Supports made of stone and tension-resistant materials

Abstract

The present invention describes girder profiles made of stone and tension-bearing materials, preferably made with CO2 to regulate greenhouse gases. The aim is to replace steel and aluminum girders with sustainable building materials. The invention adopts the dovetailing principle from wooden construction and transfers it to structures made of stone and fiber materials, where the planes of the profile, which usually meet orthogonally, geometrically overlap or meet in at least one cutting plane with respect to the tension-stable material components. Such materials made of mineral and fiber materials are significantly lighter, more durable, and more environmentally friendly than such supports made of metal materials.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001] The present invention relates to the development of a standard profile commonly used in the construction sector, today usually made of steel known as T-beam or double T-beam.

[0002] Such a girder consists of three longitudinally interconnected, slender plates arranged at right angles to one another, with a pressure-stable upper chord, also called a flange, and a tension-stable lower chord, and a web connecting the lower chord and the upper chord, usually symmetrically located about the center of the flange.

[0003] There are also U-profiles with a ridge on one side or box profiles with two ridges on the sides.

[0004] The present invention also relates to such profiles, or similar profiles, and other profiles such as:

[0005] P-profiles with parallel flange inner surfaces, also known as "Peiner" or Peiner carriers U-profile with inclined flange inner surface U-profile with parallel flange inner surfaces T-profile isosceles triangle L-profiles (also known as angle irons, angle profiles, or angle brackets) As well as all possible variations of the box section V-profiles and combinations of these profiles With such profiles, an optimum load-bearing capacity for the respective application is achieved in relation to the mass of the material used and therefore its weight.

[0006] In the case of an I-beam, the height of the central bar or web essentially determines the stiffness of the beam.

[0007] Secondary measures for increasing stiffness are targeted increases in the tensile stability of the lower flange and targeted increases in the compressive stiffness of the upper flange.

[0008] Since such girders are hot rolled from steel, for simplicity the top and bottom chords are identical.

[0009] The advantages of this type of steel beam are its cheap manufacturability in large quantities and its reliable load-bearing capacity.

[0010] In such a profile, defects are rare and can be ignored in practical use.

[0011] In addition, additional steel components for connecting the beams to other load-bearing components can be easily welded at the construction site whenever and wherever needed.

[0012] The disadvantages are the very high density of steel at 7.8 g / cm³ and the fact that steel production involves a lot of energy and large CO2 emissions.

[0013] So far the only alternative to steel has been aluminium, which, although lighter than steel, has an even higher ecological footprint.

[0014] For this reason, the large amounts of steel required cannot be produced from aluminum.

[0015] For this reason, steel is generally considered an essential building material and, as it is impossible to replace from a climate protection perspective, steel is reduced with hydrogen, which makes steel production even more energy-intensive.

[0016] However, a recent report by SITRA, commissioned by the Finnish government, makes clear that today's levels of steel, aluminium and cement alone will account for the remainder of CO2 emissions by 2100 if the 2°C target of the Paris Climate Agreement is to be met.

[0017] This fact makes it imperative to first rethink the essential paradigm of steel and metals.

[0018] EP 1062092 and EP 2739471 describe how steel and aluminum can be replaced by a combination of stone and carbon fiber laminates (CFRP-carbon fiber composites) when the stone lacks tensile stability due to the very stiff carbon fibers.

[0019] The connection between the stone and the fibres is carried out with the aid of a resin, for example an epoxy resin, or a high temperature stable binder based on water glass and silicon, which can crosslink or bond with the carbon material.

[0020] Under certain circumstances, these bonds also create prestress that can be permanently built into the bond or built into the bond.

[0021] The present invention describes a technical method of how such double T-beams can be exemplarily designed to transform the use of CFRP stone composites (CFS - CarbonFasterStein or CarbonFiberStone) into practical and optimized structures or shapes, as is well known in the construction field.

[0022] The technical designs are shown in Figures 1 to 8 as examples of double T-beam and single T-beam.

[0023] The main challenge here is to connect mutually perpendicular surfaces in a force-compatible manner without local stress peaks causing premature and complete failure of the shape.

[0024] The frictional bond of the surfaces is established as a rule with the aid of adhesives or pressure sensitive adhesives.

[0025] This applies to the manufacturing of CFRP stone components (CFS) and the joining of the CFS parts themselves.

[0026] For this purpose, the bottom plate of Figure 1 was first manufactured, with a carbon layer (4) placed midway between the two stone plates.

[0027] The parts to be joined are then provided with dovetailing so that the wood panels of the carpentry are prepared with dovetails that optimize the orthogonal joining of the wood panels.

[0028] In the case of wood, too, butt joints without geometric overlap are limited to adhesive adhesion and have insufficient tensile stability, so the effect of orthogonal fiber layers being bonded to each other in a crossover or overlap manner is ultimately used.

[0029] Due to the dovetailing of the transition, power transfer from one tension-stable plane to another orthogonal tension-stable plane is almost completely achieved when the two tension-stable planes spatially overlap from a cross-sectional perspective (in the carbon layer-stone layer(s) in the exemplary case of Figures 1-8).

[0030] In destructive tests, double T-beams made from CFS plates could prove to be significantly lighter, as stone with a specific gravity of 2.8g / cm3 is significantly lighter than steel, and stone and carbon emit significantly less CO2 during production than steel.

[0031] Savings of 30-50% can be expected.

[0032] The overall structure is resilient in destructive tests, with the bonded dovetails not breaking when the beam is bent.

[0033] To ensure sufficient tensile stability in the lower belt, only a relatively thin and light carbon layer is required, which also reduces the total weight in relation to the total volume.

[0034] Compressive stiffness on the top chord and web is achieved by the masonry components.

[0035] In addition to carbon, many other fiber materials may also be used that have a significantly smaller ecological footprint than carbon fiber.

[0036] Glass fibers, basalt fibers, stone fibers, steel fibers, flax fibers are also suitable as examples depending on the application.

[0037] However, from a technological point of view, carbon fibers are particularly important because, in contrast to most other fibers, they have a significantly higher tensile stiffness.

[0038] This is especially true for graphene-based structures, which, although not strictly speaking fibers, could potentially be used as reinforcement materials in the future.

[0039] Another effective means to further reduce the carbon footprint is the production of carbon and graphene from sustainable resources, e.g., algal oil or other plant-based oils from algae or yeast, carbon fibers from lignin, i.e., wood waste from papermaking, or synthetically produced carbon fibers from methanol using the extended Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and water-gas shift reaction.

[0040] Graphene can also be obtained directly from CO2 using electrical energy.

[0041] In these cases, part of the building material (if the tensile layer consists of carbon fibre or graphene) essentially comes from a CO2 source, whereby the carbon that previously had a harmful impact on the climate in the form of CO2 is permanently bound within the fibre and therefore also to the building material in solid form.

[0042] This is one reason why carbon fiber is particularly important as a high tensile strength material.

[0043] One of the many possible variations of the invention depicted in Figures 1 and 2 has a CFS plate (1) as the upper chord and a second substrate stabilized CFS plate (2) as the lower chord, each with an internal carbon layer (4) within the plate and a web (3) arranged perpendicular to the CFS plates (1) and (2), but also with an internal carbon layer to strengthen the overall arrangement.

[0044] Figure (1) shows the dovetailing and cutouts (5) on all panels which allows the panels to have an interlocking structure that ensures cross panel adhesion when the panels are interlocked with the adhesive.

[0045] Optimization of the components is achieved by making the stone more incidental in the upper chord than in the lower chord, and by making the carbon more incidental in the lower chord than in the upper chord.

[0046] Likewise, it is possible to optimize the carbon footprint.

[0047] Figures 3 and 4 show the structure of Figure 2 in cross sections (FF) and (GG), where the two plates (1) and (2) are mechanically connected to a force joint with the help of a dovetail via a CFS plate (3).

[0048] For example, the same applies to the T-beams in FIGS.

[0049] The two designs are representative of the principle of connecting CFS panels with the help of dovetailing of edges to be glued together to join all other possible structures with right angles or angle and force joints, due to the fact that the carbon surfaces with high tensile strength seen from the cross-section point of view intersect or at least meet at the cutting line. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0050]

Claims

1. A support having a first slab plate and a second slab plate, The first slab plate has a pair of first slab layers, a first tensile strength layer located between the pair of first slab layers, and a hole-shaped cutout portion penetrating the first slab plate, The second slab plate has a pair of second slab layers, a second tensile strength layer located between the pair of second slab layers, and a protrusion that protrudes in a direction perpendicular to the lamination direction of the second slab plate and fits into the cutout portion, the pair of first slab layers and the pair of second slab layers are made of artificial stone, glass, or ceramic; the first slab plate and the second slab plate have mechanical tensile stability with the aid of the first tensile layer and the second tensile layer; The first slab plate and the second slab plate are arranged at an angle perpendicular to each other, the first tensile strength layer has a first exposed portion that is exposed on a side surface of the cutout portion when the protrusion is not fitted in the cutout portion, the second tensile strength layer has a second exposed portion that is exposed to the convex portion when the convex portion is not fitted in the cutout portion, a support body, wherein at least a portion of the first exposed portion faces at least a portion of the second exposed portion when the convex portion is fitted into the cutout portion.

2. 2. The support of claim 1, wherein when the pair of first slab layers is made of concrete and resin-bonded stone powder or mineral-bonded stone powder, the first tensile layer is formed by incorporating fibers into the concrete or stone mass.

3. 3. The support according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the first tensile layer consists of a fibrous material, wood fibers, steel fibers or graphene.

4. 4. Support according to claim 3, characterized in that the first tensile strength layer is made of glass, stone, carbon, aramid, bamboo, wood or flax fibres or a mixture of these fibres.

5. The support according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the binder connecting each of the pair of first slab layers and the first tensile layer has an epoxy resin, polyester resin, phenol ester resin, polyimide resin, cyanate ester resin, vinyl ester resin, melamine resin, polyurethane resin or silicone resin base, or a mixture of these resins.

6. 5. A support according to claim 4, characterized in that the first tensile strength layer comprises carbon fibres, the carbon fibres being of recycled origin.

7. 7. The support according to claim 6, wherein the raw materials of the carbon fibers, the first tensile strength layer and the adhesive are vegetable oil, algae oil, yeast oil, lignin or flax fibers.

8. 8. The support of claim 7, wherein the raw materials of the carbon fibers, the first tensile strength layer and the adhesive consist of plant residues remaining in papermaking in the form of lignin and other plant residues.

9. A support as described in claim 8, characterized in that the binder connecting each of the pair of first slab layers and the first tensile layer is made of a water glass base.

10. Support according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the first tensile-resistant layer, or at least part of it, is prestressed.

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