Formulations for oral administration of active agents

Abstract

To provide formulations for oral administration of therapeutically active agents.SOLUTION: Pharmaceutical compositions comprise a therapeutically active agent and an absorption enhancer such as NAC, NAD, 5-CNAC, 4-MOAC, 4-CNAB or a salt thereof, for use in the treatment of a condition treatable by the therapeutically active agent. The compositions are for concomitant oral administration of two or more unit dosage forms. For the unit dosage forms, the total amount of the therapeutically active agent represents a therapeutically effective amount, and the total amount of the absorption enhancer represents an effective amount. Multi-dose compositions comprising the two or more unit dosage forms are also provided.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 5

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention, in some embodiments, relates to drug delivery and, more particularly, but not exclusively, to formulations and / or systems for oral administration of therapeutically active agents. [Background technology]

[0002] Oral administration of peptide drugs and / or protein pharmaceuticals is problematic due to degradation of peptides and / or proteins in the digestive system and poor absorption of macromolecules.

[0003] US Patent Application Publication No. 2007 / 0087957 describes a composition for oral administration of a protein, comprising a protein and an omega-3 fatty acid, as well as the use of such a composition for oral administration of insulin.

[0004] Qi & Ping [J Microencapsulation 2004, 21:37-45] describe the administration of enteric-coated microspheres containing insulin with SNAC (sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate). The enteric-coated microspheres are intended to protect the insulin from digestive enzymes in the stomach and small intestine, and the SNAC is intended to facilitate absorption.

[0005] U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011 / 0142800 describes compositions for oral administration of proteins, including a protein having a molecular weight of up to 100,000 Da, a protease inhibitor, and an absorption enhancer such as SNAC, N-(10-[2-hydroxybenzoyl]amino)decanoic acid (SNAD), 8-[N-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoyl)amino]caprylic acid (4-MOAC), 8-[N-(2-hydroxy-5-chlorobenzoyl)amino]caprylic acid (5-CNAC), and 4-[(4-chloro-2-hydroxy-benzoyl)amino]butanoic acid (4-CNAB), and their sodium salts.

[0006] U.S. Patent No. 8,110,547 describes a composition for the buccal administration of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which comprises PTH or a fragment or analog thereof and a delivery agent such as 4-MOAC, SNAC, SNAD, 5-CNAC, and 4-CNAB.

[0007] Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by the parathyroid gland as a polypeptide containing 84 amino acids. PTH regulates serum calcium levels by promoting calcium release from bone (bone resorption) and calcium absorption in the intestine.

[0008] Teriparatide, a recombinant form of the first 34 amino acids of human parathyroid hormone (PTH(1-34)), is used to treat osteoporosis. It is administered by subcutaneous injection once daily at a dose of 20 μg [Riek & Towler, Mo Med 2011, 108:118-123].

[0009] PTH (including PTH(1-34)) has been reported to promote bone growth only when administered intermittently, with circulating levels returning to control levels within 3 hours [Martin, J Bone Metab 2014, 21:8-20]. In contrast, prolonged elevated PTH levels reduce bone mass by promoting bone resorption.

[0010] Additional background art includes Qi et al. [Acta Pharm Sinica 2004, 39:844-848], International Patent Applications PCT / IL2016 / 050151, PCT / IL2016 / 050152, PCT / IL2016 / 050153, PCT / IL2016 / 050154 and PCT / IL2016 / 050155, International Patent Application Publication Nos. 00 / 50386, 01 / 32130, 01 / 32596, 03 / 04530 Nos. 6, 03 / 045331, 2006 / 076692, 2007 / 121471, 2010 / 020978 and 2012 / 080471, Japanese Patent Application Nos. 2005-281231 and 2006-111558; and U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2006 / 0234913 and 2013 / 0224300. Summary of the Invention

[0011] According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a multiple unit dosage form of a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least two separate unit dosage forms bound together by a coating and / or matrix, each of the unit dosage forms comprising a therapeutically active agent and an absorption enhancer, wherein the total amount of therapeutically active agent in the unit dosage form is a therapeutically effective amount and the total amount of absorption enhancer is an effective amount, the coating and / or matrix is ​​formulated to provide immediate release of the unit dosage form upon oral administration, and the absorption enhancer is selected from the group consisting of NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate), NAD (10-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminodecanoic acid), 5-CNAC (8-N-(5-chlorosalicyloyl)aminocaprylic acid), 4-MOAC (8-N-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid), 4-CNAB (4-N-(2-hydroxy-4-chlorobenzoyl)aminobutanoic acid), and salts thereof.

[0012] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the multiple unit dosage form is capable of disintegrating in gastric fluids and / or saliva, thereby releasing the unit dosage forms.

[0013] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, disintegration in gastric fluid occurs within 5 minutes.

[0014] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the coating and / or matrix is ​​soluble in gastric fluids and / or saliva.

[0015] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the coating and / or matrix dissolves in gastric fluid within 5 minutes.

[0016] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the coating and / or matrix includes a disintegrant.

[0017] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the multiple unit dosage form comprises 3 to 10 separate unit dosage forms.

[0018] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the multiple unit dosage form comprises at least four separate unit dosage forms.

[0019] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the inter-subject coefficient of variation characterizing the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of the therapeutically active agent upon oral administration of the multiple unit dosage form is less than 100%.

[0020] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the inter-subject coefficient of variation characterizing the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of the therapeutically active agent when the multiple unit dosage form is orally administered is at least 20% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation for the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of the therapeutically active agent when a unit dosage form consisting of a single unit dosage form of the same composition as the total composition in the multiple unit dosage form is orally administered.

[0021] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the inter-subject coefficient of variation characterizing the area under the curve (AUC) of the plasma concentration of the therapeutically active agent upon oral administration of the multiple unit dosage form is less than 100%.

[0022] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the inter-subject coefficient of variation characterizing the AUC (area under the curve) of the plasma concentration of the therapeutically active agent when the multiple unit dosage form is orally administered is at least 20% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation of the AUC of the plasma concentration of the therapeutically active agent when a unit dosage form consisting of a single unit dosage form of the same composition as the total composition in the multiple unit dosage form is orally administered.

[0023] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of the therapeutically active agent when the multiple unit dosage form is orally administered is at least 20% greater than the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of the therapeutically active agent when a unit dosage form consisting of a single unit dosage form of the same composition as the total composition in the multiple unit dosage form is orally administered.

[0024] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the AUC (area under the curve) of the plasma concentration of the therapeutically active agent when the multiple unit dosage form is orally administered is at least 20% higher than the AUC of the plasma concentration of the therapeutically active agent when a unit dosage form consisting of a single unit dosage form of the same composition as the total composition in the multiple unit dosage form is orally administered.

[0025] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the absorption enhancer includes NAC or a salt thereof.

[0026] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, at least 50 weight percent of the unit dosage form consists of absorption enhancer.

[0027] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the multiple unit dosage form comprises a total of at least 50 mg of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms.

[0028] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the therapeutically effective amount of the therapeutically active agent in the multiple unit dosage form ranges from 100 to 3000 μg.

[0029] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the multiple unit dosage form of any of the embodiments described herein and any combination thereof is for use in treating a condition in a subject in need thereof that is treatable by oral administration of a therapeutically active agent.

[0030] According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a unit dosage form for a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically active agent and an absorption enhancer, for use in treating a condition treatable by the therapeutically active agent, wherein the treatment comprises simultaneous oral administration of at least two unit dosage forms, wherein the total amount of the therapeutically active agent in the at least two unit dosage forms is a therapeutically effective amount and the total amount of the absorption enhancer is an effective amount, and the absorption enhancer is selected from the group consisting of NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate), NAD (10-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminodecanoic acid), 5-CNAC (8-N-(5-chlorosalicyloyl)aminocaprylic acid), 4-MOAC (8-N-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid), 4-CNAB (4-N-(2-hydroxy-4-chlorobenzoyl)aminobutanoic acid), and salts thereof.

[0031] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, treatment comprises simultaneous oral administration of 3 to 10 unit dosage forms.

[0032] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the treatment comprises simultaneous oral administration of at least four of the unit dosage forms.

[0033] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the inter-subject coefficient of variation characterizing the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of the therapeutically active agents when administered orally simultaneously is less than 100%.

[0034] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the inter-subject coefficient of variation characterizing the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of the therapeutically active agent when the at least two unit dosage forms are simultaneously orally administered is at least 20% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation for the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of the therapeutically active agent when a unit dosage form consisting of a single unit dosage form having the same composition as the total composition of the at least two unit dosage forms is orally administered.

[0035] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the inter-subject coefficient of variation characterizing the area under the curve (AUC) of the plasma concentrations of the therapeutically active agents when administered orally simultaneously is less than 100%.

[0036] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the inter-subject coefficient of variation characterizing the AUC (area under the curve) of the plasma concentration of the therapeutically active agent when the at least two unit dosage forms are simultaneously orally administered is at least 20% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation of the AUC of the plasma concentration of the therapeutically active agent when a unit dosage form consisting of a single unit dosage form of the same composition as the total composition of the at least two unit dosage forms is orally administered.

[0037] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of the therapeutically active agent when the at least two unit dosage forms are simultaneously orally administered is at least 20% greater than the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of the therapeutically active agent when a unit dosage form consisting of a single unit dosage form having the same composition as the total composition of the at least two unit dosage forms is orally administered.

[0038] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the AUC (area under the curve) of the plasma concentration of the therapeutically active agent when at least two unit dosage forms are simultaneously orally administered is at least 20% higher than the AUC of the plasma concentration of the therapeutically active agent when a unit dosage form consisting of a single unit dosage form of the same composition as the total composition in the multiple unit dosage form is orally administered.

[0039] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the absorption enhancer includes NAC or a salt thereof.

[0040] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, at least 50 weight percent of the unit dosage form consists of absorption enhancer.

[0041] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, at least two unit dosage forms comprise a total of at least 50 mg of absorption enhancer.

[0042] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the therapeutically effective amount of the therapeutically active agent is in the range of 100-3000 μg.

[0043] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, with respect to multiple unit dosage forms or unit dosage forms for use according to any one of the embodiments described herein and any combination thereof, treating comprises reducing the variation in Cmax and / or AUC of the plasma concentration of the therapeutically active agent.

[0044] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the treatment comprises increasing the Cmax and / or bioavailability of the therapeutically active agent.

[0045] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, for multiple unit dosage forms or unit dosage forms for use according to any one of the embodiments described herein and any combination thereof, the molecular weight of the therapeutically active agent is between 0.5 kDa and 100 kDa.

[0046] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, with respect to the multiple unit dosage form or unit dosage form for use according to any one of the embodiments described herein and any combination thereof, the therapeutically active agent is a BCS Class III drug.

[0047] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, with respect to the multiple unit dosage form or unit dosage form for use according to any one of the embodiments described herein and any combination thereof, the therapeutically active agent is a polypeptide.

[0048] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, with respect to the multiple unit dosage form or unit dosage form for use according to any one of the embodiments described herein and any combination thereof, the polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of parathyroid hormone and fragments thereof.

[0049] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, with respect to the multiple unit dosage form or unit dosage form for use according to any one of the embodiments described herein and any combination thereof, the polypeptide comprises teriparatide.

[0050] According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a unit dosage form for a pharmaceutical composition comprising less than 200 μg of parathyroid hormone or a fragment thereof and an absorption enhancer selected from the group consisting of NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate), NAD (10-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminodecanoic acid), 5-CNAC (8-N-(5-chlorosalicyloyl)aminocaprylic acid), 4-MOAC (8-N-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid), 4-CNAB (4-N-(2-hydroxy-4-chlorobenzoyl)aminobutanoic acid), and salts thereof.

[0051] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the unit dosage form is for use in treating a condition treatable by parathyroid hormone or a fragment thereof, wherein the treatment comprises simultaneous oral administration of at least two unit dosage forms, wherein the total amount of parathyroid hormone or a fragment thereof in the at least two unit dosage forms is a therapeutically effective amount, and the total amount of absorption enhancer is an effective amount.

[0052] According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a unit dosage form for use in treating a condition treatable by parathyroid hormone or a fragment thereof, the treatment comprising simultaneous oral administration of at least two unit dosage forms, wherein the total amount of parathyroid hormone or a fragment thereof in the at least two unit dosage forms is a therapeutically effective amount and the total amount of absorption enhancer in the at least two unit dosage forms is an effective amount, the absorption enhancer being selected from the group consisting of NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate), NAD (10-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminodecanoic acid), 5-CNAC (8-N-(5-chlorosalicyloyl)aminocaprylic acid), 4-MOAC (8-N-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid), 4-CNAB (4-N-(2-hydroxy-4-chlorobenzoyl)aminobutanoic acid), and salts thereof.

[0053] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the unit dosage form contains 50 to 1000 μg of parathyroid hormone or a fragment thereof.

[0054] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the condition treatable by parathyroid hormone or a fragment thereof is selected from the group consisting of hypoparathyroidism, osteoporosis, and conditions associated with fractures and / or bone defects.

[0055] According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a kit comprising a plurality of sets of at least two unit dosage forms, the unit dosage forms comprising a therapeutically active agent and an absorption enhancer, wherein the total amount of therapeutically active agent in the unit dosage forms is a therapeutically effective amount and the total amount of absorption enhancer is an effective amount, and the absorption enhancer is selected from the group consisting of NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate), NAD (10-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminodecanoic acid), 5-CNAC (8-N-(5-chlorosalicyloyl)aminocaprylic acid), 4-MOAC (8-N-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid), 4-CNAB (4-N-(2-hydroxy-4-chlorobenzoyl)aminobutanoic acid), and salts thereof.

[0056] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, each set is individually packaged in the kit.

[0057] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the kit further comprises instructions for simultaneous oral administration of the unit dosage forms included in one or more sets.

[0058] According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a method for treating a subject in need of treatment for a condition treatable by oral administration of a therapeutically active agent, the method comprising orally administering to the subject a multiple unit dosage form as described in any of the respective embodiments and any combination thereof herein.

[0059] According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a method of treating a subject in need of treatment for a condition treatable by oral administration of a therapeutically active agent, the method comprising simultaneous oral administration of at least two pharmaceutical composition unit dosage forms, each of the unit dosage forms comprising a therapeutically active agent and an absorption enhancer, wherein the total amount of therapeutically active agent in the unit dosage forms is a therapeutically effective amount and the total amount of absorption enhancer is an effective amount, and the absorption enhancer is selected from the group consisting of NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate), NAD (10-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminodecanoic acid), 5-CNAC (8-N-(5-chlorosalicyloyl)aminocaprylic acid), 4-MOAC (8-N-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid), 4-CNAB (4-N-(2-hydroxy-4-chlorobenzoyl)aminobutanoic acid), and salts thereof.

[0060] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the methods include reducing the variation in Cmax and / or AUC of the plasma concentration of the therapeutically active agent.

[0061] According to some of any of the embodiments described herein, the methods include increasing the Cmax and / or bioavailability of the therapeutically active agent.

[0062] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and / or scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of embodiments of the present invention, exemplary methods and / or materials are described below. In case of conflict, the patent specification and definitions contained therein shall govern. Furthermore, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and are not necessarily intended to be limiting.

[0063] Some aspects of the present invention are herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. Specific reference will now be made to the details of the drawings, stressing that the details shown therein are by way of example only and are for illustrative purposes of illustrating embodiments of the invention. In this regard, it will become apparent to those skilled in the art how embodiments of the invention may be practiced, upon consideration of the description in conjunction with the drawings. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0064] [Figure 1] 1A and 1B are graphs showing the plasma concentration of PTH(1-34) as a function of time following oral administration of 0.69 mg of PTH(1-34) using a multiple unit formulation (FIG. 1B) and a single unit formulation (FIG. 1A) according to some embodiments of the invention (the black line represents the average concentration of 10 subjects, and the dotted lines represent individual subject concentrations). [Figure 2]2A and 2B are graphs showing the plasma concentration of PTH(1-34) as a function of time following oral administration of 2.07 mg of PTH(1-34) using a multiple unit formulation (FIG. 2B) and a single unit formulation (FIG. 2A) according to some embodiments of the invention (the black line represents the average concentration of 10 subjects, and the dotted lines represent individual subject concentrations). [Figure 3] 3A and 3B are graphs showing the plasma concentration of PTH(1-34) as a function of time after subcutaneous injection of 20 μg of PTH(1-34) ( FIG. 3A ) and after oral administration of 2.07 mg of PTH(1-34) using multiple unit formulations according to some embodiments of the present invention ( FIG. 3B ). (The black line represents the average concentration of 10 subjects, and the dotted lines represent individual subject concentrations. FIG. 3B is identical to FIG. 2B except that it is scaled to the same scale as FIG. 3A for ease of comparison.) [Figure 4] FIG. 4 is a graph showing the plasma concentration of PTH(1-34) as a function of time after oral administration of 1.5 mg of PTH(1-34) using formulations formulated as 3 units of 0.5 mg each of PTH(1-34), 2 units of 0.75 mg each of PTH(1-34), or 1 unit of 1.5 mg of PTH(1-34) (each data point represents the mean ± standard error of 9 individuals). [Figure 5] FIG. 5 is a graph showing the plasma concentration of PTH(1-34) and the albumin-adjusted serum calcium concentration as a function of time after oral administration of 1.5 mg of PTH(1-34) using formulations formulated as 3 units of 0.5 mg of PTH(1-34) or 1 unit of 1.5 mg of PTH(1-34) (each data point represents the mean ± standard error of 9 individuals). DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0065] In some embodiments, the present invention relates to drug delivery, and more particularly, but not exclusively, to formulations and / or systems for oral administration of therapeutically active agents.

[0066] Before describing at least one embodiment of the present invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not necessarily limited in its applications by the details set forth below or illustrated by way of example. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or carried out in various ways.

[0067] While investigating the pharmacokinetics of oral administration of pharmaceutical compositions containing an exemplary absorption enhancer, such as SNAC (sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate), the inventors surprisingly discovered that dividing an exemplary solid composition containing an absorption enhancer into two or more units administered simultaneously improved the effect of the composition.

[0068] For example, the inventors have discovered that such orally administered pharmaceutical compositions containing an absorption enhancer (e.g., NAC or a salt thereof) suffer from highly variable levels of absorbed drug, and that such variability can be reduced by dividing the administered composition into separate units, even when the units are administered simultaneously. The inventors have further discovered that the bioavailability of the active drug in such orally administered compositions is surprisingly increased by dividing the administered composition into separate units.

[0069] In practicing this invention, the inventors have shown that dividing an exemplary solid composition containing an absorption enhancer into two or more units administered simultaneously reduces the variability of maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) while simultaneously increasing Cmax, to a degree comparable to the variability associated with injection of a similar composition or injection of a similar commercially available subcutaneous injection.

[0070] Referring to the drawings, Figures 1A-2B show that multiple unit oral formulations of teriparatide (parathyroid hormone (1-34)) exhibit less fluctuation in plasma concentrations upon administration than single unit oral formulations containing the same amount of teriparatide. As shown in Figures 3A and 3B, the fluctuation in plasma concentrations of teriparatide when the multiple unit oral formulations are orally administered is similar to the fluctuation exhibited when teriparatide is administered subcutaneously.

[0071] As shown in Figure 4, the 2-unit and 3-unit oral formulations result in a higher Cmax than the single-unit formulation containing the same amount of teriparatide. As shown in Figure 5, the higher Cmax of teriparatide from the use of the multiple-unit oral formulation also correlates with more effective activity (increased serum calcium levels) compared to the single-unit oral formulation.

[0072] Methods and Uses of Multiple Unit Dosage Forms : According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a unit dosage form for a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically active agent, for use in treating a condition treatable by the therapeutically active agent, wherein the treatment comprises simultaneous oral administration of at least two unit dosage forms (according to any of the respective embodiments described herein). In some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, the unit dosage form for the pharmaceutical composition further comprises an absorption enhancer according to any of the respective embodiments described herein. In some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, the treatment comprises simultaneous oral administration of at least three of these unit dosage forms (according to any of the respective embodiments described herein).

[0073] According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a method of treating a subject in need of treatment for a condition treatable by oral administration of a therapeutically active agent, the method comprising simultaneous oral administration of at least two unit dosage forms for a pharmaceutical composition (according to any of the respective embodiments described herein), each unit dosage form comprising a therapeutically active agent. In some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, the unit dosage form for the pharmaceutical composition further comprises an absorption enhancer according to any of the respective embodiments described herein. In some embodiments according to any of the embodiments described herein, the method comprises simultaneous oral administration of at least three unit dosage forms for a pharmaceutical composition (according to any of the respective embodiments described herein).

[0074] The term "unit dosage form," as used herein, refers to a physically discrete unit, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of one or more active ingredients, optionally in association with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, excipient, or the like, calculated to produce a desired therapeutic effect, either alone or in the form of a predetermined number of unit dosage forms.

[0075] As used herein, the term "therapeutically active agent" refers to a component that may be involved in a therapeutic action, as opposed to the enhanced absorption of a therapeutically active agent, e.g., as effected by an absorption enhancer according to any of the respective embodiments described herein.

[0076] According to some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, and according to any of the aspects described herein, at least two unit dosage forms (according to any of the respective embodiments described herein) are included, in which the total amount of therapeutically active agent is a therapeutically effective amount (e.g., the therapeutically effective amount is divided between the at least two unit dosage forms). In some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, each of the at least two unit dosage forms includes a less than therapeutically effective amount of the therapeutically active agent.

[0077] As used herein, the terms "simultaneously" and "concurrently" refer to administration of multiple unit dosage forms within a period of four hours or less (e.g., administration of the first of the multiple unit dosage forms and administration of the last of the multiple unit dosage forms is within a period of four hours).

[0078] In some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, the simultaneous administration occurs by administration of multiple unit dosage forms within a period of 2 hours or less. In some embodiments, the simultaneous administration occurs by administration within a period of 60 minutes or less. In some embodiments, the simultaneous administration occurs by administration within a period of 30 minutes or less. In some embodiments, the simultaneous administration occurs within a period of 20 minutes or less. In some embodiments, the simultaneous administration occurs within a period of 10 minutes or less. In some embodiments, the simultaneous administration occurs within a period of 5 minutes or less. In some embodiments, the simultaneous administration occurs within a period of 2 minutes or less. In some embodiments, the simultaneous administration occurs within a period of 1 minute or less.

[0079] According to some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, treatment (according to any of the methods or uses described herein) comprises the simultaneous oral administration of 2 to 10 unit dosage forms (according to any of the respective embodiments described herein). In some embodiments, treatment comprises the simultaneous oral administration of 2 to 8 unit dosage forms. In some embodiments, treatment comprises the simultaneous oral administration of 2 to 6 unit dosage forms. In some embodiments, treatment comprises the simultaneous oral administration of 2 to 5 unit dosage forms. In some embodiments, treatment comprises the simultaneous oral administration of 2 to 4 unit dosage forms. In some embodiments, treatment comprises the simultaneous oral administration of 2 or 3 unit dosage forms. In some embodiments, treatment comprises the simultaneous oral administration of 2 unit dosage forms.

[0080] According to some embodiments of any of the respective embodiments described herein, the at least two dosage forms (according to any of the aspects described herein) comprises at least three dosage forms.

[0081] According to some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, treatment (by any of the methods or uses described herein) comprises simultaneous oral administration of at least three oral dosage forms (by any of the respective embodiments described herein). In some embodiments, treatment (by any of the methods or uses described herein) comprises simultaneous oral administration of 3 to 10 of the unit dosage forms (by any of the respective embodiments described herein). In some embodiments, treatment comprises simultaneous oral administration of 3 to 8 unit dosage forms. In some embodiments, treatment comprises simultaneous oral administration of 3 to 6 unit dosage forms. In some embodiments, treatment comprises simultaneous oral administration of 3 to 5 unit dosage forms. In some embodiments, treatment comprises simultaneous oral administration of 3 or 4 unit dosage forms. In some embodiments, treatment comprises simultaneous oral administration of 3 unit dosage forms.

[0082] According to some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, treatment (according to any of the methods or uses described herein) comprises simultaneous oral administration of at least four oral dosage forms (according to any of the respective embodiments described herein). In some embodiments, treatment comprises simultaneous oral administration of 4 to 10 unit dosage forms. In some embodiments, treatment comprises simultaneous oral administration of 4 to 8 unit dosage forms. In some embodiments, treatment comprises simultaneous oral administration of 4 to 6 unit dosage forms. In some embodiments, treatment comprises simultaneous oral administration of 4 to 5 unit dosage forms. In some embodiments, treatment comprises simultaneous oral administration of 4 unit dosage forms.

[0083] According to some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, the inter-subject coefficient of variation characterizing the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of the therapeutically active agent upon simultaneous oral administration of at least two unit dosage forms (according to any of the respective embodiments described herein) is less than 100%. In some such embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is less than 90%. In some embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is less than 80%. In some embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is less than 70%. In some embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is less than 60%. In some embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is less than 50%. In some embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is less than 40%. In some embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is less than 30%.

[0084] According to some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, the inter-subject coefficient of variation characterizing the area under the curve (AUC) of the plasma concentration of the therapeutically active agent upon simultaneous oral administration of at least two unit dosage forms (according to any of the respective embodiments described herein) is less than 100%. In some such embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is less than 90%. In some embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is less than 80%. In some embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is less than 70%. In some embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is less than 60%. In some embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is less than 50%. In some embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is less than 40%. In some embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is less than 30%.

[0085] The term "AUC," as used herein, refers to the area under the curve that represents the blood level (e.g., plasma concentration) of a therapeutically active agent as a function of time after administration. AUC can be determined by measuring the plasma concentration of the therapeutically active agent at various time points after administration, as exemplified herein.

[0086] The term "Cmax," as used herein, refers to the maximum concentration of a therapeutically active agent in the blood (e.g., plasma concentration), and can be determined by measuring the level of the therapeutically active agent at various time points after administration, as exemplified herein.

[0087] Co-administration for determining pharmacokinetic values ​​(e.g., Cmax and / or AUC) is preferably carried out by administering at least three unit dosage forms within a period of 5 minutes, optionally within 2 minutes, and optionally within 1 minute.

[0088] As used herein and in the art, the term "coefficient of variation" refers to the ratio of the standard deviation of a value (e.g., a Cmax and / or AUC value) to the mean of the same value. As is common in the art, either ratio can be expressed as a percentage by multiplying by 100%.

[0089] As used herein, the phrase "inter-subject coefficient of variation" refers to the coefficient of variation (as defined herein) of each value (e.g., Cmax and / or AUC values) obtained from different subjects.

[0090] Those skilled in the art can readily determine the coefficient of variation from data obtained from different subjects, and similarly can determine a suitable large sample for determining the coefficient of variation with the desired precision.

[0091] According to some embodiments of any of the methods or uses described herein, the treatment comprises reducing the variation in Cmax and / or AUC of the plasma concentration of the therapeutically active agent.

[0092] According to some embodiments of any of the methods or uses described herein, the treatment is for reducing the variation in Cmax and / or AUC of the plasma concentration of a therapeutically active agent.

[0093] Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that absorption of a therapeutically active agent (according to any of the respective embodiments described herein) may differ significantly at different locations in the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore, the presence of at least two unit dosage forms at different locations within the gastrointestinal tract reduces the variability in overall absorption due to differences in local absorption.

[0094] According to some embodiments relating to reducing variability in plasma concentration C and / or AUC, the C and / or AUC during the treatments described herein exhibit less variability (e.g., as expressed by standard deviation or coefficient of variation) than when a corresponding single unit dosage form is orally administered, wherein the single unit dosage form has the same overall composition as at least two unit dosage forms (according to any of the respective embodiments described herein).

[0095] A corresponding single unit dosage form (according to any of the respective embodiments described herein) is preferably formed by the same technology as the at least two unit dosage forms to which it is compared, e.g., the at least two unit dosage forms and the corresponding single unit dosage form are each tablets (containing the same excipients, if any), or each capsules (having the same type of capsule shell), etc.

[0096] According to some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, the inter-subject coefficient of variation characterizing the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of the therapeutically active agent upon simultaneous oral administration of at least two unit dosage forms (according to any of the respective embodiments described herein) is at least 20% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation of the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of the therapeutically active agent upon oral administration of a single unit dosage form having the same composition as the total composition of the at least two unit dosage forms. In some such embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is at least 30% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is at least 40% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is at least 50% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is at least 60% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is at least 70% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is at least 80% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation when the single unit dosage form is administered orally. In some such embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is at least 90% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation when the single unit dosage form is administered orally.

[0097] It should be understood that "at least 20% lower than" refers to 80% (ie, 100% - 20%) or less.

[0098] It should be further understood that a value 20% below 50% (e.g., a coefficient of variation of 50%) is 40% (i.e., 50% x (100% - 20%) / 100%), not 30%. Similarly, a value 20% greater than 50% is 60% (not 70%).

[0099] According to some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, the area under the curve (AUC) of the plasma concentration of the therapeutically active agent upon simultaneous oral administration of at least two unit dosage forms (according to any of the respective embodiments described herein) is at least 20% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation of the AUC of the therapeutically active agent upon oral administration of a single unit dosage form having the same composition as the total composition of the at least two unit dosage forms. In some such embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is at least 30% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is at least 40% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is at least 50% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is at least 60% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is at least 70% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is at least 80% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation when the single unit dosage form is administered orally. In some such embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is at least 90% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation when the single unit dosage form is administered orally.

[0100] According to some embodiments of any of the methods or uses described herein, the treatment comprises increasing the Cmax (e.g., mean Cmax) and / or AUC (e.g., mean AUC) of the plasma concentration of the therapeutically active agent.

[0101] According to some embodiments of any of the methods or uses described herein, the treatment is for increasing the Cmax (e.g., mean Cmax) and / or AUC (e.g., mean AUC) of a therapeutically active agent.

[0102] As used herein, the term "bioavailability" refers to the proportion of a therapeutically active agent (e.g., in an oral formulation described herein) that reaches (intactly) the circulatory system throughout the body when administered.

[0103] The bioavailability of the oral formulation is optionally quantified as the ratio of the AUC (divided by the dose frequency) after oral administration to the AUC (divided by the dose frequency) after intravenous administration. Preferably, the dose frequency for both formulations is the same so that the dose frequency is negligible.

[0104] Additionally or alternatively, the bioavailability of multiple oral formulations described herein (e.g., multiple unit dosage forms and single unit dosage forms according to any of the respective embodiments) can also be quantified as the ratio between the AUC values ​​(divided by dosing frequency) after oral administration, if desired, without necessarily determining the AUC (divided by dosing frequency) after intravenous administration (e.g., assuming that the AUC is constant between intravenously administered formulations). Preferably, the dosing frequency of both formulations is the same, so that dosing frequency can be ignored.

[0105] Thus, a percentage increase (or decrease) in bioavailability (e.g., according to any of the respective embodiments described herein) can be considered interchangeable herein with the same percentage increase (or decrease) in AUC (e.g., according to any of the respective embodiments described herein), if desired.

[0106] According to some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of the therapeutically active agent upon simultaneous oral administration of at least two unit dosage forms (according to any of the respective embodiments described herein) is at least 20% higher than the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of the therapeutically active agent upon oral administration of a corresponding single unit dosage form having the same composition as the total composition of the at least two unit dosage forms. In some such embodiments, the Cmax is at least 30% higher than the Cmax when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the Cmax is at least 50% higher than the Cmax when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the Cmax is at least 75% higher than the Cmax when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the Cmax is at least 100% higher (i.e., 2-fold) than the Cmax when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the Cmax is at least 200% higher (i.e., 3-fold) than the Cmax when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the Cmax is at least 300% higher (i.e., 4-fold) than when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the Cmax is at least 400% higher (i.e., 5-fold) than when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the Cmax is at least 500% higher (i.e., 6-fold) than when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the Cmax is at least 700% higher (i.e., 8-fold) than when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the Cmax is at least 800% higher (i.e., 9-fold) than when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the Cmax is at least 900% higher (i.e., 10-fold) than when the single unit dosage form is orally administered.

[0107] According to some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, the AUC (area under the curve) of the therapeutically active agent upon simultaneous oral administration of at least two unit dosage forms (according to any of the respective embodiments described herein) is at least 20% higher than the AUC (area under the curve) of the therapeutically active agent upon oral administration of a corresponding single unit dosage form having the same total composition as the at least two unit dosage forms. In some such embodiments, the AUC is at least 30% higher than the AUC when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the AUC is at least 50% higher than the AUC when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the AUC is at least 75% higher than the AUC when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the AUC is at least 100% higher (i.e., 2-fold higher) than the AUC when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the AUC is at least 200% higher (i.e., 3-fold higher) than the AUC when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the AUC is at least 300% higher (i.e., 4-fold) than the AUC when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the AUC is at least 400% higher (i.e., 5-fold) than the AUC when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the AUC is at least 500% higher (i.e., 6-fold) than the AUC when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the AUC is at least 700% higher (i.e., 8-fold) than the AUC when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the AUC is at least 800% higher (i.e., 9-fold) than the AUC when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the AUC is at least 900% higher (i.e., 10-fold) than the AUC when the single unit dosage form is orally administered.

[0108] According to some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, the bioavailability of the therapeutically active agent upon simultaneous oral administration of at least two unit dosage forms (according to any of the respective embodiments described herein) is at least 0.05% (e.g., 0.05-50% or 0.05-5%). In some embodiments, the bioavailability is at least 0.1% (e.g., 0.1-50% or 0.1-5%). In some embodiments, the bioavailability is at least 0.2% (e.g., 0.2-50% or 0.2-5%). In some embodiments, the bioavailability is at least 0.3% (e.g., 0.3-50% or 0.3-5%). In some embodiments, the bioavailability is at least 0.4% (e.g., 0.4-50% or 0.4-5%). In some embodiments, the bioavailability is at least 0.5% (e.g., 0.5-50% or 0.5-5%). In some embodiments, the bioavailability is at least 0.5% (e.g., 0.6-50% or 0.6-5%). In some embodiments, the bioavailability is at least 0.7% (e.g., 0.7-50% or 0.7-5%). In some embodiments, the bioavailability is at least 0.8% (e.g., 0.8-50% or 0.8-5%). In some embodiments, the bioavailability is at least 1% (e.g., 1-50% or 1-5%). In some embodiments, the bioavailability is at least 1.25% (e.g., 1.25-50% or 1.25-5%). In some embodiments, the bioavailability is at least 1.5% (e.g., 1.5-50% or 1.5-5%). In some embodiments, the bioavailability is at least 2% (e.g., 2-50% or 2-5%). In some embodiments, the bioavailability is at least 3% (e.g., 3-50% or 3-5%). In some embodiments, the bioavailability is at least 5% (e.g., 5-50%).In some of any of the above bioavailability embodiments, the therapeutically active agent is PTH (according to any of the respective embodiments described herein), optionally PTH(1-34).

[0109] In embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, treatment according to any of the aspects described herein is carried out by oral administration of the unit dosage form to a relatively empty stomach and small intestine.

[0110] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, oral administration of the unit dosage form occurs at least 2 hours after consuming a recent meal. In some embodiments, oral administration of the unit dosage form occurs at least 4 hours after consuming a recent meal. In some embodiments, oral administration of the unit dosage form occurs at least 6 hours after consuming a recent meal. In some embodiments, oral administration of the unit dosage form occurs at least 8 hours after consuming a recent meal. In some embodiments, oral administration of the unit dosage form occurs at least 10 hours after consuming a recent meal.

[0111] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, oral administration of the unit dosage form occurs at least 2 hours after consuming the most recent food or beverage. In some embodiments, oral administration of the unit dosage form occurs at least 4 hours after consuming the most recent food or beverage. In some embodiments, oral administration of the unit dosage form occurs at least 6 hours after consuming the most recent food or beverage. In some embodiments, oral administration of the unit dosage form occurs at least 8 hours after consuming the most recent food or beverage. In some embodiments, oral administration of the unit dosage form occurs at least 10 hours after consuming the most recent food or beverage.

[0112] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, oral administration of the unit dosage form occurs before a meal in the morning. In some embodiments, oral administration of the unit dosage form occurs before eating or drinking in the morning. Such administration of the unit dosage form in the morning (e.g., after sleep) may be the most convenient method for the subject, ensuring that a significant amount of time has elapsed between oral administration and the most recent intake of food (and, optionally, beverages), if desired.

[0113] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, oral administration of the unit dosage form occurs at least 10 minutes before a meal (e.g., the subject should refrain from eating for at least 10 minutes after administration). In some embodiments, oral administration of the unit dosage form occurs at least 20 minutes before a meal. In some embodiments, oral administration of the unit dosage form occurs at least 30 minutes before a meal. In some embodiments, oral administration of the unit dosage form occurs at least 60 minutes (1 hour) before a meal. In some embodiments, oral administration of the unit dosage form occurs at least 2 hours before a meal. In some embodiments, oral administration of the unit dosage form occurs at least 3 hours before a meal. In some embodiments, oral administration of the unit dosage form occurs at least 4 hours before a meal.

[0114] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, oral administration of the unit dosage form occurs at least 10 minutes before eating or drinking (e.g., the subject should refrain from eating or drinking for at least 10 minutes after administration). In some embodiments, oral administration of the unit dosage form occurs at least 20 minutes before eating or drinking. In some embodiments, oral administration of the unit dosage form occurs at least 30 minutes before eating or drinking. In some embodiments, oral administration of the unit dosage form occurs at least 60 minutes (1 hour) before eating or drinking. In some embodiments, oral administration of the unit dosage form occurs at least 2 hours before eating or drinking. In some embodiments, oral administration of the unit dosage form occurs at least 3 hours before eating or drinking. In some embodiments, oral administration of the unit dosage form occurs at least 4 hours before eating or drinking.

[0115] Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that food (and optionally beverages) in the stomach and small intestine may interact with the absorption enhancer and / or PTH in such a way as to prevent efficient and predictable absorption of PTH.

[0116] kit : According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a kit comprising a plurality of sets of unit dosage forms, the unit dosage forms comprising a therapeutically active agent (according to any of the respective embodiments described herein) and an absorption enhancer, each set comprising at least two unit dosage forms, optionally at least three unit dosage forms, optionally at least four unit dosage forms, the number of dosage forms per set optionally according to the ranges and / or numbers of unit dosage forms described herein for carrying out the method or use (according to any of the respective embodiments described herein).

[0117] In some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, the number of unit dosage forms per set may optionally be relatively small, such as 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 (optionally 2 or 3 or 4), so that simultaneous administration of multiple unit dosage forms can be accomplished, if desired, using multiple sets.

[0118] In some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, the set of unit dosage forms in the kit are individually packaged in the kit, e.g., packaged in metal or plastic foil, e.g., a blister pack.

[0119] In some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, the kit includes a dispenser for dispensing a set containing a predetermined number of unit dosage forms (according to any of the respective embodiments described herein) and / or a device (e.g., a container having a suitable shape and / or label) for easily measuring out a set containing a predetermined number of unit dosage forms (according to any of the respective embodiments described herein).

[0120] In some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, the kit further includes instructions for simultaneous oral administration of one or more unit dosage forms included in the set of unit dosage forms. For example, the instructions can optionally be for simultaneous oral administration of unit dosage forms according to any of the respective embodiments described herein, wherein the total amount of therapeutically active agent in the unit dosage form is a therapeutically effective amount.

[0121] Multiple unit dosage forms : According to one aspect of some embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a multiple unit dosage form for a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least two separate unit dosage forms bound together by a coating and / or matrix, each of the unit dosage forms comprising a therapeutically active agent (according to any of the respective embodiments described herein) and an absorption enhancer, and the coating and / or matrix is ​​formulated to provide immediate release of the unit dosage form upon oral administration. The immediate release upon oral administration of the unit dosage form can optionally be effected by oral administration of at least two unit dosage forms according to any of the respective embodiments described herein.

[0122] In some of any of the embodiments described herein, the multiple unit dosage form of the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least three separate unit dosage forms bound together by a coating and / or matrix, e.g., each of the unit dosage forms comprises a therapeutically active agent (according to any of the respective embodiments described herein) and an absorption enhancer.

[0123] As used herein, the term "multiple unit dosage form" refers to any dosage form that contains a plurality of separate unit dosage forms as defined herein.

[0124] As used herein, the phrase "coating and / or matrix" refers to any material capable of holding separate unit dosage forms together.

[0125] The term "coating" encompasses any material that at least partially surrounds a unit dosage form, including, but not limited to, a coating that adheres to the surface of the unit dosage form (e.g., a coating applied over the surface of the unit dosage form), as well as a structure that encases (loosely or tightly) the unit dosage form (e.g., a capsule shell that encapsulates the unit dosage form).

[0126] The term "matrix" encompasses any material present (at least partially) between unit dosage forms, including, but not limited to, adhesive materials that adhere unit dosage forms to one another, as well as a continuous matrix that individually encases (loosely or tightly) each unit dosage form.

[0127] In some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, the multiple unit dosage form is capable of disintegrating in gastric fluids and / or saliva, thereby releasing the unit dosage forms.

[0128] Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that a multiple unit dosage form that disintegrates in gastric fluid according to any of the respective embodiments described herein is capable of disintegrating in the stomach in a sufficiently rapid manner (e.g., before the majority of absorption of the therapeutically active agent occurs) when orally administered to result in a pharmacokinetic profile similar to that obtainable by simultaneous oral administration of separate unit dosage forms (which may not be as advantageous as administration of a single multiple unit dosage form). Similarly, it is believed that a multiple unit dosage form that disintegrates in saliva according to any of the respective embodiments described herein is capable of disintegrating in the mouth in a sufficiently rapid manner (e.g., before swallowing) when orally administered to result in substantially the same effect as simultaneous oral administration of separate unit dosage forms (which may not be as advantageous as administration of a single multiple unit dosage form).

[0129] In some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, the multiple unit dosage form is capable of disintegrating in gastric fluid within 5 minutes, thereby releasing the unit dosage forms. In some such embodiments, the multiple unit dosage form is capable of disintegrating in gastric fluid within 3 minutes, thereby releasing the unit dosage forms. In some such embodiments, the multiple unit dosage form is capable of disintegrating in gastric fluid within 2 minutes, thereby releasing the unit dosage forms. In some such embodiments, the multiple unit dosage form is capable of disintegrating in gastric fluid within 1 minute, thereby releasing the unit dosage forms. In some such embodiments, the multiple unit dosage form is capable of disintegrating in gastric fluid within 30 seconds, thereby releasing the unit dosage forms. In some such embodiments, the multiple unit dosage form is capable of disintegrating in gastric fluid within 10 seconds, thereby releasing the unit dosage forms.

[0130] As used herein, all gastric fluid properties (e.g., disintegration, dissolution) described herein are in pepsin-free simulated gastric fluid, pH 2.0, under conditions consistent with United States Pharmacopeia (USP) 23 Apparatus 2 (Paddle Method) (e.g., 800 ml volume, 50 rpm).

[0131] In some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, the multiple unit dosage form can disintegrate in saliva within 1 minute, thereby releasing the unit dosage forms. In some such embodiments, the multiple unit dosage form can disintegrate in saliva within 30 seconds, thereby releasing the unit dosage forms. In some such embodiments, the multiple unit dosage form can disintegrate in saliva within 10 seconds, thereby releasing the unit dosage forms. In some such embodiments, the multiple unit dosage form can disintegrate in saliva within 5 seconds, thereby releasing the unit dosage forms.

[0132] The properties in saliva described herein (e.g., disintegration, dissolution) can be determined, if desired, using saliva samples and / or saliva pseudo-fluids (without enzymes) at pH 7 under conditions consistent with U.S. Pharmacopeia 23 Apparatus 2 (Paddle Method) (e.g., 800 ml volume, 50 rpm).

[0133] In some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein relating to a multiple unit dosage form capable of disintegrating in saliva, the multiple unit dosage form is formed using any technique known in the art suitable for forming orally disintegrable dosage forms (e.g., orally disintegrable tablets).

[0134] In some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, the coating and / or matrix dissolves in gastric fluids and / or saliva.

[0135] In some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, the coating and / or matrix dissolves in gastric fluid within 5 minutes. In some such embodiments, the coating and / or matrix dissolves in gastric fluid within 3 minutes. In some embodiments, the coating and / or matrix dissolves in gastric fluid within 2 minutes. In some embodiments, the coating and / or matrix dissolves in gastric fluid within 1 minute. In some embodiments, the coating and / or matrix dissolves in gastric fluid within 30 seconds. In some embodiments, the coating and / or matrix dissolves in gastric fluid within 10 seconds.

[0136] In some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, the coating and / or matrix dissolves in saliva within 60 seconds. In some embodiments, the coating and / or matrix dissolves in saliva within 30 seconds. In some embodiments, the coating and / or matrix dissolves in saliva within 10 seconds. In some embodiments, the coating and / or matrix dissolves in saliva within 5 seconds.

[0137] Dissolution of the coating and / or matrix can be determined in a liquid as described herein (e.g., simulated gastric fluid, saliva) using a multiple unit dosage form (as described herein), or alternatively, using similar amounts of the coating and / or matrix-forming material (e.g., a multiple unit dosage form without a unit dosage form). Dissolution is indicated by the absence of visible material of the original coating and / or matrix material. However, material that originates from the original coating and / or matrix material but is separate therefrom and visible in the liquid (e.g., suspended in the liquid) is also included in the terms "dissolve" and "dissolution."

[0138] In some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein relating to a multiple unit dosage form capable of disintegrating in saliva, the matrix and / or coating is formed from any composition known in the art that is suitable for forming an orally disintegrable dosage form (e.g., an orally disintegrable tablet).

[0139] In some embodiments of any of the respective embodiments described herein, the coating and / or matrix comprises a disintegrant.

[0140] As used herein, the term "disintegrant" refers to a substance that expands (e.g., swells and / or generates gas) and / or dissolves upon contact with moisture (e.g., in the gastrointestinal tract), thereby causing disintegration of the dosage form containing the disintegrant.

[0141] Examples of disintegrants include, but are not limited to, cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone (crospovidone), cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose (croscarmellose, e.g., sodium croscarmellose), non-cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose (e.g., sodium carboxymethylcellulose), starch (e.g., pregelatinized starch), sodium starch glycolate, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium bicarbonate, and alginic acid (including salts thereof).

[0142] In some embodiments of any of the respective embodiments described herein, the coating and / or matrix includes a disintegrant at an effective concentration. Effective concentrations of various disintegrants would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

[0143] An example of an effective concentration of cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone is, but is not limited to, a concentration of 0.5 to 5 weight percent.

[0144] An example of an effective concentration of cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose includes, but is not limited to, a concentration of 1 to 4 weight percent.

[0145] An example of an effective concentration of starch (eg, pregelatinized starch) includes, but is not limited to, a concentration of 5 to 20 weight percent.

[0146] An example of an effective concentration of sodium starch glycolate includes, but is not limited to, a concentration of 2 to 8 weight percent.

[0147] An example of an effective concentration of non-crosslinked carboxymethylcellulose (e.g., sodium carboxymethylcellulose), methylcellulose, and / or hydroxypropylmethylcellulose includes, but is not limited to, a concentration of 5 to 10 weight percent.

[0148] An example of an effective concentration of microcrystalline cellulose includes, but is not limited to, a concentration of 10 to 20 weight percent.

[0149] An example of an effective concentration of alginic acid (including its salts) is 1 to 10 weight percent, but is not limited to this.

[0150] In some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, where the release of the unit dosage form is particularly rapid (e.g., disintegration occurs in the mouth before swallowing), the effective concentration of the disintegrant according to any of the respective embodiments described herein may be relatively high, e.g., higher than the concentration ranges set forth above.

[0151] At least two unit dosage forms in a multiple unit dosage form may be equal (eg, in size, shape and / or composition) or may differ from one another (optionally according to a statistical distribution).

[0152] In some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, the number of unit dosage forms in the multiple unit dosage form ranges from 2 to 10, optionally 3 to 10, optionally 4 to 10, according to any of the respective ranges described herein for the method or use.

[0153] In some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, the number of unit dosage forms in the multiple unit dosage form is greater than 10, optionally greater than 30, optionally greater than 100.

[0154] A relatively small number (e.g., 10 or less) of unit dosage forms may, if desired, be in the form of tablets or pellets (e.g., of regular size and shape), which can be formed by any suitable technique known in the art (e.g., compression).

[0155] A number (e.g., more than 10) of the unit dosage forms may optionally be in the form of granules, which may, if desired, be shaped by any suitable technique known in the art (e.g., spheronization).

[0156] In some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, the multiple unit dosage form is formulated such that simultaneous administration of at least two unit dosage forms according to any of the respective embodiments described herein is achieved by oral administration of the multiple unit dosage form.

[0157] According to some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, the inter-subject coefficient of variation characterizing the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of the therapeutically active agent upon oral administration of a multiple unit dosage form (according to any of the respective embodiments described herein) is less than 100%. In some such embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is less than 90%. In some embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is less than 80%. In some embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is less than 70%. In some embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is less than 60%. In some embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is less than 50%. In some embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is less than 40%. In some embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is less than 30%.

[0158] According to some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, the inter-subject coefficient of variation (as defined herein) characterizing the area under the curve (AUC) of the plasma concentration of the therapeutically active agent upon oral administration of a multiple unit dosage form (according to any of the respective embodiments described herein) is less than 100%. In some such embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is less than 90%. In some embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is less than 80%. In some embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is less than 70%. In some embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is less than 60%. In some embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is less than 50%. In some embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is less than 40%. In some embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is less than 30%.

[0159] According to some embodiments relating to reducing variability in plasma concentration Cmax and / or AUC, the Cmax and / or AUC upon oral administration of the described multiple unit dosage forms exhibits less variability (e.g., as expressed by standard deviation or coefficient of variation) than upon oral administration of a corresponding single unit dosage form, wherein the single unit dosage form has the same overall composition as at least two unit dosage forms (according to any of the respective embodiments described herein).

[0160] The corresponding single unit dosage form (according to any of the respective embodiments described herein) is preferably formed by the same techniques as the unit dosage forms in the multiple unit dosage form to which it is being compared, e.g., at least two unit dosage forms and the corresponding single unit dosage form are each tablets or pellets (including the same excipients, if any), each encapsulated (in the same type of capsule shell) or unencapsulated.

[0161] According to some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, the inter-subject coefficient of variation characterizing the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of the therapeutically active agent when a multiple unit dosage form (according to any of the respective embodiments described herein) is orally administered is at least 20% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation of the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of the therapeutically active agent when a single unit dosage form having the same composition as the total composition of at least two unit dosage forms is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is at least 30% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation when said single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is at least 40% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation when said single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is at least 50% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation when said single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is at least 60% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation when said single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is at least 70% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation when said single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is at least 80% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation when the single unit dosage form is administered orally. In some such embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is at least 90% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation when the single unit dosage form is administered orally.

[0162] According to some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, the area under the curve (AUC) of the plasma concentration of the therapeutically active agent when the multiple dosage form (according to any of the respective embodiments described herein) is orally administered is at least 20% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation of the AUC of the therapeutically active agent when a single unit dosage form having the same composition as the total composition of at least two unit dosage forms is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is at least 30% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is at least 40% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is at least 50% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is at least 60% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is at least 70% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation when the single unit dosage form is orally administered. In some such embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is at least 80% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation when the single unit dosage form is administered orally. In some such embodiments, the inter-subject coefficient of variation is at least 90% lower than the inter-subject coefficient of variation when the single unit dosage form is administered orally.

[0163] In some embodiments of any of the embodiments described herein, the multiple unit dosage form according to any of the respective embodiments described herein is for use in treating a condition treatable by oral administration of a therapeutically active agent (according to any of the respective embodiments described herein).

[0164] According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a method for treating a subject in need of treatment for a condition treatable by oral administration of a therapeutically active agent (according to any of the corresponding embodiments described herein), the method comprising orally administering to the subject a multiple unit dosage form according to any of the corresponding embodiments described herein, the multiple unit dosage form comprising the corresponding therapeutically active agent (according to any of the corresponding embodiments described herein).

[0165] absorption enhancers : According to a preferred embodiment of any of the embodiments described herein, at least two dosage forms (according to any of the respective embodiments described herein) contain an amount of absorption enhancer such that the total amount of absorption enhancer therein is effective, i.e., an amount of absorption enhancer effective to enhance absorption of the therapeutically active agent.

[0166] As used herein, the term "absorption enhancer" refers to a compound known to enhance the absorption of large molecular weight drugs (e.g., compounds having a molecular weight of at least 1 kDa) from the gastrointestinal tract into the circulatory system when the drug is administered orally. Those skilled in the art will be aware of many such absorption enhancers.

[0167] In some of any of the embodiments described herein, the absorption enhancer is a fatty acid having a terminal N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino group (at the omega position, i.e., the end furthest from the carboxyl group of the fatty acid), or a salt thereof (e.g., the monosodium or disodium salt).

[0168] The fatty acids are 4 to 20 carbon atoms in length, optionally 4 to 18 carbon atoms in length, optionally 4 to 16 carbon atoms in length, optionally 4 to 14 carbon atoms in length, optionally 4 to 12 carbon atoms in length, and optionally 4 to 10 carbon atoms in length. In some of any of the embodiments described herein, the fatty acids are 6 to 20 carbon atoms in length, optionally 6 to 18 carbon atoms in length, optionally 6 to 16 carbon atoms in length, optionally 6 to 14 carbon atoms in length, optionally 6 to 12 carbon atoms in length, optionally 6 to 10 carbon atoms in length, and optionally 8 to 10 carbon atoms in length. The fatty acid moiety may be saturated (e.g., caprylic acid in NAC or decanoic acid in NAD) or unsaturated (i.e., containing at least one unsaturated carbon-carbon bond).

[0169] Examples of suitable fatty acids include, but are not limited to, butanoic acid, caprylic acid, and decanoic acid.

[0170] An N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino group can be optionally substituted (e.g., on its aromatic ring) or unsubstituted. Suitable substituents include, for example, halo (optionally chloro) and alkoxy (optionally methoxy). Examples of substituted N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino groups include, but are not limited to, N-(5-chlorosalicyloyl)amino, N-(4-chloro-2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino, and N-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoyl)amino.

[0171] Examples of suitable absorption enhancers include, but are not limited to, NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) and NAD (10-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminodecanoic acid) and their salts (e.g., monosodium and disodium salts), as well as their derivatives (e.g., chloro- and / or methoxy-substituted derivatives), such as 5-CNAC (8-N-(5-chlorosalicyloyl)aminocaprylic acid) and 4-MOAC (8-N-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) and their salts (e.g., monosodium and disodium salts).

[0172] In some of any of the embodiments described herein, the absorption enhancer is in the form of its salt, for example, the sodium salt. In an exemplary embodiment, the sodium salt is the monosodium salt.

[0173] In some of the embodiments described herein, the absorption enhancer is NAC or NAD, or a salt thereof. In some such embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC or a salt thereof.

[0174] As shown below, the structure of NAD (shown as its sodium salt, also referred to as "SNAD") differs from the structure of NAC (shown as its sodium salt, also referred to as "SNAC") only in the length of the fatty acid moiety. Other absorption enhancers related to NAC and NAD based on differences in fatty acid length will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art.

[0175] [ka]

[0176] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the (total) absorption enhancer concentration in at least two unit dosage forms described herein, and optionally the absorption enhancer concentration in each unit dosage form, is in the range of 2.5 to 99.4 weight percent. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer concentration is in the range of 2.5 to 10 weight percent. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer concentration is in the range of 8 to 15 weight percent. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer concentration is in the range of 10 to 20 weight percent. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer concentration is in the range of 15 to 30 weight percent. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer concentration is in the range of 20 to 40 weight percent. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer concentration is in the range of 30 to 50 weight percent. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer concentration is in the range of 40 to 60 weight percent. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer concentration is in the range of 50 to 70 weight percent. In some of the above embodiments, the concentration of the absorption enhancer ranges from 70 to 99.4 weight percent. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate).

[0177] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the absorption enhancer concentration in at least two unit dosage forms described herein (total), and optionally in each of the unit dosage forms, is at least 50 weight percent. In some embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate).

[0178] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 0.1 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 0.2 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 0.3 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 0.4 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 0.6 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 0.8 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 1 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 1.5 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 2 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 2.5 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 3 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 5 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 7 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 10 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 12 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 15 mg.In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 20 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 30 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 50 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 70 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 100 mg. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate).

[0179] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 0.1 to 1 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 0.2 to 1 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 0.3 to 1 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 0.5 to 1 mg. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate).

[0180] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 0.1-2 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 0.2-2 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 0.3-2 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 0.5-2 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 1-2 mg. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate).

[0181] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the total amount of absorption enhancer in the at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 1-10 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in the at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 2-10 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in the at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 3-10 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in the at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 5-10 mg. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate).

[0182] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the total amount of absorption enhancer in the at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 1-20 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in the at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 2-20 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in the at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 3-20 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in the at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 5-20 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in the at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 10-20 mg. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate).

[0183] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 10-100 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 20-100 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 30-100 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 50-100 mg. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate).

[0184] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 10-200 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 20-200 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 30-200 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 50-200 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 100-200 mg. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate).

[0185] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 10-500 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 20-500 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 30-500 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 50-500 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 100-500 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 200-500 mg. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate).

[0186] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 10-1000 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 20-1000 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 30-1000 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 50-1000 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 100-1000 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 200-1000 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 500-1000 mg. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate).

[0187] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 10-2000 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 20-2000 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 30-2000 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 50-2000 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 100-2000 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 200-2000 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 500-2000 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of absorption enhancer in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 1000 to 2000 mg. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate).

[0188] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein is at least about 0.01 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein is at least about 0.02 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein is at least about 0.03 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein is at least about 0.04 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein is at least about 0.06 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein is at least about 0.08 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein is at least about 0.1 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein is at least about 0.15 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein is at least about 0.2 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein is at least about 0.25 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein is at least about 0.3 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein is at least about 0.5 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein is at least about 0.7 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein is at least about 1 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein is at least about 1.2 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein is at least about 1.5 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein is at least about 2 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein is at least about 3 mg.In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein is at least about 5 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein is at least about 7 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein is at least about 10 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein is at least about 20 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein is at least about 30 mg. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate).

[0189] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 0.01 to 0.1 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 0.02 to 0.1 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 0.03 to 0.1 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 0.05 to 0.1 mg. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate).

[0190] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 0.01 to 0.2 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 0.02 to 0.2 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 0.03 to 0.2 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 0.05 to 0.2 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 0.1 to 0.2 mg. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate).

[0191] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 0.1 to 1 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 0.2 to 1 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 0.3 to 1 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 0.5 to 1 mg. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate).

[0192] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 0.1 to 2 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 0.2 to 2 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 0.3 to 2 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 0.5 to 2 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 1 to 2 mg. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate).

[0193] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 1 to 10 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 2 to 10 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 3 to 10 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 5 to 10 mg. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate).

[0194] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 1 to 20 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 2 to 20 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 3 to 20 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 5 to 20 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 10 to 20 mg. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate).

[0195] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 1 to 50 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 2 to 50 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 3 to 50 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 5 to 50 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 10 to 50 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 20 to 50 mg. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate).

[0196] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 1 to 100 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 2 to 100 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 3 to 100 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 5 to 100 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 10 to 100 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 20 to 100 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein ranges from 50 to 100 mg. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate).

[0197] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein is in the range of 1-300 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein is in the range of 2-300 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein is in the range of 3-300 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein is in the range of 5-300 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein is in the range of 10-300 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein is in the range of 20-300 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein is in the range of 50-300 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form described herein is in the range of 100-300 mg. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate).

[0198] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein relating to the amount of absorption enhancer in one or more unit dosage forms, the amount of therapeutically active agent is in an amount according to any one of the ratios of absorption enhancer to therapeutically active agent described herein. In some embodiments, the unit dosage form further comprises at least one protease inhibitor in an amount according to any one of the ratios of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent described herein. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate).

[0199] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the weight ratio of absorption enhancer to therapeutically active agent (in total) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein (absorption enhancer:therapeutic active agent) ranges from 5:1 to 10:1. In some embodiments, this ratio is about 7.5:1. In some embodiments, the unit dosage forms described herein further comprise a protease inhibitor. In some of the above embodiments, when the dosage form comprises a protease inhibitor, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein (protease inhibitor:therapeutic active agent) ranges from 1:1 to 5:1, optionally about 3:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 5:1 to 10:1, optionally about 7.5:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 10:1 to 20:1, optionally about 15:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 20:1 to 30:1, optionally about 25:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 30:1 to 40:1, optionally about 35:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 40:1 to 50:1, optionally about 45:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amount) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 50:1 to 75:1, optionally about 62.5: 1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amount) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 75:1 to 100:1, optionally about 87.5:1.In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 100:1 to 200:1, optionally about 150:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 200:1 to 300:1, optionally about 250:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 300:1 to 400:1, optionally about 350:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 400:1 to 500:1, optionally about 450:1. In some embodiments, the protease inhibitor is soybean trypsin inhibitor. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate).

[0200] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the weight ratio of absorption enhancer to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein (absorption enhancer:therapeutic active agent) ranges from 10:1 to 20:1. In some embodiments, this ratio is about 15:1. In some embodiments, the dosage form further comprises a protease inhibitor. In some of the above embodiments in which the dosage form comprises a protease inhibitor, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 1:1 to 5:1 (protease inhibitor:therapeutic active agent), optionally about 3:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 5:1 to 10:1, optionally about 7.5:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 10:1 to 20:1, optionally about 15:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 20:1 to 30:1, optionally about 25:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 30:1 to 40:1, optionally about 35:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 40:1 to 50:1, optionally about 45:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amount) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 50:1 to 75:1, optionally about 62.5: 1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amount) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 75:1 to 100:1, optionally about 87.5:1.In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 100:1 to 200:1, optionally about 150:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 200:1 to 300:1, optionally about 250:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 300:1 to 400:1, optionally about 350:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 400:1 to 500:1, optionally about 450:1. In some embodiments, the protease inhibitor is soybean trypsin inhibitor. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate).

[0201] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the weight ratio of absorption enhancer to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein (absorption enhancer:therapeutic active agent) ranges from 20:1 to 30:1. In some embodiments, this ratio is about 25:1. In some embodiments, the dosage form further comprises a protease inhibitor. In some of the above embodiments in which the dosage form comprises a protease inhibitor, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein (protease inhibitor:therapeutic active agent) ranges from 1:1 to 5:1, optionally about 3:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 5:1 to 10:1, optionally about 7.5:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 10:1 to 20:1, optionally about 15:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 20:1 to 30:1, optionally about 25:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 30:1 to 40:1, optionally about 35:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 40:1 to 50:1, optionally about 45:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amount) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 50:1 to 75:1, optionally about 62.5: 1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amount) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 75:1 to 100:1, optionally about 87.5:1.In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 100:1 to 200:1, optionally about 150:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 200:1 to 300:1, optionally about 250:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 300:1 to 400:1, optionally about 350:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 400:1 to 500:1, optionally about 450:1. In some embodiments, the protease inhibitor is soybean trypsin inhibitor. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate).

[0202] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the weight ratio of absorption enhancer to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein (absorption enhancer:therapeutic active agent) ranges from 30:1 to 50:1. In some embodiments, this ratio is about 40:1. In some embodiments, the dosage form further comprises a protease inhibitor. In some of the above embodiments in which the dosage form comprises a protease inhibitor, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein (protease inhibitor:therapeutic active agent) ranges from 1:1 to 5:1, optionally about 3:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 5:1 to 10:1, optionally about 7.5:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 10:1 to 20:1, optionally about 15:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 20:1 to 30:1, optionally about 25:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 30:1 to 40:1, optionally about 35:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 40:1 to 50:1, optionally about 45:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amount) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 50:1 to 75:1, optionally about 62.5: 1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amount) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 75:1 to 100:1, optionally about 87.5:1.In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 100:1 to 200:1, optionally about 150:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 200:1 to 300:1, optionally about 250:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 300:1 to 400:1, optionally about 350:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 400:1 to 500:1, optionally about 450:1. In some embodiments, the protease inhibitor is soybean trypsin inhibitor. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate).

[0203] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the weight ratio of the absorption enhancer to the therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein (absorption enhancer:therapeutic active agent) ranges from 50:1 to 100:1. In some embodiments, this ratio is about 75:1. In some embodiments, the dosage form further comprises a protease inhibitor. In some of the above embodiments in which the dosage form comprises a protease inhibitor, the weight ratio of the protease inhibitor to the therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 1:1 to 5:1 (protease inhibitor:therapeutic active agent), optionally about 3:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the protease inhibitor to the therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 5:1 to 10:1, optionally about 7.5:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 10:1 to 20:1, optionally about 15:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 20:1 to 30:1, optionally about 25:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 30:1 to 40:1, optionally about 35:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 40:1 to 50:1, optionally about 45:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amount) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 50:1 to 75:1, optionally about 62.5: 1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amount) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 75:1 to 100:1, optionally about 87.5:1.In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 100:1 to 200:1, optionally about 150:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 200:1 to 300:1, optionally about 250:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 300:1 to 400:1, optionally about 350:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 400:1 to 500:1, optionally about 450:1. In some embodiments, the protease inhibitor is soybean trypsin inhibitor. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate).

[0204] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the weight ratio of absorption enhancer to therapeutically active agent (in total amount) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein (absorption enhancer:therapeutic active agent) ranges from 100:1 to 200:1. In some embodiments, this ratio is about 150:1. In some embodiments, the dosage form further comprises a protease inhibitor. In some of the above embodiments in which the dosage form comprises a protease inhibitor, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amount) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 1:1 to 5:1 (protease inhibitor:therapeutic active agent), optionally about 3:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amount) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 5:1 to 10:1, optionally about 7.5:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 10:1 to 20:1, optionally about 15:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 20:1 to 30:1, optionally about 25:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 30:1 to 40:1, optionally about 35:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 40:1 to 50:1, optionally about 45:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amount) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 50:1 to 75:1, optionally about 62.5: 1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amount) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 75:1 to 100:1, optionally about 87.5:1.In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 100:1 to 200:1, optionally about 150:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 200:1 to 300:1, optionally about 250:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 300:1 to 400:1, optionally about 350:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 400:1 to 500:1, optionally about 450:1. In some embodiments, the protease inhibitor is soybean trypsin inhibitor. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate).

[0205] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the weight ratio of absorption enhancer to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein (absorption enhancer:therapeutic active agent) ranges from 200:1 to 300:1. In some embodiments, this ratio is about 250:1. In some embodiments, the dosage form further comprises a protease inhibitor. In some of the above embodiments in which the dosage form comprises a protease inhibitor, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein (protease inhibitor:therapeutic active agent) ranges from 1:1 to 5:1, optionally about 3:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 5:1 to 10:1, optionally about 7.5:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 10:1 to 20:1, optionally about 15:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 20:1 to 30:1, optionally about 25:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 30:1 to 40:1, optionally about 35:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 40:1 to 50:1, optionally about 45:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amount) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 50:1 to 75:1, optionally about 62.5: 1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amount) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 75:1 to 100:1, optionally about 87.5:1.In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 100:1 to 200:1, optionally about 150:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 200:1 to 300:1, optionally about 250:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 300:1 to 400:1, optionally about 350:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 400:1 to 500:1, optionally about 450:1. In some embodiments, the protease inhibitor is soybean trypsin inhibitor. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate).

[0206] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the weight ratio of absorption enhancer to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein (absorption enhancer:therapeutic active agent) ranges from 300:1 to 500:1. In some embodiments, this ratio is about 400:1. In some embodiments, the dosage form further comprises a protease inhibitor. In some of the above embodiments in which the dosage form comprises a protease inhibitor, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 1:1 to 5:1 (protease inhibitor:therapeutic active agent), optionally about 3:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 5:1 to 10:1, optionally about 7.5:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 10:1 to 20:1, optionally about 15:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 20:1 to 30:1, optionally about 25:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 30:1 to 40:1, optionally about 35:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 40:1 to 50:1, optionally about 45:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amount) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 50:1 to 75:1, optionally about 62.5: 1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amount) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 75:1 to 100:1, optionally about 87.5:1.In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 100:1 to 200:1, optionally about 150:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 200:1 to 300:1, optionally about 250:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 300:1 to 400:1, optionally about 350:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 400:1 to 500:1, optionally about 450:1. In some embodiments, the protease inhibitor is soybean trypsin inhibitor. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate).

[0207] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the weight ratio of absorption enhancer to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein (absorption enhancer:therapeutic active agent) ranges from 500:1 to 1000:1. In some embodiments, this ratio is about 750:1. In some embodiments, the dosage form further comprises a protease inhibitor. In some of the above embodiments in which the dosage form comprises a protease inhibitor, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein (protease inhibitor:therapeutic active agent) ranges from 1:1 to 5:1, optionally about 3:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 5:1 to 10:1, optionally about 7.5:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 10:1 to 20:1, optionally about 15:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 20:1 to 30:1, optionally about 25:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 30:1 to 40:1, optionally about 35:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 40:1 to 50:1, optionally about 45:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amount) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 50:1 to 75:1, optionally about 62.5: 1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent (in total amount) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 75:1 to 100:1, optionally about 87.5:1.In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 100:1 to 200:1, optionally about 150:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 200:1 to 300:1, optionally about 250:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 300:1 to 400:1, optionally about 350:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (in total amounts) in at least two unit dosage forms described herein ranges from 400:1 to 500:1, optionally about 450:1. In some embodiments, the protease inhibitor is soybean trypsin inhibitor. In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate).

[0208] Therapeutic Active Agents : In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, at least two unit dosage forms according to any one of the aspects described herein comprise, in a total amount, at least 50 μg of therapeutically active agent. In some embodiments, at least two unit dosage forms comprise, in a total amount, at least 100 μg of therapeutically active agent. In some embodiments, at least two unit dosage forms comprise, in a total amount, at least 200 μg of therapeutically active agent. In some embodiments, at least two unit dosage forms comprise, in a total amount, at least 500 μg of therapeutically active agent. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in the unit dosage forms is in accordance with any one of the ratios of absorption enhancer to therapeutically active agent described herein. In some embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate). In some embodiments, the unit dosage form further comprises at least one protease inhibitor in an amount in accordance with any one of the ratios of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent described herein.

[0209] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, at least two unit dosage forms according to any one of the aspects described herein contain, in total, 2000 μg or less of therapeutically active agent. In some embodiments, at least two unit dosage forms contain, in total, 1000 μg or less of therapeutically active agent. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in the unit dosage form is in accordance with any one of the ratios of absorption enhancer to therapeutically active agent described herein. In some embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate). In some embodiments, the unit dosage form further comprises at least one protease inhibitor in an amount in accordance with any one of the ratios of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent described herein.

[0210] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, at least two unit dosage forms contain a total of 100-3000 μg of therapeutically active agent. In some embodiments, at least two unit dosage forms contain a total of 200-2000 μg of therapeutically active agent. In some embodiments, at least two unit dosage forms contain a total of 500-1000 μg of therapeutically active agent. In some embodiments, at least two unit dosage forms contain a total of about 750 μg of therapeutically active agent. In some embodiments, at least two unit dosage forms contain a total of 1000-3000 μg of therapeutically active agent. In some embodiments, at least two unit dosage forms contain a total of 1500-2500 μg of therapeutically active agent. In some embodiments, at least two unit dosage forms contain a total of about 2000 μg of therapeutically active agent. In some embodiments, the therapeutically active agent is parathyroid hormone or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the therapeutically active agent is teriparatide. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in the unit dosage form is in accordance with any one of the ratios of absorption enhancer to therapeutically active agent described herein. In some embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate). In some embodiments, the unit dosage form further comprises at least one protease inhibitor in an amount in accordance with any one of the ratios of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent described herein.

[0211] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, each unit dosage form according to any one of the aspects described herein contains at least 5 μg of therapeutically active agent. In some embodiments, each unit dosage form contains at least 10 μg of therapeutically active agent. In some embodiments, each unit dosage form contains at least 20 μg of therapeutically active agent. In some embodiments, each unit dosage form contains at least 50 μg of therapeutically active agent. In some embodiments, each unit dosage form contains at least 100 μg of therapeutically active agent. In some embodiments, each unit dosage form contains at least 200 μg of therapeutically active agent. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form is in accordance with any one of the ratios of absorption enhancer to therapeutically active agent described herein. In some embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate). In some embodiments, each unit dosage form further comprises at least one protease inhibitor in an amount according to any one of the ratios of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent described herein.

[0212] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, each unit dosage form according to any one of the aspects described herein contains 1000 μg or less of a therapeutically active agent. In some embodiments, each unit dosage form contains 500 μg or less of a therapeutically active agent. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form is in accordance with any one of the ratios of absorption enhancer to therapeutically active agent described herein. In some embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate). In some embodiments, each unit dosage form further comprises at least one protease inhibitor in an amount in accordance with any one of the ratios of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent described herein.

[0213] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, each unit dosage form contains 10-1000 μg of therapeutically active agent. In some embodiments, each unit dosage form contains 20-1000 μg of therapeutically active agent. In some embodiments, each unit dosage form contains 50-1000 μg of therapeutically active agent. In some embodiments, each unit dosage form contains 100-750 μg of therapeutically active agent. In some embodiments, each unit dosage form contains about 500 μg of therapeutically active agent. In some embodiments, the therapeutically active agent is parathyroid hormone or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the therapeutically active agent is teriparatide. In some embodiments, the amount of absorption enhancer in each unit dosage form is in accordance with any one of the ratios of absorption enhancer to therapeutically active agent described herein. In some embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate). In some embodiments, each unit dosage form further comprises at least one protease inhibitor in an amount according to any one of the ratios of protease inhibitor to therapeutically active agent described herein.

[0214] According to one aspect of some embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a unit dosage form for a pharmaceutical composition comprising less than 200 μg of parathyroid hormone or a fragment thereof (e.g., teriparatide) and an absorption enhancer (e.g., NAC or a salt thereof) according to any of the respective embodiments described herein. In some such embodiments, the unit dosage form comprises less than 100 μg of parathyroid hormone or a fragment thereof.

[0215] Although a unit dosage form containing less than 200 μg of parathyroid hormone or a fragment thereof does not have a significant effect on the normal body when administered alone, such a unit dosage form may be advantageous when administered simultaneously with any of the respective embodiments described herein.

[0216] In any of the embodiments described herein relating to a unit dosage form containing less than 200 μg of parathyroid hormone or a fragment thereof, the unit dosage form contains at least 5 μg of parathyroid hormone or a fragment thereof, optionally at least 10 μg, optionally at least 20 μg, optionally at least 50 μg, optionally at least 100 μg of parathyroid hormone or a fragment thereof.

[0217] The compositions described herein are particularly suitable for enhancing the absorption of therapeutically active agents that have limited absorption upon oral administration due to, for example, large molecular weight, strong hydrophilicity (e.g., preventing passage through lipid membranes in the gastrointestinal tract), and / or degradation (e.g., proteolysis) in the gastrointestinal tract.

[0218] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the therapeutically active agent included in any of the compositions (including unit dosage forms of the compositions) described herein has a molecular weight of at least 0.5 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 0.5 to 150 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 0.5 to 100 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 0.5 to 75 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 0.5 to 50 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 0.5 to 30 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 0.5 to 20 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 0.5 to 10 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 0.5 to 7.5 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 0.5 to 5 kDa.

[0219] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the therapeutically active agent has a molecular weight of at least 1 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 1 to 150 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 1 to 100 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 1 to 75 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 1 to 50 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 1 to 30 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 1 to 20 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 1 to 10 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 1 to 7.5 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 1 to 5 kDa.

[0220] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the therapeutically active agent has a molecular weight of at least 2 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 2 to 150 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 2 to 100 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 2 to 75 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 2 to 50 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 2 to 30 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 2 to 20 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 2 to 10 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 2 to 7.5 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 2 to 5 kDa.

[0221] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the therapeutically active agent has a molecular weight of at least 3 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 3 to 150 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 3 to 100 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 3 to 75 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 3 to 50 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 3 to 30 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 3 to 20 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 3 to 10 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 3 to 7.5 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 3 to 5 kDa.

[0222] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the therapeutically active agent has a molecular weight of at least 4 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 4 to 150 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 4 to 100 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 4 to 75 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 4 to 50 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 4 to 30 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 4 to 20 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 4 to 10 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 4 to 7.5 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 4 to 5 kDa.

[0223] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the therapeutically active agent has a molecular weight of at least 5 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 5 to 150 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 5 to 100 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 5 to 75 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 5 to 50 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 5 to 30 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 5 to 20 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 5 to 10 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 5 to 7.5 kDa.

[0224] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the therapeutically active agent has a molecular weight of at least 10 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 10 to 150 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 10 to 100 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 10 to 75 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 10 to 50 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 10 to 30 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 10 to 20 kDa.

[0225] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the therapeutically active agent has a molecular weight of at least 20 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 20 to 150 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 20 to 100 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 20 to 75 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 20 to 50 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 20 to 30 kDa.

[0226] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the therapeutically active agent has a molecular weight of at least 50 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 50-150 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 50-100 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is in the range of 50-75 kDa.

[0227] Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that drugs with relatively high molecular weights (e.g., at least 0.5 kDa, at least 1 kDa, at least 2 kDa, at least 3 kDa, at least 4 kDa) tend to be absorbed less efficiently than relatively low molecular weight molecules (e.g., molecules with a molecular weight of less than 0.5 kDa or less than 1 kDa) when orally administered, and therefore, their absorption is particularly susceptible to enhancement by the activity of an absorption enhancer (e.g., NAC or a salt thereof) according to any of the respective embodiments described herein.

[0228] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the therapeutically active agent included in any of the compositions (including unit dosage forms of the compositions) described herein is a hormone and / or cytokine (e.g., a hormone). In some embodiments, the polypeptide is a polypeptide hormone and / or cytokine, or a fragment thereof (e.g., a fragment that exhibits the activity of a hormone and / or cytokine), or a homolog of a polypeptide hormone and / or cytokine or a fragment thereof.

[0229] Examples of polypeptides that can be used (by themselves or as fragments and / or homologs thereof) as therapeutically active agents according to embodiments of the present invention include insulin, glucagon, parathyroid hormone, interferon, growth hormone, erythropoietin, calcitonin, omentin, motilin, leptin, peptide YY, GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1), GLP-2 (glucagon-like peptide-2), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), antibodies (e.g., monoclonal antibodies), interleukins, erythropoietin, vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (P-AMP), and the like. ACAP), blood clotting factors, endomorphins (e.g., endomorphin-1, endomorphin-2), TNF inhibitors (e.g., infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab, golimumab, etanercept), disitertide, octreotide (somatotropin analog), davunetide, icatibant, glucocerebrosidase, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), acyline (GnRH antagonist), and GLP-1 agonists, such as exendin-4 (such as exenatide and lixisenatide). Examples of growth hormones include, but are not limited to, somatotropin (growth hormone 1), growth hormone 2, and growth factors (e.g., insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), ciliary neurotrophic factor).

[0230] Non-limiting examples of polypeptide hormones are insulin, glucagon, parathyroid hormone, erythropoietin, calcitonin, motilin, leptin, peptide YY, GLP-1 (derivatives thereof, such as liraglutide, taspoglutide, albiglutide, and dulaglutide), GLP-2, GnRH (derivatives thereof, such as leuprorelin, buserelin, histrelin, goserelin, deslorelin, nafarelin, and triptorelin), vasopressin (derivatives thereof, such as desmopressin), vasoactive intestinal peptide (such as aviptadil), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), growth hormone (such as axokine, a homolog of a fragment of ciliary neurotrophic factor), and G-CSF.

[0231] Non-limiting examples of polypeptide cytokines are interferons, interleukins, erythropoietin and their analogs (eg, darbepoietin), omentin, and G-CSF.

[0232] In embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the therapeutically active agent is parathyroid hormone (PTH) or a fragment thereof.

[0233] As used herein, the term "parathyroid hormone" or its abbreviation "PTH" includes parathyroid hormone (having a naturally occurring amino acid sequence, e.g., a sequence of 84 amino acids of human origin) and homologs of parathyroid hormone. A "fragment" of parathyroid hormone includes fragments of parathyroid hormone having a naturally occurring (e.g., human) amino acid sequence and homologs of such fragments. Preferably, the fragments exhibit the biological activity of parathyroid hormone.

[0234] Teriparatide is an example of a parathyroid hormone fragment, consisting of amino acids 1-34 (i.e., the N-terminal portion) of the intact parathyroid hormone polypeptide. The term "teriparatide" is used interchangeably herein with the terms "PTH(1-34)" and "parathyroid hormone(1-34)."

[0235] For brevity herein, the term "parathyroid hormone" or its abbreviation "PTH" includes parathyroid hormone (e.g., having its naturally occurring amino acid sequence in humans), fragments thereof, and homologs of parathyroid hormone or fragments thereof, unless otherwise indicated.

[0236] Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that when the agent is a polypeptide, it tends to be poorly absorbed when administered orally, for example, due to the polarity and / or relatively large molecular weight of the polypeptide, and therefore, its absorption is particularly susceptible to enhancement by the activity of an absorption enhancer (e.g., NAC or a salt thereof) according to any of the respective embodiments described herein.

[0237] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein in which the therapeutically active agent is a polypeptide, the composition further comprises at least one protease inhibitor, e.g., a protease inhibitor associated with any one of the embodiments described herein.

[0238] It has been reported in the art that therapeutically active agents that exhibit more than one of the following criteria tend to be poorly absorbed when administered orally (alone), a phenomenon known as "Lipinski's Rule of Five." (i) the total number of nitrogen-hydrogen bonds and oxygen-hydrogen bonds (which are typically hydrogen bond donors) is greater than 5; (ii) the total number of nitrogen and oxygen atoms (which are typically hydrogen bond acceptors) is greater than 5; (iii) an octanol-water partition coefficient (logP) greater than 5, and / or (iv) a molecular weight of at least 500 Da (0.5 kDa);

[0239] Criteria (i) and (ii) above relate to hydrogen bonding and hydrophilicity, whereas criterion (iii) relates to lipophilicity.

[0240] As described herein, therapeutically active agents that are poorly absorbed when administered orally alone are particularly suitable for inclusion in the compositions described herein to enhance their absorption.

[0241] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the therapeutically active agent meets at least one of criteria (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) above. In some embodiments, the therapeutically active agent meets at least two of criteria (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) above. In some embodiments, the therapeutically active agent meets at least three of criteria (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) above. In some embodiments, the therapeutically active agent meets all four of criteria (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) above.

[0242] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the therapeutically active agent has a molecular weight of at least 0.5 kDa, which, according to any one of the embodiments described herein, has a molecular weight of at least 0.5 kDa, and further meets at least one of criteria (i), (ii), and (iii) above. In some such embodiments, the therapeutically active agent meets at least two of criteria (i), (ii), and (iii) above.

[0243] Dihydroergotamine and fondaparinux are non-limiting examples of non-peptide drugs with a molecular weight of at least 0.5 kDa that are poorly absorbed when administered orally.

[0244] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the therapeutically active agent has a molecular weight of less than 0.5 kDa and meets at least one of criteria (i), (ii), and (iii) above. In some such embodiments, the therapeutically active agent meets at least two of criteria (i), (ii), and (iii) above. In some such embodiments, the therapeutically active agent meets all three of criteria (i), (ii), and (iii) above.

[0245] In addition, ionic molecules generally have significantly lower ability to pass through lipid membranes, so they tend to be poorly absorbed when orally administered.Whether a molecule is ionic or non-ionic often depends on pH, and this pH varies depending on its location in the digestive tract.Generally, it is believed that the more therapeutically active agent in the digestive tract is in ionic form, the more likely it is that it will be poorly absorbed when orally administered.

[0246] In embodiments according to any one of the embodiments described herein, the therapeutically active agent is ionic in aqueous solution at pH 7.0.

[0247] In embodiments according to any one of the embodiments described herein, the therapeutically active agent is ionic in aqueous solution at pH 6.0.

[0248] In embodiments according to any one of the embodiments described herein, the therapeutically active agent is ionic in aqueous solution at pH 5.0.

[0249] In embodiments according to any one of the embodiments described herein, the therapeutically active agent is ionic in aqueous solution at pH 4.0.

[0250] In embodiments according to any one of the embodiments described herein, the therapeutically active agent is ionic in aqueous solution at pH 3.0.

[0251] In embodiments according to any one of the embodiments described herein, the therapeutically active agent is ionic in aqueous solution at pH 2.0.

[0252] In embodiments according to any one of the embodiments described herein, the therapeutically active agent is ionic in aqueous solution at pH 1.0.

[0253] Examples of such agents include, but are not limited to, compounds containing at least one basic group (eg, an amino group) that has a positive charge at pH 7.0 (or below).

[0254] As used herein, a compound is considered "ionic" if, under specified conditions (e.g., in aqueous solution at a specified pH value or range), at least 50% of a population of compound molecules contain at least one charged functional group. One of ordinary skill in the art can readily determine whether at least 50% of the molecules have a charged functional group, for example, by determining the pKa value associated with the functional group. Ionic compounds, as defined herein, can optionally have a net negative charge, optionally have a net positive charge, or optionally have an equal number of negatively and positively charged functional groups, resulting in no net charge.

[0255] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the therapeutically active agent is ionizable in aqueous solution at all pH values ​​within the range of 5.0 to 7.0. In some embodiments, the therapeutically active agent is ionizable in aqueous solution at all pH values ​​within the range of 5.0 to 8.0. In some embodiments, the therapeutically active agent is ionizable in aqueous solution at all pH values ​​within the range of 4.0 to 9.0. In some embodiments, the therapeutically active agent is ionizable in aqueous solution at all pH values ​​within the range of 3.0 to 10.0. In some embodiments, the therapeutically active agent is ionizable in aqueous solution at all pH values ​​within the range of 2.0 to 11.0.

[0256] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the therapeutically active agent is ionizable at a pH value and / or within a pH range according to any one of the above embodiments, and further has a molecular weight of at least 0.5 kDa according to any one of the embodiments described herein having a molecular weight of at least 0.5 kDa.

[0257] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the therapeutically active agent is ionizable at a pH value and / or within a pH range according to any one of the above embodiments, and further has a molecular weight of at least 0.5 kDa.

[0258] Examples of ionic therapeutically active agents that tend to have molecular weights below 0.5 kDa and tend to be poorly absorbed when administered orally include, but are not limited to, bisphosphonates such as alendronate, clodronate, etidronate, ibandronate, neridronate, olpadronate, pamidronate, risedronate, tiludronate, and zoledronate (e.g., for use in treating osteoporosis and related conditions), and cromolyn (e.g., cromolyn sodium).

[0259] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the therapeutically active agent is a Class III drug in the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) provided by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, i.e., the therapeutically active agent is characterized by low permeability and high solubility.

[0260] In the context of BCS, the phrase "low permeability" is used herein and in the art to refer to less than 90% absorption of a given drug when administered orally to humans (in the absence of an absorption enhancer), as determined by mass balance studies and / or comparison to an intravenous dose.

[0261] In some embodiments, absorption of Class III therapeutically active agents is less than 50% when administered orally (in the absence of an absorption enhancer). In some embodiments, absorption is less than 20% when administered orally (in the absence of an absorption enhancer). In some embodiments, absorption is less than 10% when administered orally (in the absence of an absorption enhancer). In some embodiments, absorption is less than 5% when administered orally (in the absence of an absorption enhancer). In some embodiments, absorption is less than 2% when administered orally (in the absence of an absorption enhancer). In some embodiments, absorption is less than 1% when administered orally (in the absence of an absorption enhancer). In some of the above embodiments, the absorption enhancer is NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid) or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate).

[0262] In the context of BCS, the phrase "highly soluble" as used herein and in the art refers to an administered dose of therapeutically active agent that is soluble in 250 ml or less of water over a pH range of 1 to 7.5.

[0263] Those skilled in the art will be able to determine which conditions are treatable by oral administration of any given therapeutically active agent described herein.

[0264] Examples of conditions treatable by embodiments of the present invention include, but are not limited to, hyperglycemia in diabetes (e.g., the therapeutically active agent is insulin or GLP-1, or another agent that lowers blood glucose levels), hypoglycemia (e.g., the therapeutically active agent is glucagon or another agent that elevates blood glucose levels), osteoporosis and conditions associated with fractures or bone loss (e.g., the therapeutically active agent is PTH or a fragment thereof), and hypoparathyroidism (e.g., the therapeutically active agent is PTH or a fragment thereof).

[0265] In the context of conditions related to bone fractures, the terms "treat" and "treatment" include, for example, at least partial and substantial healing of a bone fracture (e.g., a nonunion that does not heal without intervention), substantially increasing the rate at which the bone fracture heals, substantially ameliorating or preventing the appearance of symptoms of the bone fracture (e.g., pain, loss of function of a body part, defective bone formation), and preventing or reducing the likelihood of bone fracture due to the condition (e.g., preventative medicine). Treatment of bone fractures as described herein may optionally be performed in combination with standard bone fracture treatments, such as bone fixation (e.g., using a cast) and / or surgery.

[0266] Examples of conditions associated with fractures include, but are not limited to, nonunion of bones, and any condition associated with stress fractures (optionally, such a condition is a stress fracture itself).

[0267] As used herein and in the art, the phrase "nonunion" refers to a condition in which a fracture exists and there is no reasonable expectation that the fracture will heal without intervention.

[0268] The presence of a bony nonunion can be readily determined by one skilled in the art.

[0269] In some embodiments of the present invention relating to nonunion, nonunion is determined based on the failure of the fracture site to consolidate six months after the fracture and / or the lack of progression of callus formation at the fracture site within a four-week period (e.g., as described in Giannotti et al. [Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab 2013, 10:116-120]).

[0270] As used herein and in the art, the term "stress fracture" refers to a fracture caused by repeated stress (eg, from running and / or jumping) applied over a long period of time.

[0271] In some embodiments, treating a condition associated with a stress fracture includes increasing the healing rate of an existing stress fracture.

[0272] In some embodiments, treating a condition associated with a stress fracture includes reducing the likelihood of a stress fracture occurring, for example, in subjects prone to stress fractures, including, but not limited to, athletes, runners, soldiers, and others subjected to significant physical exertion.

[0273] As used herein, the phrase "bone defect" includes any loss of a portion of bone due to, for example, traumatic bone loss (e.g., loss of a bone fragment due to a fracture), surgical bone loss (e.g., bone surgically removed to remove cancer cells), bone resorption, acquired pathologies (e.g., acquired pathologies causing loss of a portion of bone due to resorption) and / or congenital pathologies (e.g., congenitally malformed bones associated with one or more defects in the bone structure), and includes any bone loss, such as a gap between a bone and an implant (such as, but not limited to, an implant fixed into the bone via, for example, a bolt or screw) intended to provide osseointegration.

[0274] Examples of bone resorption-related conditions include, but are not limited to, bone resorption associated with inflammation (e.g., periodontitis), which can include bone resorption near sites of inflammation and alveolar bone resorption associated with missing teeth.

[0275] As used herein, the terms "osseointegration" and "osseointegration" refer to the formation of a direct structural connection (e.g., without intervening connective tissue) between living bone and an implant, including, but not limited to, bone growth into an implant (e.g., a porous implant), a process also known in the art as "osseoincorporation."

[0276] In the context of bone defect-related conditions, the terms "treat" and "treatment" include, for example, at least partial and substantial healing of the bone defect (e.g., replacement of at least a portion of the lost bone by bone regeneration), substantially increasing the rate at which the bone defect heals (e.g., bone regeneration rate), substantially ameliorating or preventing the appearance of symptoms of the bone defect (e.g., pain, loss of function of a body part, defective bone formation), and preventing or reducing the likelihood of bone loss due to the condition (e.g., preventative medicine). Treatment of bone defects as described herein may be performed in combination with standard treatments for the respective bone defects, if desired.

[0277] In some embodiments according to any of the aspects of the embodiments described herein, the condition is alveolar bone resorption. In some of these embodiments, the method or treatment is for preserving and / or regenerating alveolar bone. Examples of alveolar bone resorption include, but are not limited to, resorption associated with tooth loss and resorption associated with inflammation (e.g., periodontitis).

[0278] In some embodiments, the method or treatment is for preserving and / or regenerating alveolar bone around a dental implant (e.g., a dental implant, including or supporting an artificial tooth, crown, dental bridge, and / or fixed denture), e.g., for increasing the usefulness of the implant and / or the success rate of dental implantation by retaining the dental implant in place. In some embodiments, the method or treatment is performed after dental implantation, e.g., to promote regeneration of alveolar bone (e.g., alveolar bone characterized by bone loss associated with missing teeth and / or bone resorption due to periodontitis). In alternative or additional embodiments, the method or treatment is performed before dental implantation, e.g., to preserve alveolar bone by preventing or reducing alveolar bone resorption (e.g., when a tooth has been lost and a significant time is expected before dental implantation can be performed).

[0279] In some embodiments according to any of the aspects of the embodiments described herein, the bone defect is in the skull (cranium or mandible). In some embodiments, the bone defect is a calvarial bone defect.

[0280] Without being bound by any particular theory, bones of the skull (e.g., calvarium) are believed to be particularly susceptible to poor healing of bone defects, in which case enhanced bone growth would be expected to be advantageous.

[0281] In some embodiments according to any of the aspects of the embodiments described herein, the method and / or treatment includes promoting osseointegration of the implant, e.g., by promoting bone growth in the space between the bone (e.g., calvarial bone) and the implant. The condition may be any condition in which osseointegration of the implant is desired and beneficial.

[0282] Examples of implants capable of promoting osseointegration include, but are not limited to, dental implants, bone grafts (e.g., bone allografts), chin implants, craniofacial prostheses (e.g., artificial ears, eyes, and / or noses), bone-anchored limb prostheses, bone-anchored hearing aids, and joint prostheses (e.g., for hip and / or knee replacements).

[0283] As used herein, the term "implant" refers to any device, at least a portion of which is placed in a subject, and encompasses artificial devices and implants, and may further include synthetic materials, autografts (e.g., bone harvested from a different region of a subject, such as the iliac crest or jaw), allografts (e.g., bone harvested from an individual other than the subject, optionally from a cadaver), xenografts (e.g., bone from a different species, optionally from bovine bone or coral), or any combination thereof. Examples of synthetic materials that may be included in implants (e.g., implants intended for osseointegration) include, but are not limited to, hydroxylapatite, calcium carbonate, tricalcium phosphate, polymers (e.g., poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)), ceramics, and metals (e.g., titanium).

[0284] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein for treating osteoporosis and / or conditions associated with fractures or bone loss, simultaneous oral administration of any of the respective embodiments described herein occurs 1 to 4 times daily. In some such embodiments, simultaneous oral administration of any of the respective embodiments described herein occurs 1 to 3 times daily. In some such embodiments, simultaneous oral administration of any of the respective embodiments described herein occurs once or twice daily. In some such embodiments, simultaneous oral administration of any of the respective embodiments described herein occurs once daily.

[0285] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein for treating conditions associated with bone fractures or bone defects, oral administration is administered no more than once per day. In some such embodiments, oral administration is administered once every two days. In some such embodiments, oral administration is administered twice per week. In some such embodiments, oral administration is administered no more frequently than once per week.

[0286] In embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein relating to oral administration no more frequently than once daily, the treatment is prophylactic treatment (to prevent or reduce the likelihood and / or extent of fractures and / or bone defects), i.e., the subject does not necessarily have to have a fracture and / or bone defect at the time of treatment.

[0287] In some embodiments, the prophylactic treatment is for stress fractures, for example, in a subject susceptible to stress fractures (eg, as described herein).

[0288] In some embodiments, the prophylactic treatment is for preventing or reducing alveolar bone defects associated with alveolar bone resorption, for example, in subjects susceptible to alveolar bone resorption (e.g., as described herein). Non-limiting examples of subjects susceptible to alveolar bone resorption include subjects with periodontitis and / or subjects with tooth loss.

[0289] Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that for prophylactic applications, relatively low dosages (e.g., when administered by relatively infrequent oral administration) are preferable to higher dosages.

[0290] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein for treating hypoparathyroidism with PTH, the simultaneous oral administration according to any of the respective embodiments described herein occurs at least twice daily. In some such embodiments, the simultaneous oral administration according to any of the respective embodiments described herein occurs at least three times daily. In some such embodiments, the simultaneous oral administration according to any of the respective embodiments described herein occurs at least four times daily.

[0291] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein for treating hypoparathyroidism with PTH, simultaneous oral administration of any of the respective embodiments described herein occurs two to six times per day. In some such embodiments, simultaneous oral administration of any of the respective embodiments described herein occurs three to six times per day. In some such embodiments, simultaneous oral administration of any of the respective embodiments described herein occurs four to six times per day. In some such embodiments, simultaneous oral administration of any of the respective embodiments described herein occurs four times per day.

[0292] Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that oral administration of PTH at least three times per day (e.g., at least four times per day), as described in any of the respective embodiments described herein, provides a relatively stable increase in PTH levels in the body, which is advantageous in treating hypoparathyroidism.

[0293] Protease inhibitors : In some embodiments according to any one of the embodiments described herein, a unit dosage form according to any of the respective embodiments described herein comprises at least one protease inhibitor. In some embodiments, the at least one protease inhibitor comprises at least one trypsin inhibitor. In some embodiments, the at least one protease inhibitor consists essentially of one or more trypsin inhibitors.

[0294] Examples of trypsin inhibitors that can be used in any one of the embodiments described herein include, but are not limited to, lima bean trypsin inhibitor, aprotinin, soybean trypsin inhibitor, ovomucoid trypsin inhibitor, and any combination thereof. In some embodiments, at least one trypsin inhibitor includes soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI). In some embodiments, at least one trypsin inhibitor (optionally, at least one protease inhibitor) consists essentially of SBTI.

[0295] In some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein, the at least one protease inhibitor comprises at least one serpin. In some aspects, the at least one protease inhibitor consists essentially of one or more serpins.

[0296] Examples of serpins that can be used in any one of the embodiments described herein include alpha 1-antitrypsin, antitrypsin-related protein, alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, kallistatin, protein C inhibitor, cortisol-binding globulin, thyroxine-binding globulin, angiotensinogen, centerin, protein Z-related protease inhibitor, vaspin, monocyte / neutrophil elastase inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor-2, squamous cell carcinoma antigen-1 (SCCA-1), squamous cell carcinoma antigen-2 (SCCA-2), and vaspin-1. These include, but are not limited to, SCCA-2, maspin, proteinase inhibitor 6 (PI-6), megsin, serpin B8 (PI-8), serpin B9 (PI-9), bomapin, yucopin, fulpin / headpin, antithrombin, heparin cofactor II, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, glial-derived nexin, pigment epithelium-derived factor, alpha 2-antiplasmin, complement 1 inhibitor, 47 kDa heat shock protein (HSP47), neuroserpin, and punctupin.

[0297] In some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein, the at least one protease inhibitor comprises at least one cysteine ​​protease inhibitor, hi some aspects, the at least one protease inhibitor consists essentially of one or more cysteine ​​protease inhibitors.

[0298] Examples of cysteine ​​protease inhibitors that can be used in any one of the embodiments described herein include, but are not limited to, type 1 cystatin, type 2 cystatin, human cystatins C, D, S, SN and SA, cystatin E / M, cystatin F, and type 3 cystatin (including kininogens).

[0299] In some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein, the at least one protease inhibitor comprises at least one threonine protease inhibitor, hi some aspects, the at least one protease inhibitor consists essentially of, but is not limited to, one or more threonine protease inhibitors.

[0300] Examples of threonine protease inhibitors that can be used in any one of the embodiments described herein include, but are not limited to, bortezomib, MLN-519, ER-807446, and TMC-95A.

[0301] In some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein, the at least one protease inhibitor comprises at least one aspartic protease inhibitor, hi some aspects, the at least one protease inhibitor consists essentially of one or more aspartic protease inhibitors.

[0302] Examples of aspartic protease inhibitors that can be used in any one of the embodiments described herein include, but are not limited to, alpha 2-macroglobulin, pepstatin A, aspartic protease inhibitor 11, aspartic protease inhibitor 1, aspartic protease inhibitor 2, aspartic protease inhibitor 3, aspartic protease inhibitor 4, aspartic protease inhibitor 5, aspartic protease inhibitor 6, aspartic protease inhibitor 7, aspartic protease inhibitor 8, aspartic protease inhibitor 9, pepsin inhibitor Dit33, and protease A inhibitor 3.

[0303] In some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein, the at least one protease inhibitor comprises at least one metalloprotease inhibitor, hi some aspects, the at least one protease inhibitor consists essentially of one or more metalloprotease inhibitors.

[0304] Examples of metalloproteinase inhibitors that can be used in any one of the embodiments described herein include, but are not limited to, angiotensin-1 converting enzyme inhibitor peptide, antihemorrhagic factor BJ46a, beta-casein, proteinase inhibitor CeKI, venom metalloproteinase inhibitor DM43, carboxypeptidase A inhibitor, smpI, IMPI, alkaline proteinase, latexin, carboxypeptidase inhibitor, antihemorrhagic factor HSF, testican-3, SPOCK3, TIMP1, metalloproteinase inhibitor 1, metalloproteinase inhibitor 2, TIMP2, metalloproteinase inhibitor 3, TIMP3, metalloproteinase inhibitor 4, TIMP4, putative metalloproteinase inhibitor tag-225, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase, WAP, Kazal inhibitor, immunoglobulin, and Kunitz and NTR domain-containing protein 1.

[0305] Examples of protease inhibitors that can be used in any one of the embodiments described herein include, but are not limited to, AEBSF-HCl, ε-aminocaproic acid, α1-antichymotrypsin, antipain, antithrombin III, α1-antitrypsin, APMSF (4-amidinophenyl-methanesulfonyl fluoride), sprotinin, benzamidine, chymostatin, DFP (diisopropylfluorophosphate), leupeptin, 4-(2-aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride, PMSF (phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride), TLCK (1-chloro-3-tosylamido-7-amino-2-heptanone), TPCK (1-chloro-3-tosylamido-4-phenyl-2-butanone), pentamidine isothioate, pepstatin, guanidinium, α2-macroglobulin, zinc chelators, and iodoacetic acid.

[0306] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the total amount of the protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms according to any of the respective embodiments described herein is at least about 0.1 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of the protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 0.2 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of the protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 0.3 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of the protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 0.4 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of the protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 0.6 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of the protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 0.8 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of the protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 1 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of the protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 1.5 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 2 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 2.5 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 3 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 5 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 7 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 10 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 12 mg.In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 15 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 20 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 30 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 50 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 70 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 100 mg.

[0307] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the total amount of the protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 0.1-1 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of the protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 0.2-1 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of the protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 0.3-1 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of the protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 0.5-1 mg.

[0308] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 0.1-2 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 0.2-2 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 0.3-2 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 0.5-2 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 1-2 mg.

[0309] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 1-10 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 2-10 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 3-10 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 5-10 mg.

[0310] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 1-20 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 2-20 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 3-20 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 5-20 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 10-20 mg.

[0311] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 10-100 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 20-100 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 30-100 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 50-100 mg.

[0312] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 10-200 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 20-200 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 30-200 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 50-200 mg. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is in the range of 100-200 mg.

[0313] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 10 kallikrein inactivator units (kiu). In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 12 k.iu. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 15 k.iu. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 20 k.iu. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 30 k.iu. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 40 k.iu. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 50 k.iu. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 70 k.iu. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 100 k.iu. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 150 k.iu. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 200 k.iu. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 300 k.iu. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 500 k.iu. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 700 k.iu.In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 1000 k.iu. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 1500 k.iu. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 3000 k.iu. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 4000 k.iu. In some embodiments, the total amount of protease inhibitor in at least two unit dosage forms described herein is at least about 5000 k.iu.

[0314] As used herein and in the art, the term "kallikrein inactivator unit" (kiu) refers to the amount of a protease inhibitor that exhibits 50% inhibition of 2 units of kallikrein (e.g., in an aqueous solution at the optimal pH and volume for activity of the protease inhibitor).

[0315] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent (protease inhibitor:therapeutic active agent) in the unit dosage form according to any of the respective embodiments described herein ranges from 1:1 to 5:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent ranges from 5:1 to 10:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent ranges from 10:1 to 20:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent ranges from 20:1 to 30:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent ranges from 30:1 to 40:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent ranges from 40:1 to 50:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent ranges from 50:1 to 75:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent ranges from 75:1 to 100:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent ranges from 100:1 to 200:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent ranges from 200:1 to 300:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent ranges from 300:1 to 400:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of protease inhibitor to therapeutic active agent ranges from 400:1 to 500:1. In some embodiments, the protease inhibitor is soybean trypsin inhibitor.

[0316] Composition Dosage Form Formulation : Any of the dosage forms of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein, including multiple unit dosage forms, individual unit dosages within multiple unit dosage forms, and unit dosage forms, optionally consist essentially of the functional ingredients described above (e.g., therapeutically active agent, absorption enhancer, disintegrant, and / or protease inhibitor), or alternatively, the dosage form further comprises suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and / or excipients.

[0317] Hereinafter, the phrases "physiologically acceptable carrier" and "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" are used interchangeably and refer to a carrier or diluent that does not cause significant irritation to an organism and does not neutralize the activity (e.g., biological activity) and properties of a functional ingredient (e.g., a therapeutically active agent). Adjuvants are included in these terms.

[0318] Here, the term "additive" refers to an inactive substance added to the pharmaceutical composition to facilitate the administration of the active ingredient.Exemplary additives include, but are not limited to, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugars and types of starch, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, vegetable oils and polyethylene glycols.

[0319] In some embodiments according to any one of the embodiments described herein, the unit dosage form is formulated as a solid composition, hi some embodiments, the unit dosage form is formulated as a tablet, for example, by compression.

[0320] Techniques for drug formulation and administration can be found in "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences," Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA, latest edition, which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0321] Dosage forms of some embodiments of the present invention, including unit dosage forms, coatings and / or matrices (individually or in combination), as desired, as multiple unit dosage forms described herein, can be manufactured by processes well known in the art, such as conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, pulverizing, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or lyophilizing processes.

[0322] Thus, the dosage forms of some embodiments of the present invention, including the unit dosage forms, coatings and / or matrices (individually or in combination) as multiple unit dosage forms described herein, can be formulated in a conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers, including additives and auxiliaries, which facilitate processing of the active ingredients into pharmaceutically usable preparations.

[0323] Dosage forms can be easily formulated by mixing the active compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier well known in the art as suitable for oral administration. Such carriers facilitate the formulation of the pharmaceutical composition as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions, etc., for oral ingestion by a patient, as desired. Pharmaceutical preparations for oral use can be prepared using solid additives, and the resulting mixture can be milled, if necessary, and processed to obtain tablets or dragee cores from the mixture of granules after adding suitable excipients.

[0324] Suitable additives are, in particular, fillers such as sugars, such as lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol, cellulose preparations such as corn starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, tragacanth gum, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and / or physiologically acceptable polymers, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). If necessary, disintegrating agents, such as cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium alginate), and / or lubricants, such as talc or magnesium stearate, may be added.

[0325] In some embodiments of any one of the embodiments described herein, any one of the unit dosage forms described herein (e.g., formulated as a tablet or pellet) further comprises a lubricant. In some embodiments, the lubricant is present at a concentration of 5 weight percent or less, optionally 2 weight percent or less, optionally about 1 weight percent. In some embodiments, the unit dosage form described herein (e.g., formulated as a tablet) consists essentially of a therapeutically active agent (described herein), an absorption enhancer, a lubricant, and optionally at least one protease inhibitor (described herein). In some aspects, the lubricant is magnesium stearate.

[0326] Sugar-coated core can be provided with suitable coating if desired.For this purpose, concentrated sugar solution can be used, and sugar solution can optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinylpyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, titanium dioxide, lacquer solution and suitable organic solvent or solvent mixture.For identifying or characterizing different combinations of dosage of active compound, dyes or pigments can be added to tablet or sugar-coated tablet coating.

[0327] Orally usable dosage forms include push-fit capsules made of gelatin and soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer such as glycerol or sorbitol. The push-fit capsules may contain the active ingredient (optionally in unit dosage form within a multiple-unit-dosage capsule according to any of the respective embodiments described herein) in a mixture with a filler such as lactose, a binder such as starch, a lubricant such as talc or magnesium stearate, and, optionally, stabilizers. In soft capsules, the active ingredient (optionally in unit dosage form within a multiple-unit-dosage soft capsule according to any of the respective embodiments described herein) may be dissolved or suspended in a suitable liquid, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycol. Additionally, stabilizers may be added.

[0328] Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for use in the context of some embodiments of the present invention include compositions in which at least two unit dosage forms described herein contain a total amount of a therapeutically active agent in an amount effective to achieve the intended purpose. More specifically, the total amount of the therapeutically active agent in the unit dosage form is preferably a therapeutically effective amount, which is an amount of the therapeutically active agent effective to prevent, alleviate, or ameliorate symptoms of a disorder or to prolong the survival of the treated subject. Furthermore, the amount of absorption enhancer is preferably an amount effective to enhance absorption of the therapeutically active agent (e.g., in a manner described herein), and the amount of protease inhibitor is preferably an amount effective to inhibit degradation of the therapeutically active agent (e.g., a polypeptide drug) by proteases.

[0329] Determination of a therapeutically effective amount is well within the capability of those skilled in the art, especially in light of the detailed disclosure provided herein.

[0330] For any preparation used in the method of the present invention, therapeutically effective amount or dosage can be estimated initially from in vitro and cell culture assays.For example, the dosage can be formulated for animal models to achieve desired concentration or titer.Using this information, the dosage that is useful in humans can be accurately determined.

[0331] The toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of the therapeutically active agents described herein can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in vitro, in cell cultures, or in experimental animals. The data obtained from these in vitro and cell culture assays and animal tests can be used to formulate a dosage range for use in humans. Dosages may vary depending on the dosage form used and the route of administration used. The exact formulation and dosage can be selected by an individual physician taking into account the patient's condition (see, for example, Fingl, et al., 1975, "The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics", Ch.1 p.1).

[0332] Dosage and interval can be individually adjusted to provide a level (e.g., plasma level) of therapeutically active agent sufficient to induce or inhibit a biological effect (minimum effective concentration, MEC). The MEC varies for each formulation but can be estimated from in vitro data. The dose required to achieve the MEC depends on individual characteristics. Detection assays can be used to determine plasma concentrations.

[0333] Depending on the severity and responsiveness of the condition to be treated, dosage may be of single or multiple administrations, with the course of treatment lasting from a few hours to several weeks, or until a cure is effected or a diminution of the disease state is achieved.

[0334] The amount of composition administered will, of course, be dependent on the subject being treated, the severity of the affliction, the manner of administration, the judgment of the prescribing physician, etc.

[0335] The unit dosage forms and / or multiple unit dosage forms of some embodiments of the present invention may be present in a pack or dispenser device, such as an FDA-approved kit, if desired, which may contain one or more multiple unit dosage forms or unit dosage forms (according to any of the respective embodiments described herein) containing the active ingredient. The pack may, for example, comprise metal or plastic foil, such as a blister pack. The pack or dispenser device may be accompanied by instructions for administration. The pack or dispenser device may also contain a notice associated with the container in a form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use, or sale of pharmaceuticals, which notice reflects approval by the agency of the composition form or its administration to humans or animals. Such notice may, for example, be a label or approved package insert approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for prescription drugs. Dosage forms containing the formulations of the present invention may also be prepared (e.g., as described herein), placed in an appropriate container, and labeled for treatment of an indicated condition, as further detailed herein.

[0336] Additional definitions : As used herein, the term "polypeptide" refers to a polymer (as described herein) comprising at least four amino acid residues or analogs thereof linked by peptide bonds, optionally comprising only peptide bonds. In some embodiments, a polypeptide comprises at least 10 amino acid residues or analogs thereof. In some embodiments, a polypeptide comprises at least 20 amino acid residues or analogs thereof. In some embodiments, a polypeptide comprises at least 30 amino acid residues or analogs thereof. In some embodiments, a polypeptide comprises at least 50 amino acid residues or analogs thereof. The term "polypeptide" includes native polypeptides (e.g., degradation products, synthetically synthesized polypeptides, and / or recombinant polypeptides), including, but not limited to, native proteins, fragments of native proteins, and homologs of native proteins and / or fragments thereof. It also encompasses peptidomimetics (typically synthetically synthesized polypeptides) and polypeptide analogs, such as peptoids and semipeptoids, that have modifications that, for example, render the polypeptide more stable in the body or more readily permeable to cells. Such modifications include, but are not limited to, N-terminal modifications, C-terminal modifications, peptide bond modifications, backbone modifications, and residue modifications.Methods for producing peptidomimetic compounds are well known in the art and are specified, for example, in Quantitative Drug Design, CA Ramsden Gd., Chapter 17.2, F. Choplin Pergamon Press (1992).The disclosure of this document is incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth herein.Further details regarding this will be described herein.

[0337] Peptide bonds (-CO-NH-) in polypeptides can be replaced by, for example, N-methylated amide bonds (-N(CH3)-CO-), ester bonds (-C(=O)-O-), ketomethylene bonds (-CO-CH2-), sulfinylmethylene bonds (-S(=O)-CH2-), α-aza bonds (-NH-N(R)-CO-) (where R is any alkyl (e.g., methyl)), amine bonds (-CH2-NH-), sulfide bonds (-C The substituents may be substituted with a hydroxyl group, such as hydroxyethyl group (-H2-S-), an ethylene bond (-CH2-CH2-), a hydroxyethylene bond (-CH(OH)-CH2-), a thioamide bond (-CS-NH-), an olefinic double bond (-CH=CH-), a fluorinated olefinic double bond (-CF=CH-), a retroamide bond (-NH-CO-), or a peptide derivative (-N(R)-CH2-CO-), where R is a "normal" side chain naturally occurring on a carbon atom.

[0338] These modifications may occur at any bond along the polypeptide chain, and may occur at multiple (2 to 3) bonds simultaneously.

[0339] The naturally occurring aromatic amino acids Trp, Tyr and Phe may be substituted with unnatural aromatic amino acids such as 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (Tic), naphthylalanine, ring-methylated derivatives of Phe, halogenated derivatives of Phe or O-methyl-Tyr.

[0340] Polypeptides of some embodiments of the present invention (e.g., therapeutically active agents and / or protease inhibitors described herein) may also include one or more modified amino acids or one or more non-amino acid monomers (e.g., fatty acids, complex carbohydrates, etc.).

[0341] The term "amino acid" or "amino acids" should be understood to include the 20 naturally occurring amino acids, amino acids that are post-translationally modified in vivo, such as hydroxyproline, phosphoserine, and phosphothreonine, as well as other unusual amino acids, such as, but not limited to, 2-aminoadipic acid, hydroxylysine, isodesmosine, norvaline, norleucine, and ornithine. Furthermore, the term "amino acid" includes both D- and L-amino acids.

[0342] Tables 1 and 2 below list naturally occurring amino acids (Table 1) and non-conventional or modified amino acids (e.g., synthetic, Table 2) that can be used with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0343] [Table 1]

[0344] [Table 2-1]

[0345] [Table 2-2]

[0346] [Table 2-3]

[0347] It will be appreciated that although the polypeptides of some embodiments of the present invention (e.g., therapeutically active agents and / or protease inhibitors described herein) are preferably used in a linear form, cyclic polypeptides can also be used where cyclization does not significantly interfere with the characteristics of the polypeptide.

[0348] In embodiments according to any one of the embodiments described herein, the polypeptide is water-soluble.

[0349] As used herein, the term "water-soluble" refers to a compound that has a solubility of at least 1 gram / liter in aqueous solution at pH 7.

[0350] The water-soluble polypeptide preferably comprises one or more non-natural or natural polar amino acids, including, but not limited to, serine and threonine, which have hydroxyl-containing side chains that can increase the water solubility of the polypeptide. For example, a polypeptide homolog may be selected in which one or more amino acids in the polypeptide are substituted with polar amino acids, resulting in a polypeptide that is, in some cases, more water-soluble than the parent polypeptide.

[0351] Polypeptides of some embodiments of the present invention (e.g., therapeutically active agents and / or protease inhibitors described herein) can be synthesized by any technique known to those skilled in the art of peptide synthesis. For solid-phase peptide synthesis, overviews of many techniques can be found in JM Stewart and JD Young, Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, WH Freeman Co. (San Francisco), 1963, and J. Meienhofer, Hormonal Proteins and Peptides, vol. 2, p. 46, Academic Press (New York), 1973. For classical solution synthesis, see G. Schroder and K. Lupke, The Peptides, vol. 1, Academic Press (New York), 1965.

[0352] Generally, these methods involve the sequential addition of one or more amino acids or suitably protected amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain. Typically, either the amino or carboxyl group of the first amino acid is protected with a suitable protecting group. The protected or derivatized amino acid can then be attached to an inert solid support or used in solution by adding the next amino acid in the sequence, which has a suitably protected complementary group (amino or carboxyl), under conditions suitable for amide bond formation. The protecting group is then removed from this newly added amino acid residue, followed by the addition of the next amino acid (suitably protected), and so on. After all the desired amino acids have been linked in the appropriate sequence, any remaining protecting groups (and any solid support) are removed sequentially or simultaneously to yield the final polypeptide compound. Simple modifications of this general procedure also allow the addition of more than one amino acid at a time to a growing chain; for example, a protected tripeptide can be coupled to a suitably protected dipeptide (under conditions that do not racemize the chiral center), followed by deprotection to form a pentapeptide. Further description of peptide synthesis is disclosed in US Pat. No. 6,472,505.

[0353] A preferred method for producing polypeptide compounds of some embodiments of the present invention (eg, therapeutically active agents and / or protease inhibitors described herein) involves solid phase peptide synthesis.

[0354] Large-scale polypeptide synthesis is described by Andersson et al. [Biopolymers 2000; 55:227-250].

[0355] Here, a "homolog" of a given polypeptide refers to a polypeptide that exhibits at least 80% homology to the given polypeptide, preferably at least 90% homology, more preferably at least 95% homology, and more preferably at least 98% homology. In some embodiments, a homolog of a given polypeptide also has a therapeutic activity similar to that of the given polypeptide. The percentage of homology refers to the percentage of amino acid residues in a first polypeptide sequence that correspond to the amino acid residues of a second polypeptide sequence compared to the first polypeptide. Generally, polypeptides are aligned to maximize homology. Various strategies for comparing amino acid or nucleotide sequences to assess the degree of identity are known in the art, including, for example, manual alignment, computer-assisted sequence alignment, and combinations thereof. Several algorithms (generally computer-implemented) for performing sequence alignment are widely available or can be created by those skilled in the art. Representative algorithms include, for example, the Smith and Waterman local homology algorithm (Adv. Appl. Math., 1981, 2: 482), the Needleman and Wunsch homology alignment algorithm (J. Mol. Biol., 1970, 48: 443), the Pearson and Lipman similarity search method (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA), 1988, 85: 2444), and / or computer implementations of these algorithms (e.g., GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package Release 7.0, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Dr., Madison, Wis.). Readily available computer programs incorporating such algorithms include, for example, BLASTN, BLASTP, gapped BLAST, PILEUP, CLUSTALW, and the like.When using BLAST and Gapped BLAST programs, the default parameters of the respective programs can be used. A practitioner may alternatively use non-default parameters depending on his or her experience and / or other requirements (see, for example, the website at URL www(dot)ncbi(dot)nlm(dot)nih(dot)gov).

[0356] It is expected that many related therapeutically active agents and many related treatments for conditions treated by therapeutically active agents will be developed during the life of the patent, from filing to expiration. Thus, the scope of the phrases "therapeutically active agent" and "condition treatable by a therapeutically active agent" is intended to include, predictively, all such new technology.

[0357] As used herein, the term "about" refers to ±10%.

[0358] The terms "comprises," "comprising," "includes," "including," "having," and their cognates mean "including but not limited to."

[0359] The term "consisting of" means "including and limited to."

[0360] The term "consisting essentially of" means that a composition, method, or structure may include additional components, steps, and / or moieties, but only if the additional components, steps, and / or moieties do not materially alter the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed composition, method, or structure.

[0361] As used herein, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, the term "a compound" or "at least one compound" can include multiple compounds, as well as mixtures thereof. Throughout this application, various embodiments of the invention can be presented in range form. It should be understood that this description is for convenience and brevity only and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to specifically disclose all subranges that may be contained within that range, as well as each individual numerical value within that range. For example, the description of a range such as 1 to 6 should be considered to specifically disclose each individual numerical value within that range, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, as well as subranges such as 1 to 3, 1 to 4, 1 to 5, 2 to 4, 2 to 6, 3 to 6, etc. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.

[0362] Whenever a range of numerical values ​​is given herein, it is intended to include any recited numerical value (fractional or integer) within the given range. The phrases "ranging between" a first designated number and a second designated number, as well as "ranging from" a first designated number to a second designated number, are used interchangeably herein and are intended to include the first and second designated numbers and all fractional and integer numbers therebetween.

[0363] As used herein, the term "method" means ways, means, techniques, and procedures for accomplishing a given task, and includes, but is not limited to, methods, means, techniques, and procedures known to those of ordinary skill in the art of chemistry, pharmacology, biology, biochemistry, and medicine, or readily developable from known methods, means, techniques, and procedures by those skilled in the art.

[0364] As used herein, the term "treating" refers to halting, substantially inhibiting, slowing, or reversing the progression of a condition, including substantially ameliorating clinical or cosmetic symptoms associated with the condition, or substantially preventing the appearance of clinical or cosmetic symptoms associated with the condition.

[0365] It is to be understood that features of the invention that are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention that are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable subcombination or combination with other embodiments described herein. Features described in connection with various embodiments are not deemed essential to those embodiments, unless the embodiment is inoperable without the feature.

[0366] Various embodiments and aspects of the invention as delineated above and as claimed in the claims below find experimental support in the following examples. [Example]

[0367] Reference is now made to the following examples, which together with the above descriptions further illustrate some embodiments of the invention and are not intended to be limiting thereof.

[0368] material 8-Aminocaprylic acid was obtained from Alfa-Aesar. Magnesium stearate was obtained from Merck. O-acetylsalicyloyl chloride was obtained from Alfa-Aesar. Soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) was obtained from BBI solutions Ltd. Teriparatide was purchased from Bachem. SNAC (sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate) was prepared by reacting O-acetylsalicyloyl chloride with 8-aminocaprylic acid.

[0369] Example 1 Effect of multiple unit dosage forms on pharmacokinetic variability A phase I pharmacokinetic study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a multiple unit oral formulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on pharmacokinetic variability.

[0370] The single-unit formulation consisted of PTH(1-34) (0.69 mg or 2.07 mg), SNAC (sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate), soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI), and a small amount of magnesium stearate, and was in tablet form.

[0371] The 2.07 mg PTH(1-34) multiple unit formulation consisted of three 0.69 mg PTH(1-34) single unit formulations (tablets). The 0.69 mg PTH(1-34) multiple unit formulation consisted of one 0.69 mg PTH(1-34) single unit formulation divided into four equal parts.

[0372] The study was conducted in 10 healthy Caucasian male volunteers. Each subject received two doses of a multiple-unit oral formulation of recombinant PTH(1-34) (teriparatide) (one dose containing 0.69 mg of PTH(1-34) and the other containing 2.07 mg of PTH(1-34)), a single-unit oral formulation of PTH(1-34), and a 20 μg subcutaneous injection of commercially available PTH(1-34) (Forteo® teriparatide). The study consisted of screening, treatment, and follow-up periods.

[0373] Blood samples for determination of plasma concentrations of PTH(1-34) were collected at the indicated time points. Blood was drawn either by direct venipuncture or via an indwelling venous cannula. Whenever the latter was performed, the cannula was flushed with 1.5 ml of saline after each sample. Furthermore, to avoid sample dilution, 1 ml of blood was drawn and discarded before the next sample (as long as the cannula was in place). Each blood sample for the pharmacokinetic assay was collected in a single tube containing EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) and placed on ice. Samples were kept on ice for no more than 15 minutes from the start of collection until plasma separation. Plasma samples were transferred to appropriately labeled polypropylene tubes and stored at approximately -20°C until transport to an accredited bioanalytical laboratory for quantification of PTH(1-34) concentrations.

[0374] [Table 3]

[0375] As shown in Table 3 and Figures 1A and 1B, the 0.69 mg single-unit oral formulation of PTH(1-34) showed relatively large inter-subject variability, with a coefficient of variation (CV%) of 135.5% between different Cmax levels in volunteers. In contrast, the 0.69 mg multiple-unit oral formulation of PTH(1-34) showed reduced inter-subject variability, with a coefficient of variation (CV%) of 78.5%.

[0376] As shown in Table 3 and Figures 2A and 2B, for the 2.07 mg dose of PTH(1-34), the single unit oral formulation had a coefficient of variation (CV%) of 62.5% between different Cmax levels in volunteers, whereas the multiple unit oral formulation showed reduced inter-subject variability with a CV% of 48.4%.

[0377] As shown in Table 3 and Figures 3A and 3B, the inter-subject variability between the Cmax levels exhibited by the 2.07 mg multiple unit oral formulation of PTH(1-34) was very similar to that exhibited by the commercially available injectable formulation of PTH(1-34). Furthermore, the mean Cmax levels for the two formulations were similar.

[0378] As further shown in Figure 3B, the pharmacokinetic profile of the multiple-unit oral formulation was characterized by a relatively short plasma presence of PTH(1-34) (compared to PTH(1-34) after injection (Figure 3A)). Such a pharmacokinetic profile may enhance the effects of orally administered parathyroid hormone.

[0379] The multiple unit formulation also reduced inter-subject variability in overall drug exposure as measured by area under the curve (AUC) (data not shown).

[0380] These results indicate that multiple unit oral formulations can reduce the high variability in absorption that is often seen with drugs characterized by low bioavailability.

[0381] Example 2 Effects of multiple unit dosage forms on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of parathyroid hormone (PTH) A phase Ib pharmacokinetic study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a multiple-unit oral formulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on pharmacokinetic variability and bioavailability, as well as pharmacodynamic effects, such as increases in serum calcium levels.

[0382] Multiple-unit formulations of 1.5 mg recombinant PTH(1-34) (teriparatide) were prepared in the form of two 0.75 mg tablets or three 0.5 mg tablets. One tablet of 1.5 mg teriparatide served as a control dose. Each tablet contained the indicated amounts of PTH(1-34), SNAC (sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate), soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI), and a small amount of magnesium stearate; all tablets tested were prepared from the same formulation blend.

[0383] The study was conducted on healthy (medical history, physical examination, vital signs, electrocardiogram, and clinical screening) non-smoking male volunteers aged 18-50 years. These volunteers had a body mass index of 18-30 kg / m. 2 , hemoglobin level >12.5 g / dL, seronegative for HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C, blood pressure at a level not significantly affected, and blood, chemistry, and urinalysis values ​​not clinically significant or associated with any condition that, in the opinion of the physician, would confound the results of the study or pose additional risks to the subject. Subjects were also excluded from the study if they had any of the following: active infection, known allergy or sensitivity to any component of the study treatment or procedure (e.g., soy or dairy), history of urinary stones, history of drug or alcohol abuse, positive urine screen indicating drug abuse, prescription drug or treatment with an investigational product within the past month, clinically diagnosed psychiatric disorder that might prevent the patient from participating in the study, medical history known or suspected to increase the risk of adverse effects related to the study drug, or concomitant medication or chronic illness determined to interfere with the evaluation of the safety or efficacy of the study medication.

[0384] Blood samples for determining plasma concentrations of PTH(1-34) were collected at 0, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 180, 240, and 300 minutes after administration according to the procedure described in Example 1.

[0385] PTH(1-34) levels in plasma samples were analyzed using a PTH 1-34 immunoassay (Immunodiagnostic Systems, UK). Serum calcium and albumin-adjusted serum calcium levels in the same blood samples were analyzed in the clinical laboratory at Hadassah Medical Center.

[0386] As shown in Figure 4, each of the tested formulations was characterized by rapid absorption and elimination of PTH(1-34) after oral administration (characterized by a Tmax of 15 to 30 minutes), and bioavailability increased with increasing number of units of the formulation administered.

[0387] As shown in Table 4 below, systemic exposure to PTH after administration, measured as area under the curve (AUC), was strongly correlated with the number of units administered. As further shown therein, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of the formulation was also strongly correlated with the number of units administered. The increases in Cmax and AUC for the 3-unit formulation relative to those of the single-unit formulation were statistically significant (p=0.005 and p=0.01, respectively).

[0388] These results indicate that the presence of multiple units in the formulation increases the bioavailability of the peptide when administered orally.

[0389] [Table 4]

[0390] As further shown in Table 4, the coefficient of variation of maximum plasma concentration (Cmax CV) decreased with increasing number of units administered.

[0391] These results indicate that the presence of multiple units in the formulation reduces the variability in absorption (similar to the results shown in Example 1).

[0392] As shown in Figure 5 and Table 4, the maximum increase (over baseline) in (albumin-adjusted) serum calcium levels correlated with the number of units in the formulation, and the 3-unit oral formulation of PTH(1-34) was significantly more effective than the single-unit oral formulation in enhancing the maximum relative increase in serum calcium levels.

[0393] These results indicate that the significant enhancement in absolute bioavailability associated with the multiple unit formulation is associated with a corresponding enhancement in pharmacodynamic efficacy.

[0394] In summary, the above results demonstrate that dividing a therapeutic dose into multiple unit forms, for example in a formulation as described herein, can reduce variability and significantly increase absolute bioavailability and pharmacodynamic efficacy in a relatively predictable manner that directly correlates with the number of units in the formulation. Reducing variability and increasing bioavailability (and pharmacodynamic efficacy) overcome two major obstacles in the oral delivery of biopharmaceuticals.

[0395] Example 3 Effect of multiple unit dosage forms on pharmacokinetic variability A phase I pharmacokinetic study is conducted to evaluate the effect of a multiple unit oral formulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on pharmacokinetic variability and / or pharmacodynamic effects such as increased serum calcium levels.

[0396] A multiple-unit formulation of 2 mg recombinant PTH(1-34) (teriparatide) is prepared, consisting of four tablets, each composed of 0.5 mg PTH(1-34), SNAC (sodium 8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate), soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI), and a small amount of magnesium stearate. For comparison, a single-unit formulation is prepared having the same composition as the multiple-unit formulation (e.g., 2 mg PTH(1-34)) but in the form of a single tablet.

[0397] The study will be conducted in 10 healthy Caucasian male volunteers who will receive a predetermined dose of a multiple-unit oral formulation of PTH(1-34) versus the same dose of a single-unit oral formulation of PTH(1-34). The study will consist of screening, treatment, and follow-up periods.

[0398] Blood samples for determining plasma concentrations of PTH(1-34) are collected at 0, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 180, 240, and 300 minutes after administration. Blood is drawn by direct venipuncture or via an indwelling venous cannula to obtain plasma samples according to the procedures described in Examples 1 and / or 2. The concentrations of PTH(1-34) in the plasma samples and / or serum calcium levels are determined by a licensed bioanalytical laboratory (e.g., as described in Examples 1 and / or 2).

[0399] Pharmacokinetic variability is optionally quantified as the standard error and / or coefficient of variation of Cmax and / or Tmax between different volunteers (e.g., as described in Examples 1 and / or 2). Bioavailability is optionally quantified as Cmax and / or AUC (e.g., as described in Example 2). Pharmacodynamic efficacy is optionally quantified as the maximal increase in (albumin-adjusted) serum calcium levels (relative to baseline) (e.g., as described in Example 2).

[0400] While the present invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace the present invention all such alternatives, modifications, and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims.

[0401] All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. Furthermore, citation or identification of any reference in this application should not be construed as an admission that such reference is prior art to the present application. The use of section headings should not necessarily be construed as limiting.

Claims

[Claim 1] A kit including multiple sets of 3 to 10 unit preparations, wherein the 3 to 10 unit preparations include a therapeutically active agent and an absorption enhancer, and the 3 to 10 unit preparations are not included in a single multiple unit preparation, and the total amount of the therapeutically active agent is a therapeutically effective amount, and the total amount of the absorption enhancer is an effective amount, each of the sets included in the kit is packaged separately; the absorption enhancer is selected from the group consisting of NAC (8-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminocaprylate), NAD (10-N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)aminodecanoic acid), 5-CNAC (8-N-(5-chlorosalicyloyl)aminocaprylic acid), 4-MOAC (8-N-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoyl)aminocaprylic acid), 4-CNAB (4-N-(2-hydroxy-4-chlorobenzoyl)aminobutanoic acid) and salts thereof; the therapeutically active agent is selected from the group consisting of parathyroid hormone and fragments thereof; A kit, wherein at least 50% by weight of the 3 to 10 unit dosage forms consists of the absorption enhancer.

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