Distance image pickup element and distance image pickup device

Abstract

To provide a distance image imaging element that improves the accuracy of a distance measured from charges accumulated in a charge accumulation unit.SOLUTION: A distance image imaging element includes a pixel circuit formed on a semiconductor substrate, the pixel circuit including at least a photoelectric conversion element for generating charges according to light entering from a space of a measurement object, a charge accumulation unit for accumulating charges, a transfer MOS transistor (hereinafter TR) provided on a transfer route for transferring charges from the photoelectric conversion element to the charge accumulation unit, and a charge emission TR provided on an emission route for emitting charges from the photoelectric conversion element. In a planar view, the photoelectric conversion element has an N-polygonal shape (N is an integer of 5 or more) and is formed on a semiconductor substrate. The total number of transfer TRs and charge emission TRs is N or more, and on sides of the photoelectric conversion element, the transfer TRs are provided one by one on other second sides excepting a first side on which the charge emission MOS transistor is provided.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a distance image pickup element and a distance image pickup device. [Background technology]

[0002] A time-of-flight (TOF) type range image sensor has been developed that utilizes the known speed of light to measure the distance between a measuring device and an object based on the flight time of light in space (measurement space). In a TOF type range image sensor, a pulse of light (e.g., near-infrared light, etc.) is irradiated onto the object, and the distance between the measuring device and the object is measured based on the difference between the time when the light pulse is irradiated and the time when the light pulse (reflected light) reflected by the object in the measurement space returns, that is, the flight time of light between the measuring device and the object (see, for example, Patent Document 1).

[0003] When using such a range image pickup device to accurately measure the distance to an object at a specified distance, the amount of charge generated from the pixel by light reflected from the subject must be transferred using multiple gates and read out with high accuracy. In a TOF type distance image sensor, a photoelectric conversion element converts the amount of incident light into an electric charge, accumulates the converted electric charge in a charge accumulation unit, and converts an analog voltage corresponding to the amount of accumulated electric charge into a digital value by an AD converter. In addition, TOF type distance image sensors determine the distance between the measuring device and the target object using an analog voltage corresponding to the amount of charge and information on the flight time of light between the measuring device and the target object, which is contained in the digital value.

[0004] In the range imaging device, the charge generated by the photoelectric conversion element is accumulated in each charge accumulation section at a predetermined cycle, and the delay time from the time when the light pulse is irradiated to the time when the light pulse reflected by the subject returns is calculated based on the amount of charge accumulated in each charge accumulation section.The distance from the range imaging device to the subject is calculated based on the delay time and the speed of light. Therefore, in order to transfer charges from the photoelectric conversion element to the charge accumulation section, a transfer gate (transistor) for transferring charges is provided in each of the photoelectric conversion element and the charge accumulation section. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0005] [Patent Document 1] Patent No. 4235729 Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0006] However, if the transfer characteristics of the transfer gate provided between the photoelectric conversion element and the charge accumulation unit differ due to the layout, the distance cannot be measured accurately. In other words, if there is variation in the transfer characteristics of the transfer gates, even if the photoelectric conversion elements generate the same amount of charge, the amount of charge stored in each charge storage section will differ when the charge is transferred from each transfer gate to each charge storage section. As a result, the charge generated in the photoelectric conversion element is not transferred correctly to each charge accumulation section due to the variation in the transfer characteristics of the transfer gate, and the accuracy of the measured distance is reduced.

[0007] The present invention has been made in consideration of the above circumstances, and provides a distance image capturing element and a distance image capturing device that have similar transfer characteristics for transfer gates that transfer charges from photoelectric conversion elements to each of the charge accumulation sections, transfer charges generated by the photoelectric conversion elements to the charge accumulation sections with the same transfer efficiency, and improve the accuracy of distance measured from the charges accumulated in the charge accumulation sections. [Means for solving the problem]

[0008] In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the distance image pickup device of the present invention is a distance image pickup element having a pixel circuit formed on a semiconductor substrate, the pixel circuit including at least a photoelectric conversion element that irradiates a measurement target with a light pulse and generates an electric charge corresponding to the light reflected by an object in a space of the measurement target and incident thereon, a charge accumulation section that accumulates the electric charge, a transfer MOS transistor provided on a transfer path that transfers the electric charge from the photoelectric conversion element to the charge accumulation section, and a charge discharge MOS transistor provided on a discharge path that discharges the electric charge from the photoelectric conversion element, the photoelectric conversion element 、 In plan view Six Square of By shape a reset transistor, a source follower transistor, and a selection transistor included in a readout unit corresponding to each of the transfer MOS transistors are linearly arranged on an outer periphery of a pair of opposing sides of the hexagon; The transfer MOS transistor and the charge drain MOS transistor are formed on the semiconductor substrate, and the sum of the transfer MOS transistor and the charge drain MOS transistor is 6 pieces in The charge draining MOS transistor is Six On two sides of the polygon, Six The charge draining MOS transistors are arranged opposite to each other on an axis passing through the center of the square. The two sides of The transfer MOS transistor So that The photoelectric conversion element is characterized in that the transfer MOS transistor is provided on each of the second sides other than the first side on which the charge discharging MOS transistor is provided, and one of the transfer MOS transistors is provided on each of the second sides other than the first side on which the charge discharging MOS transistor is provided.

[0009] In the distance image pickup device of the present invention, the transfer MOS transistor is Six It is perpendicular to any side of the polygon and Six The feature is that they are arranged in line symmetry with respect to an axis passing through the center of the polygon.

[0010] The distance image pickup element of the present invention is Six One of the sides of the polygon is the first side on which the charge-discharging MOS transistor is arranged.

[0011] The distance image pickup element of the present invention is characterized in that the charge storage sections are arranged in line symmetry with respect to the axis.

[0012] Books The distance image pickup element of the invention is characterized in that a microlens is formed on the surface side of the pixel circuit where the light is incident, and the optical axis of the microlens is perpendicular to the incident surface of the photoelectric conversion element and passes through the center of the incident surface.

[0013] The distance image capturing device of the present invention is characterized in that it comprises a light receiving unit equipped with any of the distance image capturing elements described above, and a distance image processing unit that determines the distance from the distance image capturing element to a subject from the distance image captured by the distance image capturing element. Effect of the Invention

[0014] As described above, according to the present invention, it is possible to provide a distance image capturing element and a distance image capturing device in which the transfer characteristics of the transfer gates that transfer charges from the photoelectric conversion elements to each of the charge accumulation sections are made similar, the charges generated by the photoelectric conversion elements are transferred to the charge accumulation sections with the same transfer efficiency, and the accuracy of the distance measured from the charges accumulated in the charge accumulation sections is improved. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0015] [Figure 1] 1 is a block diagram showing a schematic configuration of a range image pickup device according to a first embodiment of the present invention. [Diagram 2] FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a schematic configuration of an imaging element (distance image sensor 32) used in a range image pickup device 1 according to a first embodiment of the present invention. [Diagram 3] FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram showing an example of the configuration of a pixel circuit 321 arranged in a light receiving area 320 of a distance image sensor 32 (distance image pickup element) which is a solid-state image pickup element used in the distance image pickup device 1 of the first embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 4] 3 is a diagram showing an example of an arrangement (layout pattern) of each transistor of a pixel circuit 321 in the first embodiment. FIG. [Diagram 5]5 is a diagram showing an example of the arrangement relationship between the photoelectric conversion element PD, the transfer transistor G, and the charge discharging transistor GD in FIG. 4 according to the first embodiment. FIG. [Figure 6] 1 is a diagram for explaining the transfer of charges from a photoelectric conversion element PD to a floating diffusion FD by a transfer transistor G. FIG. [Figure 7] 1A and 1B are diagrams for explaining the transfer of charges from a photoelectric conversion element PD by a transfer transistor G1 and a charge discharging transistor GD. [Figure 8] FIG. 11 is a diagram showing an example of an arrangement (layout pattern) of each transistor of a pixel circuit 321 according to the second embodiment. [Figure 9] 9 is a diagram showing an example of the arrangement relationship between the photoelectric conversion element PD, the transfer transistor G, and the charge discharging transistor GD in FIG. 8. FIG. [Figure 10] 13 is a diagram showing the positional relationship between a photoelectric conversion element PD and a microlens ML of a pixel circuit 321. FIG. [Figure 11] 3 is a plan view showing a lens array in a part of a light receiving area 320 in which a plurality of pixel circuits 321 are arranged. [Figure 12] 11 is a cross-sectional view of a lens array of a pixel circuit 321 in which a microlens ML in FIG. 10 is provided. [Figure 13] 11 is a cross-sectional view of a lens array of a pixel circuit 321 in which a microlens ML in FIG. 10 is provided. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0016] <First embodiment> Hereinafter, a first embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. Fig. 1 is a block diagram showing a schematic configuration of a distance image pickup device using a distance image pickup element of a first embodiment of the present invention. The distance image pickup device 1 shown in Fig. 1 comprises a light source unit 2, a light receiving unit 3, and a distance image processing unit 4. Fig. 1 also shows a subject S, which is an object to which the distance is measured in the distance image pickup device 1. The distance image pickup element is, for example, a distance image sensor 32 (described later) in the light receiving unit 3.

[0017] The light source section 2 irradiates a light pulse PO into a space to be photographed, in which a subject S, the distance of which is to be measured by the distance image pickup device 1, exists, under the control of the distance image processor 4. The light source section 2 is, for example, a surface-emitting semiconductor laser module such as a Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL). The light source section 2 includes a light source device 21 and a diffusion plate 22.

[0018] The light source device 21 is a light source that emits laser light in a near-infrared wavelength band (for example, a wavelength band of 850 nm to 940 nm) that becomes a light pulse PO to be irradiated to the subject S. The light source device 21 is, for example, a semiconductor laser light emitting element. The light source device 21 emits pulsed laser light in response to control from the timing control unit 41. The diffusion plate 22 is an optical component that diffuses the laser light in the near-infrared wavelength band emitted by the light source device 21 to a surface area to be irradiated onto the subject S. The pulsed laser light diffused by the diffusion plate 22 is emitted as a light pulse PO and is irradiated onto the subject S.

[0019] The light receiving unit 3 receives reflected light RL of the light pulse PO reflected by a subject S to be measured for distance in the distance image pickup device 1, and outputs a pixel signal corresponding to the received reflected light RL. The light receiving unit 3 includes a lens 31 and a distance image sensor 32 (an example of a distance image pickup element). The lens 31 is an optical lens that guides the incident reflected light RL to the distance image sensor 32. The lens 31 outputs the incident reflected light RL to the distance image sensor 32 side, and causes the light to be received (incident) by each pixel circuit provided in the light receiving region of the distance image sensor 32.

[0020] The distance image sensor 32 is an imaging element used in the distance image capturing device 1. The distance image sensor 32 has a plurality of pixel circuits in a two-dimensional light receiving area. Each pixel circuit (pixel circuit 321) of the distance image sensor 32 has one photoelectric conversion element, a plurality of charge accumulation units corresponding to this one photoelectric conversion element, and components that distribute charge to each charge accumulation unit.

[0021] The distance image sensor 32 distributes the charges generated by the photoelectric conversion elements to each charge accumulation section according to the control of the timing control section 41. The distance image sensor 32 also outputs a pixel signal according to the amount of charge distributed to the charge accumulation section. The distance image sensor 32 has a plurality of pixel circuits arranged in a two-dimensional matrix, and outputs a pixel signal for one frame corresponding to each pixel circuit.

[0022] The distance image processing unit 4 controls the distance image pickup device 1 and calculates the distance to the subject S. Distance image processing section 4 includes a timing control section 41 and a distance calculation section . The timing control unit 41 controls the timing of outputting various control signals required for distance measurement. The various control signals here are, for example, a signal for controlling the irradiation of the light pulse PO, a signal for distributing the reflected light RL to a plurality of charge accumulation units, a signal for controlling the number of distributions per frame, etc. The number of distributions refers to the number of times the process of distributing electric charges to the charge accumulation units CS (see FIG. 3) is repeated.

[0023] The distance calculation unit 42 outputs distance information obtained by calculating the distance to the subject S based on the pixel signal output from the distance image sensor 32. The distance calculation unit 42 calculates the delay time Td from the irradiation of the light pulse PO to the reception of the reflected light RL based on the amount of charge accumulated in the multiple charge accumulation units CS. The distance calculation unit 42 calculates the distance to the subject S according to the calculated delay time Td.

[0024] With this configuration, in the distance image capturing device 1, the light source unit 2 irradiates a light pulse PO in the near-infrared wavelength band onto the subject S, and the light receiving unit 3 receives the reflected light RL that is reflected by the subject S, and the distance image processing unit 4 outputs distance information measuring the distance between the subject S and the distance image capturing device 1. Although FIG. 1 shows the distance image pickup device 1 having the distance image processing section 4 therein, the distance image processing section 4 may be an element provided outside the distance image pickup device 1.

[0025] Next, there will be described the configuration of the distance image sensor 32 used as an imaging element in the distance image pickup device 1. Fig. 2 is a block diagram showing a schematic configuration of the imaging element (distance image sensor 32) used in the distance image pickup device 1 according to the first embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 2, the distance image sensor 32 includes, for example, a light receiving area 320 in which a plurality of pixel circuits 321 are arranged, a control circuit 322, a vertical scanning circuit 323 having a distribution operation, a horizontal scanning circuit 324, and a pixel signal processing circuit 325.

[0026] Light receiving area 320 is an area in which a plurality of pixel circuits 321 are arranged, and Fig. 2 shows an example in which the pixel circuits are arranged in a two-dimensional matrix of 8 rows and 8 columns. Pixel circuits 321 accumulate electric charges corresponding to the amount of light received. Control circuit 322 controls the operation of each part of distance image sensor 32 in response to instructions from timing control section 41 of distance image processing section 4, for example.

[0027] The vertical scanning circuit 323 is a circuit that controls the pixel circuits 321 arranged in the light receiving region 320 for each row in response to control from the control circuit 322. The vertical scanning circuit 323 outputs a voltage signal corresponding to the amount of charge accumulated in each charge accumulation unit CS of the pixel circuit 321 to the pixel signal processing circuit 325.

[0028] The pixel signal processing circuit 325 performs predetermined signal processing (for example, noise suppression processing, A / D conversion processing, etc.) on the voltage signals output from the pixel circuits 321 of each column to the corresponding vertical signal lines in accordance with the control from the control circuit 322. Horizontal scanning circuit 324 is a circuit that sequentially outputs signals output from pixel signal processing circuit 325 in time series according to control from control circuit 322. As a result, pixel signals corresponding to the amount of charge accumulated for one frame are sequentially output to distance image processing circuit 4. In the following explanation, it is assumed that pixel signal processing circuit 325 performs A / D conversion processing and that the pixel signals are digital signals.

[0029] Here, a configuration of the pixel circuit 321 arranged in the light receiving region 320 of the distance image sensor 32 will be described. Fig. 3 is a circuit diagram showing an example of the configuration of the pixel circuit 321 arranged in the light receiving region 320 of the distance image sensor 32 (distance image imaging element) which is a solid-state image sensor used in the distance image pickup device 1 of the first embodiment of the present invention. The pixel circuit 321 in Fig. 3 is an example configuration including four pixel signal readout sections.

[0030] The pixel circuit 321 includes one photoelectric conversion element PD, a charge discharging transistor GD (GD1 and GD2 described below), and four pixel signal readout units RU (RU1, RU2, RU3, and RU4) that output voltage signals from corresponding output terminals O. Each pixel signal readout unit RU includes a transfer transistor G, a floating diffusion FD, a charge storage capacitance C, a reset transistor RT, a source follower transistor SF, and a selection transistor SL. The floating diffusion FD and the charge storage capacitance C form a charge storage unit CS.

[0031] 3, the pixel signal readout unit RU1, which outputs a voltage signal from the output terminal O1, includes a transfer transistor G1 (transfer MOS transistor), a floating diffusion FD1, a charge storage capacitance C1, a reset transistor RT1, a source follower transistor SF1, and a selection transistor SL1. In the pixel signal readout unit RU1, the floating diffusion FD1 and the charge storage capacitance C1 form a charge storage unit CS1. The pixel signal readout units RU2, RU3, and RU4 have a similar configuration.

[0032] The photoelectric conversion element PD is a buried photodiode that photoelectrically converts incident light, generates charges according to the incident light, and accumulates the generated charges. In this embodiment, the incident light is incident from the space to be measured. In the pixel circuit 321, the photoelectric conversion element PD photoelectrically converts the incident light to generate electric charges, which are then distributed to each of four charge accumulation units CS (CS1, CS2, CS3, CS4), and each voltage signal corresponding to the amount of electric charge distributed is output to the pixel signal processing circuit 325. Furthermore, the configuration of the pixel circuit arranged in the distance image sensor 32 is not limited to a configuration having four pixel signal readout units RU (RU1, RU2, RU3, RU4) as shown in Figure 3, but may be a pixel circuit having a configuration having four or more pixel signal readout units RU.

[0033] In driving the pixel circuit 321 of the distance image pickup device 1, a light pulse PO is emitted for an irradiation time To, and reflected light RL is received by the distance image sensor 32 after a delay time Td. The vertical scanning circuit 323 transfers the charges generated in the photoelectric conversion element PD to the charge accumulation units CS1, CS2, CS3 and CS4 in this order in synchronization with the emission of the light pulse PO, and accumulates them in each. At this time, the vertical scanning circuit 323 turns on the transfer transistor G1 provided on the transfer path that transfers the charge from the photoelectric conversion element PD to the charge accumulation unit CS1. As a result, the charge photoelectrically converted by the photoelectric conversion element PD is accumulated in the charge accumulation unit CS1 via the transfer transistor G1. Thereafter, the vertical scanning circuit 323 turns off the transfer transistor G1. As a result, the transfer of the charge to the charge accumulation unit CS1 is stopped. In this manner, the vertical scanning circuit 323 accumulates the charge in the charge accumulation unit CS1. The same is true for the other charge accumulation units CS2, CS3, and CS4.

[0034] At this time, during a charge accumulation period in which charges are distributed to the charge accumulation sections CS, an accumulation cycle in which the accumulation drive signals TX1, TX2, TX3, and TX4 are supplied to the transfer transistors G1, G2, G3, and G4, respectively, is repeated. Then, charges corresponding to incident light are transferred from the photoelectric conversion element PD to the charge accumulation units CS1, CS2, CS3, and CS4, respectively, via the transfer transistors G1, G2, G3, and G4. A plurality of accumulation cycles are repeated during the charge accumulation period. As a result, charges are accumulated in the charge accumulation units CS1, CS2, CS3, and CS4, respectively, for each accumulation cycle of the charge accumulation units CS1, CS2, CS3, and CS4 in the charge accumulation period.

[0035] In addition, when the vertical scanning circuit 323 repeats the accumulation cycle of each of the charge accumulation units CS1, CS2, CS3, and CS4, after the transfer (relocation) of charge to the charge accumulation unit CS4 is completed, it turns on the charge discharge transistors GD1 and GD2 provided on the discharge path that discharges charge from the photoelectric conversion element PD. As a result, before the accumulation cycle for the charge accumulation unit CS1 starts, the charge discharging transistors GD1 and GD2 discard the charge generated in the photoelectric conversion element PD after the accumulation cycle for the previous charge accumulation unit CS4 (i.e., reset the photoelectric conversion element PD).

[0036] The vertical scanning circuit 323 then causes all of the pixel circuits 321 arranged in the light receiving pixel section 320 to output voltage signals to the pixel signal processing circuit 325 in sequence for each row (horizontal arrangement) of the pixel circuits 321. Then, the pixel signal processing circuit 325 performs signal processing such as A / D conversion processing on each of the input voltage signals, and outputs the result to the horizontal scanning circuit 324 . The horizontal scanning circuit 324 outputs the voltage signals after signal processing to the distance calculation section 42 in the order of the columns of the light receiving pixel sections 320 .

[0037] As described above, the vertical scanning circuit 323 repeatedly stores charges in the charge storage units CS (CS1, CS2, CS3, CS4) and discards the charges photoelectrically converted by the photoelectric conversion elements PD over one frame. This causes charges corresponding to the amount of light received by the distance image pickup device 1 during a predetermined time period to be stored in each charge storage unit CS. The horizontal scanning circuit 324 outputs an electrical signal corresponding to the amount of charge for one frame stored in each charge storage unit CS to the distance calculation unit 42.

[0038] Due to the relationship between the timing of irradiating the light pulse PO and the timing of accumulating charges in each of the charge accumulation units CS (CS1, CS2, CS3, CS4), the charge accumulation unit CS1 holds an amount of charge corresponding to external light components such as background light before irradiating the light pulse PO. The charge accumulation units CS2, CS3, and CS4 hold charges corresponding to the reflected light RL and external light components, respectively. The distribution (allocation ratio) of the amount of charge allocated to the charge accumulation units CS2 and CS3, or the charge accumulation units CS3 and CS4, is a ratio according to the delay time Td from when the light pulse PO is reflected by the subject S until it is incident on the distance image pickup device 1 (distance image sensor 32).

[0039] Using this principle, the distance calculation unit 42 calculates the delay time Td using the following equation (1) or (2). Td=To×(Q3-Q1) / (Q2+Q3-2×Q1) …(1) Td=To+To×(Q4-Q1) / (Q3+Q4-2×Q1) …(2) Here, To is the period during which the light pulse PO is irradiated, Q1 is the amount of charge accumulated in the charge accumulation unit CS1, Q2 is the amount of charge accumulated in the charge accumulation unit CS2, Q3 is the amount of charge accumulated in the charge accumulation unit CS3, and Q4 is the amount of charge accumulated in the charge accumulation unit CS4. For example, when Q4=Q1, the distance calculation unit 42 calculates the delay time Td using equation (1), and when Q2=Q1, the distance calculation unit 42 calculates the delay time Td using equation (2).

[0040] In formula (1), charges generated by reflected light are accumulated in the charge accumulation units CS2 and CS3, but not in the charge accumulation unit CS4. On the other hand, in formula (2), charges generated by reflected light are accumulated in the charge accumulation units CS3 and CS4, but not in the charge accumulation unit CS2. In addition, in equation (1) or (2), it is assumed that the component corresponding to the external light component among the amount of charge accumulated in the charge accumulation units CS2, CS3, and CS4 is the same amount as the amount of charge accumulated in the charge accumulation unit CS1.

[0041] The distance calculation unit 42 calculates the round-trip distance from the distance image sensor 32 to the subject S by multiplying the delay time Td obtained by equation (1) or (2) by the speed of light (velocity). Then, the distance calculation unit 42 obtains the distance from the distance image sensor 32 to the subject S by dividing the calculated round trip distance by half.

[0042] FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an example of an arrangement (layout pattern) of each transistor of the pixel circuit 321 in this embodiment. The layout pattern in FIG. 4 shows the layout pattern of the pixel circuit 321 in FIG. 3 (that is, the pixel circuit 321 in FIG. 2). That is, FIG. 4 shows the positional relationship of the transfer transistors G1, G2, G3, and G4 and the charge discharging transistors GD1 and GD2 (corresponding to the charge discharging transistor GD in FIG. 3) with respect to the photoelectric conversion element PD. 4 shows the pattern arrangement of the transfer transistors G1, G2, G3, and G4, the source follower transistors SF1, SF2, SF3, and SF4, the selection transistors SL1, SL2, SL3, and SL4, the reset transistors RT1, RT2, RT3, and RT4, the charge discharging transistors GD1 and GD2, and the photoelectric conversion element PD. Each of the above-mentioned transistors is an n-channel type MOS transistor formed on a p-type semiconductor substrate.

[0043] For example, the reset transistor RT1 is composed of a drain RT1_D (n diffusion layer (n-type impurity diffusion layer)), a source RT1_S (n diffusion layer), and a gate RT1_G on a p-type semiconductor substrate. The contact RT1_C is a pattern indicating a contact provided in each diffusion layer of the drain RT1_D (n diffusion layer) and the source RT1_S (n diffusion layer) of the reset transistor RT1, and connected to wiring (not shown). The other transfer transistors G1, G2, G3, and G4, the source follower transistors SF1, SF3, and SF4, the selection transistors SL1 to SL3, the reset transistors RT2, RT3, and RT4, and the charge discharging transistors GD1 and GD2 have the same configuration. In particular, the configurations of the transfer transistors G1, GD2, G3, and G4 and the charge discharging transistors GD1 and GD2 will be described later.

[0044] The transfer transistor G1 is formed of a floating diffusion FD1 as a drain, a gate G1_G, and a source (n diffusion layer of the photoelectric conversion element PD). Here, the floating diffusion FD1 is a diffusion layer (n diffusion layer) as a drain of the transfer transistor G1, and accumulates electric charges from the photoelectric conversion element PD. The drain G1_D is connected to the gate SF1_G of the source follower transistor SF1 and the source RT1_S of the reset transistor RT1 via a contact G1_C and a wiring (not shown). Each of the other transfer transistors G2, G3, and G4 has the same configuration as the transfer transistor G1. Fig. 4 shows the arrangement of each transistor on the semiconductor substrate of the pixel circuit 321, and does not show the wiring pattern of the wiring and each charge storage capacitance (C1, C2, C3, C4) in Fig. 3. Therefore, each of the charge storage units CS1, CS2, CS3, and CS4 is disposed at the position of each of the floating diffusions FD1, FD2, FD3, and FD4.

[0045] In this embodiment, the photoelectric conversion element PD is formed on a semiconductor substrate in a planar view in the shape of a hexagon (an example of an N-sided polygon where N=6, preferably a regular hexagon), which is an example of a polygon (an N-sided polygon, where N is an integer of 5 or more, i.e., pentagon or more). As described above, in the present invention, the polygon is a pentagon or more, one transfer transistor G or one charge discharge transistor GD is formed on each side of the polygon, and there are four or more transfer transistors G and one or more charge discharge transistors. In this embodiment, the photoelectric conversion element PD is hexagonal, and for the six sides, one transfer transistor G is arranged on each of the four sides for a total of four, and one charge discharge transistor CD is arranged on each of the two sides for a total of two.

[0046] Here, the transfer transistors G1, G2, G3 and G4 are formed with gates G1_G, G2_G, G3_G and G4_G as their gates, floating diffusions FD1, FD2, FD3 and FD4 (n diffusion layer) as their drains, and the n diffusion layer of the photoelectric conversion element PD as its source. 4, the transfer transistors G1 and G4 are provided on opposite sides of the hexagonal photoelectric conversion element PD. Similarly, the transfer transistors G2 and G3 are provided on opposite sides of the hexagonal photoelectric conversion element PD. The sides of the hexagonal photoelectric conversion element PD on which the charge discharging transistors GD1 and GD2 are arranged are formed in parallel, and the axis perpendicular to each of the sides is defined as the y-axis, which passes through the center O of the photoelectric conversion element PD. Moreover, an axis that is perpendicular to the y-axis and passes through the center O of the photoelectric conversion element PD is defined as an x-axis.

[0047] Here, the floating diffusions FD1 and FD2 are arranged at positions that are linearly symmetric with respect to the y-axis. Similarly, the floating diffusions FD3 and FD4 are arranged at positions symmetrical with respect to the y-axis. Moreover, the reset transistors RT1 and RT2 are also arranged in line symmetry with respect to the y-axis. Similarly, the reset transistors RT3 and RT4 are also arranged in line symmetry with respect to the y-axis.

[0048] Moreover, the source follower transistors SF1 and SF2 are also arranged at positions that are symmetrical with respect to the y-axis. Similarly, the source follower transistors SF3 and SF4 are also arranged at positions symmetrical with respect to the y-axis. Moreover, the selection transistors SL1 and SL2 are also arranged at positions that are symmetrical with respect to the y-axis. Similarly, the selection transistors SL3 and SL4 are also arranged at positions symmetrical with respect to the y-axis.

[0049] FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an example of the arrangement relationship between the photoelectric conversion element PD, the transfer transistor G, and the charge discharging transistor GD in FIG. FIG. 5 shows the positional relationship of the transfer transistors G1, G2, G3, and G4 and the charge discharging transistors GD1 and GD2 with respect to the photoelectric conversion element PD. As described in FIG. 4, the photoelectric conversion element PD is formed in a hexagonal shape, which is a type of polygon, and transfer transistors G1, G2, G3, and G4 and charge discharging transistors GD1 and GD2 are provided on each side.

[0050] That is, the photoelectric conversion element PD is formed in, for example, a hexagonal shape, which is an example of a polygon, and includes a side PDE1, a side PDE2, a side PDE3, a side PDE4, a side PDE5, and a side PDE6. Each of the sides PDE1 and PDE2 is formed in a position and shape that is symmetrical with respect to the y-axis. Similarly, each of the sides PDE3 and PDE4 is formed in a position and shape that is symmetrical with respect to the y-axis. On the other hand, each of the sides PDE5 and PDE6 may have a position and shape that are symmetrical with respect to the x-axis, or may have different configurations (such as side lengths).

[0051] The transfer transistor G1 is formed on the side PDE1. The transfer transistor G2 is formed on the side PDE2. The transfer transistors G1 and G2 are formed on the sides PDE1 and PDE2 in line-symmetric positions and shapes with respect to the y-axis, respectively. That is, the gates G1_G and G2_G of the transfer transistors G1 and G2 are disposed in line-symmetric positions with respect to the y-axis.

[0052] Moreover, the transfer transistor G3 is formed on the side PDE3. The transfer transistor G4 is formed on the side PDE4. The transfer transistors G3 and G4 are formed on the sides PDE3 and PDE4 in line-symmetric positions and shapes with respect to the y-axis, respectively. That is, the gates G3_G and G4_G of the transfer transistors G3 and G4 are disposed in line-symmetric positions with respect to the y-axis. Moreover, each of the transfer transistors G1 to G4 is a transistor of the same size, that is, has the same channel length and channel width.

[0053] The charge drain transistors GD1 and GD2 are formed on the sides PDE5 and PDE6, respectively. The charge draining transistors GD1 and GD2 may be the same size as the transfer transistors G1 to G4 or may be different sizes. The charge draining transistors GD1 and GD2 may be the same size as the transfer transistors G1 to G4 or may not be the same size.

[0054] FIG. 6 is a diagram for explaining the transfer of charges from the photoelectric conversion element PD to the floating diffusion FD by the transfer transistor G. FIG. 6(a) shows a cross-sectional structure taken along line AA' (see FIG. 4) of a semiconductor in which the pixel circuit 321 of FIG. 5 is formed. The photoelectric conversion element PD has, for example, p + This is a buried type photodiode that has a surface protection layer for the diffusion layer (p-type impurity diffusion layer). The transfer transistor G2 uses the n-type diffusion layer of the photoelectric conversion element PD as its source and the n-type diffusion layer of the floating diffusion FD2 as its source. + The diffusion layer is formed as a drain.

[0055] The above floating diffusion FD2 + The diffusion layer contains the n + An STI (shallow trench isolation) and a pwell (p-type well, p-diffusion layer) are provided adjacent to each other to suppress the outflow (discharge) of charges from the diffusion layer (to prevent leakage current). The transfer transistor G3 uses the n-type diffusion layer of the photoelectric conversion element PD as its source and the n-type diffusion layer of the floating diffusion FD3 as its source. + The diffusion layer is formed as a drain. Floating Diffusion FD3 + The diffusion layer contains the n+ An STI and a pwell for preventing leakage current from the diffusion layer are provided adjacent to each other.

[0056] When an “H” level gate voltage is applied to the gate G2_G of the transfer transistor G2, the transfer transistor G2 transfers the charge (electrons) generated in the photoelectric conversion element PD to the floating diffusion FD2, which is the drain. The floating diffusion FD2 accumulates the charge transferred from the transfer transistor G2. Similarly, when an “H” level gate voltage is applied to the gate G3_G of the transfer transistor G3, the transfer transistor G3 transfers the charge (electrons) generated in the photoelectric conversion element PD to the floating diffusion FD3, which is the drain. The floating diffusion FD3 then accumulates the charge transferred from the transfer transistor G3.

[0057] Fig. 6(b) shows the potential state in each region of the transfer transistor G2, the photoelectric conversion element PD, and the transfer transistor G3 shown in Fig. 6(a). In Fig. 6(b), the horizontal axis indicates the position in the region, and the vertical axis indicates the height of the potential (the lower the position, the higher the potential (electric potential)). FIG. 6(b) shows the potential state when an “H” level gate voltage is applied to the gate G2_G of the transfer transistor G2, while an “L” level gate voltage is applied to the gate G3_G of the transfer transistor G3.

[0058] Because the gate G3_G of the transfer transistor G3 is at the “L” level, a potential barrier PB is formed in the area of ​​the gate G3_G, and no charge is transferred from the photoelectric conversion element PD to the floating diffusion FD3, which is the drain of the transfer transistor G3 (no electrons flow into the drain). On the other hand, since the gate G2_G of the transfer transistor G2 is at the “H” level, the potential (electric potential) in the area of ​​the gate G2_G rises (no potential barrier is formed), and charge is transferred from the photoelectric conversion element PD to the floating diffusion FD2, which is the drain of the transfer transistor G2 (electrons flow into the drain).

[0059] FIG. 7 is a diagram for explaining the transfer of charges from the photoelectric conversion element PD by the transfer transistor G1 and the charge discharging transistor GD. FIG. 7(a) shows a cross-sectional structure along the y axis of a semiconductor in which the pixel circuit 321 of FIG. 5 is formed. The transfer transistor G1 uses the n-type diffusion layer of the photoelectric conversion element PD as its source and the n-type diffusion layer of the floating diffusion FD1 as its source. + The diffusion layer is formed as a drain. Floating Diffusion FD1 + The diffusion layer contains the n + An STI and a pwell for preventing leakage current from the diffusion layer are provided adjacent to each other. When an "H" level gate voltage is applied to the gate G1_G of the transfer transistor G1, the transfer transistor G1 transfers the charge (electrons) generated in the photoelectric conversion element PD to the floating diffusion FD1, which is the drain. The floating diffusion FD1 accumulates the charge transferred from the transfer transistor G1.

[0060] The charge drain transistor GD1 (or GD2) uses the n-type diffusion layer of the photoelectric conversion element PD as its source and is connected to the power supply VDD. + The diffusion layer is formed as a drain GD_D. Drain GD2_D n + An STI and a pwell for preventing leakage current are provided adjacent to the diffusion layer. When an “H” level gate voltage is applied to the gate GD1_G, the charge discharging transistor GD1 transfers the charge (electrons) generated in the photoelectric conversion element PD to the drain GD1_D (discharges the charge of the photoelectric conversion element PD to the power supply VDD).

[0061] Fig. 7(b) shows the potential state in each region of the charge discharging transistor GD1, the photoelectric conversion element PD, and the charge discharging transistor GD2 shown in Fig. 7(a). In Fig. 7(b), the horizontal axis shows the position in the region, and the vertical axis shows the height of the potential (the lower the position, the higher the potential (electric potential)). FIG. 7(b) shows a state in which an "H" level gate voltage is applied to each of the gate GD1_G of the charge discharging transistor GD1 and the gate GD2_G of the charge discharging transistor GD2, in order to explain the shape of the potential.

[0062] Because the gate GD1_G of the charge discharging transistor GD1 is at the “H” level, the potential in the area of ​​the gate GD1_G decreases (a potential barrier is not formed), and charge is transferred from the photoelectric conversion element PD to the drain GD1_D of the charge discharging transistor GD1 via the charge discharging transistor GD1 (charge is discharged to the power supply VDD). Similarly, since the gate GD2_G of the charge discharging transistor GD2 is at the “H” level, no potential barrier is formed in the region of the gate GD2_G, and charges are transferred from the photoelectric conversion element PD to the drain GD2_D of the charge discharging transistor GD2 (charges are discharged to the power supply VDD).

[0063] When comparing the potential states in Figures 6(b) and 7(b), the shape of the potential decline (potential gradient) in the regions of the gates G1_G, G2_G, G3_G, and G4_G of the transfer transistors G1, G2, G3, and G4, and the shape of the potential decline in the regions of the gates GD1_G and GD2_G of the charge discharge transistors GD1 and GD2, are similarly steep. This is because the transfer transistors G1, G2, G3, and G4 and the charge discharging transistors GD1 and GD2 are arranged at the same distance from the center O of the photoelectric conversion element PD.

[0064] In other words, when the distance from each of the transfer transistors G1, G2, G3, and G4 to the center O of the photoelectric conversion element PD is similar to the distance from each of the charge discharge transistors GD1, GD2 to the center O of the photoelectric conversion element PD, the strength of the electric field extending into the diffusion layer from each of the transfer transistors G1, G2, G3, and G4 to the center O of the photoelectric conversion element PD is similar to the distance from each of the charge discharge transistors GD1, GD2 to the center O of the photoelectric conversion element PD. Since the electric field strength in this diffusion layer is similar, the shape of the drop in potential in each region of the gates G1_G, G2_G, G3_G, G4_G, GD1_G, and GD2_G is similarly steep.

[0065] According to this embodiment, the transfer transistors G2 and G3 have the same shape and are arranged in the same position, and therefore have the same charge transfer efficiency. In addition, since the transfer transistors G1 and G4 have the same shape and are disposed in the same position, the charge transfer efficiency is the same. On the other hand, when the transfer transistors G2 and G3 and the transfer transistors G1 and G4 have different distances from the center O of the photoelectric conversion element PD, when a voltage is applied to the gate, the shape of the electric field generated differs between the transfer transistors G2 and G3 and the transfer transistors G1 and G4.

[0066] Furthermore, because the electric field shapes are different, the potential shapes are also different, and the charge transfer efficiency of each of the transfer transistors G2 and G3 and each of the transfer transistors G1 and G4 is no longer the same. However, since each of the transfer transistors G1, G2, G3, and G4 has the same transistor size, in order to match the transfer efficiency of either one of the pairs of transfer transistors G1 and G4, or transfer transistors G2 and G3, to the transfer efficiency of the other pair, a predetermined adjustment coefficient is multiplied by the amount of charge stored in the charge storage section CS corresponding to the other pair, thereby easily making the transfer efficiencies appear to be the same.

[0067] For example, by multiplying the amount of charge transferred by the transfer transistors G2 and G3 by an adjustment coefficient in accordance with the transfer efficiency of each of the transfer transistors G1 and G4, it is possible to easily align the transfer efficiency of each of the transfer transistors G1, G2, G3, and G4 and make the transfer characteristics appear to be the same. This makes it possible to transfer and accumulate charges in each of the charge accumulation units CS1, CS2, CS3, and CS4 with the same characteristics, and therefore the distance between the subject and the distance image pickup device can be calculated with high accuracy using the amount of charge transferred to and accumulated in each of the charge accumulation units CS1, CS2, CS3, and CS4, according to equations (1) and (2).

[0068] Furthermore, according to this embodiment, in the case where the distance from each of the gates G1_G, G2_G, G3_G, and G4_G of the transfer transistors G1, G2, G3, and G4 to the center O of the photoelectric conversion element PD is the same, the shape of the potential drop of each of the gates G1_G, G2_G, G3_G, and G4_G becomes similar, and it is possible to make the charge transfer efficiency uniform and the transfer characteristics uniform. As a result, the charge generated in the photoelectric conversion element PD can be transferred with high accuracy from each of the transfer transistors G1, G2, G3, and G4 to each of the floating diffusions FD1, FD2, FD3, and FD4.

[0069] In this case, in addition to each of the transfer transistors G1 and G2 and each of the transfer transistors G3 and G4 being linearly symmetrical with respect to the y-axis, each of the transfer transistors G1 and G3 is formed in a linearly symmetrical position and with a linearly symmetrical shape with respect to the x-axis, and each of the transfer transistors G2 and G4 is also formed in a linearly symmetrical position and with a linearly symmetrical shape with respect to the x-axis. Furthermore, by forming the photoelectric conversion element PD into a regular hexagon when viewed from the surface, the distances from each of the gates G1_G, G2_G, G3_G, and G4_G of the transfer transistors G1, G2, G3, and G4 to the center O of the photoelectric conversion element PD can easily be made the same.

[0070] That is, when each of the transfer transistors G1, G2, G3, and G4 transfers, for example, the same amount of charge from the photoelectric conversion element PD to each of the floating diffusions FD1, FD2, FD3, and FD4, the amount of charge stored in the floating diffusions FD1, FD2, FD3, and FD4 will be the same. As a result, according to this embodiment, it is possible to accumulate the charge generated by the photoelectric conversion element PD in each of the charge accumulation units CS1 to CS4 with the same transfer efficiency (transfer characteristics), and therefore the distance between the subject and the distance image pickup device can be calculated with high accuracy using the amount of charge accumulated in each of the charge accumulation units CS1 to CS4, according to equation (1) or (2).

[0071] <Second embodiment> A second embodiment of the present invention will now be described with reference to the drawings. The second embodiment is a distance image pickup element (distance image sensor 32) in a distance image pickup device similar to the configuration in Figure 2, and has pixel signal readout units RU1, RU2, RU3, and RU4 similar to the configuration in Figure 3. Therefore, the operation of calculating the distance between the subject and the distance image pickup device using the amounts of charge accumulated in the charge accumulation units CS1, CS2, CS3, and CS4, respectively, according to equations (1) and (2), is similar.

[0072] FIG. 8 is a diagram showing an example of an arrangement (layout pattern) of each transistor of a pixel circuit 321 in the embodiment. The pattern in FIG. 8 shows the layout pattern of the pixel circuit 321 shown in FIG. That is, FIG. 8 shows the positional relationship of the transfer transistors G1, G2, G3, and G4 and the charge discharging transistor GD with respect to the photoelectric conversion element PD.

[0073] In addition, the transfer transistors G1, G2, G3, and G4, the source follower transistors SF1, SF2, SF3, and SF4, the selection transistors SL1, SL2, SL3, and SL4, the reset transistors RT1, RT2, RT3, and RT4, and the charge discharge transistor GD (similar to the charge discharge transistor GD in the first embodiment) are all n-channel type MOS transistors formed on a p-type semiconductor substrate.

[0074] In this embodiment, the photoelectric conversion element PD is formed on a semiconductor substrate in a pentagonal shape (an example of an N-sided polygon where N=5, preferably a regular pentagon) as viewed in a plan view, which is an example of a polygon. Here, like the transfer transistors G1 to G3, the transfer transistor G4 is formed with the gate G4_G as its gate, the floating diffusion FD4 as its drain, and the n diffusion layer of the photoelectric conversion element PD as its source. 8, the sides of the pentagonal photoelectric conversion element PD in which the charge discharging transistor GD is arranged are formed in parallel, and the axis perpendicular to the sides is defined as the y-axis, which passes through the center O of the photoelectric conversion element PD. Moreover, an axis that is perpendicular to the y-axis and passes through the center O of the photoelectric conversion element PD is defined as an x-axis.

[0075] 8 shows the arrangement of each transistor on a semiconductor substrate of a pixel circuit 321 in the second embodiment, and similarly to the first embodiment, the wiring patterns and the charge storage capacitances (C1 to C4) are omitted. Therefore, each of the charge storage units CS1, CS2, CS3, and CS4 is disposed at the position of each of the floating diffusions FD1, FD2, FD3, and FD4.

[0076] Here, the floating diffusions FD1 and FD2 are arranged at positions that are linearly symmetric with respect to the y-axis. Similarly, the floating diffusions FD3 and FD4 are arranged at positions symmetrical with respect to the y-axis. Moreover, the reset transistors RT1 and RT2 are also arranged in line symmetry with respect to the y-axis. Similarly, the reset transistors RT3 and RT4 are also arranged in line symmetry with respect to the y-axis.

[0077] Moreover, the source follower transistors SF1 and SF2 are also arranged at positions that are symmetrical with respect to the y-axis. Similarly, the source follower transistors SF3 and SF4 are also arranged at positions symmetrical with respect to the y-axis. Moreover, the selection transistors SL1 and SL2 are also arranged at positions that are symmetrical with respect to the y-axis. Similarly, the selection transistors SL3 and SL4 are also arranged at positions symmetrical with respect to the y-axis.

[0078] FIG. 9 is a diagram showing an example of the arrangement relationship between the photoelectric conversion element PD, the transfer transistor G, and the charge discharging transistor GD in FIG. Photoelectric conversion element PD is formed, for example, in the shape of a pentagon, which is an example of a polygon, and has sides PDE11, PDE12, PDE13, PDE14, and PDE15. Each of the sides PDE11 and PDE12 is formed in a position and shape that is line-symmetrical with respect to the y-axis. Similarly, each of sides PDE13 and PDE14 is formed in a position and shape that is symmetrical with respect to the y-axis. On the other hand, side PDE15 may have a length different from each of sides PDE11 and PDE12, and sides PDE13 and PDE14.

[0079] The transfer transistor G1 is formed on the side PDE11. The transfer transistor G2 is formed on the side PDE12. The transfer transistors G1 and G2 are formed on the sides PDE11 and PDE12 in line-symmetric positions and shapes with respect to the y-axis, respectively. That is, the gates G1_G and G2_G of the transfer transistors G1 and G2 are disposed in line-symmetric positions with respect to the y-axis.

[0080] In addition, the transfer transistor G3 is formed on the side PDE13. The transfer transistor G4 is formed on the side PDE14. The transfer transistors G3 and G4 are formed on the sides PDE13 and PDE14 in line-symmetric positions and shapes with respect to the y-axis. That is, the gates G3_G and G4_G of the transfer transistors G3 and G4 are disposed in line-symmetric positions with respect to the y-axis. Moreover, each of the transfer transistors G1 to G4 is a transistor of the same size, that is, has the same channel length and channel width.

[0081] The charge drain transistor GD is formed on the side PDE15. Furthermore, the charge drain transistor GD may be a transistor of the same size as each of the transfer transistors G1 to G4, or may be a transistor of a different size.

[0082] According to this embodiment, the transfer transistors G1 and G2 have the same transistor size, and are arranged in the same position with the same shape, so that the charge transfer efficiency is the same. In addition, the transfer transistors G3 and G4 have the same transistor size, and are arranged in the same position with the same shape, so that the charge transfer efficiency is the same for both the transfer transistors G3 and G4. On the other hand, when the transfer transistors G1 and G2 and the transfer transistors G3 and G4 have different distances from the center O of the photoelectric conversion element PD, when a voltage is applied to the gate, the shape of the electric field generated differs between the transfer transistors G1 and G2 and the transfer transistors G3 and G4.

[0083] Furthermore, because the shape of the electric field is different, the shape of the potential is also different, and the charge transfer efficiency is no longer the same. However, since each of the transfer transistors G1 to G4 has the same transistor size, in order to match the transfer efficiency of either one of the pairs of transfer transistors G1 and G2, or transfer transistors G3 and G4, to the transfer efficiency of the other pair, a predetermined adjustment coefficient is multiplied by the amount of charge stored in the charge storage section CS corresponding to the other pair, thereby easily making the transfer efficiencies appear to be the same.

[0084] For example, by multiplying the amount of charge transferred by the transfer transistors G3 and G4 (the amount of charge stored in the charge storage unit CS) by an adjustment coefficient in accordance with the transfer efficiency of each of the transfer transistors G1 and G2, it is possible to easily align the transfer efficiency of each of the transfer transistors G1, G2, G3, and G4 and make the transfer characteristics appear to be the same. This makes it possible to accumulate charge with the same characteristics in each of the charge accumulation units CS1 to CS4, and therefore the distance between the subject and the distance image pickup device can be calculated with high accuracy using the amount of charge accumulated in each of the charge accumulation units CS1 to CS4, according to equations (1) and (2).

[0085] Furthermore, according to this embodiment, in the case where the distance from each of the gates G1_G, G2_G, G3_G, and G4_G of the transfer transistors G1, G2, G3, and G4 to the center O of the photoelectric conversion element PD is the same, the shape of the potential drop of each of the gates G1_G, G2_G, G3_G, and G4_G becomes similar, and it is possible to make the charge transfer efficiency uniform and the transfer characteristics uniform. As a result, the charge generated in the photoelectric conversion element PD can be transferred with high accuracy from each of the transfer transistors G1, G2, G3, and G4 to each of the floating diffusions FD1, FD2, FD3, and FD4.

[0086] In this case, in addition to the fact that each of the transfer transistors G1 and G2 and each of the transfer transistors G3 and G4 are linearly symmetrical with respect to the y-axis, by forming the photoelectric conversion element PD into a regular pentagon in surface view, the distance from each of the gates G1_G, G2_G, G3_G, G4_G of the transfer transistors G1, G2, G3, and G4 to the center O of the photoelectric conversion element PD can easily be made the same.

[0087] That is, when each of the transfer transistors G1, G2, G3, and G4 transfers, for example, the same amount of charge from the photoelectric conversion element PD to each of the floating diffusions FD1, FD2, FD3, and FD4, the amount of charge stored in the floating diffusions FD1, FD2, FD3, and FD4 will be the same. As a result, according to this embodiment, it is possible to accumulate the charge generated by the photoelectric conversion element PD in each of the charge accumulation units CS1 to CS4 with the same transfer efficiency (transfer characteristics), and therefore the distance between the subject and the distance image pickup device can be calculated with high accuracy using the amount of charge accumulated in each of the charge accumulation units CS1 to CS4, according to equation (1) or (2).

[0088] <Third embodiment> Hereinafter, a third embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. The third embodiment is a distance image pickup element (distance image sensor 32) in a distance image pickup device similar to the configuration in FIG. 2, and is configured such that a light-collecting microlens is provided for each of the pixel circuits 321 shown in FIG. FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the positional relationship between the photoelectric conversion element PD and the microlens ML of the pixel circuit 321. The microlenses ML are produced by thermally deforming a predetermined resin material, and are formed at positions overlapping the arrangement regions of the pixel circuits 321 in plan view. Further, the microlens ML is provided in each pixel circuit 321 at a position where the optical axis (the center of the microlens ML) overlaps with the center O of the photoelectric conversion element PD in a plan view.

[0089] FIG. 11 is a plan view showing a lens array in a part of a light receiving area 320 in which a plurality of pixel circuits 321 are arranged. The microlenses ML in a portion of a 3×3 area in a light receiving region 320 are formed as a lens array (microlens array), and the positional relationship between the pixel circuits 321 and the microlenses ML is shown. Here, the optical axis of each of the microlenses ML in the lens array overlaps with the center O of the pixel circuit 321 that it overlaps with in a plan view.

[0090] FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of a lens array of a pixel circuit 321 in which a microlens ML in FIG. 13 is provided. Fig. 12 shows the cross-sectional shape of the lens array of pixel circuit 321 taken along line segment B-B' in Fig. 11. Moreover, distance image sensor 32, which is a distance image pickup element in Fig. 12, is of an FSI (Front Side Illumination) type in which light is incident from a surface on which a photodiode, which is a photoelectric conversion element PD, is formed.

[0091] A wiring layer 502 insulated by an insulating layer is provided on the semiconductor layer 501, and a dielectric layer 503 serving as passivation is formed on the wiring layer 502. The lens array of the microlenses ML is formed on the dielectric layer 503. The optical axis OA of each of the microlenses ML in the lens array is perpendicular to the surface of the photoelectric conversion element PD in the semiconductor layer 501, and passes through the center O of the pixel circuit 321 that it overlaps with in a plan view.

[0092] FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of a lens array of a pixel circuit 321 in which a microlens ML in FIG. 11 is provided. Fig. 13 shows the cross-sectional shape of the lens array of pixel circuit 321 taken along line segment B-B' in Fig. 11. Moreover, distance image sensor 32, which is a distance image pickup element in Fig. 10, is a BSI (Back Side Illumination) type in which light is incident from the back surface on which a photodiode, which is a photoelectric conversion element PD, is formed.

[0093] A wiring layer 502 insulated by an insulating layer is formed on the semiconductor layer 501, and a dielectric layer 504 serving as passivation is formed on the semiconductor layer 501. The lens array of the microlenses ML is formed on the lower part of the dielectric layer 504. The optical axis OA of each of the microlenses ML in the lens array is perpendicular to the surface of the photoelectric conversion element PD in the semiconductor layer 501, and passes through the center O of the pixel circuit 321 that it overlaps with in a plan view.

[0094] With the above-described configuration, according to this embodiment, the microlens ML collects light incident on the pixel circuit 321 and irradiates it onto the photoelectric conversion element PD, making it possible to efficiently photoelectrically convert the light incident on the pixel circuit 321 and improve the sensitivity to the incident light. In this embodiment, the arrangement of the microlenses ML for the pixel circuit 321 of the first embodiment has been described, but by arranging the microlenses in a similar manner for the pixel circuit 321 of the second embodiment, it is possible to improve the sensitivity to incident light in the pixel circuit 321 of the second embodiment as well. [Explanation of symbols]

[0095] 1...Distance image capture device 2...Light source section 3...Light receiving section 31...Lens 32...Distance image sensor (distance image sensor) 321...Pixel circuit 322...Control circuit 323...Vertical scanning circuit 324...Horizontal scanning circuit 325...Pixel signal processing circuit 4. Distance image processing section 41...Timing control section 42...Distance calculation section CS…Charge storage section FD1, FD2, FD3, FD4...Floating diffusion G1, G2, G3, G4...Transfer transistors GD, GD1, GD2...charge drain transistors ML...Micro lens PD: Photoelectric conversion element PO: Light pulse RT1, RT2, RT3, RT4...Reset transistors RU1, RU2, RU3, RU4...Pixel signal readout unit S…Subject SF1, SF2, SF3, SF4...Source follower transistors SL1, SL2, SL3, SL4...Selection transistors

Claims

1. a pixel circuit formed on a semiconductor substrate, the pixel circuit including at least a photoelectric conversion element that irradiates a measurement object with a light pulse and generates an electric charge corresponding to the light reflected by an object in a space of the measurement object and incident thereon, a charge accumulation unit that accumulates the electric charge, a transfer MOS transistor provided on a transfer path that transfers the electric charge from the photoelectric conversion element to the charge accumulation unit, and a charge discharge MOS transistor provided on a discharge path that discharges the electric charge from the photoelectric conversion element, the photoelectric conversion element has a hexagonal shape in a plan view, a reset transistor, a source follower transistor, and a selection transistor included in a readout unit individually corresponding to the transfer MOS transistor are formed on the semiconductor substrate so as to be linearly arranged on an outer periphery of a pair of opposing sides of the hexagon, and a total number of the transfer MOS transistors and the charge discharge MOS transistors is six; the charge draining MOS transistors are arranged on two sides of the hexagon so as to face each other on an axis passing through a center of the hexagon, and so that the sides adjacent to the charge draining MOS transistors are the transfer MOS transistors; The transfer MOS transistor is provided on each of the second sides of the photoelectric conversion element, except for the first side on which the charge discharging MOS transistor is provided. A distance image pickup element comprising:

2. The transfer MOS transistors are arranged at positions that are symmetrical with respect to an axis that is perpendicular to one of the sides of the hexagon and passes through the center of the hexagon.

2. The distance image pickup device according to claim 1 .

3. One of the sides of the hexagon is the first side on which the charge-discharging MOS transistor is arranged.

3. The distance image pickup device according to claim 2.

4. The charge storage portions are arranged in line symmetry with respect to the axis.

4. The distance image pickup device according to claim 2 or 3.

5. A microlens is formed on the surface side of the pixel circuit where the light is incident, and the optical axis of the microlens is perpendicular to the incident surface of the photoelectric conversion element and passes through the center of the incident surface.

5. The distance image pickup device according to claim 1, wherein the distance image pickup device is a distance sensor.

6. A light receiving section including the distance image pickup element according to any one of claims 1 to 5; a distance image processing unit that calculates a distance from the distance image pickup element to a subject from a distance image captured by the distance image pickup element; A distance image capturing device comprising:

Images