Timing of beam failure recovery in non-terrestrial networks (NTN)

Abstract

A user equipment (UE), base station (e.g., next-generation node B (gNB)), or other network component may operate to set beam failure recovery (BFR) timing based on a time offset and a number of symbols in a BFR procedure and to enable beam switching and bandwidth portion (BWP) switching to be correlated. A beam failure recovery request (BFRQ) may be processed or transmitted in response to detection of a beam failure. A beam failure recovery response (BFRR) may be generated via a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) based on at least four slots after the BFRQ and a time offset for the non-terrestrial based network (NTN).

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present disclosure relates to wireless technologies, and more particularly, to techniques for beam failure recovery timing in non-terrestrial based networks (NTNs). [Background technology]

[0002] As the number of mobile devices in wireless networks and the demand for mobile data traffic continue to increase, changes are being made to system requirements and architectures to better address current and anticipated demands. For example, some wireless communication networks (e.g., Fifth Generation (5G) or New Radio (NR) networks) may be developed to include a non-terrestrial based network (NTN) that comprises one or more satellites. In such a scenario, the satellites may act as transparent network nodes that link user equipment (UE) with ground-based portions of the network, such as base stations and core networks (CN). [Brief description of the drawings]

[0003] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an architecture of a system including a Core Network (CN), e.g., a fifth generation (5G) CN (5GC), in accordance with various aspects. [Diagram 2] FIG. 1 illustrates exemplary components of a device that can be used in accordance with aspects described herein. [Diagram 3] FIG. 2 illustrates an example interface of a baseband circuit that can be used in accordance with aspects described herein. [Figure 4] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a system that facilitates cell selection or reselection for a UE capable of connecting to one or more non-terrestrial based networks (NTNs) in accordance with aspects described herein. [Diagram 5] FIG. 1 illustrates a diagram illustrating different Beam Failure Recovery (BFR) response timing for TN and NTN networks in accordance with aspects described herein. [Figure 6] FIG. 1 shows a diagram illustrating different BFR timing offsets for terrestrial TN and NTN networks in accordance with aspects described herein. [Figure 7] FIG. 1 shows a diagram illustrating different BFR activation timing for TN and NTN networks in accordance with aspects described herein. [Figure 8] 1 illustrates an example process flow for determining the number of HARQ processes in an NTN in accordance with aspects described herein. [Figure 9] 1 illustrates exemplary multiple beams per cell with bandwidth portion associations for a sample NTN coverage area in accordance with aspects described herein. [Figure 10] 1 illustrates exemplary transmission configuration indication (TCI) settings for beam switching and BWP switching in NTN operation in connection with aspects described herein. [Figure 11] In connection with aspects described herein, an example process flow for implicit bandwidth portion (BWP) with beam switching is shown. [Figure 12] 1 illustrates exemplary BWP settings for beam switching and BWP switching in NTN operation in accordance with aspects described herein. [Figure 13] In accordance with aspects described herein, an exemplary process flow for implicit beam switching with BWP switching is provided. [Figure 14] 1 illustrates an example process flow for timer-based BWP switching in accordance with aspects described herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0004] It is well understood that use of personal information should comply with privacy policies and practices generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining user privacy. In particular, personal information data should be managed and handled in a manner that minimizes the risk of unintended or unauthorized access or use, and the nature of authorized uses should be clearly indicated to users.

[0005] The present disclosure will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which like (or similarly ending) reference numbers are used to refer to like elements throughout, and the structures and devices illustrated are not necessarily drawn to scale. As used herein, terms such as "component", "system", "interface", and the like are intended to refer to computer-related entities, hardware, (e.g., running) software, or firmware. For example, a component may be a processor (e.g., a microprocessor, controller, or other processing device), a process running on a processor, a controller, an object, an executable file, a program, a storage device, a computer, a tablet PC, or a user equipment (e.g., a mobile phone, etc.) equipped with a processing device. By way of illustration, an application running on a server and that server may also be a component. One or more components may reside within a process, and a component may be localized in one computer or distributed among two or more computers. In this specification, a set of elements or other components may be described, where the term "set" may be interpreted as "one or more".

[0006] Further, these components may execute, e.g., as modules, from various computer readable storage media having various data structures stored thereon. The components may communicate, for example, via local or remote processes, according to signals comprising one or more data packets (e.g., data from a component interacting with another component via signals in a local system, distributed system, or across a network, e.g., the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network, or a similar network with other systems).

[0007] As another example, a component may be a device having particular functionality provided by mechanical parts operated by electrical or electronic circuitry, where the electrical or electronic circuitry may be operated by software or firmware applications executed by one or more processors. The one or more processors may be internal or external to the device and may execute at least a portion of the software or firmware applications. As yet another example, a component may be a device that provides particular functionality through electronic components without mechanical parts, where the electronic components may comprise one or more processors that execute software or firmware that at least in part provides the functionality of the electronic components.

[0008] The use of the word "exemplary" is intended to make the concept concrete. The term "or" as used herein is intended to mean an inclusive "or" rather than an exclusive "or". That is, unless otherwise specified or clear from the context, "X uses A or B" is intended to mean any of all possible permutations. That is, "X uses A", "X uses B", or "X uses both A and B", each of the above cases satisfies "X uses A or B". In addition, the articles "a" and "an" as used in this application and the appended claims should generally be construed to mean "one or more" unless otherwise specified or clear from the context to refer to the singular form. Furthermore, when "including", "includes", "having", "has", "with", or variations thereof are used in either the detailed description and the claims, these terms are intended to be inclusive in the same manner as the term "comprising". Further, in situations where one or more numbered items are recited (e.g., "first X," "second X," etc.), in some situations the context may indicate that one or more numbered items are separate or the same, but in general, these one or more numbered items may be separate or the same.

[0009] As used herein, the term "circuitry" refers to, can be a part of, or can include an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group), or associated memory (shared, dedicated, or group) operably coupled to a circuit that executes one or more software or firmware programs, a combinatorial logic circuit, or other suitable hardware components that provide the described functionality. In some embodiments, a circuitry may be implemented in, or functions associated with a circuitry may be performed by, one or more software or firmware modules. In some embodiments, a circuitry may include logic operable at least in part in hardware.

[0010] In view of the above, various aspects / embodiments are disclosed for communication in a non-terrestrial based network (NTN) device (e.g., a user equipment (UE), an evolved Node B (eNB), a next generation Node B (gNB), a new radio (NR) base station (BS), a satellite base station, or other network components). NTN communications may operate with a larger propagation delay compared to a terrestrial based network (TN). This longer propagation delay may cause inefficiencies in signaling as well as wasteful power loss. Thus, various aspects are described for aligning time and scheduling between a base station and a UE to account for such longer delays in the NTN. For example, the time offset may be set according to various aspects to introduce a larger timing advance used in NTN on top of what may already be defined for some 3GPP scenarios, such as 4 slot advance for monitoring a Beam Failure Recovery Response (BFRR), or 28 symbol advance for receiving / transmitting an uplink (UL) transmission (e.g., a Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) or a Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)) after a BFRR. Thus, NTN communications may be enhanced with respect to BFRR timing.

[0011] Additionally or alternatively, NTN communications can be enhanced in beam failure recovery response monitoring window start times, as well as beam failure recovery activation timing, CORESET#0 beam update times, and random access response (RAR) window start times. In addition to improving efficiency in NTN communications and enhancing beam management, according to further aspects, bandwidth portion (BWP) switching and beam switching operations can be related.

[0012] In one aspect, a user equipment (UE) may transmit a BFRQ in response to detection of a beam failure or interference increase via a processing circuit or processor. The BFRR may be received via a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) in response to the BFRQ based on at least four slots after the BFRQ and an additional time offset. The time offset may be a function of a K offset, a Kmac, or both. The K offset may comprise a UE-specific offset, a beam-specific offset, or a cell-specific offset based on whether the timing reference point is located at a base station of a non-terrestrial network (NTN) in a primary cell (PCell) or a primary secondary cell group cell (PSCell). The Kmac may correspond to a medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC CE) activation time for downlink configuration.

[0013] In one aspect, beam switching can be based on beam configuration information provided by a configuration grant, a downlink control information (DCI), a medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC CE), higher layer signaling (e.g., radio resource control (RRC)), etc. The beam configuration information can include quasi-co-location (QCL) configuration information comprising at least one of an associated DL BWP, an associated UL BWP, or an associated polarization, which can enable a beam switching operation associated with the QCL information or enable BWP switching based on the QCL information when the frequency reuse factor is greater than one.

[0014] Additional aspects and details of the disclosure are further described below with reference to the figures.

[0015] Aspects described herein may be implemented in a system using any suitably configured hardware or software. Referring to FIG. 1, an exemplary network 100 is shown in accordance with various aspects described herein. The exemplary network 100 may include UEs 110-1, 110-2, etc. (collectively referred to as "UEs 110" and individually referred to as "UEs 110"), a radio access network (RAN) 120, a core network (CN) 130, an application server 140, an external network 150, and satellites 160-1, 160-2, etc. (collectively referred to as "satellites 160" and individually referred to as "satellites 160"). As shown, the network 100 may include a non-terrestrial based network (NTN) comprising one or more satellites 160 (e.g., of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS)) in communication with the UEs 110 and the RAN 120.

[0016] The systems and devices of the exemplary network 100 may operate in accordance with one or more communication standards, such as the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) second generation (2G), third generation (3G), fourth generation (4G) (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE)), fifth generation (5G) (e.g., New Radio (NR)) communication standards. Additionally or alternatively, one or more of the systems and devices of the network 100 may operate in accordance with other communication standards and protocols described herein, including future versions or generations of 3GPP standards (e.g., sixth generation (6G) standards, seventh generation (7G) standards, etc.), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards (e.g., Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), etc.), and the like.

[0017] An example of the UE 110 may include a smartphone (e.g., a handheld touchscreen mobile computing device capable of connecting to one or more wireless communications networks). Additionally or alternatively, the UE 110 may include other types of mobile or non-mobile computing devices capable of wireless communications, such as a personal digital assistant (PDA), a pager, a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a wireless handset, etc. In some implementations, the UE 110 may include an Internet of Things (IoT) device (or IoT UE) that may include a network access layer designed for low-power IoT applications that utilize short-lived UE connections. Additionally or alternatively, the IoT UE may utilize one or more types of technologies, such as machine-to-machine (M2M) communications or machine-type communications (MTC) (e.g., to exchange data with an MTC server or other devices over a public land mobile network (PLMN)), proximity-based services (ProSe) or device-to-device (D2D) communications, sensor networks, IoT networks, etc. Depending on the scenario, the M2M or MTC exchange of data may be machine-initiated and the IoT network may include interconnecting IoT UEs (which may include uniquely identifiable embedded computing devices within the Internet infrastructure) with short-lived connections. In some scenarios, the IoT UEs may run background applications (e.g., keep-alive messages, status updates, etc.) to facilitate connectivity to the IoT network.

[0018] The UE 110 can communicate with and establish a connection (e.g., communicatively coupled to) the RAN 120, which can include one or more wireless channels 114-1 and 114-2, each of which can comprise a physical communication interface / layer. In some implementations, the UE can be configured with dual connectivity (DC) as a multi-radio access technology (multi-RAT) or multi-radio dual connectivity (MR-DC), where multiple receive and transmit (Rx / Tx) capable UEs can use resources provided by different network nodes (e.g., 122-1 and 122-2) that can be connected via a non-ideal backhaul (e.g., one network node provides NR access and the other network node provides either E-UTRA for LTE or NR access for 5G). In such a scenario, one network node can operate as a master node (MN) and the other can function as a secondary node (SN). The MN and SN can be connected via a network interface, where at least the MN can be connected to the CN 130. Additionally, at least one of the MN or SN may operate with shared spectrum channel access, and functions designated for the UE 110 may be used for Integrated Access and Backhaul Mobile Termination (IAB-MT). Similar to the UE 101, the IAB-MT may access the network using either one network node, or using two different nodes using an Enhanced Dual Connectivity (EN-DC) architecture, a New Radio Dual Connectivity (NR-DC) architecture, etc.

[0019] As shown, the UE 110 may also or alternatively be connected to an access point (AP) 116 via an interface 118, which may include an air interface that allows the UE 110 to communicatively couple with the AP 116. The AP 116 may comprise a wireless local area network (WLAN), a WLAN node, a WLAN termination point, or the like. The connection 1207 may comprise a local wireless connection, such as a connection conforming to any IEEE 702.11 protocol, and the AP 116 may comprise a Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) router or another AP. Although not explicitly shown in FIG. 1, the AP 116 may be connected to another network (e.g., the Internet) without connecting to the RAN 120 or the CN 130. In some scenarios, the UE 110, the RAN 120, and the AP 116 may be configured to utilize LTE-WLAN aggregation (LWA) technology or LTE-WLAN radio level integration (LWIP) operation with IPsec tunnels. LWA may involve the UE 110 in RRC_CONNECTED being configured by the RAN 120 to utilize LTE and WLAN radio resources. LWIP may involve the UE 110 using WLAN radio resources (e.g., connection interface 118) via IPsec protocol tunneling to authenticate and encrypt packets (e.g., Internet Protocol (IP) packets) sent over the connection interface 118. IPsec tunneling may include encapsulating the entire original IP packet and adding a new packet header, thereby protecting the original header of the IP packet.

[0020] The RAN 120 may include one or more RAN nodes 122-1 and 122-2 (collectively referred to as RAN nodes 122 and individually referred to as RAN node 122) that enable connections 114-1 and 114-2 to be established between the UE 110 and the RAN 120. The RAN nodes 122 may include network access points configured to provide wireless baseband functionality for data or voice connectivity between a user and a network based on one or more of the communication technologies described herein (e.g., 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, WiFi, etc.). Thus, by way of example, the RAN nodes may be E-UTRAN Node Bs (e.g., enhanced Node Bs, eNode Bs, eNBs, 4G base stations, etc.), next generation base stations (e.g., 5G base stations, NR base stations, next generation eNBs (gNBs), etc.). As the gNB 120, the RAN 120 may comprise one or more distributed units / components (DU(s)) and a central unit / component (CU), and may be communicatively coupled to the CN 130 as a 5GC via a satellite 160. The DU(s) and CU may be separated from each other, e.g., geographically, and the CU may control multiple DUs to allow one or more DUs to be located near the UE 110 with connectivity to the CU as an S1 interface, e.g., as a gNB on-board base station, where at least a portion of the gNB 120 as a system or device may be located on a satellite 160. Instead of locating the entire gNB 120 on the satellite 160, in one aspect, the architecture may have components of the gNB 120 (e.g., DUs) located on the satellite 160. Thus, the gNB components may be directly connected to the processing circuitry of the satellite 160 while being communicatively coupled to the CU at the ground level gNB portion. In these examples, the satellite 160 may be configured to inter-satellite communicate with other satellites. Any one or more of the satellite / gNB 5GC architectures herein may be configured for various aspects / embodiments in which the satellite 160 may communicate through a gateway connected to the Internet.Such an architecture may enable 3GPP to further utilize communications over the Internet back to the cooperative connections between both the satellites 160 and the core network 130 .

[0021] The RAN nodes 122 may include roadside units (RSUs), transmit / receive points (TRxPs or TRPs), and one or more other types of terrestrial stations (e.g., terrestrial access points). In some scenarios, the RAN nodes 122 may be dedicated physical devices, such as macrocell base stations or low power (LP) base stations, to provide femtocells, picocells, etc., with smaller coverage areas, smaller user capacity, or higher bandwidth compared to macrocells. As described below, in some implementations, the satellites 160 may operate as base stations (e.g., RAN nodes 122) with respect to the UEs 110. Thus, references herein to base stations, RAN nodes 122, etc. may include implementations in which the base stations, RAN nodes 122, etc. are terrestrial-based network nodes, and implementations in which the base stations, RAN nodes 122, etc. are non-terrestrial-based network (NTN) nodes (e.g., satellites 160).

[0022] Some or all of the RAN nodes 120 may be implemented as one or more software entities running on a server computer as part of a virtual network, which may be referred to as a centralized RAN (CRAN) or a virtual baseband unit pool (vBBUP). In these embodiments, the CRAN or vBBUP may implement RAN functionality splitting, such as a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) splitting, where the radio resource control (RRC) and PDCP layers may be operated by the CRAN / vBBUP and other Layer 2 (L2) protocol entities may be operated by individual RAN nodes 122; a media access control (MAC) / physical (PHY) layer splitting, where the RRC, PDCP, wireless control (RLC), and MAC layers may be operated by the CRAN / vBBUP and the PHY layer may be operated by individual RAN nodes 122; or a "lower PHY" splitting, where the RRC, PDCP, RLC, MAC layers, and the upper part of the PHY layer may be operated by the CRAN / vBBUP and the lower part of the PHY layer may be operated by individual RAN nodes 122. This virtualized framework may enable freed processor cores of the RAN nodes 122 to run other virtualized applications.

[0023] In some implementations, the individual RAN nodes 122 may represent individual gNB distributed units (DUs) connected to a gNB control unit (CU) via an individual F1 interface. In such implementations, the gNB-DUs may include one or more remote radio heads or radio frequency (RF) front end modules (RFEMs), and the gNB-CUs may be operated by a server (not shown) located in the RAN 120 or by a server pool (e.g., a group of servers configured to share resources) in a manner similar to CRAN / vBBUP. Additionally or alternatively, one or more of the RAN nodes 120 may be a next generation eNB (i.e., gNB), which may provide Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) user plane and control plane protocol termination for the UE 110 and may be connected to a 5G Core Network (5GC) 130 via an NG interface.

[0024] Any of the RAN nodes 122 may terminate air interface protocols and may be the first point of contact for the UE 110. In some implementations, any of the RAN nodes 122 may perform various logical functions for the RAN 120, including, but not limited to, radio bearer management, uplink and downlink dynamic radio resource management, and data packet scheduling, and radio network controller (RNC) functions such as mobility management. The UEs 110 may be configured to communicate with each other or with any of the RAN nodes 122 using orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) communication signals over multi-carrier communication channels according to various communication technologies, such as, but not limited to, OFDMA communication technologies (e.g., for downlink communications) or single carrier frequency-division multiple access (SC-FDMA) communication technologies (e.g., for uplink and ProSe or sidelink (SL) communications), although the scope of such embodiments is not necessarily limited in this respect. An OFDM signal may include multiple orthogonal subcarriers.

[0025] In some implementations, a downlink resource grid can be used for downlink transmissions from any of the RAN nodes 122 to the UE 110, and uplink transmissions can utilize similar techniques. The grid can be a time-frequency grid (e.g., resource grid or time-frequency resource grid) that represents the physical resources of the downlink in each slot. Such a time-frequency plane representation is a common practice for OFDM systems, making the allocation of radio resources intuitive. Each column and each row of the resource grid corresponds to one OFDM symbol and one OFDM subcarrier, respectively. The duration of the resource grid in the time domain corresponds to one slot in a radio frame. The smallest time-frequency unit of the resource grid is denoted as a resource element. Each resource grid includes resource blocks, which represent the mapping of a particular physical channel to resource elements. Each resource block can include a collection of resource elements (REs), which in the frequency domain can represent the smallest amount of resources that can currently be allocated. There are several different physical downlink channels that are conveyed using such resource blocks.

[0026] Further, the RAN nodes 122 may be configured to wirelessly communicate with the UEs 110 or with each other via a licensed medium (also referred to as a "licensed spectrum" or "licensed band"), an unlicensed shared medium (also referred to as an "unlicensed spectrum" or "unlicensed band"), or a combination thereof. The licensed spectrum may include channels operating in a frequency range from about 400 MHz to about 3.8 GHz, and the unlicensed spectrum may include the 5 GHz band. The licensed spectrum may correspond to channels or frequency bands that are selected, reserved, regulated, etc. for some type of wireless activity (e.g., wireless telecommunications network activity), and the unlicensed spectrum may correspond to one or more frequency bands that are not restricted for some type of wireless activity. Whether a particular frequency band corresponds to a licensed or unlicensed medium may depend on one or more factors, such as frequency allocations determined by a public sector organization (e.g., a government agency, a regulatory body, etc.) or frequency allocations determined by a private sector organization responsible for developing wireless communications standards and protocols.

[0027] To operate in the unlicensed spectrum, the UE 110 and the RAN node 122 may operate using a licensed assisted access (LAA), eLAA, or feLAA mechanism. In these implementations, the UE 110 and the RAN node 122 may perform one or more known medium sensing or carrier sensing operations to determine if one or more channels in the unlicensed spectrum are unavailable or otherwise occupied before transmitting in the unlicensed spectrum. The medium / carrier sensing operations may be performed according to a listen-before-talk (LBT) protocol.

[0028] The LAA mechanism may be built on the carrier aggregation (CA) technology of the LTE-Advanced system. In CA, each aggregated carrier is called a component carrier (CC). In some cases, each CC may have a different bandwidth from other CCs. In a time division duplex (TDD) system, the number of CCs as well as the bandwidth of each CC may be the same for DL ​​and UL. CA also includes individual serving cells that provide each CC. For example, CCs in different frequency bands experience different path losses, so the coverage of the serving cells may be different. A primary serving cell or PCell may provide a primary component carrier (PCC) for both UL and DL and handle radio resource control (RRC) and non-access stratum (NAS) related activities. The other serving cells are called SCells, and each SCell may provide a separate secondary component carrier (SCC) for both UL and DL. Changing the PCC may require the UE 110 to undergo a handover, while SCCs may be added and removed as needed. In LAA, eLAA, and feLAA, some or all of the SCells may operate in an unlicensed spectrum (referred to as "LAA SCells"), and the LAA SCells are backed by PCells operating in a licensed spectrum. If a UE is configured with more than one LAA SCell, the UE may receive UL grants on the configured LAA SCells indicating different PUSCH starting positions within the same subframe.

[0029] The PDSCH may carry user data and higher layer signaling to the UEs 110. The physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) may carry, among other things, information regarding transport formats and resource allocations for the PDSCH channel. The PDCCH may also inform the UEs 110 about transport formats, resource allocations, and hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) information for the uplink shared channel. Typically, downlink scheduling (e.g., allocating control and shared channel resource blocks to the UEs 110-2 in a cell) may be performed in any of the RAN nodes 122 based on channel quality information fed back from any of the UEs 110. The downlink resource allocation information may be transmitted on the PDCCHs used (e.g., assigned) for each of the UEs 110.

[0030] The PDCCH uses control channel elements (CCEs) to carry control information, and several CCEs (e.g., six) may include resource element groups (REGs), where a REG is defined as a physical resource block (PRB) within an OFDM symbol. Before being mapped to resource elements, the PDCCH complex-valued symbols may first be organized, for example, into quadruplets, and then permuted using a sub-block interleaver for rate matching. Each PDCCH may be transmitted using one or more of these CCEs, and each CCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements known as REGs. Four quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) symbols may be mapped to each REG. The PDCCH may be transmitted using one or more CCEs, depending on the size of the DCI and the channel conditions. There may be four or more different PDCCH formats defined in LTE with different numbers of CCEs (e.g., aggregation levels, L=1, 2, 4, 8, or 16).

[0031] Some implementations may use a concept for resource allocation for control channel information that is an extension of the concept above. For example, some implementations may utilize an enhanced (E)PDCCH that uses PDSCH resources for control information transmission. An EPDCCH may be transmitted using one or more ECCEs. As above, each ECCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements known as EREGs. An ECCE may have other numbers of EREGs in some situations.

[0032] The RAN nodes 122 may be configured to communicate with each other via an interface 123. In an implementation in which the system 100 is an LTE system, the interface 123 may be an X2 interface. The X2 interface may be defined between two or more RAN nodes 122 (e.g., two or more eNBs) that connect to an evolved packet core (EPC) or CN 130 and / or between two eNBs that connect to the EPC. In some implementations, the X2 interface may include an X2 user plane interface (X2-U) and an X2 control plane interface (X2-C). The X2-U may provide a flow control mechanism for user data packets forwarded over the X2 interface and may be used to communicate information regarding the distribution of user data between eNBs or gNBs. For example, X2-U may provide specific sequence number information for user data forwarded from a master eNB (MeNB) to a secondary eNB (SeNB), information on successful sequence delivery of PDCP packet data units (PDUs) for user data from the SeNB to the UE 110, information on PDCP PDUs that were not delivered to the UE 110, information on the current minimum desired buffer size in the SeNB for transmitting user data to the UE, etc. X2-C may provide intra-LTE access mobility functions (e.g., including context transfer from source eNB to target eNB, user plane transport control, etc.), load management functions, and inter-cell interference coordination functions.

[0033] As shown, the RAN 120 may be connected (e.g., communicatively coupled) to the CN 130. The CN 130 may comprise a number of network elements 132 configured to provide various data and telecommunication services to customers / subscribers (e.g., users of UEs 110) connected to the CN 130 via the RAN 120. In some implementations, the CN 130 may include an evolved packet core (EPC), a 5G CN, or one or more additional or alternative types of CN. The components of the CN 130 may be implemented in a single physical node or separate physical nodes, including components for reading and executing instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium). In some implementations, network function virtualization (NFV) may be utilized to virtualize any or all of the above-mentioned network node roles or functions via executable instructions stored on one or more computer-readable storage media (described in further detail below). A logical instantiation of CN 130 may be referred to as a network slice, and a logical instantiation of a portion of CN 130 may be referred to as a network sub-slice. Network Function Virtualization (NFV) architectures and infrastructures may be used to virtualize one or more network functions on physical resources including a combination of industry-standard server hardware, storage hardware, or switches, or may be performed by dedicated hardware. In other words, an NFV system may be used to execute a virtual or reconfigurable implementation of one or more EPC components / functions.

[0034] As shown, the CN 130, the application server (AS) 140, and the external network 150 can be connected to each other via interfaces 134, 136, and 138, which can include IP network interfaces. The application server 140 can include one or more server devices or network elements (e.g., a virtual network function (VNF) that provides applications using IP bearer resources (e.g., Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Packet Service (UMTS PS) domain, LTE PS data services, etc.) with the CM 130. The application server 140 can also or alternatively be configured to support one or more communication services (e.g., voice over IP (VoIP sessions, push-to-talk (PTT) sessions, group communication sessions, social networking services, etc.) for the UE 110 via the CN 130. Similarly, the external network 150 can include one or more of a variety of networks, including the Internet, thereby providing the mobile communication network and the UE 110 of the network with access to various additional services, information, interconnectivity, and other network functions.

[0035] As shown, the exemplary network 100 may include an NTN that may comprise one or more satellites 160-1 and 160-2 (collectively, “satellites 160”). The satellites 160 may be in communication with the UE 110 via a service link or wireless interface 162 or with the RAN 120 via a feeder link or wireless interface 164 (individually shown as 164-1 and 164). In some implementations, the satellites 160 may operate as passive or transparent network relay nodes with respect to communications between the UE 110 and the terrestrial-based network (e.g., the RAN 120). In some implementations, the satellites 160 may operate as active or regenerative network nodes with respect to communications between the UE 110 and the RAN 120 such that the satellites 160 may operate as base stations for the UE 110 (e.g., as gNBs for the RAN 120). In some implementations, the satellites 160 can communicate with each other via a direct wireless interface (e.g., 166) or an indirect wireless interface (e.g., via the RAN 120 using interfaces 164-1 and 164-2). Additionally or alternatively, the satellites 160 can include GEO satellites, LEO satellites, or another type of satellite. The satellites 160 can also or alternatively relate to one or more satellite systems or architectures, such as Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Global Positioning System (GPS), Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), etc. In some implementations, the satellites 160 can operate as base stations (e.g., RAN nodes 122) with respect to the UEs 110. Thus, references herein to base stations, RAN nodes 122, etc. can include implementations in which the base stations, RAN nodes 122, etc. are terrestrial-based network nodes and implementations in which the base stations, RAN nodes 122, etc. are non-terrestrial-based network nodes (e.g., satellites 160).

[0036] The core NW elements / components may include one or more of the following functions and network components: Authentication Server Function (AUSF), Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF), Session Management Function (SMF), Network Exposure Function (NEF), Policy Control Function (PCF), Network Repository Function (NRF), Unified Data Management (UDM), Application Function (AF), User Plane (UP) Function (UPF), and Network Slice Selection Function (NSSF).

[0037] The UPF can act as an anchor point for intra-RAT and inter-RAT mobility, an external Protocol Data Unit (PDU) session point for interconnection with the Data Network (DN), and a branching point for supporting multi-homed PDU sessions. The UPF can also perform packet routing and forwarding, perform packet inspection, enforce user plane portion of policy rules, lawfully intercept packets (UP collection), perform traffic usage reporting, perform QoS processing for the user plane (e.g., packet filtering, gating, Uplink (UL) / Downlink (DL) rate enforcement), perform uplink traffic validation (e.g., Service Data Flow (SDF) to Quality of Service (QoS) flow mapping), enforce transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, and perform downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering. The UPF can include an uplink classifier to support routing traffic flows to the data network. The DN may be various network operator services, Internet access, or third party services, and may include or resemble an application server. The UPF may interact with the SMF via the N4 reference point between the SMF and the UPF.

[0038] The AUSF may store data for authentication of the UE 101 and handle authentication related functionality. The AUSF may facilitate a common authentication framework for various access types. The AUSF may communicate with the AMF via the N12 reference point between the AMF and the AUSF, and may communicate with the UDM via the N13 reference point between the UDM and the AUSF. In addition, the AUSF may present a Nausf service-based interface.

[0039] The AMF may be involved in registration management (e.g., for registering UE 110, etc.), connection management, reachability management, mobility management, and lawful interception and access authentication and authorization of AMF-related events. The AMF may be the termination point of the N11 reference point between the AMF and the SMF. The AMF may provide transport of SM messages between the UE 110 and the SMF and act as a transparent proxy for routing SM messages. The AMF may also provide transport of SMS messages between the UE 110 and a Short Message Service Function (SMSF) (not shown in FIG. 1). The AMF may act as a Security Anchor Function (SEAF), which may include interaction between the AUSF and the UE 110 and receiving intermediate keys established as a result of the authentication process of the UE 110. If Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)-based authentication is used, the AMF may obtain security materials from the AUSF. The AMF may also include a Single-Connection Mode (SCM) function that receives keys from the SEA that it uses to derive access network specific keys. Furthermore, the AMF may be the termination point of the RAN Control Plane (CP) interface that may be or include the N2 reference point between the (R)AN 120 and the AMF, and the AMF may also be the termination point of Non Access Stratum (NAS) (N1) signaling and perform NAS ciphering and integrity protection.

[0040] The AMF may also support NAS signaling with the UE 110 via a non-3GPP (N3) Inter Working Function (IWF) interface. The N3 IWF may be used to provide access to untrusted entities. The N3 IWF may be the termination point of the N2 interface between the (R)AN 120 and the AMF for the control plane, and the termination point of the N3 reference point between the (R)AN 120 and the UPF for the user plane. Thus, the AMF may handle N2 signaling from the SMF and the AMF for PDU sessions and QoS, encapsulate / decapsulate packets for Internet Protocol (IP) Security (IPSec) and N3 tunneling, mark N3 user plane packets in the uplink, and enforce QoS corresponding to N3 packet markings taking into account QoS requirements associated with such markings received over N2. The N3IWF may also relay uplink and downlink control plane NAS signaling between the UE 110 and the AMF, and relay uplink and downlink user plane packets between the UE 110 and the UPF, via the N1 reference point between the UE 110 and the AMF. The N3IWF also provides a mechanism for IPsec tunnel establishment with the UE 110. The AMF may present a Namf service-based interface and may be a termination point for the N14 reference point between two AMFs 121, and the N17 reference point between the AMF and the 5G Equipment Identity Register (5G-EIR) (not shown in FIG. 1).

[0041] UE 110 may register with AMF to receive network services. Registration Management (RM) is used to register or deregister UE 110 with a network (e.g., AMF) and establish a UE context in the network (e.g., AMF). UE 110 may operate in an RM-REGISTERED state or an RM-DEREGISTERED state. In the RM-DEREGISTERED state, UE 110 is not registered with the network, and the UE context in the AMF does not hold valid location or routing information for UE 110 such that UE 110 is not reachable by AMF. In the RM-REGISTERED state, UE 110 is registered with the network, and the UE context in the AMF may hold valid location or routing information for UE 110 such that UE 110 is reachable by AMF. In the RM-REGISTERED state, UE 110 may, among other things, perform a mobility registration update procedure, perform a periodic registration update procedure triggered by the expiry of a periodic update timer (e.g., to inform the network that UE 110 is still active), update UE capability information, or perform a registration update procedure to renegotiate protocol parameters with the network, among other things.

[0042] The AMF may store one or more RM contexts for the UE 110, each RM context being associated with a particular access to the network. The RM context may be a data structure, database object, etc. indicating or storing, among other things, a registration state and a periodic update timer per access type. The AMF may also store a 5GC Mobility Management (MM) context, which may be the same as or similar to an (Enhanced Packet System (EPS)) Mobility Management (MM) (Enterprise Mobility Management ((E)MM)) context. In various embodiments, the AMF may store Coverage Enhancement (CE) Mode B regulatory parameters of the UE 110 in the associated MM context or RM context. The AMF may also derive values ​​from the UE's usage configuration parameters already stored in the UE context (or MM / RM context) as necessary.

[0043] Connection Management (CM) may be used for establishment and release of a signaling connection over the N1 interface between the UE 110 and the AMF. The signaling connection is used to enable NAS signaling exchange between the UE 110 and the CN 130 and comprises both a signaling connection between the UE and the AN (e.g., an RRC connection or a UE-N3IWF connection for non-3GPP access) and an N2 connection for the UE 110 between the AN (e.g., the RAN 110) and the AMF. The UE 110 may operate in either of two CM states: a CM-IDLE mode or a CM-CONNECTED mode. When the UE 110 operates in a CM-IDLE state / mode, the UE 110 may not have an NAS signaling connection established over the N1 interface with the AMF, but may have an (R)AN 120 signaling connection (e.g., an N2 or N3 connection) for the UE 110. When UE 110 is operating in a CM-CONNECTED state / mode, UE 110 may have an established NAS signaling connection over an N1 interface with the AMF, and there may be an (R)AN 120 signaling connection (e.g., an N2 or N3 connection) for UE 110. Establishment of the N2 connection between (R)AN 120 and the AMF may allow UE 110 to transition from CM-IDLE mode to CM-CONNECTED mode, and release of the N2 signaling between (R)AN 120 and the AMF may allow UE 110 to transition from CM-CONNECTED mode to CM-IDLE mode.

[0044] The SMF may be responsible for: Session Management (SM) (e.g., session establishment, modification, and release, including tunnel maintenance between the UPF and AN nodes), UE IP address allocation and management (including optional authorization), selection and control of UP functions, configuration of traffic steering in the UPF to route traffic to the appropriate destination, termination of interface with Policy Control Functions, control of policy enforcement and part of QoS, Lawful Interception (SM events, and interface with Lawful Interception (LI) system), termination of SM part of NAS messages, downlink data notification, initiation of AN-specific SM information sent via AMF over N2 to the AN, determination of Session and Service Continuity (SSC) mode for a session. SM may refer to management of PDU sessions, and PDU sessions or "sessions" may refer to PDU connectivity services that provide or enable exchange of PDUs between the UE 110 and a data network DN identified by a Data Network Name (DNN). The PDU session can be established upon request from the UE 110, modified upon request of the UE 110 and the 5GC 120, and released upon request of the UE 110 and the 5GC 120 using NAS SM signaling exchanged between the UE 110 and the SMF over the N1 reference point. The 5GC 120 can trigger a specific application in the UE 110 upon request from an application server. In response to receiving a trigger message, the UE 110 can pass the trigger message (or relevant parts / information of the trigger message) to one or more identified applications in the UE 110. The identified application(s) in the UE 110 can establish a PDU session to a specific DNN. The SMF can check whether the UE 110 request complies with the user subscription information associated with the UE 110.At that time, the SMF can obtain or request to receive update notifications regarding SMF-level subscription data from the UDM 127.

[0045] The SMF may include the following roaming functions: handling of local enforcement to apply QoS Service Level Agreements (SLAs) (Visited Public Land Mobile Network (VPLMN)), collection of charging data and charging interface (VPLMN), lawful intercept (of SM events in the VPLMN and interface to the LI system), support for interaction with an external DN for carrying signaling for authorization / authentication of PDU sessions by the external DN. An N16 reference point between two SMFs may be included in the system 100, and in a roaming scenario, this may be between another SMF in the visited network and an SMF in the home network. In addition, the SMF may expose an Nsmf service-based interface.

[0046] FIG. 2 illustrates example components of a device 200 according to some aspects. In some aspects, the device 200 may include at least an application circuit 202, a baseband circuit 204, a radio frequency (RF) circuit 206, a front-end module (FEM) circuit 208, one or more antennas 210, and a power management circuitry (PMC) 212 coupled together as shown. The components of the device 200 illustrated in the figure may be included in a UE or a RAN node. In some aspects, the device 200 may include fewer elements (e.g., a RAN node may not utilize the application circuit 202 and may instead include a processor / controller to process IP data received from a CN, such as a 5GC120 or an Evolved Packet Core (EPC)). In some embodiments, device 200 may include additional elements such as, for example, memory / storage, a display, a camera, sensors (including one or more temperature sensors, such as a single temperature sensor, multiple temperature sensors at different locations within device 200, etc.), or input / output (I / O) interfaces. In other aspects, the components described below may be included in two or more devices (e.g., the above circuitry may be included separately in two or more devices for a Cloud-RAN (C-RAN) implementation).

[0047] The application circuitry 202 may include one or more application processors. For example, the application circuitry 202 may include circuits such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The processor(s) may include any combination of general-purpose and special-purpose processors (e.g., graphics processors, application processors, etc.). The processor may be coupled to or may include memory / storage and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory / storage to enable various applications or operating systems to run on the device 200. In some aspects, the processor of the application circuitry 202 may process IP data packets received from an EPC.

[0048] The baseband circuitry 204 may include circuits such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The baseband circuitry 204 may include one or more baseband processors or control logic to process baseband signals received from a receive signal path of the RF circuitry 206 and generate baseband signals for a transmit signal path of the RF circuitry 206. The baseband processing circuitry 204 may interface with the application circuitry 202 to generate and process baseband signals and to control the operation of the RF circuitry 206. For example, in some aspects, the baseband circuitry 204 may include a third generation (3G) baseband processor 204A, a fourth generation (4G) baseband processor 204B, a fifth generation (5G) baseband processor 204C, or other baseband processor(s) 204D of other existing generations, developing or future generations (e.g., Second Generation (2G), Sixth Generation (6G), etc.). The baseband circuitry 204 (e.g., one or more of the baseband processors 204A-204D) can handle various radio control functions that enable communication with one or more wireless networks via the RF circuitry 206. In another aspect, some or all of the functions of the baseband processors 204A-D may be included in modules stored in the memory 204G and executed via a central processing unit (CPU) 204E. The radio control functions may include, but are not limited to, signal modulation / demodulation, encoding / decoding, radio frequency shifting, and the like. In some aspects, the modulation / demodulation circuitry of the baseband circuitry 204 may include Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT), precoding, or constellation mapping / demapping functions. In some aspects, the encoding / decoding circuitry of the baseband circuitry 204 may include convolution, tail-biting convolution, turbo, Viterbi, or Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder / decoder functions.Aspects of the modulation / demodulation and encoder / decoder functionality are not limited to these examples and may include other suitable functionality in other aspects.

[0049] In some aspects, the baseband circuitry 204 may include one or more audio digital signal processor (DSP)(s) 204F. The audio DSP(s) 204F may include elements for compression / decompression and echo cancellation, and in other aspects may include other suitable processing elements. The components of the baseband circuitry may be suitably combined in a single chip, a single chipset, or in some aspects may be located on the same circuit board. In some aspects, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry 204 and the application circuitry 202 may be implemented together, for example, on a system on a chip (SOC).

[0050] In some aspects, the baseband circuitry 204 can provide communication compatible with one or more wireless technologies. For example, in some aspects, the baseband circuitry 204 can support communication with a Next Generation (NG)-Radio Access Network (RAN), an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (EUTRAN) or other wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN), a wireless local area network (WLAN), a wireless personal area network (WPAN), etc. An aspect in which the baseband circuitry 204 is configured to support wireless communication of two or more wireless protocols can be referred to as a multimode baseband circuit.

[0051] The RF circuitry 206 can enable communication with a wireless network using modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. In various aspects, the RF circuitry 206 can include switches, filters, amplifiers, etc. to facilitate communication with a wireless network. The RF circuitry 206 can include a receive signal path that can include circuitry to downconvert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 208 and provide baseband signals to the baseband circuitry 204. The RF circuitry 206 can also include a transmit signal path that can include circuitry to upconvert baseband signals provided by the baseband circuitry 204 and provide an RF output signal to the FEM circuitry 208 for transmission.

[0052] In some aspects, the receive signal path of the RF circuitry 206 may include a mixer circuit 206a, an amplifier circuit 206b, and a filter circuit 206c. In some aspects, the transmit signal path of the RF circuitry 206 may include a filter circuit 206c and a mixer circuit 206a. The RF circuitry 206 may also include a combiner circuit 206d that combines frequencies used by the mixer circuit 206a of the receive signal path and the transmit signal path. In some aspects, the mixer circuit 206a of the receive signal path may be configured to downconvert the RF signal received from the FEM circuitry 208 based on the combined frequency provided by the combiner circuit 206d. The amplifier circuit 206b may be configured to amplify the downconverted signal, and the filter circuit 206c may be a low-pass filter (LPF) or a band-pass filter (BPF) configured to remove unwanted signals from the downconverted signal to generate an output baseband signal. The output baseband signal may be provided to the baseband circuitry 204 for further processing. In some aspects, the output baseband signal may be a zero frequency baseband signal, although this is not a requirement. In some aspects, the mixer circuitry 206a of the receive signal path may include a passive mixer, although the scope of the aspects is not limited in this respect.

[0053] In some aspects, the mixer circuit 206a of the transmit signal path may be configured to upconvert an input baseband signal based on a synthesized frequency provided by the synthesis circuit 206d to generate an RF output signal for the FEM circuit 208. The baseband signal may be provided by the baseband circuit 204 and may be filtered by the filter circuit 206c.

[0054] In some aspects, the mixer circuit 206a in the receive signal path and the mixer circuit 206a in the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadrature down-conversion and quadrature up-conversion, respectively. In some aspects, the mixer circuit 206a in the receive signal path and the mixer circuit 206a in the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for image rejection (e.g., Hartley image rejection). In some aspects, the mixer circuit 206a in the receive signal path and the mixer circuit 206a in the transmit signal path may be arranged for direct down-conversion and direct up-conversion, respectively. In some aspects, the mixer circuit 206a in the receive signal path and the mixer circuit 206a in the transmit signal path may be configured for superheterodyne operation.

[0055] In some aspects, the output baseband signal and the input baseband signal may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of the aspects is not limited in this respect. In some alternative aspects, the output baseband signal and the input baseband signal may be digital baseband signals. In these alternative aspects, the RF circuitry 206 may include analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry, and the baseband circuitry 204 may include a digital baseband interface in communication with the RF circuitry 206.

[0056] In some dual-mode embodiments, separate radio IC circuitry may be provided for processing signals in each spectrum, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[0057] In some aspects, the synthesis circuit 206d may be a fractional-N synthesizer or a fractional-N / N+1 synthesizer, although the scope of the aspects is not limited in this respect, as other types of frequency synthesizers may be suitable. For example, the synthesis circuit 206d may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizer comprising a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider.

[0058] The combiner circuit 206d may be configured to combine, based on a frequency input and a divider control input, an output frequency used by the mixer circuit 206a of the RF circuit 206. In some aspects, the combiner circuit 206d may be a fractional N / N+1 combiner.

[0059] In some aspects, the frequency input may be provided by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), although this is not a requirement. The divider control input may be provided by either the baseband circuitry 204 or the application processor 202, depending on the desired output frequency. In some aspects, the divider control input (e.g., N) may be determined from a look-up table based on the channel indicated by the application processor 202.

[0060] The synthesis circuit 206d of the RF circuit 206 may include a divider, a delay-locked loop (DLL), a multiplexer, and a phase accumulator. In some aspects, the divider may be a dual modulus divider (DMD) and the phase accumulator may be a digital phase accumulator (DPA). In some aspects, the DMD may be configured to divide the input signal by either N or N+1 (e.g., based on the implementation) to provide a fractional division ratio. In some example aspects, the DLL may include a cascaded tunable delay element, a phase detector, a charge pump, and a set of D-type flip-flops. In these aspects, the delay elements may be configured to divide the VCO period into Nd equal-phase packets, where Nd is the number of delay elements in the delay line. In this way, the DLL provides negative feedback to help ensure that the total delay through the delay line is one VCO cycle.

[0061] In some aspects, the synthesis circuit 206d may be configured to generate the carrier frequency as an output frequency, while in other aspects the output frequency may be a multiple of the carrier frequency (e.g., twice the carrier frequency, four times the carrier frequency) and may be used in conjunction with a quadrature generator and divider circuit to generate multiple signals at the carrier frequency with different phases relative to each other. In some aspects, the output frequency may be the LO frequency (fLO). In some aspects, the RF circuit 206 may include an IQ / polarity converter.

[0062] The FEM circuitry 208 may include a receive signal path that may include circuitry configured to operate on RF signals received from one or more antennas 210, amplify the received signals, and provide an amplified version of the received signals to the RF circuitry 206 for further processing. The FEM circuitry 208 may also include a transmit signal path that may include circuitry configured to amplify signals for transmission provided by the RF circuitry 206 that are transmitted by one or more of the one or more antennas 210. In various aspects, amplification through the transmit signal path or the receive signal path may occur only in the RF circuitry 206, only in the FEM 208, or in both the RF circuitry 206 and the FEM 208.

[0063] In some aspects, the FEM circuitry 208 may include a TX / RX switch to switch between transmit and receive mode operation. The FEM circuitry may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the FEM circuitry may include a low noise amplifier (LNA) that amplifies a received RF signal and provides the amplified received RF signal as an output (e.g., to the RF circuitry 206). The transmit signal path of the FEM circuitry 208 may include a power amplifier (PA) that amplifies an input RF signal (e.g., provided by the RF circuitry 206) and one or more filters that generate an RF signal for subsequent transmission (e.g., by one or more of the one or more antennas 210).

[0064] In some aspects, the PMC 212 can manage the power provided to the baseband circuitry 204. In particular, the PMC 212 can control power source selection, voltage scaling, battery charging, or DC-DC conversion. When the device 200 can be powered by a battery, for example, when the device is included in a UE, the PMC 212 can often be included. The PMC 212 can increase power conversion efficiency while providing desirable packaging size and heat dissipation characteristics.

[0065] 2 shows the PMC 212 coupled only to the baseband circuitry 204. However, in other aspects, the PMC 212 can additionally or alternatively be coupled to other components, including but not limited to the application circuitry 202, the RF circuitry 206, or the FEM 208, to perform similar power management operations.

[0066] In some aspects, the PMC 212 can control or otherwise be a part of various power saving mechanisms of the device 200. For example, if the device 200 is in an RRC_Connected state where it is still connected to a RAN node because it is expected to soon receive traffic, after a period of inactivity the device can enter a state known as discontinuous reception mode (DRX). During this state, the device 200 can save power by powering down for short intervals.

[0067] If there is no data traffic activity for an extended period of time, the device 200 may transition to an RRC_Idle state, where it disconnects from the network and does not perform operations such as channel quality feedback, handover, etc. The device 200 enters a very low power state and periodically wakes up to listen to the network and perform paging, then powers down again. The device 200 may not be able to receive data in this state. It may transition back to the RRC_Connected state to receive data.

[0068] In an additional power saving mode, the device may be allowed to be unavailable from the network for periods longer than the paging interval (which can range from a few seconds to a few hours). During this time, the device may be completely unable to reach the network and may power down completely. Any data transmitted during this time will be significantly delayed, but the delay is deemed acceptable.

[0069] The processors of the application circuitry 202 and the baseband circuitry 204 may be used to execute elements of one or more instances of a protocol stack. For example, the processors of the baseband circuitry 204 may be used, alone or in combination, to execute layer 3, layer 2, or layer 1 functionality, while the processors of the application circuitry 204 may further execute layer 4 functionality (e.g., a transmission communication protocol (TCP) layer and a user datagram protocol (UDP) layer) utilizing data (e.g., packet data) received from these layers. As described herein above, layer 3 may include a radio resource control (RRC) layer, which is described in more detail below. As described herein above, layer 2 may include a medium access control (MAC) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, which are described in more detail below. As mentioned herein above, Layer 1 may include the Physical (PHY) layer of the UE / RAN node, which is described in more detail below.

[0070] 3 illustrates an example interface of a baseband circuit according to some aspects. As described above, the baseband circuit 204 of FIG. 2 may include processors 204A-204E and a memory 204G utilized by these processors. Each of the processors 204A-204E may include a memory interface 304A-304E, respectively, for transmitting data to and receiving data from the memory 204G.

[0071] The baseband circuitry 204 may further include one or more interfaces to communicatively couple to other circuits / devices, such as a memory interface 312 (e.g., an interface for sending and receiving data to and from memory external to the baseband circuitry 204), an application circuit interface 314 (e.g., an interface for sending and receiving data to and from the application circuitry 202 of FIG. 2), an RF circuit interface 316 (e.g., an interface for sending and receiving data to and from the RF circuitry 206 of FIG. 2), a wireless hardware connectivity interface 318 (e.g., an interface for sending and receiving data to and from Near Field Communication (NFC) components, Bluetooth® components (e.g., Bluetooth® Low Energy), Wi-Fi® components, and other communication components), and a power management interface 320 (e.g., an interface for sending and receiving power or control signals to and from the PMC 212).

[0072] 4, illustrated is a block diagram of a system 400 applicable in a UE 110, a base station (BS) (e.g., a next generation node B (gNodeB or gNB), an evolved node B (eNB), an NTN node 160, or other BS (base station) / TRP (transmission / reception point)), an access and mobility management function (AMF), or another component of a 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) network (e.g., 5GC (5th Generation Core Network)) component or function, such as an AMF (Access and Mobility Management Function), that facilitates cell selection or reselection for a UE 110 that may be connected to one or more non-terrestrial based networks (NTNs) in accordance with various aspects described herein. The system 400 may include a processor(s) 410, a communication circuitry 420, and a memory 430. The processor(s) 410 (which may include, e.g., one or more of 202 or 204A-204F, etc.) may include processing circuitry and associated interface(s) therewith (e.g., a communications interface (e.g., RF circuitry interface 316) in communication with communications circuitry 420, a memory interface (e.g., memory interface 312, etc.) in communication with memory 430. Communications circuitry 420 may include, for example, circuitry (e.g., transmitter circuitry (e.g., associated with one or more transmit chains) or circuitry (e.g., one or more receiver circuitry) for wired or wireless connection(s) (e.g., 206 or 208). The transmitter and receiver circuits may include a transceiver circuit (transmitter circuitry) associated with the transmission chain, and the transmitter and receiver circuits may use common or separate circuit elements, or a combination thereof. The memory 430 may include one or more memory devices (e.g., memory 204G, including local memory (CPU register(s)) of the processor(s) described herein) that may be any of a variety of storage media (e.g., volatile or non-volatile, according to any of a variety of technologies / configurations) and may store instructions or data associated with one or more of the processor(s) 410 or the transceiver circuitry 420.

[0073] Particular types of aspects of the system 400 (e.g., aspects of a UE, etc.) are denoted by subscripts (e.g., processor(s) 410 UE , communication circuit 420 UE , and memory 430 UE A system 400 comprising: UE ) may be shown via the BS aspects (e.g., system 400 BS ) and aspects of network components (e.g., AMF, etc.) (e.g., system 400 AMF In some aspects, such as the processor(s) 410 BS (etc.), communication circuits (e.g., 420 BS etc.), and memory (e.g., 430 BS etc.) may be included in a single device or may be included in different devices, such as part of a distributed architecture. In an aspect, signaling or messaging between different aspects of system 400 (e.g., 4001 and 4002) may be generated by processor(s) 4101, transmitted by communication circuitry 4201 over an appropriate interface or reference point (e.g., 3GPP air interfaces, N1, N8, N11, N22, etc.), received by communication circuitry 4202, and processed by processor(s) 4102. Depending on the type of interface, additional components (e.g., antenna(s), network port(s), etc. associated with system(s) 4001 and 4002) may be involved in this communication.

[0074] In various aspects, one or more of the information (e.g., system information, resources associated with signaling, etc.), features, parameters, etc. may be transmitted to (e.g., processor(s) 410 via signaling (e.g., access layer (AS) signaling, non-access layer (NAS) signaling) from or through a base station (e.g., gNB, etc.) or other access point. BS and the communication circuit 420 BS and the communication circuit 420 UE and received by processor(s) 410 UEvia signaling handled by the UE 400 UE Depending on the type of information, feature, parameter, etc., the type of signaling used or the exact details of the operations performed at the UE or BS during processing (e.g., signaling structure, PDU(s) / SDU(s) handling, etc.) may vary. However, for convenience, such operations may be referred to herein as configuring the information / feature(s) / parameter(s) / etc. in the UE, generating or processing configuration signaling, or similar terminology.

[0075] Various embodiments may employ a satellite operating in a transparent mode and transferring signaling between the UE (e.g., 110, 400) and the gNB (e.g., 120, 400), while in other aspects (embodiments), some or all of the gNB 120, 400 may be located in the satellite node 160. Compared to terrestrial-based networks, the NTN has a longer propagation delay, and therefore, to improve communication efficiency and align timing for power saving and accuracy, a beam failure recovery (BFR) timing extension may be configured in the NTN. In particular, various defined time offsets may be configured to accommodate the longer propagation in the NTN. Applications may include, but are not limited to, K_offset, which may be applied to indicate the first transmission opportunity of an UL transmission (e.g., PUSCH in configured grant type 2). K_offset may also be applied to the transmission timing of PUSCH scheduled with DCI. When the satellite node or UE moves, an update of K_offset may be configured after initial access (e.g., random access procedure, etc.). For unpaired spectrum, the value range of K1 may be extended from (0...15) to (0...31), which may impact the size of the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) to hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) field (e.g., PDSCH-to-HARQ_feedback_timing_indicator field) in the DCI. In one aspect, the time offset may be configured with such a K offset, e.g., to enhance adjustment of the uplink transmission timing upon receipt of a corresponding timing advance (TA) command.

[0076] In the case of a PCell or PSCell, UE 110 may be provided with a configuration for a Physical Random Access Channel for BFR (PRACH) transmission by a PRACH-dedicated resource (eg, PRACH-ResourceDedicatedBFR). For a PRACH transmission in slot n, in accordance with a periodic channel state information (CSI) reference signal (CSI-RS) resource configuration or antenna port quasi-co-location (QCL) parameter associated with a synchronization signal (SS) / physical broadcast channel (PBCH) block associated with index q_new provided by higher layers, the UE monitors a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) within a search space set provided by a recovery search space identification (ID) (e.g., recoverySearchSpacId) for detection of a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) scrambled with a cell (C) radio network temporary identifier (C-RNTI) or a DCI format with a modulation coding scheme (MCS) C-RNTI (MCS-C-RNTI), if a K offset, Kmac, is provided, starting from the first slot after uplink slot n+4+Koffset+Kmac, within a window configured by the BFR configuration information (or beam / BFR configuration information element) (e.g., BeamFailureRecoveryConfig). In the case of PDCCH monitoring in the search space set provided by recoverySearchSpaceId for the corresponding PDSCH reception, UE 110 assumes the same antenna port quasi-co-location parameters as those associated with index q_new until UE 110 receives activation by higher layers of either the transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state or the parameters tci-StatesPDCCH-ToAddList and / or tci-StatesPDCCH-ToReleaseList.After UE 110 detects a DCI format having a CRC scrambled by a C-RNTI or MCS-C-RNTI in the search space set provided by recoverySearchSpaceId, UE 110 may continue to monitor PDCCH candidates in the search space set provided by recoverySearchSpaceId until the UE receives a Medium Access Control (MAC) Control Element (MAC CE) activation command for a TCI state or tci-StatesPDCCH-ToAddList and / or tci-StatesPDCCH-ToReleaseList.

[0077] In one aspect, the beam failure recovery response timing may be configured via UE 110, gNB 120, or other network components with a time offset defined by slot n+4+K offset+Kmac, given a K offset, Kmac, and referenced / starting from slots starting from the first slot after UL transmission (e.g., PRACH for BFR). For example, for BFR where beam recovery signaling is via PCell or PSCell on NTN as PCell / PSCell BFR, a time offset including at least one of K offset or Kmac (e.g., Kmac, K offset, or K offset+Kmac) in addition to four or more transmission slots may be configured. In other words, UE 110 may start monitoring BFRR slot(s) at four slots+time offset after BFRQ transmission via PRACH. Here, the time offset may be based, for example, on a round trip time (RTT) between UE 110 and gNB 120. K offset may be a UE-specific offset or a beam-specific offset after initial access in NTN. As a beam-specific offset, the time offset corresponds to the current / old beam or another / new beam with a different beam index. Kmac can comprise another time offset different from the K offset, and Kmac can correspond to a medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC CE) activation time for a configured grant of a transmission opportunity or a downlink (DL) configuration as an information element.

[0078] In one aspect, the time offset may be set based on whether the timing reference point is located at a base station of a non-terrestrial based network (NTN) in a primary cell (PCell) or a primary secondary cell group cell (PSCell). For example, if the timing reference point of the RTT is specified at the gNB 120, the time offset may include K offset, and if specified at another point other than the gNB, the time offset may be derived as K offset + Kmac (K offset + Kmac = time offset) or as Kmac. Kmac may be an additional time offset used for the MAC CE activation time for DL ​​setup. The RTT may be the amount of time it takes for a signal to be transmitted plus an acknowledgment that the signal was received. This time may include the propagation time of the paths between different communication endpoints (e.g., UE 110, gNB 120, and satellite node 160).

[0079] In one aspect, the time offset may comprise a random access response (RAR) window offset (RAR_window_offset) based on the minimum RTT of the cell. Thus, the time offset may comprise an offset including four or more slots of transmission and a duration, time, period value of the RAR window offset. Additionally or alternatively, the time offset may be based on the maximum RTT of the cell, and thus the time offset may comprise four or more slots + K offset, K offset + Kmac (K offset + K mac), or Kmac, depending on whether the time reference point of the RTT of the cell is in the gNB 120. If it is in the gNB 120, the time offset may be a K offset with four or more slots. Here, the K offset may be a cell-specific or beam-specific offset, and different cells of the NTN may include different K offset values ​​derived based on, for example, the minimum or maximum RTT of any one or more UE / device components in the cell, or different K offset values ​​for different beams on the cell.

[0080] Referring to FIG. 5, an example BFR signaling and timing 500 for beam recovery according to various aspects of the present disclosure is shown. The BFR signaling and timing 500 includes, for example, three different sections or sets of signaling 502, 504, 506. In an NR TN, for example, the beam failure recovery procedure signaling 502 can include the UE 110 transmitting a beam failure recovery request (BFRQ) on the UL to the gNB 120, where this UE UL transmission can indicate beam failure via the PRACH so that the BFRR provides a new beam index of a beam different from the previous use. In response, the gNB 120 provides a UE DL transmission (e.g., UL DL 508). The UE 110 utilizes a BFR monitoring window that starts n+4 slots after the last UL slot in slot n of the BFRQ. The UE 110 receives a beam failure recovery response (BFRR) from the gNB 120 in the UE DL 508 and starts monitoring the BFRR via the PDCCH 4 slots after the BFRQ transmission in the NR TN. The gNB 120 transmits data via a transmit beam and the UE 110 receives the data via a particular receiver beam. If there is a failure in reception or acknowledgment, the UE 110 transmits a BFRQ to request a beam switch to another beam index, for example, with a beam determined to satisfy a threshold for the UE 110. If the UE 110 does not receive a BFRR within a time window to confirm that the UE 110 is receiving, it retransmits the BFRQ or an updated BFRQ in an exemplary signaling transmission 502.

[0081] The signaling 502 may be BFR in an ideal case in a terrestrial network (TN). Since the distance between the UE 110 and the gNB 120 is short compared to the NTN, the first two sets of signaling 502 and 504 include signaling BFR for the TN with short timing tolerance 520 in a non-ideal case in section 504. The first case includes signaling 502 as an ideal case where the UE 110 is close to the base station or gNB 120 and the UE uplink and downlink timing are ideally aligned. In 502, after slot n, the UE sends a BFRQ message through a PRACH transmission as the UE UL transmission of 202. Since the UL and DL timing are aligned, after four slots, the UE 110 starts to monitor the beam failure recovery monitoring window starting at n+4, as in the DL slot timing of the UE DL 508.

[0082] In signaling 504, UE 110 has a small time advance (TA) 520 in TN between its DL timing transmission 511 and UL timing transmission 512. Now, when UE 110 transmits UL timing signaling 512 in slot n, it reaches gNB 120 in slot n at 510, and when gNB 120 transmits transmission in slot n, it reaches UE at DL time 511 in slot n, so DL timing signaling 511 is later and UL timing 512 is earlier. However, because timing advance 520 is small relative to UE UL 512 and DL 511 in signaling 504, n+4 can start from DL timing signaling 511 or UL timing signaling 512. In both these cases, the difference is not large, but ideally, the UE should select / start monitoring the BFR at the n+4 slot, either starting from the n+4 slot of the DL timing signaling 511 signaling, or starting from the UL timing signaling 512, in order to have a chance to receive the BFRR message from the gNB 120 to the UE 110, as in the UE DL 511.

[0083] In the NTN signaling 506, for example, a TA 530 larger than the TA 520 in the TN signaling 504 is utilized. When the UE 110 transmits a PRACH for a BFRQ in slot n of the UE UL 518, the UE 110 can start monitoring the BFRR in a "BFR monitoring window" in the UL or DL. Now, if the UE 110 starts the BFR monitoring window only four slots based on the UL timing signaling 518, this is too early because the UL message (e.g., BFRQ) just arrived at the gNB 110 in slot n in the received signaling 514 due to the large propagation delay across the NTN. Therefore, a time offset 532 plus four or more slots 534 can be set to enable a "desired BFR monitoring window" instead of an "undesired beam failure recovery monitoring window." Such a time offset 532 may also be configured to start monitoring in the UL in the UL 518, not shown here for illustrative purposes, such as in the UE DL 516 signaling with a "desired BFR monitoring window."

[0084] As explained above, the time offset 532 can comprise the K offset, Kmac, or both, such that the UE begins monitoring the BFRR in 4 or more slots + time offset. Depending on where the time reference point is relative to the RTT between the UE, gNB, or satellite node, Kmac can be added to the K offset as an additional time offset or used as the time offset only. Kmac can be equal to the time offset used for the MAC CE activation time for DL ​​configuration.

[0085] In one aspect, the different time offset alternatives may be dynamically or statically configured depending on the RTT between the UE 110 and the gNB 120, each configured with four or more slots and both K offset, Kmac, or K offset+Kmac. For example, if the timing reference point is at the gNB 120, the time offset 532 may be only the K offset. The K offset in this aspect may be UE-specific or beam-specific, which is after the initial access. If the K offset is beam-specific, the new beam being switched to may correspond to a different K offset than the old or previous beam. Here, the K offset may include a time offset between the UE 110 and the timing reference point, derived from the RTT between them, broadcasted or otherwise signaled to the UE 110, or derived by the UE 102.

[0086] In another example, if the timing reference point is not at the gNB 120, the time offset can be K offset plus Kmac timing, or just Kmac. Kmac is the time offset used for the MAC CE activation time for DL ​​configuration, which includes the time between the timing reference point for RTT and the gNB 120. If the timing reference point is at a satellite or satellite node, an additional Kmac can be added to the K offset to set the appropriate timing offset, since UL messages should reach the gNB before they have an effect. Alternatively or additionally, for example, the time offset 532 can be Kmac alone, which is used to cover all timing advance(s) between the UE and the timing reference point, and can also be derived from the timing reference point and the gNB 120.

[0087] In one aspect, the time offset 532 may be a K offset based on a minimum RTT time, where the K offset is cell-specific rather than UE-specific. Thus, all UEs in a cell of the NTN may be configured to utilize the time offset 532 as a K offset derived from the cell's minimum RTT. The cell's minimum RTT may be equal to the RAR window offset, for example.

[0088] Additionally or alternatively, the K offset may be beam specific and may be equal to a RAR window offset based on, for example, the cell's minimum RTT for a particular beam. Thus, when performing a beam switch in a cell of an NTN, the time offset 532 changes depending on the new beam and may be a different K offset than the previous beam utilized before BFR.

[0089] In one aspect, the time offset 532 may be based on the maximum RTT of the cell. The time offset 532 may also be at least 4 slots 534 and a K offset, which is a cell-specific offset used in initial access and broadcast by the network when the timing reference point is at the gNB 120. Here, the K offset may alternatively or additionally be a beam-specific offset and may correspond to an old beam or a new beam. As explained above, the time offset 532 may also be K offset + K + at least 4 slots 534, or K alone + 4 slots 534. The K offset or K may be derived from the maximum RTT of the cell.

[0090] 6, an example BFR signal and timing 600 for a beam recovery activation time is shown, according to various aspects of the present specification. The beam recovery activation time occurs after the UE 110 receives a beam failure recovery response (BFRR) 620 designated for slot n (e.g., at 620 and 622 of the signaling 602 for TN and at 630, 632, and 634 of the signaling 604 for NTN) received within the first DCI in the search space provided by the BFRQ at the UE DL 608. The beam recovery activation time is when the UE 110 starts using a new beam or activates the use of a new beam.

[0091] In one aspect, Figure 6 illustrates aspects for PCell and PSCell beam failure recovery activation timing. In a TN network, signaling at 602 indicates where UE 110 begins to transmit UL transmission 610 using a new beam indicated by a PRACH with BFRQ 628. 28 symbols after receiving the first PDCCH with DCI indicated in the search space set indicated in UE DL 608 at gNB 110 in signaling 612 or BFRR 620 at 622, UE 110 activates the new beam indicated in BFRQ at 624, which is aligned with gNB 120 signaling 612 activation 626.

[0092] In NTN signaling 604, for PCell or PSCell beam failure recovery activation timing, the UE 110 starts transmitting PUCCH using beam failure recovery activation timing 636 in UEUL signaling 616. In UEUL signaling 616, the UE 110 starts transmitting PUCCH using the same beam as indicated in PRACH transmission 640 for BFRQ. Activation of this beam to transmit PUCCH occurs after 28 symbols and after receiving the first PDCCH in the search space set indicated in beam failure recovery request (BFRR) 632 (slot n) at 636, which is also seen in DL at 630 and gNB at 634.

[0093] In the NTN, the gNB 120 in gNB signaling 618 receives the first PUCCH in the same beam as indicated by the BFRQ in UL signaling 614 after transmitting the corresponding PDCCH more than 28 symbols after including the BFR activation timing offset 644 as the time offset. Typically, the exact timing of receiving the first PUCCH by the UE 110 is not known at the gNB 120.

[0094] From UE side signaling 616, UE 110 transmits a BFRQ via PRACH 640 in the UL, where the UE has already received a response BFRR from the network in slot n 632. Then, based on current specifications, the UE starts 28 symbols after receiving the BFRR for its UL transmission, thereby activating the new or different beam indicated in the UE's BFRQ message via PRACH 640. Then, from gNB 120 in signaling 618, gNB 120 does not necessarily know the propagation delay between UE 110 and gNB 120, since the propagation delay may be more variable depending on satellite location, UE mobility, etc. than in a TN network. Then, gNB 120 expects to use the new beam as a receiver beam from UL transmission 616 at activation time 638 that is more than 28 symbols away, and starts from the symbol that uses the new beam, but gNB 120 does not necessarily know. In this aspect, the activation is at least 28 symbols plus a time offset 644. The UE 110 also configures the gNB 120 when to start using the new transmission as a BFR activation time 636 and when to use a new receiver beam at the BFR activation time 638 to receive a UL transmission from the UE.

[0095] For PCell or PSCell BFR activation timing, the UE 110 may set a time offset 642 to determine the timing of the first PUCCH with the same beam as indicated in the PRACH transmission 640. This time offset or BFR activation timing offset may be from uplink slot n 632, where n is the first DCI reception in the search space set provided by the BFRQ 640. The BFR activation time offset may be from uplink slot n 632 starting from the same symbol index in the slot as the last symbol of the first DCI reception 630 with BFRR. A gap of at least 28 symbols is also added to the beginning of that symbol. Thus, the time offset for BFR activation is an additional time offset added to the beginning of that symbol.

[0096] In one aspect, the BFR activation time offset (e.g., 642 or 644) may be set as a function of K-offset, Kmac, or both (K-offset+Kmac) with a UE-specific offset or a beam-specific offset based on whether the timing reference point is located at a base station of a non-terrestrial based network (NTN) in a PCell or a PSCell. As a beam-specific offset, the time offset 642 or 644 may correspond to a current beam or a new beam with a different beam index as indicated in the BFRQ. Kmac may be another time offset corresponding to a MAC CE activation time for downlink configuration. K-offset and Kmac may be broadcast or otherwise provided via the gNB, higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC), or may be predefined for a given beam or UE.

[0097] If the timing reference point is at the gNB 120, then only the K offset can be set for the BFR activation time offset 642, 644. Additionally or alternatively, if the timing reference point is not at the gNB 120 but at another time reference point within the RTT, then the time offset can be K offset + K, or just K.

[0098] 7, an example BFR signal and timing 700 for beam recovery activation time according to various aspects of the present disclosure associated with a SCell BFR is shown. TN transmissions are shown as a set of signaling 702, and NTN are shown as a set of signaling 704.

[0099] In one aspect, the PCell may still be stable without BFR, but the SCell may have BFR. Instead of using PRACH to transmit the BFRQ, the UE 110 may transmit the BFRQ using MAC CE to indicate the BFR on the SCell in the UE PCell UL transmission 710. In this case, the PCell is still operational, and therefore the UE 110 uses the PCell to indicate this SCell failure. In signaling 708 in the UE PCell DL, the UE 110 receives the BFRR on the PCell. Here, the UE schedules a PUSCH transmission with the same number of HARQ processes as the transmission of the first PUSCH, and receives a PDCCH with a DCI format with a toggled new data indicator (NDI) field value. Then, in signaling 712 for the UE SCell, the UE 110 activates on the SCell to activate the UL transmission beam based on the 28 symbol gap between the BFR and the activation of the new beam on the SCell. Thus, 28 symbols after the last symbol of PDCCH reception, UE 110 monitors the PDCCH in all control resource sets (CORESETs) on the SCell indicated by the MAC CE using the same beam. UE 110 also transmits the PUCCH using the same spatial domain filter as indicated in the PUSCH MAC CE.

[0100] In the set of signaling 704 for NTN, the UE 110 transmits a first PUSCH carrying a MAC CE for SCell BFRR 740 in UE PCell UL signaling 716. The UE 110 receives a PDCCH in slot n 732 in DCI format scheduled PUSCH transmission with the same number of HARQ processes as the first PUSCH transmission and with the NDI field value toggled as in the UE PCell DL signaling 714. In uplink slot n 744, it starts from the same symbol index in slot 732 as the last symbol of the PDCCH reception. A gap of 28 symbols is added to the beginning of the symbol and a time offset 746 is further added. After the additional time offset 746 is added to the beginning of the symbol, the UE 110 monitors the PDCCH in all CORESETs on the SCells indicated by the MAC CE using the same beam and transmits the PUCCH using the same spatial domain filter as indicated in the PUSCH MAC CE in activation 742. The time offset 746 may be added to at least 28 symbols for only the PUCCH or for both the PDCCH and the PUCCH.

[0101] The SCell BFR activation time offset 746 may be configured as a function of K offset, Kmac, or both (K offset + Kmac), which comprises a UE-specific offset or a beam-specific offset, based on whether the timing reference point is located in a base station of a non-terrestrial network (NTN) in the SCell. As a beam-specific offset, the time offset 746 may correspond to the current beam or a new beam with a different beam index as indicated in the BFRQ. Kmac may be another time offset corresponding to the MAC CE activation time for downlink configuration. The K offset and Kmac may be broadcast or otherwise provided via the gNB 120, higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC), or may be predefined for a given beam or UE.

[0102] If the timing reference point is at the gNB 120, then only the K offset can be set for the SCell BFR activation time offset 746. Additionally or alternatively, if the timing reference point is not at the gNB 120 but at another time reference point, then the time offset can be K offset+Kmac, or just Kmac.

[0103] In one aspect, updating the CORSET#0 beam is part of the BFR procedure and can also be updated with timing offsets (e.g., time offsets 532, 642, 644, 746) as described above with the CORSET#0 beam time offset. If UE 110 is provided with a zero value for the search space in DL control signaling, UE 110 determines to monitor for this PDCCH candidate in CORSET#0. Thus, time offsets as described above (e.g., time offsets 532, 642, 644, 746 with / without additional slots or symbols) can also be similarly configured to introduce a time offset to start or indicate when to receive a new beam for CORSET#0 when CORSET#0 is active or in a CORSET#0 beam update.

[0104] For example, if UE 110 is provided with a zero value for searchSpaceID in PDCCH-ConfigCommon for a type 0 / 0A / 2-PDCCH common search space (CSS) set, UE 110 determines monitoring opportunities for PDCCH candidates of type 0 / 0A / 2-PDCCH CSS set, and UE 110 is provided with a C-RNTI. The UE monitors PDCCH candidates only at monitoring opportunities associated with SS / PBCH blocks. The SS / PBCH block is determined by the most recent of the TCI state of an active BWP that includes a CORESET with index 0, where the TCI state includes a CSI-RS that is quasi-coexistent with the SS / PBCH block, a MAC CE activation command indicating a TCI state, or a time offset after a random access procedure that is not initiated by a PDCCH command that triggers a contention-free random access procedure. UE 110 should start resetting the CORESET#0 beam after transmitting a PRACH for a random access procedure that is not initiated by a PDCCH-ordered contention-free random access procedure. This CORSET#0 beam offset can be set as a K offset, including a UE-specific offset, a beam-specific offset, or a cell-specific offset. Optionally, it can include K or be a function of both (K offset + K), based on whether the timing reference point is located at a base station of a non-terrestrial network (NTN). As a beam-specific offset, the time offset of CORESET#0 can correspond to the current beam or a new beam with a different beam index as indicated in the BFRQ. K can be another time offset corresponding to the MAC CE activation time for downlink configuration. K offset and K can be broadcast or otherwise provided via the gNB 120, higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC), or predefined for a given beam or UE.

[0105] If the timing reference point is at gNB120, then only the K offset can be set for the CORESET#0 time offset. Additionally or alternatively, if the timing reference point is not at gNB120 but at another time reference point, then the time offset can be K offset + Kmac, or just Kmac. The K offset can be based on the minimum or maximum RTT time, depending on whether the K offset is cell-specific rather than UE-specific. Thus, all UEs in a cell of the NTN can be configured to utilize a time offset as the K offset derived from the cell's minimum or maximum RTT. The cell's minimum or maximum RTT can be equal to the RAR window offset, for example. Thus, CORESET#0 can be the RAR window offset.

[0106] In one aspect, the time offset described herein (e.g., time offset 532, 642, 644, 746 with / without additional slots or symbols) may be set as the RAR window offset for the RAR response message 2 (Msg2). The RAR window offset may be used in the initial access of the random access procedure. As part of the BFR procedure, initially the gNB 120 may not have any connection. Thus, the UE 110 sends a PRACH to access the network, which may include a BFRQ with a beam index of the new beam. The network or the gNB 120 may respond by sending back, for example, a random access response, RAR message. However, the RAR message may arrive at the UE late at the NTN due to a large propagation delay at the NTN. Once the UE 110 sends the PRACH transmission, it may wait to monitor the RAR message based on the RAR window offset, as well as the time offset described herein (e.g., time offset 532, 642, 644, 746 with / without additional slots or symbols), which may also be the RAR window offset. Further, after this offset, a RAR window is utilized, which may be, for example, a RAR window of about 10 ms. Thus, the RAR window offset may be to the start time of the RAR window. The UE 110 may be configured to receive the PDCCH for the Type 1-PDCCH CSS set that is at least (RAR window time offset) after the last symbol of the PRACH opportunity corresponding to the PRACH transmission. The value of this time offset as the RAR window time offset may be a timing advance (TA)+Kmac. The TA may be equal to the timing advance between the UE 110 and a timing reference point, which may be on the satellite 160, but may be anywhere between the satellite and the gNB 120. Here, the TA may be composed of different components: (UE specific TA)+(common TA_b)+(common TA drift rate_b)*delta t (Δt).

[0107] The UE-specific TA component may be the TA between the UE and the satellite, measured by the UE 110 based on the location of the UE 110 and the satellite, and thus calculated by the UE's Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) location and the satellite ephemeris of the satellite 160. The common TA_b may be broadcast by the network, indicating the TA between the satellite 160 and a timing reference point that may be between the satellite 160 and the gNB 120. The common TA drift rate_b may also be broadcast by the network, indicating changes to this common TA. In the NTN, the satellite 160 may be moving, and the TA between the satellite 160 and the gNB 120 may also be changing from time to time, which may be accounted for in the TA for the RAR window offset by this common TA drift rate component based on these movement factors. The delta t (Δt) may be the time gap between the last (common TA drift rate_b) reception or transmission time and the current time. Thus, the TA may be derived based on or to account for any one or all of these components or effects.

[0108] In various aspects, the RAR window time offset or the value of the time offset can be a factor of TA based on the UE-specific RTT between the UE 110 and the gNB 120, or the maximum value of the RTT between the UE and the gNB. If the value of the time offset for the RAR window is the UE-specific RTT between the UE 110 and the gNB 120, the time offset can be TA+Kmac, where Kmac is the timing between the timing reference point and the gNB, and is composed of two parts. For example, Kmac=Kmac,b+(Kmac drift rate_b)*delta t (Δt). The Kmac,b component can be broadcast by the network, which can be based on the current timing reference point relative to the timing offset of the gNB, but can monitor changes in this value as the satellite 160 moves within the NTN. Thus, the network can also broadcast this drift rate to derive the final Kmac used in this value. Thus, the Kmac drift rate_b can be broadcast by the network and used to derive Kmac. Delta t (Δt) may be the time gap between the last (Kmac drift rate_b) reception or transmission time and the current time. Thus, here, this is the UE-specific RTT between the UE and the gNB, composed of TA and Kmac, depending on the broadcast information and drift rate as a value, but also on the rate of change of these values.

[0109] In another aspect, the RAR window time offset can depend on the maximum RTT between the UE and the gNB, and this TA is its own TA, but this K offset can be a common K offset or a cell-specific K offset in comparison. Thus, the TA from above can be replaced by this K offset, which is common among all UEs of the cell and can be used in this initial access for the RAR window time offset. Thus, the RAR window time offset can be K offset + Kmac, where Kmac can be derived as described above based on Kmac = Kmac,b + (Kmac drift rate_b) * delta t (Δt).

[0110] Other aspects may additionally or alternatively be configured with respect to the contention resolution timer (CRTimer). In a four-step RACH, for example, UE 110 may send a PRACH first, and then in a second step, the UE receives a RAR message as described above. Then, after getting the RAR message, UE 110 may send a message contention resolution message 3 (Msg3) and wait for a message in contention resolution (Msg4). Msg3 is from UE 110 to the network, and Msg4 is from the network to UE 110. After sending Msg3, if UE 110 does not receive Msg3 after a certain time based on the contention resolution timer (CRtimer), UE 110 considers the contention resolution to have failed and resumes the random access procedure. CRtimer may be a time started in Msg3 in contention resolution, which is a set value between 8 ms and 64 ms. In one embodiment, the CRtimer may be enhanced / extended by setting an additional contention resolution timer period offset that is added to the CRtimer as a function of TA and K offset based on the UE-specific RTT between the UE 110 and the gNB 120. As above, TA may be expressed as: TA=(UE-specific TA)+(common TA_b)+(common TA drift rate_b)*delta t (Δt), and Kmac=Kmac,b+(Kmac drift rate_b)*delta t (Δt).

[0111] Alternatively or additionally, the CRtimer time offset may depend on the maximum RTT between the UE 110 and the gNB 120 and may be scaled based on the K offset and K as described above, where the K offset and K may be broadcast by the network and the K offset may be used, for example, in initial access to the network via a beam.

[0112] In an aspect, a K offset may be signaled, or a differential K offset may be signaled, which may be beam-specific, cell-specific, or UE-specific, as described herein. The K offset may also be provided to the UE 110 in RRC signaling, in the MAC CE, or in the DCI. Rather than providing an absolute K offset, a differential K offset may be provided instead. The K offset may then be determined or updated by the UE 110 based on the current K offset and the differential K offset value.

[0113] Referring to FIG. 8, an example UE process flow 800 for determining the number of Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) processes in an NTN according to an aspect of the present specification is illustrated. The process flow 800 can start at 810, where the UE (e.g., UE 110) can receive a fallback DCI, such as DCI format 0_0 or 1_0, with a CRC scrambled by a Cell (C) Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) (C-RNTI), a configured Scheduling (CS)-RNTI, a Modulation Coding Scheme (MCS)-C-RNTI, or a Temporary Cell (TC)-RNTI. At 820, the process flow 800 further includes the UE 110 checking an operating or operating band and descrambling the CRC with an RNTI. At 830, the process flow 800 continues with the UE 110 reading a new field or reinterpreting the "number of HARQ processes" field, for example, as part of a HARQ process number indicator, if the operating band and the RNTI match.

[0114] In the TN, the maximum number of HARQ processes is 16, and only 4 bits are allocated to the DCI to indicate the maximum number of 16 HARQ processes. However, in the NTN, the number of HARQ processes can be up to 32 HARQ processes. Thus, to indicate the number of HARQ processes up to 32, or more than 16, bits can be added such that 2 to the power of 5 can be at least 32. In one aspect, a new field can be added with a DCI format having a bit field of 1 bit, which can be used to indicate, for example, the most significant bit (MSB) or the least significant bit (LSB) of the HARQ process number. The bit field can serve to indicate the MSB or LSB of the HARQ process number. The field can be applied only in the NTN band (e.g., Ka band or S band), or can be applied to specific use cases, e.g., DCI format 0_0 or 1_0 with CRC scrambled by C-RNTI, CS-RNTI, MCS-C-RNTI, or TC-RNTI, in order not to extend the band. This avoids extending this field if the DCI is applicable to another type (e.g. paging). For formats 0_0 or 1_0 with CRC scrambled by P-RNTI, SI-RNTI, RARNTI, or MsgB-RNTI, or for operation in the TN band, no changes are configured. Thus, if a new field is configured, it may only be configured in the NTN band and used only for UE-specific DCI formats.

[0115] The process flow 800 continues at 840 with determining the number of HARQ processes based on a new or reinterpreted field with the number of HARQ processes field in the DCI. Alternatively or additionally, instead of adding a new field to be used with the existing 4-bit field to indicate 32, the number of HARQ processes field can be directly extended from 4 bits to 5 bits when the operating band / operation band is within the NTN band and in case of fallback DCI such as DCI format 0_0 or 1_0 with CRC scrambled by C-RNTI, CS-RNTI, MCS-C-RNTI, or TC-RNTI, as explained above. In case of format 0_0 or 1_0 with CRC scrambled by P-RNTI, SI-RNTI, RARNTI, or MsgB-RNTI, or in case of operation in the TN band, no change is necessarily set.

[0116] In other aspects, the BWP switching scheme in NTNs may be configured to further enhance efficient signaling with beam management and association of synchronization signal blocks (SSBs), beams, and bandwidth portions (BWPs). Referring to FIG. 9, an exemplary NTN cell 900 having multiple beams within a particular satellite coverage area on a satellite link is shown. The cell 900 may include different beams across the cell coverage area on the surface of the Earth, with different beams having different areas, such as beams 1-8 within the same cell: cell 0. Adjacent beams may have different BWPs, so beam 1 uses BWP1, beam 2 uses BWP2, etc. However, the BWPs may be reduced, for example, as BWP1 is used for beams 1 and 5 because they are somewhat correlated in frequency, or used in frequency domain portions with beam frequency domain separation to avoid intra-beam interference due to the inclusion of different adjacent beams, with the goal of reducing interference between adjacent beams, referred to as frequency reuse factor (FRF).

[0117] In various aspects, the FRF is greater than 1, so that, for example, when the UE 110 switches from one beam to another, it uses a beam switching procedure and moves from one area to another. This may also include BWP switching as well as beam switching. In NTN, beam switching may be associated with BWP switching. From the UE's perspective, beam switching is achieved by a transmission configuration indication (TCI) state associated with beam switching and communicated via a DCI or MAC CE in the TCI state setting (including the cell and BWP of the reference signal, the reference signal index, or the QCL type with the reference signal). For example, DCI 1_1 includes a field of "transmission configuration indication" for switching the receiving beam of the PDSCH. The MAC CE of "UE-specific PDCCH TCI state indication" or "UE-specific PDSCH TCI state activation / deactivation" can be used to switch the PDCCH or PDSCH receiving beam.

[0118] However, BWP switching may include a separate procedure that may be accomplished by DCI or timer (e.g., bwp-InactivityTimer). Each BWP configuration may include a frequency and a bandwidth. DCI 0_1 or 1_1 may include a field of "Bandwidth Part Indicator" to switch UL or DL ​​BWP between configured lists, respectively. Timer-based BWP switch is for switching to a default BWP when the BWP inactivity timer expires. A cell-specific DL BWP may be configured by BWP-DownlinkCommon, and a UE-specific DL BWP may be configured by BWP-DownlinkDedicated. In a TN network, the UE 110 does not have to do beam switching but has BWP switching directly. In other words, BWP switching is a different signaling from beam switching, whereas in NTN, the two are associated.

[0119] In various aspects, a BWP switch, or beam switch, may occur when the UE 110 moves from one beam to another within the NTN. If the frequency reuse factor (FRF)>1, each satellite beam is associated with a BWP. It is an objective of various aspects or embodiments herein to reduce interference between different satellite beams, where a satellite beam switch is associated with a BWP switch. From the UE's perspective, the TCI condition may not change with a satellite beam switch, since all satellite beams are from the same satellite and the QCLtype D (spatial Rx parameter) does not necessarily change with a satellite beam switch.

[0120] 10, an example TCI state configuration 1000 for signaling a satellite beam switch in accordance with various aspects is illustrated. The TCI state configuration may include control or corresponding signaling control data that enables a BWP switch along with a TCI state configuration for beam switching by the UE 110. In response to receiving the TCI configuration, the UE 110 may generate a beam switch from a first beam to a second beam based on configuration information associated with the beam switch.

[0121] The configuration information or TCI state configuration may be processed as part of a configured permission, control element, information element, or other control data set to enable beam switching. The TCI configuration 1000 may include quasi-collocation (QCL) configuration information including at least one of an associated DL BWP (ass-DL-BWP with BWP-ID), an associated UL BWP (ass-UL-BWP with BWP-ID), or an associated polarization (ass-polarization with emulated {linear polarization, right-handed circular polarization (RHCP), or left-handed circular polarization (LHCP)). The UE 110 may then modify the TCI state of the first beam or the second beam to be updated with the corresponding DL / UL BWP or associated polarization. The UE 110 may then further generate a BWP switch based on the QCL configuration information of the TCI state configuration used in the beam switch, for example, when the frequency reuse factor is greater than one.

[0122] Thus, the implicit BWP switch may be triggered and enabled using satellite beam switching configuration data in the TCI state configuration. By receiving the beam switching data to be used for the beam switching operation, the UE 110 may be configured to perform the BWP switch autonomously accordingly without being triggered or further indicated to switch.

[0123] 11, an example process flow 1100 for performing an implicit BWP switch based on satellite beam switching configuration information is shown. The process flow 1100 begins at 1110, where a UE 110 may receive TCI state update information from a MAC CE or DCI, for example, to implement a switch to a new TCI state for a new beam.

[0124] At 1120, the UE 1120 may be triggered to switch beams among multiple beams for each cell deployment scenario.

[0125] At 1130, UE 110 may receive a TCI Update message, which may include setting 1000 as a DCI or MAC CE.

[0126] At 1140, UE 110 switches to the new TCI state as the corresponding new beam in the beam switch.

[0127] At 1150, then in the new TCI state with associated BWPs for UL and DL from the TCI setup / update message, UE 110 may also switch BWPs accordingly after switching beams.

[0128] At 1160, if the beam switching is also associated with polarization, the UE also switches polarization along with the beam switching.

[0129] In one aspect, in the TCI update, the MAC CE activation timing may be set by the UE when considering the BWP switching delay. For example, when the MAC CE of "UE specific PDCCH TCI state indication" or "UE specific PDSCH TCI state activation / deactivation" is received, the TCI state update includes both beam switching and BWP switching. The BWP switching delay may be set in these operations when determining the MAC CE activation timing. With only beam switching, the activation time may be shorter, but when considering BWP switching or polarization switching, the increase of the activation timing of the TCI update MAC CE is set such that the BWP switching delay is set for the beam switching setting or the BWP switching operation related to the TCI state update. In other words, upon receiving the TCI state update information from the MAC CE, the UE 110 is configured to modify the TCI state of the beam based on the MAC CE activation timing including the BWP switching delay to extend the duration of the beam switching.

[0130] 12, an exemplary BWP configuration 1200 according to various aspects is illustrated. The BWP configuration 1200 is configured to implicitly enable satellite beam switching with BWP switching, such that the BWP switching is triggered with data related to the BWP, such as location and bandwidth, and BWP interval or ID. Furthermore, the BWP configuration 1200 includes different satellite beams identified for the identified BWP. In this configuration, the UE 110 can perform beam switching based on the BWP switching after the BWP switching is performed. Thus, although the BWP switching may be directly triggered / enabled, the UE 110 can operate to perform beam switching autonomously based on the BWP configuration information.

[0131] In one example, the BWP configuration information may include a "TCI state ID" field or other field with corresponding beam switching information. In this configuration, when the UE 110 obtains an indication for a BWP switch, the UE 110 may also perform a beam switch accordingly. In response to the BWP being associated with a different satellite beam, the UE 110 may perform a beam switch to a different satellite beam based on the BWP configuration information. The BWP configuration 1200 may comprise a sequence of TCI state IDs indicating that the BWP is associated with an associated satellite.

[0132] 13, an example process flow 1300 for beam switching due to BWP configuration as implicit beam switching with BWP switching is shown. The process flow 1300 starts at 1310, where the UE 110 receives an update of a new BWP configuration for a UL or DL ​​BWP, where the update may include beam switching information.

[0133] At 1320, UE 110 may receive a DL / UL BWP switch signal to trigger a BWP switch.

[0134] At 1330, after the UE receives the BWP switch signal (eg, in DCI 1_1 or 0_1), the UE 110 may switch to the new BWP.

[0135] At 1340, UE 110 determines whether the new BWP has an associated beam TCI state, and at 1350, if the TCI state is different from the current TCI state, UE 110 may also switch the TCI state for the new beam based thereon. In a DCI with a "BWP indicator", a corresponding "transmission configuration indication" field may indicate which of the TCI states associated with the BWP configuration is selected. For example, a BWP configuration has an associated TCI state ID={2,3,4,6}, and a 2-bit "transmission configuration indication" field indicates the appropriate TCI state.

[0136] In one aspect, the minimum time for BWP switching may be increased since it also includes beam switching. The minimum time gap between DCI and PDSCH / PUSCH can be configured to be larger to increase the time offset for beam switching delay. In other words, upon receiving the BWP configuration information in the DCI, the UE 110 is configured to modify the BWP switching based on the BWP switching delay to extend the duration of the BWP switching, e.g., to expand the time gap between DCI and PUSCH or PDSCH.

[0137] Alternatively or additionally, for BWP switching, there is no default BWP since the satellite is moving. BWPs are usually associated with beams. Therefore, UE 110 can operate to disassociate timer-based BWP switching in NTN or set the timer to infinity to extend the gap for beam switching delay.

[0138] Referring to FIG. 14, an example process flow 1400 of timer-based BWP switching is shown. At 1410, the process flow 1400 starts with receiving a configuration of a UL / DL BWP sequence / timer pattern. Here, the process flow 1400 may be operable for an Earth moving beam. If the satellite 160 is moving, its coverage area is also moving, but the UE 110 may be in a location where it must switch to the next beam of the BWP even if the UE is not moving because the satellite 160 is moving. Therefore, the UL / DL BWP sequence / timer pattern may be configured to trigger the UE 110 to an advanced BWP switch.

[0139] At 1420, the process flow includes receiving a signal to activate an appropriate UL or DL ​​BWP sequence / timer pattern, for example, via a DCI or MAC CE.

[0140] At 1430, the process flow includes applying a UL / DL BWP sequence / timer pattern based on the activation signal. The UE 110 can select a particular pattern to be applied or the signal can trigger a particular pattern to be applied. The process flow 1400 can be dependent on ephemeris or satellite movement. Based on the pattern, the UE 110 switches the beam of the BWP after a certain time as the satellite is moving. Thus, instead of a command-based BWP switch, a timer-based BWP switch can be utilized to have the UE 110 autonomously perform the BWP switch after some time.

[0141] A sequence of BWPs and associated timers for each BWP may be configured. For example, a BWP ID sequence (1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 3) with corresponding timers (100, 100, 100, 150, 120, 140, 110, 150) seconds may be configured. A BWP may be applied based on the selected pattern, for example, as BWP ID=1 for 100 seconds, BWP ID=2 for 100 seconds, etc. Multiple BWP sequence / timer patterns may be configured via RRC. The MAC CE or DCI may be configured to indicate which of the BWP sequence / timer patterns should be used. Here, the UL BWP sequence / timer and the DL BWP sequence / timer may be configured separately and independently or together.

[0142] At 1440, UE 110 may receive signaling (e.g., via DCI, MAC CE, or higher layer signaling) to deactivate the UL / DL BWP sequence / timer pattern. At 1450, UE 110 stops the UL DL BWP sequence / timer pattern based on the deactivation signal.

[0143] In one aspect, the UE 110 can further operate group common DCI BWP switching, especially for Earth moving beams. Thus, if the satellite 160 moves, the terrestrial UE 110 switches BWP while all UEs in the same area switch from one BWP to another. The common DCI can be applicable to all UEs in a particular location. To support such common DCI configuration, a new RNTI called BWP RNTI can be used for a group of UEs in a location. This BWP RNTI can be configured by RRC signaling for all UEs in a location where the UE 110 can receive this group common DCI scrambled by the BWP RNTI. The UE 110 decodes the common DCI based on the BWP RNTI and performs UL / DL BWP switching as shown.

[0144] Although the method is illustrated and described above as a sequence of acts or events, it is understood that the illustrated order of such acts or events should not be construed in a limiting sense. For example, some acts may occur in different orders or simultaneously with other acts or events other than those illustrated or described herein. In addition, not all illustrated acts are required to implement one or more aspects or examples of the present disclosure. Also, one or more of the acts illustrated herein may be performed in one or more separate acts or phases. In some examples, the above method may be implemented in a computer-readable medium using instructions stored in a memory. Many other examples and variations are possible within the scope of the claimed disclosure.

[0145] As used herein, the term "processor" may refer to virtually any computing processing unit or device, including, but not limited to, a single-core processor, a single processor with software multithreading execution capabilities, a multi-core processor, a multi-core processor with software multithreading execution capabilities, a multi-core processor with hardware multithreading techniques, a parallel platform, and a parallel platform with distributed shared memory. Furthermore, a processor may refer to an integrated circuit, an application specific integrated circuit, a digital signal processor, a field programmable gate array, a programmable logic controller, a complex programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof, designed to perform the functions or processes described herein. The processor may utilize nanoscale architectures, including, but not limited to, molecular dot and quantum dot based transistors, switches and gates, etc., to optimize space usage or improve the performance of a mobile device. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing processing units.

[0146] Examples (embodiments) may include subject matter such as a method, a means for performing operations or blocks of a method, at least one machine-readable medium containing instructions that, when executed by a machine (e.g., a processor having memory, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), etc.), cause the machine to perform operations of the method or operations of an apparatus or system to perform simultaneous communications using multiple communication technologies according to the embodiments and examples described herein.

[0147] A first example is a baseband processor configured to transmit a Beam Failure Recovery Request (BFRQ) in response to detecting a beam failure on a non-terrestrial network (NTN) and receive a Beam Failure Recovery Response (BFRR) via a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) based on at least four slots and a time offset after the BFRQ.

[0148] A second example may include the first example, where the time offset includes at least one of K offset including a UE-specific offset or a beam-specific offset, or Kmac, based on whether the timing reference point is located at a base station of the NTN in a primary cell (PCell) or a primary secondary cell group cell (PSCell). The beam-specific offset corresponds to the current beam or another beam with a different beam index. Kmac includes another time offset corresponding to a medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC CE) activation time for downlink configuration.

[0149] A third example may include the first or second example, where the time offset is based on a random access response (RAR) window offset derived from a minimum round trip time (RTT) of the cell for the NTN, or the time offset is based on a maximum RTT of the cell broadcast for initial access.

[0150] A fourth example may include any one or more of the first through third examples, where the time offset includes at least one of Koffset, which is a cell-specific timing offset or a beam-specific offset based on a maximum RTT broadcasted from the network for initial access, or Kmac, which includes another time offset corresponding to a MAC CE activation time for downlink configuration, the beam-specific offset corresponding to a current beam or another beam for beam switching operations.

[0151] A fifth example may include any one or more of the first through fourth examples, and wherein the processor is further configured to transmit a BFRQ in a first uplink (UL) transmission via a beam identified from the beam switching operation, receive downlink control information (DCI) via a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), and transmit a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) on the beam based on a beam failure recovery activation timing including a gap of at least 28 symbols and a time offset.

[0152] A sixth example may include any one or more of the first through fifth examples, where the first UL transmission includes a physical random channel (PRACH) for a PCell or PSCell of the NTN, or includes a PUSCH carrying a MACE CE for a secondary cell (SCell) of the NTN, and the processor is further configured to monitor a control resource set (CORESET) of the PDCCH based on the 28 symbols of the gap and a time offset.

[0153] A seventh example may include any one or more of the first to sixth examples, where the processor is further configured to, in response to receiving a zero value for the search space ID in the downlink control signaling, monitor PDCCH candidates at a monitoring opportunity related to a synchronization signal (SS) / physical broadcast channel (PBCH) based on a time offset after a random access procedure not initiated by a PDCCH command triggering a contention-free random access procedure, and reset a beam of a CORESET with index zero after transmitting a PRACH for a random access procedure not initiated by a PDCCH command triggering a contention-free random access procedure.

[0154] An eighth example may include any one or more of the first to seventh examples, wherein the processor is further configured to transmit a BFRQ in the PRACH and monitor a downlink (DL) channel for an RAR after the last symbol of the PRACH opportunity for transmitting the PRACH based on an RAR window offset including Kmac derived from a drift rate in the NTN and at least one of a timing advance (TA) or a K offset broadcast for initial access.

[0155] A ninth example may include any one or more of the first to eighth examples, wherein the processor is further configured to send a UL message including a random access message 3 for a random access procedure in the NTN, and monitor receipt of a contention resolution message 4 in response to the RAR message 3 based on a contention resolution timer (CRtimer), a Kmac derived from a drift rate in the NTN, and at least one of a timing advance (TA) or a K offset broadcast for initial access.

[0156] A tenth example may include any one or more of the first through ninth examples, and the time offset includes a cell-specific, beam-specific, or UE-specific K offset received via a radio resource control (RRC) message, a MAC CE, or a DCI, and includes a difference between a previous K offset and an updated K offset.

[0157] An eleventh example may include any one or more of the first to tenth examples, and wherein the processor is further configured to receive a DCI format 0_0 or 1_0 including an indication that the number of hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) processes for the NTN band is increased to more than 16 or up to 32, or a DCI cyclic redundancy check (CRC) scrambled by a cell (C) radio network temporary identifier (C-RNTI), a configured scheduling (CS)-RNTI, a modulation coding scheme (MCS)-C-RNTI, or a temporary cell (TC)-RNTI.

[0158] A twelfth example may include any one or more of the first to eleventh examples, where the processor is further configured to generate a beam switch from the first beam to the second beam based on configuration information associated with the beam switching, the configuration information including quasi-co-location (QCL) configuration information including at least one of an associated DL BWP, an associated UL BWP, or an associated polarization, modify a transmission configuration indication (TCI) state of the first beam or the second beam based on at least one of the associated DL BWP, the associated UL BWP, or the associated polarization, and generate a bandwidth portion (BWP) switch based on the QCL configuration information used in the beam switching in response to the frequency reuse factor being greater than one.

[0159] A thirteenth example may include any one or more of the first to twelfth examples, wherein the processor is further configured to receive TCI state update information from the MAC CE to modify the TCI state of the first beam or the second beam based on a MAC CE activation timing including a BWP switching delay to extend the duration of the beam switching.

[0160] A fourteenth example may include any one or more of the first through thirteenth examples, wherein the processor is further configured to receive a DCI for switching the BWP, the DCI including BWP configuration information indicating an associated satellite beam, and in response to the BWP being associated with a different satellite beam, perform a beam switch to the different satellite beam based on the BWP configuration information, the BWP configuration including a sequence of TCI state IDs indicating that the BWP is associated with the associated satellite beam.

[0161] A fifteenth example may include any one or more of the first to fourteenth examples, wherein the processor is further configured to disable timer-based BWP switching in the BWP switching of the NTN to extend the duration of the beam switching.

[0162] A sixteenth example may include any one or more of the first to fifteenth examples, and the processor is further configured to configure timer-based BWP switching in the NTN based on the sequence of BWPs and one or more timers associated with a BWP in the sequence of BWPs.

[0163] A seventeenth example may include any one or more of the first to sixteenth examples, and wherein the processor is further configured to receive one or more BWP sequence / timer patterns via RRC signaling, MAC CE, or DCI, and configure the UL BWP sequence / timer and the DL BWP sequence / timer separately or jointly based on the one or more BWP sequence / timer patterns.

[0164] An eighteenth example may include any one or more of the first through seventeenth examples, and wherein the processor is further configured to receive a group common DCI indicating a BWP to switch to perform a BWP switch in the area, the group common DCI based on a BWP Radio Network Temporary Identifier (BWP-RNTI).

[0165] A 19th example may be a user equipment (UE) comprising: a memory; and a processor configured to transmit a beam failure recovery request (BFRQ) in an uplink (UL) transmission slot on a non-terrestrial network (NTN) and monitor a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) in a search space set for a beamforming recovery response (BFRR) based on at least four slots after the UL transmission slot and a time offset.

[0166] A twentieth example may include the nineteenth example, and the time offset includes at least one of a K offset, Kmac, or a random access response (RAR) window offset set by a beam failure recovery setting based on a location of a timing reference point or other timing reference point between the NTN base station in the primary cell (PCell) or primary secondary cell group cell (PSCell).

[0167] A 21st example may include any one or more of the 19th to 20th examples, wherein Kmac includes another time offset corresponding to a medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC CE) activation time for downlink configuration, the K offset comprises a UE-specific offset, a beam-specific offset, or a cell-specific offset of the NTN based on a round trip time (RTT), and the RAR window offset is based on a minimum RTT of a cell of the NTN.

[0168] A 22nd example may include any one or more of the 19th to 21st examples, where the processor is further configured to receive downlink control information (DCI) via a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) and transmit a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) based on a beam failure recovery activation timing having a gap of at least 28 symbols and a time offset after the PDCCH in the search space set.

[0169] A 23rd example may include any one or more of the 19th to 22nd examples, wherein the processor is further configured to monitor the DL channel for a random access response (RAR) after the last symbol of the PRACH opportunity for transmitting the PRACH based on a RAR window offset including Kmac derived from a drift rate in the NTN and at least one of a timing advance (TA) or a K offset broadcast for initial access, where the RAR window offset is based on a UE-specific RTT between the UE and the base station or a maximum RTT of a cell of the NTN, and the TA is based on a first timing advance based on the GNSS location of the UE and a satellite ephemeris of the NTN, a second time between the satellite and the reference point, another common drift rate broadcast by the NTN, and a time gap between the last reception time and the current time.

[0170] A twenty-fourth example may include any one or more of the nineteenth to twenty-third examples, wherein the processor is further configured to perform bandwidth portion (BWP) switching based on quasi-co-location (QCL) configuration information for beam switching in response to the frequency reuse factor being greater than one, the configuration information including at least one of a UL BWP, a downlink (DL), or a polarization, or perform beam switching in response to BWP configuration information indicating a transmission configuration indication (TCI) status ID of a BWP associated with one or more associated DL satellite beams, and increase a minimum time gap for BWP switching.

[0171] A 25th example may include any one or more of the 19th to 24th examples, wherein the processor is further configured to modify the TCI state of the satellite beam based on the MAC CE activation timing including the BWP switching delay to extend the duration of the beam switching.

[0172] A 26th example may be a base station comprising: a memory; and a processor configured to receive a beam failure recovery request (BFRQ) in an uplink (UL) transmission slot on a non-terrestrial network (NTN); and transmit a beam failure recovery response (BFRR) in the beam via a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) based on at least four slots after the BFRQ in the UL transmission slot and a time offset.

[0173] A 27th example may include the 26th example, where the time offset includes a K offset, Kmac, or a random access response (RAR) window offset in a window set by a beam failure recovery setting, the K offset is utilized according to a timing reference point located at the base station and includes a UE-specific, UE-specific offset, beam-specific offset, or cell-specific offset of the NTN, the Kmac offset includes a time offset associated with a timing advance between the UE or base station and the timing reference point of the NTN for a medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC CE) activation time for a downlink (DL) configuration, and the RAR window offset includes a minimum round trip delay (RTT) of a cell of the NTN.

[0174] A 28th example may include any one or more of the 26th to 27th examples, wherein the processor is further configured to receive a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) based on a beam failure recovery activation timing in a beam of the transmitted BFRR, the beam failure recovery activation timing being derived from at least 28 symbols + time offset to use a receiver beam based on beam switching that matches a transmit beam of a user equipment (UE).

[0175] A 29th example may include any one or more of the 26th to 28th examples, where the processor is further configured to transmit a PDCCH for a Type 1-PDCCH common search space (CSS) at least a time offset after a last symbol of a physical random access channel (PRACH) opportunity corresponding to a PRACH transmission, the time offset including at least one of Kmac derived from a drift rate in the NTN and at least one of a timing advance (TA) or a K offset broadcast for initial access.

[0176] A 30th example may include any one or more of the 26th to 29th examples, where the processor is further configured to transmit a DCI format 0_0 or 1_0 for the NTN including an indication that the number of hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) processes has increased beyond 16 or up to 32 for the NTN band, or a DCI cyclic redundancy check (CRC) scrambled by a cell (C) radio network temporary identifier (C-RNTI), a configured scheduling (CS)-RNTI, a modulation coding scheme (MCS)-C-RNTI, or a temporary cell (TC)-RNTI.

[0177] A thirty-first example may include any one or more of the twenty-sixth to thirtieth examples, and wherein the processor is further configured to, in response to the frequency reuse factor being greater than one, transmit quasi-co-location (QCL) configuration information including a transmission configuration indication (TCI) state of the beam and at least one of an associated DL BWP, an associated UL BWP, or an associated polarization to enable bandwidth portion (BWP) switching along with beam switching based on the QCL configuration information.

[0178] A thirty-second example may include any one or more of the twenty-sixth to thirty-first examples, and wherein the processor is further configured to transmit a DCI to enable BWP switching along with beam switching, the DCI including BWP configuration information indicating a satellite beam associated with the BWP indicated by the BWP configuration information.

[0179] A thirty-third example may include any one or more of the twenty-sixth to thirty-second examples, wherein the processor is further configured to transmit one or more BWP sequence / timer patterns to enable configuration of at least one of the UL BWP sequence / timer or the DL BWP sequence / timer based on the one or more BWP sequence / timer patterns to independently trigger a BWP switch prior to the mobile satellite ephemeris.

[0180] A thirty-fourth example may include any one or more of the twenty-sixth to thirty-third examples, wherein the processor is further configured to configure a group common DCI to trigger a BWP switch to perform a BWP switch in the area, the group common DCI based on a BWP Radio Network Temporary Identifier (BWP-RNTI).

[0181] A thirty-fifth example may be a UE comprising: a memory; and a processor configured to generate a beam switch from a first beam to a second beam based on configuration information associated with beam switching, the configuration information including quasi-co-location (QCL) configuration information including at least one of an associated DL BWP, an associated UL BWP, or an associated polarization; modify a transmission configuration indication (TCI) state of the first beam or the second beam based on at least one of the associated DL BWP, the associated UL BWP, or the associated polarization; and generate a bandwidth portion (BWP) switch based on the QCL configuration information used in the beam switching in response to a frequency reuse factor being greater than one.

[0182] A thirty-sixth example may include the thirty-fifth example, wherein the processor is further configured to receive TCI state update information from the MAC CE to modify the TCI state of the first beam or the second beam based on a MAC CE activation timing including a BWP switching delay to extend the duration of the beam switching.

[0183] A thirty-seventh example may include any one or more of the thirty-fifth to thirty-sixth examples, wherein the processor is further configured to receive a DCI for switching the BWP, the DCI including BWP configuration information indicating an associated satellite beam, and in response to the BWP being associated with a different satellite beam, perform a beam switch to the different satellite beam based on the BWP configuration information, the BWP configuration including a sequence of TCI state IDs indicating that the BWP is associated with the associated satellite beam.

[0184] A 38th example may include any one or more of the 35th to 37th examples, where the processor is further configured to transmit a beam failure recovery request (BFRQ) in an uplink (UL) transmission slot on a non-terrestrial network (NTN) and monitor a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) in the search space set for a beamforming recovery response (BFRR) based on at least four slots after the UL transmission slot and a time offset, the time offset including at least one of a K offset, a Kmac, or a random access response (RAR) window offset set by a beam failure recovery configuration based on a location of a timing reference point or other timing reference point between the NTN base station in the primary cell (PCell) or primary secondary cell group cell (PSCell).

[0185] A thirty-ninth example may include an apparatus comprising a method or means for performing any of the operations recited in the first through thirty-eighth examples.

[0186] The fortieth example may include a machine-readable medium storing instructions that are executed by a processor to perform any of the operations set forth in the first example through the thirty-eighth example.

[0187] A forty-first example may include a baseband processor having a memory interface and processing circuitry configured to perform any of the operations described in the first to thirty-eighth examples.

[0188] A forty-second example may include a user equipment (UE) configured to perform any of the operations described in the first to thirty-eighth examples.

[0189] A method comprising any action or combination of actions substantially as described in the detailed description herein.

[0190] A method substantially as herein described with reference to each and any combination of the figures contained herein, or with reference to each and any combination of the paragraphs of the detailed description.

[0191] A user equipment configured to perform any of the actions or any combination of actions substantially as described herein as being included in the user equipment in the detailed description of the invention.

[0192] A network node configured to perform any of the actions or any combination of actions substantially as described herein as being included in the network node in the detailed description of the invention.

[0193] A non-volatile computer readable medium storing instructions that, when executed, result in the performance of any operation or combination of operations substantially as described in the detailed description of the present specification.

[0194] Moreover, various aspects or features described herein may be implemented as a method, apparatus, or article of manufacture using standard programming or engineering techniques. The term "article of manufacture" as used herein is intended to encompass a computer program accessible from any computer-readable device, carrier, or media. For example, computer-readable media may include, but are not limited to, magnetic storage devices (e.g., hard disks, floppy disks, magnetic strips, etc.), optical disks (e.g., compact disks (CDs), digital versatile disks (DVDs), etc.), smart cards, and flash memory devices (e.g., EPROMs, cards, sticks, key drives, etc.). Furthermore, various storage media described herein may represent one or more devices or other machine-readable media for storing information. The term "machine-readable medium" may include, but is not limited to, wireless channels and various other media capable of storing, containing, or carrying instruction(s) or data. Furthermore, a computer program product may include a computer-readable medium having one or more instructions or codes operable to cause a computer to perform the functions described herein.

[0195] Communication media includes computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other structured or unstructured data in a data signal, such as a modulated data signal, e.g., carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and includes any information delivery or transport media. A "modulated data signal" or signals refers to a signal that has one or more characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal or signals. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media, such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media, such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media.

[0196] An exemplary storage medium may be coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. Alternatively, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. Further, in some aspects, the processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. In addition, the ASIC may reside in a user terminal. Alternatively, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal. In addition, in some aspects, the processes or operations of a method or algorithm may reside as one or any combination of codes or instructions on a machine-readable or computer-readable medium, which may be incorporated into a computer program product.

[0197] In this regard, although the disclosed subject matter has been described in connection with various embodiments and corresponding drawings, it should be understood that, where applicable, other similar embodiments can be used to perform the same, similar, alternative, or substitute functions of the disclosed subject matter, or modifications and additions can be made without departing from the described embodiments. Thus, the disclosed subject matter should not be limited to any single embodiment described herein, but rather should be construed according to the breadth and scope of the following appended claims.

[0198] In particular, with regard to the various functions performed by the components described above (assemblies, devices, circuits, systems, etc.), the terms used to describe such components (including references to "means") are intended to correspond to any component or structure that performs the particular function of the described component (e.g., that is functionally equivalent), even if that structure is not structurally equivalent to the disclosed structures that perform that function in the exemplary implementations of the present disclosure shown herein. Moreover, while a particular feature may be disclosed with respect to only one of several implementations, such feature can be combined with one or more other features of other implementations as may be desirable or advantageous for any given or particular application.

Claims

1. A baseband processor, which, when executing instructions stored in a memory, providing a beam failure recovery request (BFRQ) to a radio frequency (RF) interface for transmission in response to detecting a beam failure on a non-terrestrial based network (NTN); monitoring a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) for a beam failure recovery response (BFRR) starting at least four slots plus a time offset after the BFRQ, the time offset including a K value received via broadcast signaling; A baseband processor configured to perform processing including:

2. The K value corresponds to a Medium Access Control (MAC) Control Element (CE) activation time for downlink configuration. The baseband processor of claim 1 .

3. 2. The baseband processor of claim 1, wherein the time offset is based on a random access response (RAR) window offset derived from a minimum round trip time (RTT) of a cell for the NTN, or the time offset is based on a maximum RTT of the cell broadcast for initial access.

4. The baseband processor of claim 1, wherein the Kmac value is different from the K offset value.

5. The baseband processor of claim 1, wherein the processing further includes providing a beam failure recovery (BFR) medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) in response to detection of a beam failure in the secondary cell (SCell).

6. The process further comprises: In response to receiving a zero value for a search space identification (ID) in downlink control signaling, monitoring PDCCH candidates at a monitoring opportunity associated with a synchronization signal (SS) / physical broadcast channel (PBCH) block based on the time offset after a random access procedure not initiated by a PDCCH order that triggers a contention-free random access procedure; resetting beams of a control resource set (CORESET) with index zero after providing a physical random access channel (PRACH) for the random access procedure not initiated by the PDCCH order triggering the contention free random access procedure; The baseband processor of claim 1 , comprising:

7. The process further comprises: providing the BFRQ in a physical random access channel (PRACH); 2. The baseband processor of claim 1, further comprising: monitoring a downlink (DL) channel for a random access response (RAR) after a last symbol of a PRACH opportunity for transmitting the PRACH based on an RAR window offset including a Kmac value, the Kmac value being derived from a drift rate in the NTN and at least one of a timing advance (TA) or a K offset broadcast for initial access.

8. The process comprises: Providing a Random Access Response (RAR) message 3 for a random access procedure within the NTN; 2. The baseband processor of claim 1, further comprising: monitoring for a contention resolution message 4 after providing the RAR message 3 based on a contention resolution timer (CRtimer), the contention resolution timer being based on a UE-specific round trip time (RTT) between a user equipment (UE) and a next generation node B (gNB).

9. 2. The baseband processor of claim 1, wherein the time offset comprises a cell-specific, beam-specific, or user equipment (UE)-specific K offset received via a radio resource control (RRC) message, a medium access control (MAC) control element CE, or a downlink control information (DCI), and comprises a difference between a previous K offset and an updated K offset.

10. The process further comprises:

2. The baseband processor of claim 1, further comprising receiving a downlink control information (DCI) format 0_0 or 1_0 including an indication that the number of hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) processes for the NTN band is increased beyond 16 or up to 32, or a DCI cyclic redundancy check (CRC) scrambled by a cell (C) radio network temporary identifier (C-RNTI), a configured scheduling (CS)-RNTI, a modulation coding scheme (MCS)-C-RNTI, or a temporary cell (TC)-RNTI.

11. The process further comprises: generating a beam switch from a first beam to a second beam based on configuration information associated with the beam switch, the configuration information including quasi-co-location (QCL) configuration information including at least one of an associated downlink (DL) bandwidth portion (BWP), an associated uplink (UL) BWP, or an associated polarization; modifying a transmission configuration indication (TCI) state of the first beam or the second beam based on the at least one of the associated DL BWP, the associated UL BWP, or the associated polarization; generating a BWP switch based on the QCL setting information used in the beam switching in response to a frequency reuse factor being greater than one; The baseband processor of claim 1 , comprising:

12. The process further comprises:

12. The baseband processor of claim 11, further comprising: receiving the TCI state update information from a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) to modify a TCI state of the first beam or the second beam based on a MAC CE activation timing including a BWP switching delay to extend a duration of the beam switching.

13. The process further comprises: receiving downlink control information (DCI) for switching BWP, the DCI including BWP setting information indicating an associated satellite beam; responsive to the BWP being associated with a different satellite beam, performing a beam switch to the different satellite beam based on the BWP configuration information, the BWP configuration including a sequence of TCI state identification information (ID) indicating that the BWP is associated with the associated satellite beam; The baseband processor of claim 11 , comprising:

14. The process further comprises:

2. The baseband processor of claim 1, further comprising disabling timer-based bandwidth portion (BWP) switching in the NTN's BWP switching to extend the duration of beam switching.

15. The process further comprises:

2. The baseband processor of claim 1, further comprising: timer-based BWP switching in the NTN based on a sequence of BWPs and one or more timers associated with bandwidth portions (BWPs) of the sequence of BWPs.

16. The process further comprises: receiving one or more bandwidth portion (BWP) sequence / timer patterns via radio resource control (RRC) signaling, medium access control (MAC) control element (CE), or downlink control information (DCI); and setting an uplink (UL) BWP sequence / timer and a downlink (DL) BWP sequence / timer separately or jointly based on the one or more BWP sequence / timer patterns.

17. The process further comprises:

2. The baseband processor of claim 1, further comprising: receiving group-common downlink control information (DCI) indicating a bandwidth portion (BWP) to switch to perform BWP switching within an area, the group-common DCI being based on a BWP-Radio Network Temporary Identifier (BWP-RNTI).

18. A user equipment (UE), a radio frequency (RF) circuit; Memory, A processor, comprising: transmitting a beam failure recovery request (BFRQ) in an uplink (UL) transmission slot on a non-terrestrial network (NTN) via the RF circuit; monitoring a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) for a beam failure recovery response (BFRR) that initiates the UL transmission slot and at least four slots after a time offset, the time offset including a Kmac value received via broadcast signaling; and A user equipment (UE) comprising:

19. The UE of claim 18, wherein the time offset comprises a random access response (RAR) window offset configured by a beam failure recovery configuration.

20. The UE described in claim 19, wherein the RAR window offset is based on the minimum RTT of cells of the NTN.

21. The processor may further include a step of: monitoring a PDCCH within a search space provided by a recovery search space identification (ID); receiving downlink control information (DCI) on the monitored PDCCH; 20. The UE of claim 18, further configured to cause a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) to be transmitted via the RF circuitry after a gap of at least 28 symbols after receiving the PDCCH.

22. The processor may further include a step of:

19. The UE of claim 18, further configured to monitor a downlink (DL) channel for a random access response (RAR) after the last symbol of a physical random channel (PRACH) opportunity for transmitting a PRACH based on a RAR window offset including the Kmac value, the Kmac value being derived from a drift rate in the NTN and at least one of a timing advance (TA) or a K offset broadcast for initial access, the RAR window offset being based on a UE-specific round trip time (RTT) between the UE and a base station or a maximum RTT of a cell of the NTN, and the TA being based on a first timing advance based on a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) location of the UE and a satellite ephemeris of the NTN, a second time between a satellite and a reference point, another common drift rate broadcast by the NTN, and a time gap between the last reception time and the current time.

23. The processor may further include a step of: in response to the frequency reuse factor being greater than one, performing BWP switching based on quasi-co-location (QCL) configuration information for beam switching, the configuration information including at least one of a UL bandwidth portion (BWP), a downlink (DL) BWP, or a polarization; or 20. The UE of claim 18, further configured to execute instructions to cause the beam switching to be performed in response to BWP configuration information indicating a transmission configuration indication (TCI) state identification (ID) of a BWP associated with one or more associated DL satellite beams, and to increase a minimum time gap for the BWP switching.

24. A base station, a radio frequency (RF) circuit; Memory, A processor, comprising: receiving a beam failure recovery request (BFRQ) in an uplink (UL) transmission slot on a non-terrestrial network (NTN); transmit, via the radio frequency circuit, a beam failure recovery response (BFRR) at a beam via a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) based on at least four slots after the BFRQ of the UL transmission slot and a time offset; a processor configured to execute instructions stored in the memory for receiving a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) based on a beam failure recovery activation timing for the beam of the transmitted beam failure recovery request, the beam failure recovery activation timing being derived from at least 28 symbols plus the time offset; A base station comprising:

25. 25. The base station of claim 24, wherein the time offset includes a K offset, Kmac, or a random access response (RAR) window offset in a window set by a beam failure recovery setting, the K offset is utilized according to a timing reference point located at the base station and includes a user equipment (UE) specific offset, a beam specific offset, or a cell specific offset of the NTN, the Kmac includes a time offset associated with a timing advance between a UE or the base station and a timing reference point of the NTN for a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) activation time for downlink (DL) setting, and the RAR window offset includes a minimum round trip delay (RTT) of a cell of the NTN.

26. The processor may further include:

25. The base station of claim 24, further configured to execute instructions to cause a Physical Random Access Channel (PDCCH) for a Type 1-PDCCH Common Search Space (CSS) to be transmitted via the RF circuitry at least the time offset after a last symbol of a PRACH opportunity corresponding to a PRACH transmission, the time offset including at least one of K derived from a drift rate in the NTN and at least one of a Timing Advance (TA) or a K offset broadcast for initial access.

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