery of at least one subunit to facilitate an air-tight and liquid-tight joint between that subunit and an adjacent subunit.

[0511] In some embodiments, one or more of the one or more subunits 30 include one or more sample regions 40. Although the embodiment depicted in Figure 8A shows one sample region 40, alternative embodiments include a different number of sample regions.

[0512] In some embodiments, one or more of the one or more subunits 30 include one or more window regions 45. Six window regions are shown in Figure 8A, two on the right 45a, 45b, two on the left 45c, 45d, and two in the background 45e, 45f. In Figure 8A, the window regions 45a, 45b and the sample region 40 are cut away.

[0513] In some embodiments, one or more of the one or more sample regions 40 comprise a sector. Specifically, the geometry of the sector is defined as a volume element of a cylindrical segment having a sector-shaped cross-sectional area (the area enclosed by two radii of a larger circle, an arc bounding the larger circle between the radii, and an arc of a smaller concentric circle of a smaller radius). Furthermore, the geometry of the sector comprises at least two boundaries that coincide with radial lines emanating outward from the axis of rotation, and the radial direction is defined as the direction extending radially outward from the axis of rotation 103.

[0514] In some embodiments, the rotor system 100 comprises one or more functional components. The embodiment shown in FIG. 8A comprises three functional components: an electromagnetic radiation source 107, a first detector 108a, and a second detector 108b. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 8A, the electromagnetic radiation source 107 is positioned such that the electromagnetic radiation source 107 is optically coupled with the first detector 108a. Alternative embodiments comprise additional functional components including, but not limited to, an integrated circuit substrate, an additional electromagnetic radiation source 107, and / or an additional detector 108. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 8A, the functional components are located within the window regions 45a, 45b. In alternative embodiments, one or more functional components are located outside the window region 45.

[0515] 8G is a perspective view of one embodiment of a subunit 30k including a functional element 149 in accordance with aspects of the inventive concept. Alternative embodiments include multiple functional components including, but not limited to, a battery, memory, a central processing unit, and hardwired interconnects and / or plugs with adjacent subunits. In various embodiments, the functional element 149 can be attached to the subunit 30k. In other embodiments, the functional element 149 can be embedded within the body of the subunit 30k.

[0516] FIGURE 8G1 is an exploded perspective view of one embodiment of functional element 149 and associated connector 151, in accordance with an embodiment of the inventive concept. In the embodiment illustrated in FIGURE 8G1, functional element 149 comprises a circuit board. In the embodiment illustrated in FIGURE 8G1, connector 151 comprises a ribbon cable. In alternative embodiments, connector 151 includes a connection including, but not limited to, a USB connection, a micro USB connection, a VGA connection, a D-type connection, or other mechanism suitable for transmitting power and / or information.

[0517] In alternative embodiments, alternative geometries may be used such that electromagnetic radiation can be guided in and out of the sample region by various optical components, e.g., light pipes, mirrors, optical fibers, focusing lenses, or other suitable optical devices.

[0518] In the embodiment shown in Figure 8A, the sample region 40 comprises a sector shape. In some embodiments, the sample region 40 is constructed and arranged to accommodate a liquid. In some embodiments, the sample region 40 is constructed and arranged to accommodate a solid. In some embodiments, the sample region 40 is constructed and arranged to accommodate a gas.

[0519] 8H1-8H5 illustrate a method of assembling a rotor system 100 according to an embodiment of the inventive concept. In some embodiments, the rotor system 100 is assembled from the bottom up. For example, for some embodiment assembly, one subunit 30j with sample area 40 is positioned above a second subunit 30i as shown in FIG. 8H1. In this embodiment, the sample area 40 has sector-shaped sidewalls and is open at the top and bottom.

[0520] 8H2 is a perspective view of one embodiment of two subunits 30i-j of FIG. 8H1 joined in an air-tight and liquid-tight joint in accordance with an aspect of the inventive concept. In this embodiment, a surface of the lower subunit 30i serves as the underside of the sample region 40.

[0521] FIG. 8H3 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a sample being applied to sample area 40 in accordance with an aspect of the inventive concept.

[0522] 8H4 is a perspective view of one embodiment of an additional subunit 30k added above the sample area 40 in accordance with an aspect of the inventive concept. In this embodiment, the top subunit 30k is bonded to another subunit 30j in an air-tight, liquid-tight seal. A surface of the top subunit 30k serves as the top surface of the sample area 40.

[0523] FIG. 8H5 is a perspective view of one embodiment of three subunits bonded together in accordance with aspects of the inventive concept.

[0524] Alternative embodiments include a different number of subunits. For example, in an assembly of one embodiment such as that shown in FIG. 8A, the detector subunit 30e is placed first, followed by the second window subunit 30d, and then the sample subunit 30c. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 8A, the sample region 40 includes side walls in a sector shape. In this embodiment, the top and bottom of the sample region 40 are open, but the second window 110b serves as the lower boundary of the sample region 40 since the sample region 40 is placed directly above the second window 110b.

[0525] In some embodiments, the first window subunit 30b is disposed above the sample subunit 30c. In some embodiments, the sample is inserted into the sample region 40 before the first window subunit 30b is disposed above the sample subunit 30c. In such a case, the first window 110a is disposed immediately above the sample region 40, and the first window 110a serves as a boundary of the sample region 40. In some embodiments, the source subunit 30a is disposed above the first window subunit 30b.

[0526] In some embodiments, the first window subunit 30b is disposed above the sample subunit 30c. In some embodiments, the sample is inserted into the sample region 40 before the first window subunit 30b is disposed above the sample subunit 30c. In such a case, the first window 110a is disposed immediately above the sample region 40, and the first window 110a serves as a boundary of the sample region 40. In some embodiments, the source subunit 30a is disposed above the first window subunit 30b.

[0527] In some embodiments, the sample region 40 comprises a sample chamber 106 constructed and arranged to be disposed within the sample region 40. In such embodiments, the sample chamber 106 comprises an upper window that is transparent to one or more wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. In some embodiments, the sample chamber 106 comprises a lower window that is transparent to one or more wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. In some embodiments, the upper window of the sample chamber 106 is transparent to one or more wavelengths emitted by the electromagnetic radiation source 107. In some embodiments, the lower window is transparent to one or more wavelengths emitted from the sample region 40. In some embodiments, the sample chamber 106 comprises a keyway 118 such that it is coupled to a sample subunit. The keyway 118 can be constructed and arranged to hold the sample chamber 106 in place.

[0528] In some embodiments, the sample chamber 106 is constructed and arranged to be removable from the sample region 40. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 8A, the sample chamber 106 comprises a sector shape. In some embodiments, the sample chamber 106 is constructed and arranged to accommodate a liquid. In some embodiments, the sample chamber 106 is constructed and arranged to accommodate a solid. In some embodiments, the sample chamber 106 is constructed and arranged to accommodate a gas.

[0529] In the embodiment of Figure 8A, the sample chamber 106, electromagnetic radiation source 107, and first detector 108a are all shown aligned along an axis that is parallel to the axis of rotation 103. In this embodiment, the first window area 45a comprises a first window 110a above the sample area 40, which window 110a is transparent to one or more wavelengths emitted by the electromagnetic radiation source 107. In this embodiment, the second window area 45b comprises a second window 110b below the sample area 40, which window 110b is transparent to one or more wavelengths designed to reach the first detector 108a.

[0530] In some embodiments, the windows 110a, 110b in each window region 45a, 45b and the window in the sample chamber 106 may all pass approximately similar wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. In such a case, the electromagnetic radiation source 107 may be aligned with the first detector 108a. Electromagnetic radiation may pass through the window 110a in the first window layer 45a, pass through the window in the sample chamber 106, and interact with the sample. The scattered electromagnetic radiation may then pass through a lower window in the sample chamber 106, through the window 110b in the second window layer 45b, and then reach the detector 108a.

[0531] In some embodiments, different windows transmit different wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. For example, electromagnetic radiation emitted from electromagnetic radiation source 107 may need to be filtered before propagating to sample region 40. In such cases, first window 110a in first window layer 45a and / or a top window in sample chamber 106 can perform such filtering.

[0532] In some embodiments, the wavelength of the detected electromagnetic radiation may not match the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the electromagnetic radiation source 107 (e.g., fluorescence imaging, Raman imaging, etc.). In such cases, window 110b in the second window layer 45b and / or a lower window in the sample chamber 106 may perform the necessary filtering.

[0533] In the embodiment shown in Figure 8A, the electromagnetic radiation source 107 is positioned above the sample chamber 106 and the detector 108a is positioned below the sample chamber 106. In an alternative embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation source 107 is positioned below the sample chamber 106 and the detector 108a is positioned above the sample chamber 106. In an alternative embodiment, both the electromagnetic radiation source 107 and the detector 108a are positioned below the sample chamber 106. In an alternative embodiment, both the electromagnetic radiation source 107 and the detector 108a are positioned above the sample chamber 106.

[0534] In some embodiments, rotor system 100 includes other components such as additional integrated circuits, memory units, transmitters / receivers, and sensors. Such components may also be located on the various subunits 30 and may be positioned with respect to the axis of rotation 103 to provide a symmetrical weight distribution for the resulting rotor.

[0535] FIG. 9 is a perspective cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a rotor system 100 according to an aspect of the inventive concept. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 9, the rotor system 100 includes a central shaft 36 that fits onto the assembled rotor 1. In the illustrated embodiment, the rotor system 100 also includes a lower collar 37 and an upper nut 38, both of which act to tension the stacked layers 30 of the rotor body 1 together as a rigid unit. In some embodiments, the lower end of the shaft 36 is fixed to a drive shaft or spindle of a centrifuge (not shown). In some embodiments, the lower end of the shaft 36 is adapted to accommodate multiple drive shaft or spindle dimensions common to many commercial centrifuges.

[0536] FIG. 10 is a perspective cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a rotor system 100 according to aspects of the inventive concept. FIG. 10 illustrates the rotor system 100 of FIG. 9 with an electromagnetic radiation source 107 directing electromagnetic radiation 50 through the sample chamber 106 and onto a detector 108a. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 10, the beam of electromagnetic radiation 50 diverges as it moves towards the detector 108a. In alternative embodiments, the electromagnetic radiation source 107 emits electromagnetic radiation 50 with a different divergence. In alternative embodiments, the rotor system 100 includes at least one collimator that collimates the beam of electromagnetic radiation 50 as it traverses the sample region 40. In some embodiments, the electromagnetic radiation 50 is directed across the entire sample region 40. In alternative embodiments, the electromagnetic radiation 50 is directed across the entire sample region 40 and is collimated as the electromagnetic radiation 50 is directed across the entire sample region 40.

[0537] FIG. 11A is an exploded perspective view of one embodiment of a rotor system 100 according to an aspect of the inventive concept. The layers or subunits are shown separately as they are before assembly of the units. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 11A, the sample subunit 30c comprises at least one removable sample chamber 106 in the sample area 40. In this embodiment, the first window area 45a, the second window area 45b, and the sample area 40 comprise sector-shaped geometries. In this embodiment, the sample chamber 106 also comprises sector-shaped geometries. In some embodiments, the first window area 45a does not comprise sector-shaped geometries. In some embodiments, the second window area 45b does not comprise sector-shaped geometries.

[0538] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 11A, the rotor system 100 comprises two window layers 30b, 30d. One window layer 30b is disposed immediately above the sample subunit 30c. The other window layer 30d is disposed immediately below the sample subunit 30c. The first window layer 30b comprises a window area 45a disposed above the sample chamber 106. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 11A, the first window 110a of the window area 45a above the sample chamber 106 transmits at least a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 11A, the second window 110b of the second window area 45b below the sample chamber 106 transmits at least a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. In some embodiments, immediately above and below the sample area 40 are window layers 30b and 30d, which comprise transparent windows 110a, 110b that allow transmission of electromagnetic radiation through the sample area 40. In the embodiment shown in Figure 11A, the source subunit 30a is located above the first window subunit 30b. In the embodiment shown in Figure 11A, the detection subunit 30e is below the second window subunit 30d. Circuit components representing the electromagnetic radiation source 107 and the detector 108a are illustrated in Figure 11A. In some embodiments, other functional circuit components may also be provided in the rotor 1, having functionality including, but not limited to, data storage, memory for calculations, thermostatic control units, electronic sensors, and transmitters / receivers.

[0539] 11B is a plan view of one embodiment of a sample subunit 30m and a corresponding source subunit 301 in accordance with an aspect of the inventive concept, in which each sector-shaped sample area 40 in the source subunit is vertically aligned with one or more corresponding illumination elements 70 in the source subunit 301.

[0540] 11C is a plan view of one embodiment of source subunit 30l and FIG. 11C1 is a close-up perspective view of one embodiment of one or more illumination elements 70 in a position in source subunit 30l in accordance with aspects of the inventive concept. In this embodiment, in one position, one or more illumination elements 70 comprise an electromagnetic radiation source 107, an optical filter 72, an optical collimator 74, and a window 76. In some embodiments, the electromagnetic radiation source 107, the optical filter 72, the optical collimator 74, and the window 76 are stacked. In an alternative embodiment, the source subunit 30l comprises an optical diffuser.

[0541] 11D1 and 11D2 are perspective views of one embodiment of an electromagnetic radiation source in accordance with aspects of the inventive concept. In some embodiments, an electromagnetic radiation source 107 is disposed above each sample region 40. In some embodiments, the electromagnetic radiation source 107 comprises one or more light emitting diodes. In alternative embodiments, there may be one or more electromagnetic radiation sources 107 that direct incoming electromagnetic radiation 50 to the sample region 40 via optical fibers, mirrors, waveguides, or other mechanisms suitable for transmitting electromagnetic energy.

[0542] 11E is a plan view of one embodiment of a sample subunit 30m and corresponding detector subunit 30n in accordance with aspects of the inventive concept, in which each sector-shaped sample area 40 in the sample subunit 30m is vertically aligned with one or more corresponding detector elements 80 in the detector subunit 30n.

[0543] FIGURE 11F is a plan view of one embodiment of a detection subunit 30n in accordance with aspects of the inventive concept, and FIGURE 11F1 is a close-up perspective view of one embodiment of one or more detection elements 80d. In this embodiment, in one position, the one or more detection elements 80d comprise a detector 108, a lens system 82, an optical filter 84, and a window 86. In alternative embodiments, the detection subunit 30n comprises additional optical elements. In some embodiments, the one or more detection elements 80d are variously positioned.

[0544] 11G1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a rotor system 100 including a system for detecting a Schlieren image according to an aspect of the inventive concept. In this embodiment, the source subunit 30 includes a window 76 and the detection subunit includes a window 86. Electromagnetic radiation passes through the window 76 in the source subunit into the sample region 40. Electromagnetic radiation from the sample region 40 passes through the window 86 on the detection subunit and passes through a focusing lens 92. The electromagnetic radiation is focused through an aperture 94. The aperture 94 may be located at the focal point of the focusing lens 92. In this embodiment, the Schlieren image is formed at the detector 108. In an alternative embodiment, the aperture 94 is replaced with a knife edge or any suitable edge shape capable of blocking a portion of the electromagnetic radiation.

[0545] FIGURE 11G2 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a rotor system 100 configured to perform Schlieren imaging in accordance with aspects of the inventive concept. This embodiment is similar to the embodiment of FIGURE 11G1. In this embodiment, a temperature control element 109 is positioned near the sample region 40. In this embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation source 107, the detector 108, and the temperature control element 109 are coupled to a CPU 10A, a memory 10B, a battery 10C, a wireless transmitter 10D, and / or additional circuitry.

[0546] 11H1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a rotor system 100 including a hyperspectral image detection system in accordance with an aspect of the inventive concept. In this embodiment, the source subunit includes a window 76 and the detection subunit includes a window 86. Electromagnetic radiation passes through the window 76 in the source subunit into the sample region 40. Electromagnetic radiation from the sample region 40 passes through the window 86 in the detection subunit and passes through the lens system 82. The electromagnetic radiation then passes through the Fabry-Perot interferometer 96 before reaching the detector 108.

[0547] FIG. 11H2 is a conceptual diagram of one embodiment of a rotor system 100 configured to perform hyperspectral imaging in accordance with aspects of the inventive concept. This embodiment is similar to the embodiment of FIG. 11H1. In this embodiment, a temperature control element 109 is disposed near the sample region 40. In this embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation source 107, the detector 108, and the temperature control element 109 are coupled to a CPU 10A, a memory 10B, a battery 10C, a wireless transmitter 10D, and / or additional circuitry.

[0548] 11I is a conceptual diagram of one embodiment of a rotor system 100 with a filtered illumination source, according to an embodiment of the inventive concept. In this embodiment, electromagnetic radiation from an electromagnetic radiation source 107 passes through an optical diffuser 78 and a filter 75, such as a tunable Fabry-Perot filter, before passing through a collimator 74 and then into a sample region 40. A detector 108 collects the electromagnetic radiation from the sample region 40. In this embodiment, a temperature control element 109 is disposed near the sample region 40. In this embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation source 107, the detector 108, and the temperature control element 109 are coupled to a CPU 10A, a memory 10B, a battery 10C, a wireless transmitter 10D, and / or additional circuitry.

[0549] 11J is a perspective view of one embodiment of the central protrusion 34 comprising an electromagnetic radiation source 107, according to aspects of the inventive concept. In this embodiment, electromagnetic radiation 50 from the electromagnetic radiation source 107 is directed through the central protrusion 34. In some embodiments, the central protrusion 34 comprises one or more mirrors 98. In some embodiments, the electromagnetic radiation 50 is directed to one or more mirrors 98 and then to one or more subunits 30. In some embodiments, the central protrusion 34 comprises one or more beam splitters 99. In some embodiments, the electromagnetic radiation 50 is directed to one or more beam splitters 99 and then to one or more subunits 30, and / or to additional mirrors 98, and / or to additional beam splitters 99. In some embodiments, the electromagnetic radiation source 107 at the central protrusion 34 emits electromagnetic radiation 50 of a higher intensity than the electromagnetic radiation sources 107 located at the individual subunits 30.

[0550] Figure 12A is a side view of one embodiment of a rotor system 100 in accordance with an aspect of the inventive concept. Figure 12A shows prefabricated stacked layers (30a-e) fitted onto a shaft 36 and tensioned by a collar 37 and nut 38. The embodiment shown in Figure 12A includes multiple electromagnetic radiation sources 107 and multiple detectors 108. Figure 12A illustrates that in an alternative embodiment, multiple sample chambers 106 may be provided, each with a corresponding electromagnetic radiation source 107 and detector 108.

[0551] 12B1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a subunit 30 comprising at least one sample region 40 and a temperature control system 700 in accordance with aspects of the inventive concept. In some embodiments, the temperature control system 700 comprises one or more temperature control elements 109, such as, but not limited to, a Peltier unit (FIG. 12B4). In some embodiments, the one or more temperature control elements 109 are adjacent to one or more of the sample regions 40 in the rotor system 100. In some embodiments, there are fewer temperature control elements 109 than sample regions 40.

[0552] In some embodiments, the temperature control system 700 comprises an active pumping mechanism and one or more thermal channels 720. In some embodiments, the active pumping mechanism pumps a thermally conductive fluid 730 through the one or more thermal channels 720. The temperature control element 109 heats or cools the thermally conductive fluid 730, which is pumped through the thermal channels 720. The thermal channels 720 are disposed near one or more sample regions 40, and the presence of the thermally conductive fluid 730 alters the temperature within the sample regions 40.

[0553] In some embodiments, the temperature control system 700 includes one or more agitators 710. In some embodiments, the one or more agitators 710 aid in moving the thermally conductive fluid 730 through the thermal channel 720.

[0554] FIG. 12B2 is an enlarged perspective view of one embodiment of the sample region 40 of FIG. 12B1 according to an aspect of the inventive concept. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 12B2, the temperature control system 700 comprises a temperature sensor 740 coupled to the sample region 40. The temperature sensor 740 measures the temperature at the sample region 40 and transmits the information to the temperature control system 700 via a wired or wireless connection. In some embodiments, the temperature control system 700 compares the measured temperature to a predetermined set point. In some embodiments, if the measured temperature deviates from the predetermined set point, the temperature control system 700 takes steps to reduce the difference. In some embodiments, the temperature control system 700 reduces the temperature difference by adjusting one or more temperature control elements 109 or by adjusting the flow of the thermally conductive fluid 730. In some embodiments, the temperature sensor 740 comprises an alarm that signals when the temperature deviates from the predetermined set point by a certain amount. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 12B2, the thermal channel 720 is adjacent to the sample region 40 and is oriented along the axis of rotation 103.

[0555] 12B3 is a plan view of one embodiment of a sample subunit 30 comprising thermal channels 720 in accordance with aspects of the inventive concept. In this embodiment, the sample subunit 30 comprises four sample regions 40 symmetrically aligned about the rotor's axis of rotation 103. The thermal channels 720 extend symmetrically through the sample subunit (only the upper left quadrant is shown). In this embodiment, the thermal channels 720 are oriented transverse to the axis of rotation 103.

[0556] FIG. 12B4 is an enlarged perspective view of one embodiment of temperature control element 109 and agitator 710 in accordance with an aspect of the inventive concept.

[0557] FIG. 12C is a side view of one embodiment of a centrifugally driven voltaic cell 800 constructed and arranged to supply power to one or more subunits 30 according to aspects of the inventive concept. In some embodiments, the cells 800 are configured in the form of a concentration cell and oriented transversely with respect to the axis of rotation 103 of the rotor. In some embodiments, each cell 800 comprises two electrodes (terminals) of the same material, i.e., an anode 810 and a cathode 820, separated along the radial dimension by an electrolyte solution 830 that contains ionized atomic or molecular forms of the two parent electrodes. In some embodiments, the electrodes 810, 820 are arranged in a straight line such that the electrodes 810, 820 are at the same height. Each electrode 810, 820 interacts with the electrolyte solution 830 by gaining or losing material through chemical reactions (oxidation / reduction) at the surface of each electrode.

[0558] In addition to being connected via the electrolyte solution 830, a separate electrical wiring connection 840 is maintained between the two terminals 810, 820. In the figure, current is driven through the wiring by the induced ion concentration gradient caused by the centrifugal force exerted on the system as shown. In some embodiments, unlike a traditional concentration-type voltaic cell, the local ion concentrations near each electrode are prevented from becoming equal as long as sufficient centrifugal force is applied, and therefore move under centrifugation as long as solid electrode material is available at each terminal. In some embodiments, multiple cells of the type shown here can be interconnected in series and / or parallel to form a battery-like configuration capable of powering a rotating device on a substrate.

[0559] 12D is a side view of one embodiment of a voltaic cell 850 constructed and arranged to be powered by beta particle radiation from radioisotope decay to power one or more subunits 30, in accordance with an embodiment of the inventive concept. In some embodiments, the cell 850 is constructed in the form of a stack or multiple such stacks of alternating materials with boundaries between the materials, oriented transversely relative to the axis of rotation 103 of the rotor.

[0560] In some embodiments, each cell 850 comprises a top layer comprising a material that emits beta particles upon decay 860 of a radioisotope. In some embodiments, immediately below the beta-emitting layer 860 is a layer comprising n-type semiconductor material 870, which releases electrons as donors when irradiated with energetic beta particles. In some embodiments, immediately below the n-type material is a layer comprising p-type semiconductor material 880, which forms a pn semiconductor junction. In some embodiments, the layer comprising p-type semiconductor material 880 is disposed above a base 890.

[0561] Illumination of the n-type layer 870 above the pn junction drives current through terminals 875, 885 attached above and below the pn junction, as shown, which can perform electrical work when connected to a load.

[0562] It should be noted that the mounting systems described herein in connection with at least Figures 8A-12D and corresponding text with respect to rotor system 100 are equally applicable to integrated cell system 500 described in at least Figures 13-17 and corresponding text. For the sake of brevity, further description of such systems will not be repeated with respect to the description of integrated cell system 500.

[0563] It should be noted that the sub-unit systems described herein in connection with at least Figures 8A-12D and corresponding text with respect to rotor system 100 are equally applicable to integrated cell system 500 described in at least Figures 13-17 and corresponding text. For the sake of brevity, further description of such systems will not be repeated with respect to the description of integrated cell system 500.

[0564] It should be noted that the window systems described herein in connection with at least Figures 8A-12D and corresponding text with respect to rotor system 100 are equally applicable to integrated cell system 500 described in at least Figures 13-17 and corresponding text. For the sake of brevity, further description of such systems will not be repeated with respect to the description of integrated cell system 500.

[0565] It should be noted that the battery system described herein in connection with at least Figures 8A-12D and corresponding text with respect to rotor system 100 is equally applicable to integrated cell system 500 described in at least Figures 13-17 and corresponding text. For the sake of brevity, further description of such systems will not be repeated with respect to the description of integrated cell system 500.

[0566] It should be noted that the optical system described herein in connection with at least Figures 8A-12D and corresponding text with respect to rotor system 100 is equally applicable to integrated cell system 500 described in at least Figures 13-17 and corresponding text. For the sake of brevity, further description of such systems will not be repeated with respect to the description of integrated cell system 500.

[0567] It should be noted that the temperature control systems described herein in connection with at least Figures 8A-12D and corresponding text with respect to rotor system 100 are equally applicable to integrated cell system 500 described in at least Figures 13-17 and corresponding text. For the sake of brevity, further description of such systems will not be repeated with respect to the description of integrated cell system 500.

[0568] FIG. 13 is a perspective cross-sectional view of one embodiment of an integrated cell apparatus (smart cell) 500, also referred to as an interrogation cell, according to aspects of the inventive concept. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 13, the integrated cell apparatus 500 comprises a cell housing 516 or outer sleeve. In some embodiments, one or more stacked subunits 530 fit inside the cell housing 516. The subunits 530 themselves can house different functional components separately, and the subunits 530 are stacked and secured together, in some embodiments, the stacked subunits 530 are fastened to the top by a tension screw or cap 517. In some embodiments, the tension screw or cap 517 fits inside the cell housing 516 and provides a force to secure all the subunits 530 together, such that the integrated cell apparatus 500 acts as a rigid unit. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 13, a sector-shaped removable sample chamber 506 is placed within the sample area 540 in the sample subunit 530c. Immediately above the sample subunit 530c is a first window subunit 530b. The first window subunit 530b comprises a first window area 545a. The first window area 545a comprises at least one window 510a disposed above the sample area 540.

[0569] Directly below the sample subunit 530c is a second window subunit 530d. The second window subunit 530b includes a second window area 545b. The second window area 545b includes at least one window 510b disposed below the sample area 540. In this embodiment, each window subunit 530b,d includes a transparent window 510a,b that allows transmission of electromagnetic radiation through the sample area 540. The subunits 530 may include other functional components, which may be components of an integrated circuit on a printed circuit board, including, but not limited to, a source subunit 530a and a detection subunit 530e. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 13, the sample area 540 includes a removable sample chamber 506. In some embodiments, the features of the sample chamber 506 are similar to those features described in connection with the sample chamber 106 of the rotor system 100. In some embodiments, the sample area 540 is constructed and arranged to contain a liquid. In some embodiments, the sample region 540 is constructed and arranged to accommodate a solid, hi some embodiments, the sample region 540 is constructed and arranged to accommodate a gas.

[0570] In some embodiments, source subunit 530a comprises an electromagnetic radiation source 524. Examples of electromagnetic radiation source 524 include, but are not limited to, a light emitting diode, a laser diode, a gas discharge arc lamp (e.g., a deuterium arc lamp or a xenon arc lamp), and an incandescent light source. In some embodiments, detection layer 530e comprises a detector 525. In some embodiments, detector 525 is coupled to a circuit. In some embodiments, the detector comprises a detector array.

[0571] 13, the sample chamber 506, electromagnetic radiation source 524, and detector 525 are all shown aligned along an axis that is parallel to the elongated axis of the cell housing 516. In this embodiment, window area 545a includes a window 510a above the sample area 540 that is transparent to one or more wavelengths emitted by the electromagnetic radiation source 524. In this embodiment, window area 545b includes a window 510b below the sample area 540 that is transparent to one or more wavelengths designed to reach the detector 525.

[0572] In some embodiments, the windows 510a,b in each window region 545a,545b and the window in the sample chamber 506 may all pass approximately similar wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. In such a case, the electromagnetic radiation source 524 may be aligned with the first detector 525. Electromagnetic radiation may pass through the window 510a in the first window layer 545a, pass through the window in the sample chamber 506, and interact with the sample. The scattered electromagnetic radiation then passes through a lower window in the sample chamber 506, through the window 510b in the second window layer 545b, and then reaches the detector 525.

[0573] In some embodiments, different windows transmit different wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. For example, electromagnetic radiation emitted from electromagnetic radiation source 524 may need to be filtered before propagating to sample region 540. In such cases, window 510a in first window layer 545a and / or a top window in sample chamber 506 may perform such filtering.

[0574] In some embodiments, the wavelength of the detected electromagnetic radiation may not match the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the electromagnetic radiation source 524 (e.g., fluorescence imaging, Raman imaging, etc.). In such cases, window 510b in the second window layer 545b and / or a lower window in the sample chamber 506 may perform the necessary filtering.

[0575] 13, the electromagnetic radiation source 517 is positioned above the sample region 540 and the detector 525 is positioned below the sample region 540. In an alternative embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation source 524 is positioned below the sample region 540 and the detector 525 is positioned above the sample region 540. In an alternative embodiment, both the electromagnetic radiation source 524 and the detector 525 are positioned below the sample region 540. In an alternative embodiment, both the electromagnetic radiation source 524 and the detector 525 are positioned above the sample region 540.

[0576] In alternative embodiments, other components such as additional integrated circuits, memory units, transmitters / receivers, and sensors may also be located on one or more layers. In some embodiments, the additional components are arranged symmetrically about the axis of rotation.

[0577] In the embodiment shown in Figure 13, a cell apparatus 500 is shown in which electromagnetic radiation 26 is directed through a sample chamber 506 and incident on a detector 525 located below the sample chamber 506. In the embodiment shown in Figure 13, as electromagnetic radiation 50 travels towards the detector 525, electromagnetic radiation 50 diverges.

[0578] In alternative embodiments, the electromagnetic radiation source 524 emits electromagnetic radiation with different divergences. In alternative embodiments, the cell 500 includes at least one collimator that collimates the beam of electromagnetic radiation 26 as it traverses the sample region 540. In some embodiments, the electromagnetic radiation 26 is directed across the sample region 540. In alternative embodiments, the electromagnetic radiation 26 is directed across the sample region 540 and is collimated as it is directed across the sample region 540.

[0579] Although the electromagnetic radiation 26 shown in FIG. 13 is shown as originating from a point source, other configurations of electromagnetic radiation are feasible in some embodiments, thereby allowing collimated, uniform electromagnetic radiation to be directed across the entire length of the sample region 540, followed by completion of detection of the transmitted electromagnetic footprint by detector 525.

[0580] FIG. 14 is an exploded cross-sectional view of one embodiment of an integrated cell device 500 according to an aspect of the inventive concept. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 14, the subunits are shown separately as they would be prior to assembly of the unit in preparation for use. The sample subunit 530c is constructed and arranged to house the sample chamber 506. In some embodiments, the sample region 540 comprises a sector-shaped geometry as shown in FIG. 14. Also shown in the sample subunit 530c is the sample chamber 506, which may also comprise a sector-shaped geometry. Immediately above and below the sample subunit 530c are the first and second window subunits 530b and 530d, which have transparent windows that allow transmission of electromagnetic radiation through the sample region 540. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 14, above the first window subunit 530b, the source subunit 530a is shown. In this embodiment, directly below the second window subunit 530d is a detection subunit 530e. Although circuitry representing the electromagnetic radiation source 524 and detector unit 525 is shown in Figure 14, in some embodiments, other functional circuitry may be provided, having functionality including, but not limited to, data storage, memory for calculations, thermostatic control units, electronic sensors, and transmitters / receivers.

[0581] 15 is a perspective cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a prefabricated integrated cell apparatus 500 in accordance with an embodiment of the inventive concept. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 15, the cell apparatus 500 comprises an outer sleeve 516, a top cap 517, and internal components as previously described. In some embodiments, the cell apparatus 500 is sized to fit into commercially available rotor form factors. In some embodiments, the cell apparatus 500 is a one-to-one replacement for a conventional cell.

[0582] Figure 16 is a perspective cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a prefabricated cell apparatus 500 in accordance with aspects of the inventive concept. In this embodiment, the cell apparatus 500 comprises an outer sleeve 16, a top cap 17, and internal components as previously described. In Figure 16, electromagnetic radiation 26 is directed through a sample chamber 506 and onto a detector unit 525 located below the sample chamber 506. Although the electromagnetic radiation 26 depicted in Figure 16 is shown as originating from a point source, in some embodiments other configurations of electromagnetic radiation are feasible, thereby allowing collimated uniform electromagnetic radiation to be directed across the entire length of the sample region 540, followed by completion of detection of the transmitted electromagnetic footprint by the detector 525.

[0583] 17 is a perspective view of one embodiment of an illustrated assembled cell apparatus that fits inside a rotor 127 in accordance with an aspect of the inventive concept. FIG. 17 illustrates a 1:1 correspondence between the cell apparatus 500 and the rotor holes to make it clear that multiple cell apparatus 500 can be separately fitted into separate rotor holes of a given rotor 127.

[0584] The above-described embodiments should be understood to serve as merely illustrative examples, and further embodiments are contemplated. Any feature described herein in relation to any one embodiment may be used alone or in combination with other features described, or may be used in combination with one or more of any other embodiments, or may be used in any combination with any other embodiment. Moreover, equivalents and modifications not described above may also be used without departing from the scope of the present invention, as defined in the appended claims.

[0585] [Note] The following embodiment may be adopted. [1] a rotor constructed and arranged to rotate about an axis of rotation; an electromagnetic radiation source at a first position of the rotor and configured to emit electromagnetic radiation at one or more wavelengths; A sample area; a detector at a second position of the rotor and constructed and arranged to receive electromagnetic radiation that traverses at least a portion of the sample region; A rotor system comprising: [2] A rotor system according to [1], characterized in that the rotor comprises one or more subunits configured to be stacked vertically in an extension along the axis of rotation, the electromagnetic radiation source, the sample region, and the detector being located in different subunits, and the rotor system further comprises an alignment mechanism for vertically aligning the electromagnetic radiation source, the sample region, and the detector along an axis of interrogation that is parallel to the axis of rotation. [3] A rotor system as described in [1] or [2], wherein the rotor comprises one or more subunits configured to be stacked vertically along an extension along the axis of rotation, a top subunit of the one or more subunits comprises a plurality of electromagnetic radiation sources, the sample region comprises a plurality of sample regions, and the detector comprises a plurality of detectors, each electromagnetic radiation source being optically coupled to a corresponding detector through an optical path that includes a corresponding sample region. [4] A rotor system according to any one of [1] to [3], characterized in that the rotor system is configured to provide hyperspectral image data of the sample area based on information collected by the detector. [5] A rotor system according to any one of [1] to [4], characterized in that the rotor system is configured to provide a Schlieren image of the sample area based on information collected by the detector. [6] A rotor system according to any one of [1] to [5], characterized in that the rotor system is configured to provide a fluorescence image or fluorescence emission data of the sample area based on information collected by the detector. [7] 11. The rotor system according to any one of claims 1 to 6, further comprising a Fabry-Perot interferometer optically coupled to the electromagnetic radiation source and the detector. [8] 13. The rotor system of claim 12, further comprising one or more optical components disposed between the electromagnetic radiation source and the detector, the one or more optical components being selected from the group consisting of optical filters, optical lenses, mirrors, optical diffusers, and optical collimators. [9] 13. A rotor system according to any one of [1] to [8], further comprising one or more optical collimators disposed between the electromagnetic radiation source and the detector, wherein one or more of the one or more optical collimators comprises at least one self-collimating photonic crystal.

[10] 13. The rotor system of claim 1, further comprising one or more optical collimators disposed between the electromagnetic radiation source and the detector, wherein one or more of the one or more optical collimators comprises at least one micro Fresnel lens.

[11] A rotor system according to any one of [1] to

[10] , further comprising one or more optical lenses arranged between the electromagnetic radiation source and the detector, the one or more optical lenses being positioned relative to the sample area and the detector such that the detector detects an image of a plane in the sample area, the one or more optical lenses further comprising an elongated edge structure or aperture structure arranged below the sample area and constructed and arranged to block a portion of light incident on the detector.

[12] A rotor system according to any one of [1] to

[11] , characterized in that the rotor comprises one or more subunits configured to be stacked vertically in an extension along the axis of rotation, and one or more of the stacked subunits are electrically connected by one or more connectors for the purpose of transmitting data and / or power between the subunits.

[13]

[12] The rotor system according to claim 1, wherein the one or more connectors are selected from the group consisting of a USB connector, a micro USB connector, a VGA connector, and a D-type connector.

[14] [1]. The rotor system of any one of [1] to

[13] , further comprising a wireless transmitter configured to transmit information from the detector in an encrypted form, the transmitter comprising an antenna constructed and arranged to extend through a central opening of the rotor.

[15] [1] to

[14] . A rotor system according to any one of claims 1 to 14, further comprising a temperature-controlled rotor system in a third position of the rotor, configured to maintain a temperature of the sample region, wherein maintaining the temperature comprises heating or cooling the sample region.

[16] 15. A rotor system as described in claim 13, configured to maintain a temperature of the sample region, wherein maintaining the temperature comprises heating or cooling the sample region through active or passive circulation of a thermally conductive material in the sample region.

[17]

[15] or

[16] , a rotor system further comprising one or more temperature sensors, wherein the temperature-controlled rotor system adjusts the temperature of the sample region in response to an output of at least one of the one or more temperature sensors.

[18] A rotor system according to any one of [1] to

[17] , characterized in that the rotor comprises one or more subunits configured to be stacked in a vertical direction of an extension along the axis of rotation, and one or more of the stacked subunits comprises at least one power source, the at least one power source including one or more batteries, the at least one power source being disposed on a first subunit and supplying power to a device on a second subunit.

[19]

[18] , The rotor system of claim 1, wherein the at least one power source comprises a charging mechanism constructed and arranged to convert rotational energy of the rotor into electrical current, the charging mechanism comprising at least one voltaic cell.

[20]

[19] A rotor system according to claim 19, wherein the at least one voltaic cell comprises two electrodes separated by an electrolyte solution, and the current in the voltaic cell is driven by a difference in electrolyte concentration in the electrolyte solution caused by centrifugation. [twenty one] 10. The rotor system according to claim 19 or 20, wherein the at least one voltaic cell is powered by decay of a radioisotope. [twenty two] a rotor having at least one rotor cavity constructed and arranged to rotate about an axis of rotation; an interrogation cell disposed within the at least one rotor cavity; 1. An integrated rotor system comprising: an electromagnetic radiation source at a first position in the interrogation cell and configured to emit electromagnetic radiation at one or more wavelengths; A sample area; a detector at a second location in the interrogation cell and configured to receive electromagnetic radiation that traverses at least a portion of the sample region. [twenty three]

[22] , the rotor system according to claim 22, wherein the interrogation cell comprises one or more subunits configured to be stacked vertically along the axis of rotation, and adjacent ones of the one or more stacked subunits are coupled to each other with a threaded interface or are coupled using a bolt-through arrangement. [twenty four]

[22] or

[23] , wherein the interrogation cell comprises one or more subunits configured to be stacked vertically along the axis of rotation, the one or more subunits comprising an electromagnetic radiation source coupled to a circuit board. [twenty five]

[22] A rotor system according to any one of claims 1 to 24, further comprising a temperature-controlled rotor system configured to maintain a temperature of the sample region, wherein maintaining the temperature comprises heating and / or cooling the sample region through active or passive circulation of a thermally conductive material in the sample region.

Claims

1. an electromagnetic radiation source at a first location and configured to emit electromagnetic radiation at one or more wavelengths; A sample area; a detector at a second position and configured to receive electromagnetic radiation traversing at least a portion of the sample region; An interrogation cell comprising: the interrogation cell is dimensioned for placement within a rotor cavity of a centrifuge rotor; the sample area being sector-shaped; An interrogation cell comprising:

2. 10. The interrogation cell of claim 1, wherein the sample region comprises a sample chamber, the sample chamber comprising a removable liner.

3. 2. The interrogation cell of claim 1, a system configured to provide spectroscopic information of the sample region based on information collected and stored by the detector; The interrogation cell, wherein the system is configured to provide at least one type of spectroscopic information selected from the group consisting of hyperspectral image data, Schlieren images, fluorescence images, quantitative fluorescence emission data including spatial distribution of the sample region, and combinations thereof.

4. 4. The interrogation cell of claim 3, comprising at least one element optically coupled to the electromagnetic radiation source and the detector; the at least one element is at least one element selected from the group consisting of at least one Fabry-Perot interferometer, one or more optical filters, one or more optical lenses, one or more mirrors, one or more optical diffusers, one or more collimators, and combinations thereof.

5. 5. The interrogation cell of claim 4, An interrogation cell, wherein one or more of the one or more optical collimators comprises at least one self-collimating photonic crystal.

6. 5. The interrogation cell of claim 4, 13. An interrogation cell, wherein one or more of the one or more optical collimators comprises at least one micro Fresnel lens.

7. 4. The interrogation cell of claim 3, a beam splitter system constructed and arranged to direct electromagnetic radiation from the electromagnetic radiation source to a plurality of locations; The interrogation cell, wherein the beam splitter system comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of at least one mirror, at least one filter, at least one lens, and combinations thereof.

8. 2. The interrogation cell of claim 1, 13. The interrogation cell, further comprising a temperature control system configured to vary a temperature of the sample region.

9. 9. The interrogation cell of claim 8, comprising: the temperature control system is configured to maintain the temperature of the sample region.

10. 10. The interrogation cell of claim 9, comprising:

11. An interrogation cell comprising: a sample region and a temperature sensor configured to measure a temperature of the sample region;

11. 9. The interrogation cell of claim 8, comprising: The interrogation cell, wherein the temperature sensor comprises at least one item selected from the group consisting of at least one thermocouple, at least one optical sensor, at least one infrared sensor, and combinations thereof.

12. 9. The interrogation cell of claim 8, comprising: The interrogation cell, wherein the temperature control system comprises a thermoelectric or Peltier element.

13. 2. The interrogation cell of claim 1, The interrogation cell comprises a power source, the power source comprising at least one battery.

14. 2. The interrogation cell of claim 1, the interrogation cell comprises a power source; the power source comprises at least one battery; The interrogation cell, wherein the power source comprises a charging mechanism constructed and arranged to convert rotational energy of the interrogation cell into electrical current.

15. 15. The interrogation cell of claim 14, comprising: the power source comprises at least one voltaic cell; said at least one voltaic cell comprising two electrodes separated by an electrolyte solution in the form of a concentration cell; 11. An interrogation cell comprising: a first electrode and a second electrode connected to said first electrode; a second electrode connected to said second electrode;

16. 2. The interrogation cell of claim 1, the interrogation cell comprises a power source; the power source comprises at least one battery; The at least one battery is at least one voltaic cell and is powered by the decay of a radioisotope.

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