Restless Legs Syndrome or Overactive Nerves Treatment

Abstract

To provide a system for treating restless legs syndrome (RLS) or periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) using high frequency (HF) electrical stimulation. The system includes a means for selecting or accepting a subject exhibiting RLS or PLMD. At least one electrical stimulation electrode is positioned at a location associated with at least one of the sural nerve, peroneal nerve, or femoral nerve, or at least one branch thereof. The system includes a means for delivering subthreshold and subthreshold AC electrical stimulation at a frequency greater than 500 Hz and less than 15,000 Hz, whereby HF electrical stimulation is delivered to the subject to relieve or alleviate one or more symptoms associated with RLS or PLMD. A charge-balanced controlled current HF electrical stimulation waveform may be used.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] This disclosure relates generally, but not by way of limitation, to medical diagnostic and treatment devices and methods, and more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to restless legs syndrome or overactive nerve treatments. [Background technology]

[0002] Certain neurological disorders with bothersome symptoms may result from overactivity of sensory or other peripheral nerve fibers that may disrupt the quality of life. In particular, Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) and Periodic Leg Movement Disorder (PLMD) are two such neurological conditions that can greatly affect the sleep of human patients. RLS (also known as Willis-Ekbom Disease (WED)) patients may experience unpleasant tingling sensations in their lower limbs. Such sensations can be quickly relieved by voluntarily moving the limbs, but doing so may interfere with the RLS patient's ability to fall asleep. PLMD patients may experience spontaneous movements of the lower limbs during periods of sleep. This may wake the PLMD patient up.

[0003] US Patent Publication No. 2015 / 0133966, issued April 27, 2015 to Burbank et al., relates to an apparatus and method for treating restless legs syndrome by providing mechanical counterstimulation vibrations having a frequency between 50 Hz and 10 times per minute, for example.

[0004] US Patent Publication No. 2015 / 0133966, issued to Elborno on March 5, 2015, relates to an apparatus and method for treating essential tremor or restless legs syndrome using spinal cord stimulation. US Patent Publication No. 2016 / 0133966, published Dec. 8, 2016, to Kent, relates to a method and apparatus for treating restless legs syndrome using stimulation of a patient's sacral or lumbar region.

[0005] Matsen's U.S. Patent No. 4, issued on January 20, 2015, is directed to a restless legs therapy device that uses a 25 volt generator to induce repeated, constant muscle contractions (see column 6, lines 17-47 of Matsen's U.S. Patent No. 4).

[0006] US Patent Publication No. 2010 / 0133966, issued to Lozano on August 10, 2010, relates to systems and methods for treating movement disorders, including restless legs syndrome, including the use of cortical stimulation.

[0007] For patients diagnosed with primary RLS (e.g., RLS that is not secondary to some other primary comorbidity, such as diabetes, neuropathy, etc., and that in some cases is treatable individually in its own right), the first line of treatment involves one or more of behavioral changes, sleep changes, or exercise. Second lines of treatment include dopamine therapy or iron level management, or both. Third lines of treatment include one or more of anticonvulsants, off-label opiates, or benzodiazepines. In short, current treatments for RLS patients include primarily pharmaceutical therapies that can have serious side effects. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0008] [Patent Document 1] U.S. Patent No. 9,017,273 [Patent Document 2] US Patent Application Publication No. 2015 / 0066105 [Patent Document 3] US Patent Application Publication No. 2016 / 0354604 [Patent Document 4] U.S. Patent No. 8,938,303 [Patent Document 5] U.S. Patent No. 7,774,068 Summary of the Invention

[0009] The inventor has found that restless legs syndrome (RLS) or periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) can be treated using high frequency (HF) electrical stimulation. This may include selecting or accepting a subject to provide RLS or PLMD. At least one electrical stimulation electrode is positioned at a location associated with at least one of the sural nerve, peroneal nerve, or femoral nerve, or at least one branch thereof. The HF electrical stimulation is delivered to the subject to relieve or alleviate one or more symptoms associated with RLS or PLMD, and may include delivering sub-perceptual threshold and sub-threshold alternating current (AC) electrical stimulation at a frequency greater than 500 Hz and less than 15,000 Hz. A charge-balanced controlled current HF electrical stimulation waveform may be used. The HF electrical stimulation may be configured to be performed without increasing blood flow to adjacent tissue.

[0010] The inventors have discovered, inter alia, that the HF perception threshold and subthreshold electrical stimulation waveforms and techniques described herein work better than low frequency transcutaneous electrical neurostimulation (TENS), which is detected by RLS patients and actually makes their symptoms more uncomfortable.

[0011] This Summary is intended to provide an overview of certain aspects of this patent application. It is not intended to provide an exclusive or exhaustive description of the invention. The Detailed Description is included to provide further information regarding this patent application. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0012] In the drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, like reference numbers may describe like components in different views. Like reference numbers with different letter suffixes may represent different instances of similar components. The drawings illustrate generally, by way of example, but not by way of limitation, various embodiments discussed in the present document. [Figure 1A]1 illustrates an example of the ankle and foot region of the lower leg of a patient with Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS), showing target areas that may include the sural nerve or one or more branches thereof. [Figure 1B] FIG. 1 shows an example of a wearable external electrical stimulation device shown positioned in close proximity to the targeted sural nerve or its branches. [Figure 1C] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a wearable external electrical stimulation device shown positioned in close proximity to a target area of ​​the targeted peroneal nerve. [Figure 1D] An example is shown showing how a wearable external electrical stimulator can be placed in close proximity to a target area of ​​the femoral nerve. [Diagram 2] An example of a particular mechanism of action that is specifically targeted by delivering electrical stimulation tailored to a particular targeted location, etc., as described herein, is shown. [Diagram 3] 1 shows experimental Suggested Immobilization Test (SIT) data from a medicated patient with severe RLS: "Baseline" SIT data (without electrical stimulation) and "Treatment" SIT data (with stimulation). [Figure 4] An example is shown summarizing the SIT data results of “pre” and “post” electrical stimulation of the superficial peroneal nerve target in an additional six patients. [Diagram 5] Example SIT data from a patient study is shown that results in a burst sensory low frequency (LF) TENS electrical stimulation waveform, then switches directly to a high frequency (HF) electrical stimulation waveform below the perception threshold. [Figure 6] An example of the resulting compound action potential (CAP) and the contribution of each nerve fiber subtype sensed and recorded at a distance from the applied electrical stimulus is conceptually shown. [Figure 7] A conceptual example of how individual nerve fiber components can be detected is shown. [Figure 8] A conceptual example of three different recording electrode waveforms for comparing preferential and non-preferential recruitment or activation of specific nerve fiber types within a nerve of interest is shown. [Figure 9A] An example of SIT data is shown in which HF electrical stimulation is turned on and then off, suppressing and then resuming RLS symptoms. [Figure 9B] An example of electrical stimulation sensory comparison data is shown for a typical low frequency (LF) transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation waveform compared to a high frequency (HF) transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation waveform from the present technology. [Figure 9C] Calculated charge injection comparing the present HF waveform with a typical LF TEN waveform is shown. [Figure 9D] A conceptual (not real data) example of such a flexion reflex (Fr) response to a test electrical stimulus is shown below. [Figure 9E] A conceptual (not actual data) example of such a flexion reflex response amplitude to a test electrical stimulus in the presence of HF electrical stimulation applied to a peripheral nerve illustrating the result of the inhibitory cascade of nerve activation described in Figure 2 is shown. [Figure 10] 1 illustrates an example of an open loop RLS electrical stimulation treatment system. [Figure 11A] 1 illustrates an example of a closed loop RLS electrical stimulation treatment system. [Figure 11B] FIG. 1 illustrates an example block diagram of portions of an RLS electrical stimulation system configured to generate a controlled current waveform, including when a variable load impedance is present. [Figure 11C] 1 is a flow chart generally illustrating an example of portions of a method of operation as may be performed using an RLS electrical stimulation system. [Figure 12] For example, an example of a technique that uses one or more sensor circuits and / or user input devices to control RLS electrical stimulation therapy delivery is provided. [Figure 13] An example of a technique similar to that shown and described in FIG. 12 is shown, modified to address episodes of leg twitching or movement symptoms that occur after a subject falls asleep, such as may occur in patients with periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD). [Figure 14]An example is shown in which one or more open loop RLS electrical stimulation systems or one or more closed loop RLS electrical stimulation systems, or both, may be communicatively coupled to a remote server, such as via the cloud or a communications network. [Figure 15] An example of a stabilizer that supports or holds in place all or part of the RLS electrical stimulation system is included. [Figure 16A] FIG. 16 shows an example of a multi-layered arrangement of various layers of a disposable or other removable patch as shown in FIG. 15 for use with a knee sleeve. [Figure 16B] An example of a multiple section stabilizer including multiple layers of disposable or other removable patches that can be separately attached to the electronics unit is shown. [Figure 16C] For example, FIG. 16B shows an example placement of a removable stick-on patch at the peroneal nerve target location just below the knee on the anterior portion of the lower leg with a removable electronics unit. [Figure 16D] FIG. 16B illustrates an example of a multiple portion stabilizer including, for example, a multi-layered disposable or other removable patch, similar to the patch shown in FIG. 16B, shown having lobe portions on either side to provide additional hydrogel electrode locations. [Figure 16E] For example, FIG. 16D shows an example placement of a removable stick-on patch at the peroneal nerve target location just below the knee on the anterior portion of the lower leg with a removable electronics unit. [Figure 16F] 1 illustrates an example of a local external interface device. [Figure 16G] 1 illustrates an example block diagram of a local external interface device. [Figure 17] 1 shows an example of a transdermal drug delivery patch. [Figure 18] 1 illustrates an alternative closed-loop ultrasound embodiment for delivering ultrasound energy to one or more targeted nerve locations described herein (e.g., the femoral nerve, peroneal nerve, or sural nerve). [Figure 19A]An example of a method of using the HF RLS electrical stimulation therapy described herein in conjunction with drug therapy is provided. [Figure 19B] An example of a method of using the HF RLS electrical stimulation therapy described herein in conjunction with drug therapy is provided. [Figure 20] 1 illustrates an example of a technique used to turn on and off HF RLS electrical stimulation therapy as described herein. [Figure 21] 1 shows an example of an RLS electrical stimulation waveform that can be generated by the RLS electrical stimulation therapy system of the present application. [Figure 22] 1 illustrates an example of multiple waveform patterns specifically configured to inhibit or prevent short-term neural adaptation. [Diagram 23] 1 illustrates an example of multiple waveform patterns specifically configured to inhibit or prevent short-term neural adaptation. [Figure 24] FIG. 13 is a flow chart illustrating an example of a technique that uses flexion response information to set one or more RLS electrical stimulation parameters, either initially or iteratively, to help avoid neural adaptation or maintain treatment below the sensory threshold. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0013] Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) or Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD) can be treated with high frequency (HF) electrical stimulation. This may include selecting or accepting a subject exhibiting RLS or PLMD. At least one electrical stimulation electrode is positioned at a location associated with at least one of the sural nerve, peroneal nerve, or femoral nerve, or at least one branch thereof. The HF electrical stimulation is delivered to the subject to relieve or alleviate one or more symptoms associated with RLS or PLMD, and may include delivering subsensory and subthreshold AC electrical stimulation at frequencies greater than 500 Hz and less than 15,000 Hz. A charge-balanced controlled current HF electrical stimulation waveform may be used.

[0014] Pathophysiology of RLS RLS medical treatments may, in certain cases, include dopamine supplementation (eg, levodopa), dopamine agonists (eg, ropinirole, pramipexole), or anticonvulsants (eg, gabapentin).

[0015] The mechanical vibrating pad approach is not considered to be effective or superior to placebo. Many RLS patients may suffer from augmentation of RLS disease, a side effect of some RLS medications that may no longer produce symptoms of RLS disease in the lower extremities or may be limited to periods of rest and sleep only. As a result, many of these RLS augmentation patients may end up taking sleeping pills or sedatives to manage their condition, along with possible additional side effects.

[0016] It may be hypothesized that the pathophysiology causing people to develop RLS involves central dopamine deficiency. The dramatic and immediate therapeutic effect from levodopa may lead to the view that RLS patients may have significant brain dopamine deficiency. Investigations to demonstrate dopamine abnormalities in RLS have been more difficult than expected and have yielded surprising results. Initial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed no differences between RLS and control patients with regard to the major proteins associated with dopamine. Repeated analysis of 3-orthomethyl dopamine (3-OMD) showed a significant increase in CSF in two independent samples (see Allen, Connor, & Hyland, 2009). Furthermore, the increase correlated with the metabolite of dopamine, homovanillic acid (HVA). Considering the metabolic pathway from tyrosine hydroxylase to dopamine, the increases in both 3-OMD and HVA can best be explained as an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase activity leading to increased dopamine production.

[0017] The question arose as to how, if RLS patients already have abnormally elevated brain dopamine, increasing it further by administering levodopa would alleviate symptoms. Resolving this apparent contradiction may involve recognizing that there is a strong circadian aspect to both dopamine activity and RLS symptoms.

[0018] Increased dopaminergic stimulation may possibly cause postsynaptic downregulation of both receptor and internal cell function. The general pattern of reduced D2 receptors, especially for more severe RLS cases, may represent part of this downregulation of response. However, dopamine has a clear circadian activity pattern, decreasing in the evening and night and increasing in the morning. RLS postsynaptic cell regulation of increased dopamine stimulation may be sufficient during the day but appears to overcompensate when dopamine levels are lower during the evening and night.

[0019] This may result in a relative evening-night dopamine deficit despite an overall dopamine increase. Thus, if anything, the circadian pattern of RLS symptoms during the evening and night with morning hyperalertness and wakefulness may counteract the expected sleepiness of short, interrupted RLS sleep episodes.

[0020] In summary, the pathophysiology of RLS can occur in a wide range of locations and throughout the body and have multiple pathways to disease. Findings about the pathophysiology of RLS can help guide treatment advances to reduce the risk of dopamine augmentation and highlight the importance of developing better ways to manage RLS symptoms.

[0021] Pharmacological treatment of RLS Dopamine agonists may be the first-line pharmacological therapy for RLS. Patients with serum ferritin levels in the low to normal range may benefit from iron supplementation, as may RLS patients receiving dopaminergic therapy, in whom iron supplementation may prevent or reduce RLS escalation (Trenkwalder & Paulus, 2010).

[0022] Dopaminergic therapy for RLS may include dopamine agonists, but levodopa was the first dopamine agonist used for RLS. Dopamine agonists are superior to levodopa in terms of efficacy parameters, and less RLS augmentation may occur with these drugs than with levodopa. However, the dopaminergic side effect profile, which may include nausea, hypotension, or dizziness, may be less significant with levodopa. The limitations of levodopa include both its lack of efficacy and RLS augmentation, the latter occurring in 50-70% of RLS patients in long-term observational studies. Table 1 below shows a list of dopamine agonists for RLS treatment.

[0023] [Table 1] Electrical Stimulation Treatment for RLS The present technology may include electrical stimulation treatment of RLS or PLMD. The present technology may include one or more specific selected nerve targets, such as the sural nerve, peroneal nerve, or femoral nerve, which the inventor has recognized as particularly useful electrical stimulation target locations for RLS or PLMD. RLS symptoms are most commonly reported to occur in the lower extremities for most patients. Specifically, RLS symptoms affect the anterior tibialis anterior region and the posterior gastrocnemius region. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is likely that afferent sensory nerve overactivity emerging from the innervation of these regions temporarily abolishes symptoms when these muscles are activated (e.g., when the leg is moved). The superficial peroneal nerve and its direct peripheral extension branch as well as the sural nerve and its direct peripheral extension branch are the primary sensory nerves innervating this region of the leg. Thus, such nerve locations are the primary targets for RLS electrical stimulation therapy.

[0024] In RLS or PLMD patients who report symptoms originating in the upper extremities, the femoral nerve and its direct peripheral extension branches carry the majority of the sensory innervation from the rectus femoris and biceps femoris muscles in the back of the leg. Thus, the femoral nerve provides an additional target location for RLS electrical stimulation.

[0025] Example of the location of the peroneal nerve At least one electrode may be placed at the peroneal nerve target location, such as directly on the outside of the skin, preferably just above or near the superficial peroneal nerve (FIG. 1C). At least one electrode may be placed on the outside of the knee below the lateral collateral ligament, or within 1-2 inches (2.54-5.08 centimeters) of it, just below the peroneal landmark. A second electrode may be placed such that there is at least 1 inch (2.54 centimeters) between the end of the first electrode and the end of the second electrode. The second electrode may be placed along the length of the peroneal nerve, such as further down the leg, or the second electrode may be placed just above the tibia, such as about 1-2 inches (2.54-5.08 centimeters) below the first electrode. In one example, this second electrode may be placed directly opposite the first electrode, on the inside of the knee, just below the medial collateral ligament on the tibial side. The area of ​​electrical stimulation may then be altered, if desired, to extend over a shorter or longer distance, for example to reduce perception by the patient.

[0026] In one example, two separate or distinct areas of electrical stimulation may be applied, for example, in the leg below the knee, by using a second electrode on the tibia as a common return electrode to create a modulated area of ​​electrical stimulation.

[0027] Locating the Sural Nerve At the location of the sural nerve, at least one electrode may be placed, for example, on the outside of the skin between the lateral malleolus and the calcaneus on the lateral side of the subject's foot, preferably directly above the sural nerve or as close to the sural nerve as possible. As shown in FIG. 1B, multiple electrodes may be placed along the length of a portion of the sural nerve, for example, with one electrode placed just behind the 2 cm bony mass of the lateral malleolus. One or more additional electrodes may also be placed such that the additional electrodes are positioned along the length of the sural nerve at an angle of 90 degrees to 180 degrees with the central electrode, for example, to be included in two extended "wings" that extend laterally from the central electrode by about 1.0 inch to 1.5 inches (3.81 centimeters), for example, a first additional electrode may be placed adjacent to the calcaneus tendon and a second additional electrode may be placed on the lateral side of the foot over the base of the lateral longitudinal arch.

[0028] Locating the Femoral Nerve At the location of the femoral nerve, at least one electrode may be placed, for example, at approximately the center of the "femoral triangle" bounded by the inguinal ligament superiorly, the sartorius muscle laterally, and the adductor longus muscle medially, preferably on the skin directly above the femoral nerve or on the lateral side of the skin as close as possible to the femoral nerve. In examples that may include multiple electrodes, such additional electrodes may be positioned at a minimum of 1 inch spacing relative to the first electrode, from electrode edge to electrode edge, and configured for placement along the length of the femoral nerve.

[0029] The technology may additionally or alternatively include electrical stimulation specifically configured to preferentially activate certain nerve fibers over other nerve fibers, for example, to inhibit, treat, reduce, prevent, or avoid one or more RLS symptoms. The electrical stimulation may be specifically configured to be below the perceptual threshold (e.g., not noticeable enough to affect the patient's ability to fall asleep or stay asleep). The electrical stimulation may be specifically configured to be below threshold (e.g., avoiding patient muscle activation that may interfere with the patient's ability to fall asleep or stay asleep). The electrical stimulation may be configured to be quite different from traditional low frequency, afferent frequency sensory transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), which may have no effect on or even worsen RLS symptoms, thereby worsening the RLS patient's ability to fall asleep. The technology may be applied in an open loop manner, allowing for patient control or titration, or may include closed loop operation, for example, based on one or more sensed or received physiological parameters, such as sleep stages.

[0030] FIG. 1A shows an example of the ankle and foot area of ​​the lower leg of an RLS patient, showing the sural nerve 100 and its branches 102A, 102B, 102C that may be specifically targeted by placing an electrical stimulator adjacent thereto to provide electrical stimulation configured to suppress, reduce, or eliminate RLS symptoms, for example.

[0031] 1B illustrates an example of a wearable external electrical stimulator 104 shown positioned in close proximity to a target sural nerve 100 or its branches 102A-C, for example, to deliver transcutaneous electrical stimulation thereto. In this example, the electrical stimulator 104 may include an adhesive patch 106 that may carry an electronics unit 108 with, for example, separate or integrated electrodes 110A-B that may be electrically connectable to the electronics unit 108. Although FIG. 1B illustrates the electrodes 110A-B positioned on the adhesive patch 102 separately from the electronics unit 108, one or both of the electrodes 110A-B (or additional electrode 110C, not shown) may be positioned on a patient-facing portion of the electronics unit 108 such that they remain in contact with the patient's skin through an opening in the adhesive patch 106. In one example, the electrical stimulation device 104 may be attached or otherwise fixed or stabilized to a location on the lateral or medial surface of the foot, such as on the posterior side of the leg near the lateral aspect of the foot, such as toward the heel or posterior or adjacent to the condylar surface of the ankle.

[0032] 1C shows an example of a wearable external electrical stimulator 104 shown positioned proximate a target area 103 of a subject's peroneal nerve, such as in an anterior or lateral location just below the subject's knee, such as over a portion of the deep peroneal nerve. The wearable external electrical stimulator 104 may alternatively or additionally be positioned in an area located further down the leg, such as over a portion of the superficial peroneal nerve that may innervate one or more portions of the tibialis anterior muscle.

[0033] FIG. 1D shows an example of how a wearable external electrical stimulator can be placed in proximity to a target area 106 of the targeted femoral nerve, such as in the upper region of the anterior thigh or slightly medial to the anterior above the knee.

[0034] At any desired target location, the electrical stimulator 104 may additionally or alternatively be positioned using a wearable component or garment, such as the electrical stimulator 104 carried by compression shorts or leggings, a compression knee brace, ankle brace, socks, leggings, sleeves, etc.

[0035] 2 shows an example of a specific mechanism of action that is specifically targeted by delivering electrical stimulation tailored to a specific targeted location, etc., as described herein. However, as an initial matter, it should be noted that peripheral nerves are composed of bundles of multiple nerve subtypes that can be classified as type A, B, or C based on their corresponding conduction velocities and diameters, as summarized in Table 2.

[0036] [Table 2] A-alpha and A-beta nerve fibers are the largest in diameter, are targeted and applied by lower amplitude electrical stimuli, and are the fastest conducting nerve fibers, as evidenced by their reported conduction velocities summarized in Table 2.

[0037] Without being bound by theory, it is believed that relief of RLS symptoms may benefit from electrical stimulation that is specifically tailored to preferentially apply one or more nerve fiber types at a particular target site, such as at the level of the sural, peroneal, or femoral nerve, or one of the nerve branches extending distally therefrom, as described with respect to FIG. 2.

[0038] In Figure 2, the left side shows the situation believed to exist in symptomatic RLS patients. RLS symptoms are believed to result from irritable or overactive Alpha-delta and C fibers that may cause ectopic neural activity perceived as discomfort that is modulated by spinal 5-HT, opioid or cannabinoid receptors, which can be influenced by preferential application (e.g., stimulating nerve fiber activity) of Alpha-beta fibers that release inhibitory neurotransmitters (GABA) to suppress this ectopic activity pattern.

[0039] In Figure 2, the right side illustrates the situation that may exist if electrical stimulation is properly coordinated and delivered to the appropriate target location (e.g., to one or more of the sural, peroneal, or femoral nerves, or to one or more of their peripherally extending branches). Coordinated electrical stimulation to one or more of these specifically selected target nerve locations (e.g., to one or more of the sural, peroneal, or femoral nerves, or to one or more of their peripherally extending branches) may activate faster transmitting Alpha-beta fibers to stimulate the production of GABA by spinal 5-HT, opioid, or cannabinoid receptors, thereby calming slower transmitting Alpha-Delta or C fibers and preventing overly active or excitatory impulses from being generated and transmitted by the Alpha-Delta or C fibers.

[0040] One technique for evaluating the effectiveness of treatment of RLS symptoms is to perform a suggested immobilization test (SIT). In this case, the SIT test can be performed before administering treatment, and then continued or performed again during or after administering treatment. As part of the SIT, patients can be asked to sit upright in bed with legs outstretched while leg movements are recorded (e.g., using an accelerometer or other leg movement sensor) for, for example, 60 minutes, and asked to score discomfort on a scale from 0 to 10 every 10 minutes for the entire 60-minute period.

[0041] Figure 3 shows an example of experimental SIT data from a medicated severe RLS patient (who was not withheld medication for the SIT study). The "baseline" SIT data shown in Figure 3 (without electrical stimulation applied) shows increasing discomfort during the first 20 minutes of the SIT study, followed by a stable level of discomfort at approximately 60% of the maximum discomfort level for the remainder of the SIT study. The "treatment" SIT data (with stimulation applied after the first 20 minutes) was obtained the following night from the same patient. Electrical stimulation is applied percutaneously to both superficial peroneal nerves using a hydrogel-coated transcutaneous electrode connected to a constant current stimulator programmed to generate a waveform that stimulates the nerve with pulses of 80-100 microseconds in duration with 240-250 microsecond intervals between them. Electrical stimulation is initiated at 20 minutes. The patient reported almost immediate relief from the unpleasant sensations in the legs when electrical stimulation treatment was initiated. The selected electrical stimulation waveform and amplitude are, for example, sub-perceptual threshold (such that the electrical stimulation is not felt sufficiently by the patient) and sub-threshold (such that muscle activation does not occur in the patient as evidenced by a visual twitch or other sensation reported by the patient) such that the patient cannot discern whether treatment has or has not begun. Sub-perceptual threshold and sub-threshold electrical stimulation may be particularly beneficial in RLS applications herein to allow the patient to comfortably fall asleep, such as by reducing RLS symptoms, while avoiding or minimizing the patient's awareness of the electrical stimulation being administered.

[0042] Figure 4 shows an example of the combined SIT data results of "pre" and "post" electrical stimulation of the superficial peroneal nerve in six RLS patients, all of whom met the criteria for "severe" RLS based on the International Restless Legs Syndrome Score (IRLSS) administered prior to recording. Figure 4 shows an example of the remarkable consistency in the reduction of unpleasant sensations associated with RLS in response to initiating electrical stimulation of the superficial peroneal nerve.

[0043] The electrical stimulation waveform may be specifically selected in frequency, shape, and amplitude to activate the large diameter A-Beta fibers, which in RLS patients act to "gate" or block input from the smaller diameter A-Delta and C fibers that are overactive and transmit unpleasant sensations to the spinal cord, as described herein with respect to Figure 2. In one example, a controlled current electrical stimulation waveform may be used, such as a charge-balanced square wave current waveform with a current amplitude delivered at a controlled current level between 5 and 30 milliamps, or at a controlled current level between 11 and 25 milliamps, as was used for several patients shown in Figure 4.

[0044] The inventors have recognized that, among other things, high frequency ("HF", e.g., between 500 Hz and 15000 Hz, and more specifically, between 4 kHz and 5 kHz) transcutaneous electrical stimulation current waveforms are preferred over low frequency ("LF", e.g., "150 Hz or less") transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) waveforms in this RLS application. This is because, in RLS treatment applications, it is important to target these peripheral nerve fibers (such as the superficial peroneal nerve) with sub-threshold electrical stimulation waveforms that do not produce muscle contractions, as these have been observed to exacerbate RLS symptoms, and sub-perceptual threshold electrical stimulation waveforms that do not produce a sharp sensation of electrical stimulation (most conventional LF sensory TENS waveforms, e.g., 150 Hz or less). Without being bound by theory, this may be due to RLS patients having a strong hypersensitivity to any physical touch (tactile hyperalgesia) when RLS symptoms are present and have been studied in the literature. Switching to a higher frequency (e.g., 4000 Hz-5000 Hz) sub-perceptual threshold electrical stimulation waveform showed significant improvement in RLS symptoms in some patients, as shown in the exemplary SIT data in Figure 5.

[0045] FIG. 5 shows an example of SIT data from a patient study that began with a conventional LF (150 Hz) "Burst" TENS electrical stimulation waveform for 20 minutes, then switched directly to a HF (4000 Hz-5000 Hz) electrical stimulation waveform for 30 minutes. During the first 20 minutes of this SIT study (no electrical stimulation), the patient's discomfort increased from 0% to 80% of the maximum possible score. With LF TENS electrical stimulation, the patient's discomfort level actually increased to 90% of the maximum possible score. However, then, after HF electrical stimulation was initiated, the patient's discomfort level decreased to 50% of the maximum possible score, showing a significant reduction compared to no electrical stimulation or LF TENS electrical stimulation.

[0046] Without being bound by theory, this rapid suppression of RLS symptoms using HF electrical stimulation is believed to be due to selective application (e.g., activation by electrical stimulation) of A-Beta fibers in the target nerve, which in turn causes the release of GABA to block overactive A-Delta and C fibers, as described above with respect to FIG. 2. A sensing waveform indicative of such selective activation may be obtained. This may include recording responses resulting from electrical stimulation (e.g., using a nerve recording sense amplifier channel as described herein) by readjusting one or more parameters of the electrical stimulation, as necessary, to obtain a desired activation pattern, such as indicative of selective application of A-Beta fibers in the target nerve.

[0047] FIG. 6 is a conceptual illustration of an example of the resulting compound action potential (CAP), and the contribution of each nerve fiber subtype, that may be sensed and recorded a distance "L" away from the location of the applied electrical stimulation along the length of the same nerve to which the electrical stimulation was applied. Sensing at two different distances "L" from the electrical stimulation location is shown in the conceptual example of FIG. 6. At larger separation distances "L", differences in conduction latency between different nerve fiber subtypes may contribute to a particular morphology that indicates, for example, which nerve fiber subtype is selectively or preferentially applied by a particular electrical stimulation relative to one or more other nerve fiber subtypes.

[0048] For example, in FIG. 6, at smaller distances "L" (e.g., about 1 inch or 25 mm), it may be difficult to observe each nerve fiber component contributing to the average CAP, given its corresponding conduction velocity. However, as the sensing / recording electrode is moved farther along the length of the nerve from the electrical stimulation electrode, for example, a length "L" of about 80 mm or more, the separate nerve fiber components begin to appear on the CAP as individual peaks. This is conceptually shown in FIG. 6 at a period of about 60 ms after electrical stimulation.

[0049] Based on the detected / recorded CAP, it is possible to configure or optimize one or more electrical stimulation waveforms to preferentially activate only a selected subset of fibers, e.g., A-Beta fibers. This method of detecting nerve fiber activation has been studied and reported in the technical literature. (e.g., Qing et al., IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2015 Nov, 23(6):936-45) Figure 7 shows a conceptual example of how individual nerve fiber components can be detected. This can involve using a nerve recording amplifier system that can be connected to recording electrodes placed at one or more specific locations along the length of the nerve being stimulated upstream of it.

[0050] FIG. 8 shows a conceptual example of three different recording electrode waveforms. In the example of FIG. 8, the top waveform shows an example of a response that occurred when a particular nerve fiber type was not selectively or preferentially applied by the applied electrical stimulation. In FIG. 8, the middle waveform shows an example of a response waveform that occurred when C fibers were preferentially applied by the applied electrical stimulation, as indicated by the presence or predominance of slower and lower frequency C fiber generated potentials in the absence or omission of faster and higher frequency A-Delta generated potentials. The bottom waveform shows an example of a response waveform that occurred when A-Delta fibers were preferentially applied by the applied electrical stimulation, as indicated by the presence or predominance of faster and higher frequency A-Delta generated potentials in the absence or omission of slower and lower frequency C fiber generated potentials.

[0051] In one example, the CAP may be detected, recorded, or measured. One or more parameters of the electrical stimulation may be adjusted or optimized to obtain a desired CAP response indicative of preferential application of one or more particular nerve fiber subtypes, such as, for example, selective application of A-Delta fibers, as described herein. The system may include a set of percutaneous electrodes for electrically stimulating a designated target location of a target nerve, such as a targeted peripheral nerve (e.g., peroneal, sural, femoral, or branches thereof), and a recording electrode positioned downstream of the target nerve or its targeted branch, for example, to record the resulting response signal.

[0052] In an illustrative, non-limiting example, first, a burst of electrical stimulation may be applied to a particular electrical stimulation location for a specified period of time (e.g., <10 ms), e.g., at a particular frequency (e.g., a frequency between 4-5 kilohertz). Second, using multiple hydrogel recording electrodes positioned at a particular distance from the electrical stimulation electrode location, the resulting CAP may be sensed using an electrically connected neural amplifier channel. Third, the electrical stimulation intensity may be increased, e.g., until a maximum resulting CAP amplitude is observed in the sensed or recorded signal. Fourth, the contribution of one or more components A-Delta, A-Beta, or C fibers from their characteristic individual peaks may be detected and averaged, e.g., across multiple bursts of electrical stimulation. Fifth, one or more electrical stimulation parameters may be adjusted to modify the multiple amplitude peaks of the recorded CAP components, e.g., to preferentially apply a subset of one nerve fiber type over others, for lower intensity electrical stimulation.

[0053] Similarly, to detect whether a particular electrical stimulation waveform preferentially engages one or more subsets of nerve fiber types over others, an electrical stimulation device under test (DUT) is applied to a test impedance representative of a neural target to, for example, characterize the electrical stimulation waveform. The characterized electrical stimulation waveform can then be applied to the target neural location to, for example, observe downstream resulting CAPs and components attributable to one or more nerve fiber types. One or more parameters of the electrical stimulation waveform can then be altered, for example, to determine whether a specifically emphasized component that was generated in response to the previously characterized electrical stimulation waveform is reduced or eliminated relative to one or more other components of the resulting response waveform. For example, if one or more of the electrical stimulation parameters reduces the A-Delta component observed in the resulting CAP relative to the C component of the resulting CAP, it is concluded that the characterized electrical stimulation waveform is specifically tailored to preferentially engage the A-Delta nerve fiber subtype relative to the C fiber subtype. Without being bound by theory, as described herein, this may be desirable, for example, to release GABA in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord to help suppress or inhibit ectopic discharge activity from the targeted nerve, thereby alleviating one or more RLS symptoms.

[0054] Without being bound by theory, as explained herein with respect to Figure 2, activation of larger diameter A-Beta fibers (or type II fibers according to Lloyd's classification) has an inhibitory effect, for example by promoting the release of GABA, which inhibits activity from noxious stimulus transmitting fibers (A-Delta and C fibers or type III and type IV fibers, respectively). This has been explained with respect to Figure 2 and confirmed by the inventors with clinical results obtained from patients with severe RLS symptoms.

[0055] In one example, a signaling cascade such as that described with respect to Figure 2 may be achieved by activating one or more selected fibers (e.g., A-Beta, etc.) of one or more peripheral nerves such as the superficial peroneal nerve or sural nerve (or branches thereof) that have shown nearly instantaneous suppression of RLS symptoms. In one example, this may be set up by using electrical stimulation of carefully selected waveforms, e.g., frequencies ranging from 500 Hz to 10,000 Hz, pulse widths ranging from 50 μS to 1 ms, and current amplitudes ranging from 1 to 30 mA.

[0056] In a particular example, clinical data was obtained by switching between an LF waveform at 150 Hz and another HF waveform at 4,000 Hz with pulse widths of 50–100 μs, allowing for a comparison of efficacy between the LF and HF waveforms.

[0057] In another example, a randomly varying frequency waveform of 4000-5000 Hz may be applied simultaneously with a second waveform that varies in frequency from the first waveform by, for example, 100-150 Hz and also within approximately the same 4000-5000 Hz range (e.g., the second frequency varies between 4100-5100 Hz).

[0058] FIG. 9A shows an example of SIT data where HF electrical stimulation is initiated after an initial 20 min to provide near-instantaneous suppression of RLS symptoms and then turned off again at 40 min resulting in recurrence of RLS symptoms, which is believed to provide the benefit of our proposed mechanism of action as described above with respect to FIG. 2.

[0059] FIG. 9B shows an example of electrical stimulation sensory comparison data of a typical low frequency (LF) transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation waveform compared to a high frequency (HF) transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation waveform according to the present technology in N=5 healthy subjects.

[0060] The parameters of the HF electrical stimulation waveform can be carefully selected to compensate for maximum target nerve fiber activation for the minimum sensory perception threshold reported by the patient. As shown in Figure 9B, randomized blinded experimental tests performed on N=5 healthy subjects showed that HF ​​electrical stimulation waveforms applied at frequencies selected between 4000-5000 Hz were able to consistently deliver larger amounts of current to the tissue before any sensation was reported by the patient compared to a typical LF TENS waveform at 150 Hz or less. Similar differences in the threshold at which patients reported discomfort were also seen, as shown in Figure 9B.

[0061] FIG. 9C shows that calculations based on waveform shape and pulse width indicate that the HF waveform of the present technology (e.g., between 4000-5000 Hz) can inject 47-49 times more charge into the target tissue than conventional LF TENS (e.g., below 150 Hz) before the electrical stimulation becomes perceptible or uncomfortable.

[0062] 9D and 9E show an example of the use of flexor reflex (Fr) for electrical stimulation techniques (e.g., can be used in addition to or alternative to the CAP technique described herein) to set or improve electrical stimulation waveform patterns in a patient undergoing treatment. The flexor or flexor reflex (Fr) is a neurophysiological tool used to evaluate the effectiveness of analgesic therapies as described in the European Federation of Neurological Societies (EFSN) guidelines. This Fr response is generated by electrical stimulation of a sensory nerve (e.g., sural nerve) and can be recorded from a flexor muscle of the ipsilateral limb (e.g., biceps femoris). Fr includes an early response, the RII reflex (RIIr), and a late response, the RIII reflex (RIIIr). It has been shown that the RIIIr is a non-nociceptive A-beta fiber-mediated response, whereas the RIIIr is a high-threshold nociceptive A-delta fiber-mediated reflex, with the threshold of the RIIIr corresponding to the magnitude of the reflex related to the pain threshold and the level of pain perception. The RIIIr is a more stable and reliably measured reflex, and its amplitude correlates with the intensity of pain perception, which correlates with the amount of nociceptive A-delta activation.

[0063] In one example, leg flexion responses may be obtained by delivering transcutaneous electrical stimulation to the sural nerve via multiple surface electrodes applied behind the right lateral malleolus and recording responses from the ipsilateral brevis head of the biceps femoris. Stimuli may include a series of five electrical pulses (e.g., 1-5 ms duration at frequencies between 100-250 Hz) and delivered randomly or pseudorandomly, with intervals between 5-20 s, etc. Figure 9D shows a conceptual (not real data) example of such a flexion reflex (Fr) response to a test electrical stimulus. The amount of stimulation current required to generate a reliable RIIIr waveform is recorded as the sensory threshold, and the electrical stimulation may then be adjusted to be below the sensory threshold such that it is below the patient's sensory threshold and not felt by the patient.

[0064] When an HF electrical stimulation waveform is applied to a peripheral nerve (e.g., the superficial peroneal nerve), a reduction in the amplitude of the flexion reflex response (RIIIr component) is observed, a consequence of the inhibitory cascade of neural activation described in Figure 2, with a conceptual (not actual data) example of how this can be measured shown in Figure 9E.

[0065] In FIG. 10, the RLS treatment system 1000 may include a controller circuit 1002, a battery 1010, a power conversion circuit 1008, an electrical stimulation waveform generating circuit 1006, a user input device 102, and a plurality of patient electrodes 1014. In one example, the plurality of patient electrodes may include a plurality of external electrodes disposed on an adherent skin patch for transcutaneous application of electrical stimulation energy, for example. In one example, the plurality of patient electrodes include an implantable electrode, such as a nerve cuff, that may be implanted to surround a target nerve (e.g., the sural nerve) at a location of interest to position the plurality of electrodes at a desired location. A plurality of implantable electronics may be included on the nerve cuff, such as to control the delivery of electrical stimulation. The plurality of implantable electronics may be powered in whole or in part by RF or inductively coupled energy that may be wirelessly coupled from an external transcutaneous electrical transmission (TET) source to an energy receiving device on the plurality of implantable electronics.

[0066] The controller circuit 1002 may include, for example, a microprocessor, microcontroller, programmable logic circuit, etc., powered by a battery 1010 or other power source. The battery may be coupled to a power conversion circuit 1008, which may include, for example, one or more of a buck power conversion circuit, a boost power conversion circuit, a buck-boost power conversion circuit, or other inductive or capacitive or other circuit that converts the battery voltage and current to a desired output voltage and current for delivering electrical stimulation to a subject via a number of patient electrodes 1014. An electrical stimulation waveform generation circuit 1006 may receive the converted power signal from the power conversion circuit 1008 and generate an appropriate electrical stimulation waveform, such as an HF electrical stimulation waveform as described herein. For example, the electrical stimulation waveform generator may be configured by the controller circuit 1002 to generate an HF electrical stimulation controlled current waveform having a frequency within the range of, for example, 4 kHz to 5 kHz and a current amplitude controlled by the controller circuit 1002 to be set to a desired level within the range of 5 milliamps to 30 milliamps (e.g., at levels of 5 mA, 10 mA, 15 mA, 20 mA, 25 mA, or 30 mA, or with finer resolution as desired).

[0067] In the example of FIG. 10 and in the open loop RLS treatment system 1000, a timer circuit 1004 is included in or coupled to the controller circuit 1002 and controls the period of time that the RLS electrical stimulation treatment is applied after it is initiated, for example, by using a switch or other user input device 1012. After the "on" period set by the timer has ended, the RLS electrical stimulation treatment is automatically turned off, thereby conserving power drawn from the battery 1010. In one example, the timer period is the period of time that the patient is expected to fall asleep with the aid of the RLS electrical stimulation treatment, for example, a programmable or other specific treatment period value (e.g., 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 20 minutes, 25 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 50 minutes, 55 minutes, 1 hour, etc.). In one example, the treatment may be ramped down at the end of the timer rather than being abruptly turned off. The ramp-down period may be specified as a specific percentage of the treatment period (e.g., 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, etc.). The timer circuit 1004 may include a clock circuit such that the time of day is used to initiate an electrical stimulation therapy session, such as an electrical stimulation therapy duration value timed by the timer circuit 1004, for example, as described above.

[0068] Figure 11A illustrates an example of a closed loop RLS electrical stimulation treatment system 1100, which is similar to the open loop RLS electrical stimulation treatment system illustrated and described in Figure 10. However, the timer 1004 may be replaced or augmented by a sensor circuit 1104. The sensor circuit 1104 may be used to sense a physiological or other similar parameter of the patient and to control the treatment using information about the parameter sensed by the sensor circuit 1104.

[0069] For example, if the RLS electrical stimulation therapy system 1100 is worn on the patient's foot or lower leg, the sensor circuit 1104 may include an accelerometer or other motion sensor configured to detect movement of the patient's legs. Information regarding the detected leg movement may be used by the controller circuit 1002 to control parameters of the electrical stimulation. For example, if a threshold number of symptomatic RLS leg cramps or movements are detected within a specific first detection period (e.g., within a period specified as 1, 2, 5, or 20 minutes), electrical stimulation may be initiated. This may be useful, for example, in PLMD patients who experience leg cramps or movements while sleeping, to automatically initiate (or increase) therapy to help alleviate symptoms and assist the patient in staying asleep. In one example, when RLS leg cramps or movements are not detected within a specific second detection period (e.g., within a period specified as 1, 2, 5, or 20 minutes), the electrical stimulation may be turned off (or tapered or ramped off). In one example, the amplitude of the electrical stimulation may be increased when an RLS seizure or movement is detected within a specified third detection period during which RLS electrical stimulation therapy was provided (e.g., lasting for more than a period that may be specified as 5 minutes, 10 minutes, etc.).

[0070] In one example, the sensor circuitry 1104 may include a heart rate variability (HRV) based or other sleep sensor, for example, configured to detect if the patient has fallen asleep and then turn off (or taper or ramp off) the electrical stimulation, or to detect sleep stages and adjust electrical stimulation parameters based on the patient's sleep stage. A sleep sensor may be included and used in conjunction with an accelerometer, for example, to detect leg cramps or movements while the subject is asleep and automatically turn on (or increase) electrical stimulation therapy in response. This may be useful, for example, in PLMD patients who experience leg cramps or movements while sleeping, to automatically initiate (or increase) therapy to help alleviate symptoms and help the patient stay asleep.

[0071] FIG. 11B shows an example of a block diagram of portions of an RLS electrical stimulation system 1110 that may be configured to generate a controlled current waveform (e.g., a specific constant current amplitude AC electrical stimulation) with a variable impedance present at the interface between multiple electrical stimulation electrodes 1014 and a patient's skin or other tissue contacted by such multiple electrical stimulation electrodes 1014.

[0072] 11B, the power management circuit 1118 may be electrically connected or otherwise interfaced (e.g., wirelessly) to a power source, such as one or more rechargeable batteries or other batteries 1110. The power management circuit 1118 may monitor battery usability indications, which may provide information regarding the amount of charge remaining in the battery 1110 or other indicators of usable time. The power management circuit 1118 may provide an alert or trigger one or more automatic recharges (e.g., wireless or otherwise) of the battery 1110, such as when a programmable, specifiable, or other threshold falls below.

[0073] The battery 1110 can be electrically connected or otherwise interfaced (e.g., via the power management circuit 1118) to a buck-boost converter circuit 1120 that can generate, for example, a programmable output DC voltage (e.g., 12V, 20V, 30V, or other specified DC output voltage). The required DC output voltage can be determined by the controller circuit 1002 based on a sensed load impedance that varies, for example, due to a varying electrode-tissue interface impedance, etc. The load impedance can be measured using an impedance detection circuit 1119. The impedance detection circuit 1119 can include, for example, one or more current sensing resistors that can detect a current at the electrode. The current detected by the current sensing resistor can be converted to a voltage signal by the current sensing resistor. The resulting voltage signal can be received at one or more inputs of the amplifier 1122 and buffered or amplified by the voltage amplifier 1122. The resulting buffered or amplified voltage signal can be digitized, for example, by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) circuit included in or connected to the controller circuit 1002.

[0074] The controller 1002 can use the detected load impedance, which may be used by the controller 1002 in combination with other information, for example, to determine the magnitude of the DC output voltage of the buck-boost converter 1120 needed to generate the desired electrical stimulation, conserving battery power while providing or maximizing the therapeutic effect of the electrical stimulation. The controller 1002 can set one or more patterns of the desired electrical stimulation, for example, by using one or more stored electrical stimulation waveform parameters generated by the controller 1002. The controller 1002 can use the one or more stored electrical stimulation parameters to generate one or more analog electrical stimulation control voltage waveforms using, for example, a digital-to-analog (D / A) converter 1106.

[0075] The resulting one or more generated analog electrical stimulation control voltage waveforms are converted to proportional, controlled, load-independent currents, including, for example, using one or more op-amp-based current pumps 1108. The resulting controlled current electrical stimulation signals may be routed to the desired corresponding electrodes 1014. Such routing may include using a multiplexer or switch matrix 1116. In one example, the switch matrix 1116 includes one or more single-pole double-throw (SPDT) switches, as shown in the example of FIG. 11B, which may be operated and controlled by the controller 1002 to, for example, direct the polarity of the electrical stimulation, the direction of the electrical stimulation field generated, to charge balance, or otherwise adjust or optimize the electrical stimulation waveform by selectively interfacing the controlled current electrical stimulation signal with tissue at one or more target locations using the multiple electrode contacts 1014.

[0076] In one example, the controller 1002 may be interfaced with a bidirectional or other wireless communication circuitry 1017, including a transceiver circuit following a protocol such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, for example, to communicate or exchange information with a local external unit or a remote server. A user input module 1012 is also configured to interface with the controller 1002 and may include one or more aids for interacting with a patient, a caregiver, or other user, such as one or more push buttons or LED lights, for example, to communicate information and provide one or more status updates or turn on or off the RLS electrical stimulation system 1110 or one or more components thereof.

[0077] One or more portions of the example shown in FIG. 11B may be combined with one or more portions of the example shown in FIG. 11A, with one or more portions of the example shown in FIG. 10, or with one or more portions of one or more other examples as shown or described herein.

[0078] 11C is a flow chart generally illustrating an example of portions of a method 1130 as performed using an RLS electrical stimulation system 1130. At 1132, one or more electrical stimulation parameters may be set, such as by programming such information into a memory storage device in or coupled to the controller circuit 1002. Examples of such electrical stimulation parameters may include one or more of amplitude, frequency, pulse width, duty cycle, pulse repetition frequency, and the like. At 1134, a test electrical stimulation waveform may be delivered to the subject, such as via the plurality of electrodes 1014. At 1136, a load impedance, such as an electrode-skin interface impedance, or a component thereof, may be calculated, for example, by the controller circuit 1002 using a detected impedance signal that may be measured using the impedance measurement circuit 1119 and buffered or amplified by the amplifier circuit 1122. Such impedance may be determined by outputting a known voltage amplitude signal and measuring a response current signal (or vice versa). At 1138, the response signal data or calculated impedance data may be logged, for example, by storing it in a memory location, such as in the controller circuit 1002. At 1140, it is determined whether the measured electrode-skin interface impedance is outside of a particular "normal" range, which may include, for example, using one or more comparison circuits within the controller circuit 1002 or elsewhere to which one or more reference values ​​for comparison to establish a normal impedance range are provided. If the measured impedance data is determined to be outside of the normal range, an alert may be issued at 1142 to the patient or other user, for example, to prompt replacement of the electrode 1014, and an error condition may be logged in the controller circuit 1117 or communicated to a local or remote interface device or server system.Otherwise, if at 1140 it is determined that the measured impedance data is within the normal range, then at 1144 the measured impedance data may be recorded in the controller circuit 1117 or communicated to a local or remote interface device or server system.

[0079] In FIG. 11C, after the skin-electrode interface impedance is calculated at 1136, this information may be used at 1146 to set a DC output voltage provided by the buck-boost converter circuit 1120 for use in generating an appropriate HF electrical stimulation waveform, for example, as described with reference to FIG. 11B. At 1148, the generated HF electrical stimulation waveform may be applied to the patient via the multiple electrodes 1014. At 1150, the generated HF electrical stimulation waveform may be measured. This may include measuring the HF electrical stimulation waveform current, for example, by measuring the voltage across a sense resistor to provide a measurement indicative of the electrical stimulation waveform current. At 1152, the measurement of the electrical stimulation value is compared to a saturation threshold, which may include, for example, using a comparator included within the controller circuit 1102. If the result of the comparison indicates the presence of a saturation condition, at 1154, the DC output voltage of the buck-boost converter circuit 1120 may be increased for subsequent application of electrical stimulation energy. Otherwise, the DC output voltage of the buck-boost converter may be maintained for subsequent applications of electrostimulation energy.

[0080] 12 illustrates an example of a technique 1200 that uses one or more sensor circuits 1104 and / or user input devices 102, such as to control RLS electrical stimulation therapy delivery, such as by a closed-loop RLS electrical stimulation treatment system 1100. At 1202, one or more of a user input is received (1202A), a 3D accelerometer input is received (1202B), a sensed heart rate (HR) or respiration input signal is received (1202C), and a sensed skin impedance input signal is received (1202D), for example, by the controller circuit 1002 to control RLS therapy delivery, for use in determining whether the patient is attempting to fall asleep at 1204 or whether the onset of sleep has been detected at 1206.

[0081] For example, a user may activate a switch or provide other user input at 1202A to signal the system 1100 that the patient intends to fall asleep. Sleep detection may be performed by the controller circuit 1002, for example, by using information from a 3D accelerometer at 1202B to determine the patient's posture (e.g., upright vs. lying) or the position of the patient's lower extremities, or by determining whether leg movements indicate RLS symptoms such as leg cramps or movements or are consistent with sleep. Heart rate may be detected (e.g., via multiple patient electrodes 1014 or via separate electrodes placed or positioned in contact with the patient), and heart rate variability (HRV) parameters may be calculated from the heart rate signals sensed by the controller circuit 1002. HRV may be used to detect sleep or to detect specific sleep states. A breathing signal may be detected (e.g., via the patient electrodes 1014 or via a separate electrode placed or positioned in contact with the patient) by, for example, detecting breathing using an impedance sensor that modulates the detected impedance. Sleep stage information may be extracted from the breathing signal by, for example, signal processing performed by the controller circuit 1002. Sleep stage information may be obtained, for example, by the patient interfacing with a number of other sleep monitoring products that use this information, for example, communicating to the controller circuit 1002. A skin impedance sensor may be used to detect frequency dependent impedance using changes in the patient electrodes 1014 or other skin impedance, for example, by processing the information as performed by the controller circuit 1002, to provide information regarding the subject's sleep stage, for example.

[0082] An autonomic balance sensor or indicator may be used to detect a state of balance between the subject's sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Such information may be used to adjust electrical stimulation parameters. This may include adjusting electrical stimulation levels to provide a higher degree of electrical stimulation corresponding to a higher level of sympathetic nervous system assertion compared to parasympathetic nervous system assertion.

[0083] A posture sensor may be used to detect a patient's posture state, and that information may be used to adjust one or more electrical stimulation parameters. For example, in a patient with RLS symptoms that worsen when the patient is attempting to sleep upright (e.g., in an airplane seat) as opposed to lying on their side, such posture information may be used to increase titration of electrical stimulation therapy when the latter case occurs compared to when the former case occurs.

[0084] At 1204, it may be determined whether the patient / user is attempting to fall asleep. For example, at 1202A, the user may activate a switch or provide other user input to signal to the system 1100 that the patient is attempting to fall asleep. In one example, the patient's transition to a recumbent position may be used as an indicator that the patient is attempting to fall asleep.

[0085] If the patient / user is attempting to fall asleep at 1204, then RLS electrical stimulation treatment may be initiated or continued if already in progress at 1208. If, instead, the patient / user is not attempting to fall asleep at 1204, then process flow may proceed to "1210" where ongoing RLS electrical stimulation treatment (if any) is tapered and stopped. Initiating RLS treatment at 1208 may include, in one example, initiating treatment using an initial set of electrical stimulation parameter values ​​that includes a set of electrical stimulation parameters selected and stored based on previous effectiveness in the patient. Such effectiveness may be determined by a user survey input that ranks effectiveness or by detecting the quantity of RLS symptoms (e.g., leg cramps or movement) over time after initiating an RLS electrical stimulation treatment session. The electrical stimulation parameter values ​​may also be selected based on a sleep stage (e.g., N1-N4, REM / NREM, etc.) detected by the controller circuit 1002, for example, using one of a number of on-board sensors 1104 or using a different sleep monitoring device available to the patient, which may be in communication with the controller circuit 1002. As an example, the controller circuit 1002 may select electrical stimulation parameter values ​​optimized for low perception when a light or early sleep stage is detected, such as to prevent any sleep disturbances in the patient.

[0086] If sleep is detected after initiating electrical stimulation therapy at 1206, process flow can continue to 1210, e.g., stopping electrical stimulation or tapering therapeutic electrical stimulation energy toward stopping electrical stimulation thereafter. This can help conserve power and avoid unnecessary therapy while the subject is asleep. Otherwise, if sleep is not detected after initiating electrical stimulation therapy at 1206, then process flow can return to 1208, e.g., continuing electrical stimulation therapy until sleep onset can be detected at 1206.

[0087] Figure 13 illustrates an example of a technique 1300 similar to the technique 1200 shown and described in Figure 12, but modified to address episodes of leg twitching or movement symptoms that occur after a subject falls asleep, as may occur in PLMD patients. In the example of Figure 13, the technique 1300 may proceed as described with respect to Figure 12 until sleep is detected at 1206.

[0088] If sleep is detected at 1206, with no leg movement or less than a certain threshold amount of leg movement for a specified period and over the specified period, monitoring continues until a specified period (e.g., 10, 15, or 20 minutes) has elapsed, after which process flow proceeds to 1210 where electrical stimulation therapy can be discontinued or tapered off and discontinued. However, in PLMD patients, leg cramping or movement events may reoccur while the subject is sleeping, so process flow may return from 1210 to 1206 to continue monitoring the patient for sleep at 1206 and then monitoring leg movement during sleep at 1302. If such monitoring indicates that the patient has awakened, RLS electrical stimulation therapy may be resumed at 1208. If such monitoring indicates that the patient continues to sleep but has experienced a sufficient degree of leg cramping or movement during such sleep, electrical stimulation therapy may be resumed at 1208. If not, ongoing electrical stimulation may be tapered off and stopped at 1210 , with further sleep monitoring at 1206 and further leg movement monitoring at 1302 .

[0089] 14 illustrates an example in which one or more open loop RLS electrical stimulation systems 1000 and / or one or more closed loop RLS electrical stimulation systems 1100 may be communicatively coupled to a remote server 1402, such as via a cloud or communication network 1404. This may include optionally using a repeater or other local interface device 1406 that establishes, for example, a Bluetooth or other low power wireless connection with the local RLS electrical stimulation systems 1000, 1100 to interface with the remote server 1402.

[0090] The remote server 1402 may be used for logging, processing, or analysis of data from individual RLS electrical stimulation system 1000, 1100 instances associated with corresponding patients. The remote server 1402 may include a library of patient data including, for example, waveforms and efficacy data from previous events for various patients. The remote server 1402 may include a neural network, artificial intelligence, or machine learning system that uses efficacy data for waveforms used in various patients with different results to suggest, for example, a particular electrical stimulation waveform or electrical stimulation parameters to a particular patient based on previous data from the patient or from a population of patients. Such suggestions may be based at least in part on similarities of one or more characteristics between the patient of interest and multiple patients in a patient population included in the library.

[0091] FIG. 15 includes an example of a stabilizer that holds or holds all or a plurality of portions of the RLS electrical stimulation system 1000, 1100 in place. In FIG. 15, the stabilizer may include, for example, a spandex or other elastic wearable and removable knee sleeve that includes an elastic patella opening formed therein to allow the patient's patella to protrude therethrough. A disposable or other removable stick-on patch may carry or hold the integrated electronics of the RLS electrical stimulation system 1000, 1100 and may also include integrated hydrogel or other electrodes and contact the patient's skin through corresponding openings in the knee sleeve that correspond to one or more desired locations of a target nerve to which electrical stimulation is delivered for RLS treatment, for example. In this manner, positioning relative to the target nerve location may be facilitated by using the patient's patella as a landmark against which the sleeve is positioned to aid in properly placing the electrodes in the desired locations relative to the corresponding target nerve locations.

[0092] FIG. 16A shows an example of a multi-layer of various layers of a disposable or other removable patch 1600 as shown in FIG. 15 for use with a knee sleeve. In this example, the most proximal (closest to the patient) layer 1602 may include a peel-off layer on an adhesive underlayer with multiple electrode cutouts. The next closest layer 1604 may include multiple hydrogel pockets or electrodes shaped and positioned similarly to the cutouts in layer 1602. The next closest layer 1606 may include or carry, for example, the electronics unit of the RLS electrical stimulation system 1000, 1100, including conductive traces for providing electrical contact and connection to the electrodes of layer 1604 or one or more other components. The next closest layer 1608 may include, for example, a flexible battery and antenna with electrical connection to the underlying electronics unit carried by the lower layer 1606. The next closest layer 1610 may be the furthest layer and may include an electrically insulating top layer that is bonded at least around its periphery to one or more underlying layers. In one example, the electronics unit may be detachable from the other components using, for example, a clasp or locking mechanism that allows reuse of the electronics unit along with disposable use of the other components of the patch.

[0093] FIG. 16B illustrates an example of multiple portions of a stabilizer including, for example, a multi-layered disposable or other user-attachable and user-removable patch 1620, which may be separately attached to, for example, a removable (e.g., optionally reusable) electronics unit 1640 (FIG. 15C) and optionally used with the knee sleeve illustrated in FIG. 15. The patch 1620 is illustrated as being sized, shaped, or otherwise configured to be particularly suitable for placement targeting the peroneal or femoral nerves, such as to deliver targeted electrical stimulation. The removable patch 1620 may include a top layer 1622A, a middle layer 1622B, and a bottom layer 1622C. These layers may be shaped similarly to one another to define circular, flared out, or other flared ends or lobes when superimposed. These ends may be interconnected by rectangular or other strips of desired length, such as to obtain a desired positioning of the electrodes. The electrodes may be positioned at desired locations appropriately spaced apart at the ends or at appropriate locations on the interconnecting strips, for example, to deliver electrical stimulation to a target nerve location (e.g., femoral nerve, peroneal nerve, sural nerve, or one or more branches thereof, etc.). Including a return electrode 1624C at an appropriate location in the central portion of the interconnecting strips may provide a return electrode location close to an end electrode that may target a desired electrical stimulation nerve target location, for example, safely away from other nerves (e.g., in a peroneal nerve targeting arrangement) to help avoid undesired electrical stimulation of such other nerves. In the bottom layer 1622C, the electrodes 1624 may include hydrogel pockets carried at selected locations on the bottom layer 1622C, for example, at one or more desired locations at the ends of the bottom layer 1622C, or at one or more desired locations along the interconnecting strips of the bottom layer 1622C, for contacting the underlying skin. The hydrogel carried within such hydrogel pockets associated with the electrodes 1624 may be electrically conductive, which may help provide a low electrode-skin interface impedance for the electrodes 1624.

[0094] The middle layer 1622B may include vias 1626, 1627 and conductive traces 1628, for example, at one of its ends, to interconnect the electrodes 1624 to corresponding metal or other conductive contacts 1630 on the top layer 1622A or to one of the electrodes 1624 on the bottom layer 1622C. The removable electronics unit 1640 (FIG. 16C) is attached to the top layer 1622A, for example, with corresponding contacts that match the location of the contacts 1630. The contacts on the removable electronics unit 1640 (FIG. 16C) may be magnetized to impart a magnetic attraction to the contacts 1630 on the top layer 1622A. This magnetic attraction holds the removable electronics unit 1640 (FIG. 16C) in place relative to the top layer 1622A and allows the removable electronics unit 1640 (FIG. 16C) to self-align with the appropriate contacts on the top layer 1622A.

[0095] FIG. 16C shows an example placement of the removable stick-on patch 1620 of FIG. 16B, for example, at a peroneal nerve target location just below the knee on the anterior portion of the lower leg with a removable electronics unit 1640 magnetically or otherwise attached to the removable stick-on patch 1620.

[0096] FIG. 16B illustrates an example of a stabilizer portion including a multi-layered disposable or other removable patch 1660, similar to, for example, the patch 1620 shown in FIG. 16B, but shown to include five electrodes as compared to the three electrodes of the patch 1620 shown in FIG. 16B. In the example of FIG. 16D, the ends may include flared circular or other lobes extending laterally in opposite directions from each end of the patch 1660. The removable electronics unit 1640 is magnetically self-aligned or otherwise attached to one of these lobes to provide, for example, an aligned contact between an arrangement of contacts on the removable electronics unit 1640 similar to the arrangement of contacts 1630 shown in FIG. 16C.

[0097] FIG. 16E shows an example placement of the removable stick-on patch 1660 of FIG. 16D at a peroneal nerve target location, for example, just below the knee on the anterior portion of the lower leg, with the removable electronics unit 1640 magnetically or otherwise attached to the removable stick-on patch 1660.

[0098] FIG. 16F shows an example of a local external interface device 1670 used to charge or recharge the removable electronics unit(s) 1640 wirelessly or otherwise, e.g., by plugging into an AC wall outlet power source, or to communicate data wirelessly between a mobile phone application and the removable electronics unit(s) 1640 via Bluetooth, e.g., for further communication with a remote server, etc.

[0099] 16G illustrates an example of a block diagram of a local external interface device 1670. The local external interface device may include a controller circuit 1672 capable of interfacing with a power management circuit 1674, a battery charging management circuit 1676, a wireless communication transceiver circuit 1678, and a memory interface circuit 1680 that includes or is coupled to an external memory drive interface circuit 1682. The power management circuit may include AC / DC conversion circuitry, and a buck converter, boost converter, buck-boost converter, or other DC-DC power conversion circuitry to generate an appropriate supply voltage for charging or recharging one or more electronics units 1640, for example, via the battery charging management circuit 1676.

[0100] As an alternative to selective application of specific nerve fiber types, using HF electrical stimulation to stimulate GABA production, thereby calming leg cramps or motor symptoms of RLS or PLMD, and blocking transmission of a targeted nerve (e.g., the peroneal, femoral, or sural nerve, or one or more of their branches, or one or more of other nerve targets) to the spinal cord may be implemented to interrupt, inhibit, or calm RLS or other leg cramps or motor symptoms. For example, an AC waveform may be applied directly to the nerve using a cuff electrode wrapped around it, such as to apply the HF electrical stimulation waveform thereto.

[0101] In one example of the present technology, such nerve conduction blockade is achieved by transcutaneously modulating a desired high frequency blocking signal onto a low frequency carrier signal, effectively blocking the conduction of electrical signals along the nerve without the need for implanted electrodes or devices.

[0102] FIG. 17 shows an example of a transdermal drug delivery patch. In one example of the present technology, conduction block is obtained or assisted by application of a transdermal drug or chemical drug delivery patch with a local anesthetic (e.g., lidocaine, bupivacaine, capsaicin) that is triggered to contact and penetrate the skin upon activation, such as by an electrical trigger signal generated by on-board electronics carried by the transdermal drug delivery patch. In the example of FIG. 17, the patch may include, for example, a peel-off adhesive layer closest to the body that contains the local anesthetic. The next layer closest to the body may include an insulating layer having cutouts or the like to allow contact to multiple electrodes that control the release of the chemical agent. A more distal layer may include, for example, a removable electronics module configured to control the release of the chemical agent to block nerve conduction between the spinal cord and a target nerve site (e.g., one or more of the peroneal nerve, femoral nerve, sural nerve, or one or more of their branches, or other nerve target) to relieve one or more RLS symptoms, such as leg muscle spasms or movements.

[0103] 18 illustrates an alternative closed-loop ultrasound embodiment for delivering ultrasonic energy to one or more of the targeted nerve locations described herein (e.g., the femoral, peroneal, or sural nerves). In this example, electrical energy can be converted to ultrasonic energy, such as by using a piezoelectric transducer tuned to an ultrasonic frequency and driven by an ultrasonic frequency electrical pulse generating circuit.

[0104] In one example, ultrasound energy may be delivered to a subject's target nerve location in combination with HF RLS electrical stimulation as described herein. In one example, nerve ablation (e.g., by RF heating or use of cryoagents) may additionally or alternatively be used to block one or more of the target nerve locations described herein (e.g., the femoral nerve, peroneal nerve, or sural nerve).

[0105] 19A-19B show an example of a method of using the HF RLS electrical stimulation therapy described herein in conjunction with a drug therapy, for example, gradually titrating the drug therapy down as the HF RLS electrical stimulation therapy increases. In one example, this approach can be used to find an appropriate pharmaceutical treatment level that can avoid RLS enhancement or other pharmaceutical side effects, or to wean a subject off the drug treatment entirely.

[0106] Patients suffering from RLS may complain of symptoms that exist or become present at night or when going to bed, which prevent them from falling asleep.Sleep onset latency can be defined as the amount of time it takes to achieve the transition from complete wakefulness to sleep, such as the lightest non-REM sleep stage.RLS patients may have extremely long sleep latency, which can be improved using the treatment methods described herein.

[0107] As described herein, actigraphic recording, measurements of sympathetic tone (e.g., heart rate, or particularly heart rate variability), sleep measurements such as EEG, etc. may be used to identify when a patient is awake, walking, asleep, or falling asleep and to cause treatment to be started and stopped appropriately or adjusted to appropriate levels, as described herein.

[0108] FIG. 20 illustrates an example of a technique used to turn on and off HF RLS electrical stimulation therapy as described herein. The patient can initiate therapy at bedtime, such as by activating a switch or other user interface device. In addition to therapy, activity and sleep monitoring can be initiated. If the onset of sleep is detected, therapy can be stopped or paused, for example, until waking is detected, and therapy can be resumed with further activity or sleep monitoring. If sleep is not detected or sufficient lower limb motor activity is detected, therapy can be continued or increased. Sleep quality reports can be generated using information from the sleep sensor, which can include, for example, using information regarding the transmitted therapy.

[0109] Neuroadaptation and relaxation Neurostimulation therapy may become less effective over extended periods of time when used continuously, especially in the case of multiple devices with multiple implanted electrical stimulation electrodes. Such neural accommodation or tolerance may be due to neural reorganization (plasticity) or attenuation of end-organ responsiveness. Neuroplasticity is the change in neuronal structure, function, and organization in response to new experiences. The present RLS electrical stimulation therapy systems and techniques may include certain features that may help make them less susceptible to such decline in efficacy over long-term chronic use.

[0110] First, the RLS electrical stimulation treatment system may be configured to be used only during the period when RLS symptoms are present (e.g., typically within a few hours or nights per week). In an open-loop configuration, this includes the use of a timer, a clock with time information, or both. In a closed-loop configuration, this includes the use of one or more sensors as described herein to, for example, detect when RLS or PLMD symptoms are present (e.g., over-assertion of sympathetic tone in heart rate variability (HRV) or other indications of auto-balance), or to detect physiological indicators indicative of susceptibility to or worsening of RLS or PLMD symptoms, and control the initiation, titration, or adjustment of electrical stimulation treatment based on such sensor information, which may be used alone or in combination with a timer, time information, or both. Because the RLS electrical stimulation application time is limited, there is limited scope for neuroadaptation due to plasticity.

[0111] Second, the present RLS electrical stimulation therapy system has its controller circuit 1002 configured to provide waveform variability or adaptation to help counter the possibility of neural adaptation. This may include modulating one or more electrical stimulation waveform parameters, such as one or more of pulse width, amplitude, frequency, or burst mode or burst interval.

[0112] 21 shows an example of an RLS electrical stimulation waveform that can be generated by the RLS electrical stimulation therapy system of the present application. One or more of the electrical stimulation parameters can be changed over time, for example, from an initial setting. Examples of electrical stimulation parameters that can be set or adjusted can include, for the square wave electrical stimulation waveform of FIG. 21, the positive amplitude (A1), the positive pulse width (PW1), the negative amplitude (A2), the negative pulse width (PW2), and the off period (tOFF) between successive electrical stimulation pulses.

[0113] 22 and 23 show multiple examples of waveform patterns specifically configured to inhibit or prevent short-term neural adaptation. FIG. 22 shows a gradual ramp-up (e.g., with a ramp period RAMP-ON) or ramp-down (e.g., with a ramp period RAMP-OFF), or both, of one or more parameters (amplitude A1, A2, or both, or pulse width PW1, PW2, or both) until a desired therapeutic dose is reached, while maintaining charge-balanced electrostimulation, as needed. In addition to being useful in inhibiting neural adaptation, the ramp-up or ramp-down may help to further reduce or avoid the perception of RLS therapeutic electrical stimulation. The therapeutic stimulation waveform may also be separated by an "off" period (burst-off) between multiple bursts, as shown in FIG. 22. This may help to further reduce the application of any repetitive patterns to the target nerve, while still maintaining a therapeutic effect.

[0114] Figure 23 illustrates a technique in which the primary electrical stimulation waveform is separated by "off" periods (burst-off), during which smaller secondary bursts of electrical stimulation treatment are applied, e.g., as microbursts. The smaller the secondary bursts of treatment, the less charge can be injected into the nerve, e.g., by using a reduced amplitude, reduced pulse width, or altered frequency.

[0115] Additionally or alternatively, the RLS electrical stimulation treatment waveform may be varied, for example, in a fixed frequency range around the center frequency (e.g., 4000 Hz) in each burst to further reduce the perceived or detected accommodation-related decrease in treatment effect. These actions may be triggered by user input of the RLS discomfort score, or may be triggered automatically by the RLS electrical stimulation system controller circuitry reviewing collected sensor data indicative of RLS or PLMD symptoms or related physiological factors, such as leg movement, hours of use per night, amplitude settings, and reported IRLSS score improvement. The RLS electrical stimulation waveform parameters may be modified to ensure that there is a continued decrease in the measured flexion response from the patient, for example, to maintain RLS electrical stimulation below the perception threshold. For example, if the amplitude of the flexion response (Fr-III) increases over time with use of the RLS electrical stimulation treatment, one or more of the RLS electrical stimulation treatment parameters may be reprogrammed to help promote or ensure the continued minimization of this flexion response, as shown in FIG. 24. Additionally or alternatively, interferential current type therapeutic approaches may be used in the HF frequency range, for example, to help inhibit, calm, or prevent neuroadaptation.

[0116] Various notes and aspects Although this specification has referred to RLS and RLS treatments, including HF RLF electrical stimulation therapy, the present techniques for detecting or treating RLS are also applicable to PLMD, where similar symptoms (leg twitching or movements) occur during sleep.

[0117] A non-limiting numbered list of certain aspects of the present application is provided below. Aspect 1 may include or use particular items (such as an apparatus, a system, a device, a method, a means for performing an operation, or a device-readable medium including a plurality of instructions that, when executed by a device, cause the device to perform an operation), for example, providing treatment for one or more symptoms associated with Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) or Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD) including the use of applied high frequency electrical stimulation. This may include positioning at least one electrical stimulation electrode at a location associated with at least one of the sural nerve, peroneal nerve, or femoral nerve, or at least one branch thereof, of a subject having RLS or PLMD. Electrical stimulation may then be delivered to the location to help reduce or alleviate one or more symptoms associated with RLS or PLMD.

[0118] Aspect 2 includes or uses, or optionally in combination, aspects of aspect 1, including or using delivery of AC high frequency (HF) electrical stimulation below the threshold of perception (e.g., not felt) and below threshold (e.g., no muscles are activated), for example at HF ​​frequencies greater than 500 Hz and less than 15,000 Hz, to reduce or alleviate one or more symptoms associated with RLS or PLMD.

[0119] Aspect 3 may include or use one or more particulars of aspects 1-2, or any combination thereof, and delivering the electrical stimulation may include delivering a controlled current electrical stimulation.

[0120] Aspect 4 may include or utilize one or more particulars of aspects 1-3, or any combination thereof, and may include delivering a controlled current electrical stimulus at a controlled current level between 5 milliamps and 30 milliamps.

[0121] A fifth embodiment may include or use one or more particulars of, or in any combination with, any one or more of, the first through fourth embodiments, and may include delivering a charge-balanced AC electrical stimulus. For example, this may include a positive-going waveform portion that delivers an amount of charge that is balanced by a negative-going waveform portion.

[0122] A sixth embodiment may include or utilize one or more features of the first to fifth embodiments, or may be optionally combined, including, for example, delivering electrical stimulation at a frequency between 4 kHz and 5 kHz.

[0123] Aspect 7 may include or utilize one or more particulars of aspects 1-6, or in any combination, including, for example, delivering subthreshold electrical stimulation below a perception threshold that is set or adjusted at a level that is not felt by the subject and does not cause muscular contraction in the subject.

[0124] Embodiment 8 may include or utilize one or more particulars of embodiments 1-7, or any combination thereof, and delivering the electrical stimulation may include, for example, using a waveform that preferentially activates A-Beta fibers over other nerve fiber types at the targeted nerve location.

[0125] A ninth embodiment may include or utilize one or more particulars of, or in any combination with, embodiments 1-8, including, for example, delivering electrical stimulation with a waveform selected to activate (e.g., preferentially) A-Beta fibers to help release GABA and inhibit overactive A-Delta fibers, C fibers, or both.

[0126] Embodiment 10 may include or utilize one or more features of embodiments 1-9, or any combination thereof, including, for example, delivering controlled current electrical stimulation with an energy level or other electrical stimulation characteristic value set or adjusted based on the measured electrode-skin interface impedance.

[0127] Embodiment 11 may include or utilize, or in any combination, one or more particulars of embodiments 1-10, and may include using an electrical stimulation waveform that produces a resultant measured compound action potential (CAP) having a higher amplitude ratio of A-Beta fiber to C fiber components recorded at a distance (e.g., extending peripherally) from the electrical stimulation electrode along a nerve of interest or its branches, such as an associated one of the sural, peroneal, or femoral nerves, compared to the amplitude ratio from a recorded response to a reference electrical stimulation waveform having a frequency of 150 Hz.

[0128] Example 12 may include or utilize one or more particulars of Examples 1-11, or in any combination, including, for example, delivering set or adjusted electrical stimulation based on a measured load impedance or a component thereof (e.g., electrode-skin interface impedance).

[0129] Aspect 13 may include or utilize one or more features of aspects 1-12, or may be optionally combined, and may include selecting or accepting subjects exhibiting RLS or PLMD. Further, this may optionally include, for example, selecting subjects that do not exhibit at least one of peripheral neuropathy or RLS enhancement above the subject's legs.

[0130] Embodiment 14 may include or utilize one or more particulars of embodiments 1-13, or any combination thereof, and may be automatically triggered or adjusted, for example, in response to a sensor or other indication of RLS symptoms in the subject.

[0131] Embodiment 15 may include or utilize one or more particulars of embodiments 1-14, or in any combination, including delivering automatically triggered or coordinated electrical stimulation, e.g., in response to a sensor or other indication of PLMD symptoms in a subject.

[0132] Example 16 may include or utilize one or more particular features of Examples 1-15, or may be optionally combined, to include, for example, delivering automatically triggered or coordinated electrical stimulation in response to time information (e.g., from a clock or timer circuit).

[0133] Example 17 may include or utilize one or more particulars of Examples 1-16, or in any combination, including delivering automatically triggered or coordinated electrical stimulation in response to, for example, a sensor or other indication of the subject's posture.

[0134] Example 18 may include or utilize one or more particulars of Examples 1-17, or in any combination, including delivering automatically triggered or coordinated electrical stimulation in response to, for example, a sensor or other indication of the subject's sleep state or sleep stage.

[0135] Example 19 may include or utilize one or more particulars of Examples 1-18, or in any combination, including, for example, delivering automatically triggered or adjusted electrical stimulation in response to a sensor or other indication of the subject's autonomic balance (e.g., heart rate variability (HRV), etc.).

[0136] Embodiment 20 may include or utilize one or more particulars of embodiments 1-19, or in any combination, including, for example, delivering automatically triggered or coordinated electrical stimulation in response to one or more sensors or other indications of the subject's leg or foot movement (e.g., from an accelerometer).

[0137] Embodiment 21 may include or utilize one or more features of embodiments 1-20, or may be optionally combined, to include automatically triggered or adjusted delivery of electrical stimulation, e.g., in response to a subject's drug treatment indication. For example, an RLS electrical stimulation therapy treatment plan may gradually increase electrical stimulation energy levels over a period of time long enough to gradually decrease RLS drug treatment for the subject.

[0138] Embodiment 22 may include or utilize, or optionally combine, one or more particulars of embodiments 1-21, and may include, for example, using information about the delivered electrical stimulation (or the physiological response to the delivered electrical stimulation) to affect drug treatment of a subject. For example, this may include delivering an electrical stimulation, measuring a flexion response or a compound action potential (CAP) response, and using such physiological response information to determine whether or how to titrate one or more drugs administered to the patient.

[0139] Example 23 may include or use, or in any combination, one or more particulars of Examples 1-22, and may include, for example, communicating information regarding the delivered electrical stimulation, its effectiveness (e.g., physiological parameters measured in connection with providing therapy, etc.), or one or more symptoms (e.g., leg movement, sleep state, etc.) to a local or remote external device (e.g., a local interface device or a remote server device).

[0140] Example 24 may include or utilize one or more particulars of Examples 1-23, or in any combination, and may include, for example, positioning an electrical stimulation electrode at an external location associated with the sural nerve or at least one branch thereof (e.g., a directly connected peripherally extending branch).

[0141] Example 25 may include or utilize one or more particulars of Examples 1-24, or in any combination, and may include, for example, positioning an external electrical stimulation electrode in a location associated with the peroneal nerve or at least one branch thereof (e.g., a directly connected peripherally extending branch).

[0142] Example 26 may include or utilize one or more particulars of Examples 1-25, or any combination thereof, and may include, for example, positioning an electrical stimulation electrode at an external location relative to the femoral nerve or at least one branch thereof (e.g., a directly connected peripherally extending branch).

[0143] Embodiment 27 may include or utilize one or more particular features of embodiments 1-26, or any combination thereof, and may include, for example, placing an electrical stimulation electrode at an external location on or near the subject's knee.

[0144] Example 28 may include or utilize one or more particulars of Examples 1-27, or in any combination, and may include positioning an electrical stimulation electrode, including, for example, placing a knee sleeve around the subject's leg at the subject's knee.

[0145] Embodiment 29 may include or utilize one or more particular features of embodiments 1-28, or any combination thereof, and may include, for example, placing an electrical stimulation electrode at an external location on or near the subject's heel.

[0146] Embodiment 30 may include or utilize one or more particular features of embodiments 1-29, or in any combination, and may include positioning an electrical stimulation electrode at an external location at or near the peroneal nerve target just below the tibial tuberosity on the anterior part of the subject's lower leg, e.g., below the patella.

[0147] Example 31 may include or utilize one or more particulars of Examples 1-31, or in any combination, including delivering electrical stimulation triggered in response to at least one of an RLS or PLMD symptom, a time of day, an indication of posture, an indication of a sleep state, an indication of autonomic balance, or an indication of leg or foot movement, for example.

[0148] Example 32 may include or utilize one or more particular features of Examples 1-31, or any combination thereof, including, for example, transcutaneous delivery of electrical stimulation via external electrodes placed on the subject.

[0149] Aspect 33 may include or use one or more particulars of aspects 1-32, or in any combination, for example, to treat one or more symptoms associated with Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) or Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD) using applied electrical stimulation. This may include positioning at least one electrical stimulation electrode at a location associated with at least one of the sural nerve, peroneal nerve, or femoral nerve, or at least one branch thereof. It may include delivering subthreshold AC electrical stimulation below the sensory threshold with a waveform configured to provide a resultant measured compound action potential (CAP) having an increased amplitude ratio of A-Beta fiber to C fiber components recorded at a distance from the electrical stimulation electrode along the associated one of the sural nerve, peroneal nerve, or femoral nerve, relative to a 150 Hz reference electrical stimulation waveform.

[0150] Aspect 34 may include or use, or in any combination, one or more particulars of aspects 1-33, including treating one or more symptoms associated with Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) or Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD), for example, with applied high frequency electrical stimulation. Electrical stimulation electrodes are positioned at locations associated with at least one of the sural nerve, peroneal nerve, or femoral nerve, or at least one branch thereof. Subthreshold AC electrical stimulation below the sensory threshold is delivered with a waveform configured to release GABA to provide a resulting higher measured increase in GABA compared to any increase in GABA resulting from, for example, a 150 Hz baseline electrical stimulation waveform.

[0151] Aspect 35 may include or use one or more particulars of aspects 1-34, or in any combination, to include or use a device for treating one or more symptoms associated with Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) or Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD), e.g., using high frequency electrical stimulation. The device may include or be coupled to a plurality of external electrical stimulation electrodes configured to be affixed to a subject, e.g., at a location associated with at least one of the sural nerve, peroneal nerve, or femoral nerve, or at least one branch thereof (e.g., a directly connected peripheral or distally extending branch), for delivering electrical stimulation thereto. An electrical stimulation generating circuit may be applied to or coupled to the plurality of electrical stimulation electrodes to generate electrical stimulation for delivery by the plurality of electrical stimulation electrodes. For example, a controller circuit may be coupled to the electrical stimulation generating circuit to, e.g., control at least one parameter of the electrical stimulation.

[0152] Embodiment 36 may include or utilize one or more particular features of embodiments 1-35, or in any combination, including, for example, an electrical stimulation generation circuit including a sub-perceptual threshold AC electrical stimulation generation circuit coupled to a plurality of electrical stimulation electrodes to deliver electrical stimulation to a location at a frequency greater than 500 Hz and less than 15,000 Hz to help reduce or alleviate one or more symptoms associated with RLS or PLMD.

[0153] Example 37 may include or utilize one or more particular features of Examples 1-36, or in any combination, to include or utilize an electrical stimulation generation circuit having a control current circuit configured to control the electrical stimulation current, such as at a current level between 5 milliamps and 30 milliamps.

[0154] Example 38 may include or utilize one or more particular features of Examples 1-37, or in any combination, to include or utilize an electrical stimulation generation circuit configured to provide a controlled current electrical stimulation waveform, e.g., having a frequency between 4 kHz and 5 kHz.

[0155] Embodiment 39 may include or utilize one or more particular features of embodiments 1-38, or any combination thereof, for example, a stabilizer that holds at least a portion of the device in a target position.

[0156] Embodiment 40 may include or utilize one or more particular features of embodiments 1-39, or in any combination, including, for example, a stabilizer including a skin patch configured for application to a subject in a location to deliver electrical stimulation.

[0157] Embodiment 41 may include or utilize one or more particular features of embodiments 1-40, or in any combination, including, for example, a stabilizer including a wearable sleeve configured to hold the device in a position to deliver electrical stimulation.

[0158] Example 42 may include or use one or more particulars of Examples 1-41, or in any combination, and may include or use a user interface coupled to the controller circuit to trigger or adjust electrical stimulation in response to at least one of, for example, RLS or PLMD symptoms, time of day, an indication of posture, an indication of sleep state, an indication of autonomic balance, or an indication of leg or foot movement.

[0159] Example 43 may include or use one or more particulars of Examples 1-42, or in any combination, including or using a sensor coupled to the controller circuit to trigger or adjust electrical stimulation in response to at least one of, for example, RLS or PLMD symptoms, time of day, an indication of posture, an indication of sleep state, an indication of autonomic balance, or an indication of leg or foot movement.

[0160] Example 44 may include or use one or more particulars of Examples 1-43, or in any combination, including, for example, an accelerometer configured to detect movement of at least a portion of the subject (e.g., movement of a leg or foot).

[0161] Embodiment 45 may include or use one or more particular features of embodiments 1-44, or in any combination, including, for example, a sensor including a clock circuit that provides a time indication.

[0162] Example 46 may include or use one or more particulars of Examples 1-45, or in any combination, including, for example, a posture sensor configured to detect the posture of the subject (e.g., upright, lying down, etc.).

[0163] Example 47 may include or use one or more particulars of Examples 1-46, or in any combination, including, for example, a sleep sensor configured to indicate a sleep state of a subject.

[0164] Example 48 may include or utilize one or more particulars of Examples 1-47, or in any combination, including, for example, a sensor including an automatic balance indicator configured to provide information regarding at least one of the subject's sympathetic tone or parasympathetic tone.

[0165] Example 49 may include or use one or more particulars of Examples 1-48, or in any combination, including or using a sensor, including an impedance sensor configured to provide information about the impedance of the subject or an impedance associated with the subject to a controller circuit, for example, to adjust parameters of the electrical stimulation accordingly.

[0166] Embodiment 50 may include or utilize one or more particular features of embodiments 1-49, or in any combination, including or utilizing a controller circuit configured to, for example, initiate or adjust parameters of the electrical stimulation using information about the subject's drug treatment.

[0167] Embodiment 51 may include or utilize one or more particular features of embodiments 1-50, or in any combination, and may include or utilize a transceiver circuit configured to communicate, for example, information about the delivered electrical stimulation, its effective physiological parameter(s), or symptom(s) to a local or remote external device.

[0168] Embodiment 52 may include or utilize one or more particular features of embodiments 1-51, or in any combination, for example, including or utilizing multiple electrostimulating electrodes carried on an adhesive patch.

[0169] Embodiment 53 may include or utilize one or more particular features of embodiments 1-52, or any combination thereof, including, for example, an adherent patch configured to be used only once before discarding the patch.

[0170] Embodiment 54 may include or utilize one or more particular features of embodiments 1-53, or in any combination, including, for example, a device further including an electronic circuit or a battery carried by the adhesive patch.

[0171] Embodiment 55 may include or use one or more particulars of embodiments 1-54, or in any combination, to include or use an apparatus for treating one or more symptoms associated with Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) or Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD), for example, using electrical stimulation at the level of the sural nerve behind and below the ankle of a human subject. The apparatus may include or use, for example, a wearable, attachable patch including a plurality of external electrical stimulation electrodes including a plurality of electrical contacts in a first configuration configured to be secured to the subject at the level of the sural nerve and receiving signals from an electrical stimulation electronics unit that is user-wearable and user-detachable from the patch.

[0172] Embodiment 56 may include or utilize one or more particular features of embodiments 1-55, or any combination thereof, such as a patch sized and shaped to fit on the outside of a human subject's foot, for example, between the ankle and the heel.

[0173] Embodiment 57 may include or utilize one or more particular features of embodiments 1-56, or in any combination, including, for example, a patch including a central lobe that receives an electrical stimulation electronics unit (and optionally additionally carries electrical stimulation electrodes) and a number of wing portions extending from the central lobe that carry a corresponding number of electrical stimulation electrodes for contacting the subject's skin.

[0174] Example 58 may include or utilize one or more particulars of Examples 1-57, or in any combination, including, for example, an electrical stimulation electronics unit including a plurality of electrical contacts in a second configuration matching the first configuration of the patch.

[0175] Example 59 may include or utilize one or more particulars of Examples 1-58, or in any combination, including, for example, one or more electrical contacts of a patch that is magnetized to attract similarly positioned contacts of an electrical stimulation electronics unit.

[0176] Embodiment 60 may include or utilize one or more particular features of embodiments 1-59, or in any combination, including, for example, a lower layer carrying a plurality of hydrogel electrodes, an upper layer including a plurality of electrical contacts for interfacing with an electronics unit, and an intermediate layer providing electrical connection to the plurality of hydrogel electrodes supported by the lower layer and the plurality of electrical contacts included in the upper layer.

[0177] Aspect 61 may include or utilize one or more particulars of aspects 1-60, or in any combination, to include or utilize an apparatus for treating one or more symptoms associated with Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) or Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD), e.g., using electrical stimulation at the peroneal nerve below the patella and tibial tuberosity of the anterior portion of the lower leg of a human subject. The apparatus may include or utilize, e.g., a wearable, attachable patch including a plurality of external electrical stimulation electrodes configured to be secured to the subject at the peroneal nerve, and including a plurality of electrical contacts in a first configuration that receive signals from an electrical stimulation electronics unit that is, e.g., user-wearable and user-detachable from the patch.

[0178] Embodiment 62 may include or utilize one or more particular features of embodiments 1-61, or in any combination, including, for example, a wearable adhesive patch including a plurality of electrodes at each end of the patch for placement at opposing lateral and medial locations on the tibia, and a plurality of electrical contacts in a first configuration disposed at one of the ends of the patch.

[0179] Embodiment 63 may include or utilize one or more particular features of embodiments 1-62, or may be in any combination, such as including or utilizing a wearable stick-on patch including or utilizing a return electrode positioned to be positioned anterior to the tibia when an electrode at one of multiple ends of the patch is positioned laterally or medially on the peroneal nerve target.

[0180] Embodiment 64 includes or utilizes one or more particular features of embodiments 1-63, or in any combination, including, for example, a patch including multiple lobes extending in opposite directions at each end of the patch, each lobe carrying an electrode.

[0181] Embodiment 65 may include or utilize one or more particular features of embodiments 1-64, or any combination thereof, such as a patch that includes or utilizes a lower layer carrying a plurality of hydrogel electrodes, an upper layer including a plurality of electrical contacts for interfacing with an electronics unit, and a middle layer providing electrical connection to the plurality of hydrogel electrodes carried by the lower layer and to the plurality of electrical contacts included in the upper layer.

[0182]

[0036] Aspect 66 may include or utilize one or more particulars of aspects 1-65, or in any combination, to include or utilize an apparatus for treating one or more symptoms associated with Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) or Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD), for example, using electrical stimulation at the top anterior femoral nerve location of the femur of a human subject. The apparatus may include or utilize a wearable, attachable patch including a plurality of external electrical stimulation electrodes configured to be secured to the subject at the location of the peroneal nerve, and including a plurality of electrical contacts in a first configuration that receive signals from an electrical stimulation electronics unit that is user-wearable and user-detachable from the patch.

[0183] Embodiment 67 may include or utilize one or more particular features of embodiments 1-66, or in any combination, including, for example, a wearable adhesive patch including a plurality of electrodes at each end of the patch for placement at opposing lateral and medial locations on the thigh, and a plurality of electrical contacts in a first configuration disposed at one of the ends of the patch.

[0184] Embodiment 68 may include or utilize one or more particular features of embodiments 1-67, or in any combination, such as including or utilizing a wearable stick-on patch that may include a return electrode positioned to be positioned anterior to the femur when an electrode at one of multiple ends of the patch is positioned lateral or medial on the femoral nerve target.

[0185] Embodiment 69 can include or utilize one or more particular features of embodiments 1-68, or in any combination, including, for example, a patch including multiple lobes extending in opposite directions at each end of the patch, each lobe carrying an electrode.

[0186] Embodiment 70 may include or utilize one or more particular features of embodiments 1-69, or in any combination, including, for example, a lower layer carrying a plurality of hydrogel electrodes, an upper layer including a plurality of electrical contacts for interfacing with an electronics unit, and an intermediate layer providing electrical connection to the plurality of hydrogel electrodes supported by the lower layer and the plurality of electrical contacts included in the upper layer.

[0187] The above description includes references to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of the detailed description. The drawings show, by way of example, specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. These embodiments are also referred to herein as "aspects" or "examples." Such examples may include elements in addition to those shown or described. However, the inventors also contemplate examples in which only those elements shown or described are provided. Furthermore, the inventors also contemplate examples using any combination or permutation of the elements shown or described (or one or more aspects thereof) with respect to the particular example (or one or more aspects thereof) or with respect to other examples (or one or more aspects thereof) shown or described herein.

[0188] In the event of a conflict between this specification and any document incorporated by reference, the usage in this specification shall control. As is common in patent documents, the terms "a" or "an" are used herein to include one or more, regardless of other instances or usages of "at least one" or "one or more." As used herein, the term "or" is used to indicate an exclusive "or," and "A or B" includes "B but not A," "A but not B," and "A and B," unless otherwise specified. As used herein, the terms "including" and "in which" are used as the plain English equivalents of the corresponding terms "comprising" and "wherein." Also, in the appended claims, the terms "including" and "comprising" are open-ended, i.e., a system, apparatus, article, composition, formulation, or process that includes a plurality of elements in addition to those recited after such term in a claim is still considered to be within the scope of that claim. Moreover, in the appended claims, the terms "first," "second," and "third," etc. are used merely as labels and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects.

[0189] Geometric terms such as "parallel," "perpendicular," "circular," or "square" are not intended to require absolute mathematical precision unless the context indicates otherwise. Instead, such geometric terms allow for variations due to manufacturing or equivalent functions. For example, if an element is described as "circular" or "nearly circular," components that are not exactly circular (e.g., those that are slightly oval or multi-sided polygonal) are also included in this specification.

[0190] Examples of the methods described herein may be at least partially machine or computer-implemented. Some examples may include a computer-readable medium or machine-readable medium encoded with instructions operable to configure an electronic device to perform methods such as those described in the above examples. Implementations of such methods may include code, such as microcode, assembly language code, high-level language code, etc. Such code may include computer-readable instructions for performing various methods. The code may form part of a computer program product. Further, in one example, the code may be tangibly stored on one or more volatile, non-transitory, or non-volatile tangible computer-readable media, such as during execution or at other times. Examples of these tangible computer-readable media may include, but are not limited to, hard disks, removable magnetic disks, removable optical disks (e.g., compact disks and digital video disks), magnetic cassettes, memory cards or sticks, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), etc.

[0191] The above description is illustrative and not restrictive. For example, the above-described examples (or one or more aspects thereof) may be used in combination with each other. Other embodiments may be used, for example, by one of ordinary skill in the art upon review of the above description. The Abstract is provided to comply with 37 CFR §1.72(b) to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. The Abstract is submitted with the understanding that it is not used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. Also, in the above Detailed Description, various features may be grouped together to simplify the disclosure. This should not be construed as intending that unclaimed disclosed features are essential to any claim. Rather, inventive subject matter may lie in less than all features of a particular disclosed embodiment. Thus, the appended claims are incorporated into the Detailed Description as examples or embodiments, with each claim standing on its own as an independent embodiment, and such embodiments can be combined with each other in various combinations or permutations. The scope of the present invention should be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.

Claims

1. 1. A neurostimulation therapy system for treating a patient having one or more symptoms associated with restless legs syndrome (RLS) or periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) using high frequency electrical stimulation, comprising: a wearable device including an electrical stimulation electronics unit including or coupled to first and second skin electrodes for delivering electrical stimulation therapy signals to the patient at sensory nerves for the tibialis anterior region, the gastrocnemius region, the rectus femoris, and the biceps femoris of the patient, the electrical stimulation therapy signals being delivered at a frequency of 500 Hz to 15,000 Hz and a current of 5 mA to 30 mA to induce responsive neural activation in the sensory nerves for the tibialis anterior region, the gastrocnemius region, the rectus femoris, and the biceps femoris; A system comprising: a controller circuit included in or coupled to the electrical stimulation electronics unit, the controller circuit configured to set or adjust electrical stimulation therapy signal parameters.

2. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the controller circuitry is configured to set or adjust the electrical stimulation therapy signal parameters based on one or more of a measured physiological parameter, a set of user symptoms, and a user survey.

3. The system of claim 2 , wherein one or more of the measured physiological parameters, the set of user symptoms, and the user survey relate to at least one of RLS and PLMD.

4. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the controller circuitry is configured to detect a sleep stage of the patient and set or adjust the electrical stimulation therapy signal parameters based on the detected sleep stage of the patient.

5. The controller circuit includes:

10. The system of claim 1, configured to coordinate triggering or adjustment of at least one of an electrical stimulation therapy or a drug therapy based on an indication that the other is being administered to the patient.

6. a transceiver circuit configured to communicate information regarding the delivered electrical stimulation therapy signal, electrical stimulation therapy efficacy, or one or more symptoms to a remote external device; 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the controller circuitry is configured to coordinate triggering or adjustment of drug therapy for the patient based on information about the delivered electrical stimuli or a physiological response to the delivered electrical stimuli.

7. 1. A transceiver circuit comprising: Indication of downward titration of drug therapy; the transceiver circuitry configured to communicate sensor data including at least one of an actigraphic recording corresponding to the downward titration of the drug treatment, a measurement of sympathetic tone, a measurement of sleep, and an electroencephalogram (EEG); The system of claim 1 , wherein the controller circuitry is configured to adjust electrical stimulation parameters of the electrical stimulation therapy signal based on the sensor data.

8. at least one of a neural network, an artificial intelligence model, and a machine learning system; At least one of the neural network, the artificial intelligence model, and the machine learning system: receiving efficacy data including one or more of a measured physiological parameter, a set of user symptoms, or a user survey; using the efficacy data to determine desired electrical stimulation therapy signal parameters; The system of claim 1 , configured to: communicate the desired electrical stimulation therapy signal parameters to the controller circuit.

9. 10. The system of claim 1, comprising an electrical stimulation generating circuit configured to deliver the electrical stimulation therapy signal having a frequency between 4 kHz and 5 kHz.

10. 10. The system of claim 1, further comprising a user interface coupled to the controller circuit for triggering or adjusting the electrical stimulation therapy signal in response to at least one of a sleep disorder symptom, a time of day, an indication of posture, an indication of sleep state, an indication of autonomic balance, or an indication of leg or foot movement.

11. 10. The system of claim 1, further comprising a sensor including an impedance sensor configured to provide information regarding an impedance associated with the patient to the controller circuit for adjusting parameters of the electrical stimulation therapy signal in response to information regarding an impedance associated with the patient.

12. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the controller circuitry is configured to set or adjust parameters of the electrical stimulation therapy signal using information regarding a drug dosage of the patient's drug therapy.

13. The system includes a sleeve wearable on the patient; 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the sleeve includes the first and second skin electrodes configured to be secured to the patient at the patient's leg and a plurality of electrical contacts in a first configuration to receive signals from the electrical stimulation electronics unit.

14. 14. The system of claim 13, further comprising the electrical stimulation electronics unit including a plurality of electrical contacts in a second configuration that matches the first configuration.

15. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the sensory nerves for the patient's tibialis anterior region, the gastrocnemius region, the rectus femoris, and the biceps femoris include at least one of the sural nerve, the peroneal nerve, and the femoral nerve, or at least one branch thereof.

Images