Electrolyte, secondary battery and semi-solid battery

Abstract

An electrolyte solution according to the present invention contains: a lithium source electrolyte that contains lithium hexafluorophosphate or lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl) imide; a carbonate-based solvent that contains γ-butyrolactone and ethylene carbonate; and an additive that contains at least one of maleic acid anhydride and lithium bis(oxalate) borate. The content of the γ-butyrolactone is set to be higher than the content of the ethylene carbonate.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present disclosure relates to an electrolyte, a secondary battery, and a semi-solid battery. [Background technology]

[0002] An example of the prior art is described in Patent Document 1. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0003] [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2013-101900 Summary of the Invention

[0004] The electrolyte solution of the present disclosure includes a lithium source electrolyte containing lithium hexafluorophosphate, a carbonate-based solvent containing γ-butyrolactone and ethylene carbonate, and an additive containing at least one of maleic anhydride and lithium bis(oxalato)borate, wherein the content of γ-butyrolactone is greater than the content of ethylene carbonate.

[0005] The electrolyte solution of the present disclosure includes a lithium source electrolyte containing lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, a carbonate-based solvent containing γ-butyrolactone and ethylene carbonate, and an additive containing at least one of maleic anhydride and lithium bis(oxalato)borate, wherein the content of γ-butyrolactone is greater than the content of ethylene carbonate.

[0006] The secondary battery of the present disclosure includes a negative electrode active material that is graphite and the above-described electrolyte solution, and a positive electrode active material that is lithium iron phosphate and the above-described electrolyte solution.

[0007] The semi-solid battery of the present disclosure includes a positive electrode active material and the above-described electrolyte, and a negative electrode active material and the above-described electrolyte. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0008] The objects, features, and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent from the following detailed description and drawings.

[0009] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a plan view illustrating an example of an embodiment of a semi-solid battery according to the present disclosure. [Figure 2] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along the cutting line AA in FIG. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0010] First, the electrolyte solution on which the electrolyte solution of the present disclosure is based will be described.

[0011] The electrolyte solutions used in lithium-ion batteries have been improved to improve battery characteristics. For example, the electrolyte solution described in Patent Document 1 is designed to suppress the decrease in ionic conductivity in low-temperature environments.

[0012] Secondary batteries having a basic configuration of the secondary battery of the present disclosure are used as power sources by repeatedly charging and discharging in various products such as home appliances, information processing devices, and electric vehicles. Among secondary batteries, lithium-ion batteries, which use a lithium-based compound as an electrolyte, have characteristics such as high output (high voltage) and the ability to be miniaturized.

[0013] The electrolyte solutions used in lithium-ion batteries have been improved to improve battery characteristics. For example, the electrolyte solution described in Patent Document 1 is designed to suppress the decrease in ionic conductivity in low-temperature environments.

[0014] Solvents such as dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and ethyl methyl carbonate used in the electrolyte solution of the basic configuration of the electrolyte solution of the present disclosure are relatively volatile, and therefore, solvent evaporation during the battery manufacturing process causes fluctuations in the electrolyte solution's composition. In such cases, it is believed that selecting a solvent with relatively low volatility can solve the problem. An example of a solvent with relatively low volatility is a carbonate-based solvent that is a combination of γ-butyrolactone and ethylene carbonate. Using a carbonate-based solvent with relatively low volatility (a low-volatility carbonate-based solvent) suppresses solvent evaporation, thereby reducing fluctuations in the electrolyte solution's composition.

[0015] In an electrolytic solution containing such a low-volatile carbonate-based solvent, lithium hexafluorophosphate or lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide can be used as the lithium source electrolyte.

[0016] Furthermore, electrolytes combining low-volatility carbonate-based solvents with lithium hexafluorophosphate or lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide showed changes in characteristics due to ambient temperature. The effects of ambient temperature were ameliorated by increasing the content of γ-butyrolactone relative to the content of ethylene carbonate in low-volatility carbonate-based solvents. Furthermore, the effects of ambient temperature were further ameliorated by including at least one of maleic anhydride and lithium bis(oxalato)borate as an additive.

[0017] As described above, the electrolyte solution of the present disclosure contains a lithium source electrolyte containing lithium hexafluorophosphate or lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, a carbonate-based solvent containing γ-butyrolactone and ethylene carbonate, and an additive containing at least either maleic anhydride or lithium bis(oxalato)borate, in which the γ-butyrolactone content is greater than the ethylene carbonate content, thereby suppressing component fluctuations due to solvent evaporation and making it possible to reduce variations in battery characteristics, including the effects of environmental temperature.

[0018] The electrolyte solution according to the present disclosure will be described in detail below. The electrolyte solution according to the present disclosure is an electrolyte solution used in a lithium-ion battery, which is a secondary battery, and can be used regardless of the form of the lithium-ion battery. For example, the electrolyte solution can be used in either a liquid form in which the liquid is used as is, or a semi-solid form in which the electrolyte solution is used in the form of a gel or slurry using a polymer or the like.

[0019] First embodiment (lithium source electrolyte) The electrolyte solution of this embodiment contains lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF) or lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) as the lithium source electrolyte. The electrolyte solution of this embodiment may contain other lithium salts typically used as the lithium source electrolyte for electrolytes, as long as it contains lithium hexafluorophosphate or lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide. The electrolyte solution of this embodiment may contain both LiPF and LiFSI as the lithium source electrolyte.

[0020] Examples of other lithium salts include LiBF4, LiClO4, etc. When LiFSI is used in combination with these other lithium salts, the amount of LiFSI may be 12.4 wt% or more relative to the total amount of the lithium source electrolyte.

[0021] In the present embodiment, whether the lithium source electrolyte is LiPF6 only, LiFSI only, LiPF6 and LiFSI, LiPF6 and the other lithium salts described above, or LiFSI and the other lithium salts described above, the concentration of the lithium ion source electrolyte in the electrolytic solution is, for example, 0.6 to 1.4 mol / L.

[0022] The lithium source electrolyte of other embodiments of the present disclosure may include LiPF6 and LiFSI as well as other lithium salts listed above.

[0023] (carbonate solvent) The electrolytic solution of this embodiment contains γ-butyrolactone and ethylene carbonate as a carbonate-based solvent, with the γ-butyrolactone content being higher than the ethylene carbonate content. The solvent of this embodiment is relatively less volatile than solvents used in conventional electrolytic solutions, and can suppress component fluctuations during the manufacturing process. In the carbonate-based solvent of this embodiment, when the γ-butyrolactone content is Cb (vol%) and the ethylene carbonate content is Ce (vol%), the Cb / Ce ratio is, for example, 1.28 to 7.70.

[0024] As long as the carbonate-based solvent contains γ-butyrolactone and ethylene carbonate, it may contain other solvents that are commonly used as solvents for electrolyte solutions. Examples of other solvents include propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, dimethoxyethane, diethyl carbonate, tetrahydrofuran, and triethylene glycol dimethyl ether. When γ-butyrolactone and ethylene carbonate are used in combination with these other solvents, the carbonate-based solvent should have a vapor pressure of less than 0.1 kPa at 25°C.

[0025] Whether the carbonate-based solvent of this embodiment is composed of only γ-butyrolactone and ethylene carbonate, or contains these together with the other solvents described above, the concentration of the carbonate-based solvent in the electrolytic solution is, for example, 9.40 to 36.2 wt %.

[0026] (additives) The electrolyte solution of this embodiment contains at least one of maleic anhydride and lithium bis(oxalato)borate as an additive. In other words, the electrolyte solution may contain only maleic anhydride, only lithium bis(oxalato)borate, or both maleic anhydride and lithium bis(oxalato)borate as an additive.

[0027] The use of maleic anhydride as an additive reduces the influence of environmental temperature, improving battery characteristics (at least one of capacity retention rate, resistance value, and energy efficiency) particularly in high-temperature environments (45°C). The content of maleic anhydride is 0.4 to 1.6 wt% based on the total electrolyte solution.

[0028] The use of lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB) as an additive reduces the effects of environmental temperature, improving battery characteristics (capacity retention rate, resistance value, energy efficiency) especially in low-temperature environments (-25°C). The content of lithium bis(oxalato)borate is 1.0 to 4.0 wt% based on the total electrolyte solution.

[0029] In this way, the addition of an additive can reduce the influence of environmental temperature. Maleic anhydride can be used in high-temperature environments, and LiBOB can be used in low-temperature environments. Furthermore, the combined use of maleic anhydride and LiBOB improves battery performance in both high-temperature and low-temperature environments. When using maleic anhydride and LiBOB together, the LiBOB content should be higher than that of maleic anhydride.

[0030] Second embodiment The second embodiment differs from the first embodiment in the solvent, but the other components are the same, so the solvent will be described below.

[0031] (carbonate solvent) The carbonate-based solvent of this embodiment contains propylene carbonate in addition to γ-butyrolactone and ethylene carbonate. That is, the carbonate-based solvent of this embodiment uses three solvents, γ-butyrolactone, ethylene carbonate, and propylene carbonate, in combination. When the volumes of ethylene carbonate, γ-butyrolactone, and propylene carbonate in the electrolyte are EC, GBL, and PC, respectively, the volume ratio is expressed by the following formula (1): EC:GBL:PC=0.5x:(100-x):0.5x(5≦x≦55) ···(1)

[0032] By using a combination of three carbonate solvents, γ-butyrolactone, ethylene carbonate, and propylene carbonate, mixed in the volume ratio of formula (1), battery characteristics are improved, particularly in low-temperature environments.

[0033] Third embodiment The third embodiment differs from the first embodiment in the additives, but the other components are the same, so the additives will be described below.

[0034] In this embodiment, vinylene carbonate is contained as an additive, and the content of vinylene carbonate is 1.0 to 6.0 wt %. In this embodiment, vinylene carbonate is used as the additive instead of maleic anhydride and lithium bis(oxalato)borate. That is, the electrolyte solution does not contain maleic anhydride and lithium bis(oxalato)borate as additives, but contains vinylene carbonate. Note that maleic anhydride and lithium bis(oxalato)borate may be used in combination with vinylene carbonate as additives. In other words, the additive contains vinylene carbonate and at least one of maleic anhydride and lithium bis(oxalato)borate. That is, the additive contains vinylene carbonate and maleic anhydride. Alternatively, the additive contains vinylene carbonate and lithium bis(oxalato)borate. Alternatively, the additive may include vinylene carbonate, maleic anhydride, and lithium bis(oxalato)borate, or the additive may include vinylene carbonate but not maleic anhydride or lithium bis(oxalato)borate.

[0035] By including vinylene carbonate as an additive, the battery characteristics are improved, particularly in a room temperature environment.

[0036] Fourth embodiment The fourth embodiment differs from the first embodiment in the additives, but the other components are the same, so the additives will be described below.

[0037] In this embodiment, biphenyl is contained as an additive, and the content of biphenyl is 1.0 to 4.0 wt %. In this embodiment, biphenyl is used as the additive instead of maleic anhydride and lithium bis(oxalato)borate. That is, the electrolyte solution does not contain maleic anhydride and lithium bis(oxalato)borate as additives, but contains biphenyl. Note that maleic anhydride, lithium bis(oxalato)borate, and biphenyl may be used in combination as additives. In other words, the additive contains biphenyl and at least one of maleic anhydride or lithium bis(oxalato)borate. That is, the additive contains biphenyl and maleic anhydride. Alternatively, the additive contains biphenyl and lithium bis(oxalato)borate. Alternatively, the additive contains biphenyl, maleic anhydride, and lithium bis(oxalato)borate. Alternatively, the additive contains biphenyl, but does not contain maleic anhydride and lithium bis(oxalato)borate. Alternatively, the additive contains biphenyl, but does not contain maleic anhydride and lithium bis(oxalato)borate. By including biphenyl as an additive, the battery characteristics are improved, particularly in a high-temperature environment.

[0038] FIG. 1 is a plan view showing an example of an embodiment of a semi-solid battery according to the present disclosure, and FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line AA in FIG.

[0039] The semi-solid battery 1 of this embodiment includes a cell stack 10 and an outer container 20. The cell stack 10 is formed by stacking a plurality of unit cells 11. The unit cells 11 are plate-shaped and are the smallest unit components that function as a battery within the semi-solid battery 1.

[0040] The unit cell 11 has a main surface 11a and a second main surface 11b opposite to the main surface 11a. The shape of the unit cell 11 when viewed from the stacking direction of the cell stack 10 (the left-right direction in FIG. 2, hereinafter simply referred to as the first direction) may be, for example, rectangular, square, circular, elliptical, or other shapes. In this embodiment, the unit cell 11 has a substantially rectangular shape when viewed from the first direction. The dimensions of the unit cell 11 when viewed from the first direction are, for example, a long side length of 50 mm to 500 mm and a short side length of 50 mm to 300 mm. The thickness of the unit cell 11 in the first direction is, for example, 0.1 mm to 2 mm.

[0041] The single cell 11 has a power generating element 12, a packaging body 13, a positive electrode terminal 14, and a negative electrode terminal 15. The power generating element 12 is a component for storing and discharging electricity using an electrochemical reaction. The power generating element 12 has, for example, a positive electrode 12a, a negative electrode 12b, and a separator 12c positioned between the positive electrode 12a and the negative electrode 12b. The power generating element 12 can exchange cations and anions between the positive electrode 12a and the negative electrode 12b via the separator 12c. The power generating element 12 can pass electricity to an external device by electrically connecting the positive electrode 12a and the negative electrode 12b to the external device.

[0042] The positive electrode 12a contains a positive electrode active material and an electrolyte solution, and is an electrochemically active material. The negative electrode 12b contains a negative electrode active material and an electrolyte solution, and is an electrochemically active material. The electrolyte solution of each of the above embodiments can be used.

[0043] The positive electrode 12a may contain, for example, a nickel-cobalt-aluminum-based lithium composite oxide (NCA), a spinel-based lithium manganese oxide (LMO), lithium iron phosphate (LFP), lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), a nickel-cobalt-manganese-based lithium composite oxide (NCM), or the like as a positive electrode active material. The positive electrode 12a may contain, for example, a solid compound used in a nickel-metal hydride battery, a nickel-cadmium battery, or the like. The positive electrode 12a may contain, for example, Mg-doped LiCoO2, LiNiO2, or the like.

[0044] The negative electrode 12b may contain, as a negative electrode active material, a carbon-based material such as graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon, carbon nanotubes, or graphene. The negative electrode 12b may contain, for example, a titanium-based oxide such as lithium titanate or titanium dioxide. The negative electrode 12b may contain, for example, a transition metal compound containing iron, cobalt, copper, manganese, nickel, or the like.

[0045] The separator 12c is a member that prevents short-circuiting between the positive electrode 12a and the negative electrode 12b. The separator 12c may have, for example, minute submicron-sized holes through which cations and anions pass. For example, a porous insulating material can be used as the separator 12c. Examples of the porous insulating material used for the separator 12c include polyolefin and polyvinyl chloride.

[0046] The shape of the power generating element 12 when viewed from the first direction may be, for example, rectangular, square, circular, elliptical, or other shapes. In this embodiment, the power generating element 12 is rectangular when viewed from the first direction. The dimensions of the power generating element 12 when viewed from the first direction are, for example, a long side length of 50 mm to 500 mm and a short side length of 50 mm to 300 mm. The thickness of the power generating element 12 in the first direction is, for example, 0.1 mm to 2 mm.

[0047] In this embodiment, the plurality of unit cells 11 are electrically connected in parallel. This allows the capacity of the semi-solid battery 1 to be increased. Note that the plurality of unit cells 11 may also be electrically connected in series. In this case, the voltage of the semi-solid battery 1 can be increased.

[0048] The packaging body 13 is a member for electrically insulating the power generating element 12 from the external environment and protecting the power generating element 12 from the external environment. The packaging body 13 covers the entire power generating element 12 and houses the power generating element 12. The packaging body 13 has, for example, a flat bag shape. The packaging body 13 is formed, for example, by welding two laminate films. The packaging body 13 may also be formed, for example, by forming a laminate film into a flat bag shape. The shape of the packaging body 13 when viewed from a first direction may be, for example, a rectangular shape, a square shape, or another shape. In this embodiment, the packaging body 13 has a rectangular shape when viewed from the first direction.

[0049] The packaging body 13 includes, for example, an insulating material. This prevents a short circuit between the external environment and the power generating element 12 via the packaging body 13, thereby protecting the power generating element 12 from the external environment. The packaging body 13 includes, for example, a resin material. Examples of the resin material that can be used include polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene.

[0050] The packaging body 13 may have, for example, a multi-layer structure. The packaging body 13 may have, for example, a thermally adhesive resin material and a heat-resistant resin material. The thermally adhesive resin material is, for example, a resin material whose melting temperature is less than 150°C. For example, polyethylene or polypropylene can be used as the thermally adhesive resin material. For example, the heat-resistant resin material is, for example, a resin material whose melting temperature is 150°C or higher and 300°C or lower. For example, polyethylene terephthalate or polyethylene naphthalate can be used as the heat-resistant resin material.

[0051] The positive electrode terminal 14 and the negative electrode terminal 15 are members for extracting electricity stored in the power generating element 12 to the outside of the packaging body 13. The positive electrode terminal 14 and the negative electrode terminal 15 are located from inside the packaging body 13 to outside the packaging body 13.

[0052] The positive electrode terminal 14 is electrically connected to the positive electrode 12a and electrically insulated from the negative electrode 12b and the negative electrode terminal 15. The positive electrode terminal 14 is made of, for example, a metal material. Examples of the metal material used for the positive electrode terminal 14 include aluminum.

[0053] The positive electrode terminal 14 has a first positive electrode terminal 14a located inside the packaging body 13 and a second positive electrode terminal 14b located outside the packaging body 13. The first positive electrode terminal 14a may be in contact with the positive electrode 12a. The first positive electrode terminal 14a may be located between the packaging body 13 and the positive electrode 12a. The second positive electrode terminal 14b is connected to a connection terminal of the semi-solid battery 1. The second positive electrode terminal 14b may have, for example, a rectangular plate shape, a square plate shape, or other shapes. In this embodiment, the second positive electrode terminal 14b has a rectangular shape when viewed from the first direction. The dimensions of the second positive electrode terminal 14b when viewed from the first direction are, for example, a long side length of 30 mm to 100 mm and a short side length of 10 mm to 100 mm. The thickness of the second positive electrode terminal 14b in the first direction is, for example, 3 to 30 μm.

[0054] The negative electrode terminal 15 is electrically connected to the negative electrode 12b and electrically insulated from the positive electrode 12a and the positive electrode terminal 14. The negative electrode terminal 15 is made of, for example, a metal material. Examples of the metal material used for the negative electrode terminal 15 include copper.

[0055] Although not shown, the negative electrode terminal 15, like the positive electrode terminal 14, has a first negative electrode terminal portion located inside the packaging body 13 and a second negative electrode terminal portion located outside the packaging body 13. The first negative electrode terminal portion may be in contact with the negative electrode 12b. The first negative electrode terminal portion may be located between the packaging body 13 and the negative electrode 12b. The second negative electrode terminal portion is connected to a connection terminal of the semi-solid battery 1. The second negative electrode terminal portion may have, for example, a rectangular plate shape, a square plate shape, or other shapes. In this embodiment, the second negative electrode terminal portion is rectangular when viewed from the first direction. The dimensions of the second negative electrode terminal portion when viewed from the first direction are, for example, a long side length of 30 mm to 100 mm and a short side length of 10 mm to 100 mm. The thickness of the second negative electrode terminal portion in the first direction is, for example, 3 to 30 μm.

[0056] For example, when viewed from the first direction, the second positive electrode terminal 14b and the second negative electrode terminal may extend outward from one side of the packaging body 13. When viewed from the first direction, the second positive electrode terminal 14b and the second negative electrode terminal may extend outward from different sides of the packaging body 13.

[0057] The outer container 20 is a member for protecting the cell stack 10 from the external environment. The external environment is, for example, oxygen and moisture in the air. The outer container 20 covers the entire cell stack 10 and houses the cell stack 10. The outer container 20 may be, for example, cylindrical, bag-shaped, or other shapes. The outer container 20 may be, for example, a bag-shaped container formed by welding two members together, or a bag-shaped container formed from a single member. The shape of the outer container 20 when viewed in a first direction may be, for example, a rectangular shape, a square shape, or other shapes. In this embodiment, as shown in FIG. 1 , the outer container 20 is rectangular when viewed in the first direction. Furthermore, the outer container 20 is arranged so that the long side direction and the short side direction of the outer container 20 approximately coincide with the long side direction and the short side direction of the cell stack 10, respectively, when viewed in the first direction. The dimensions of the outer container 20 when viewed in the first direction are, for example, a long side length of 50 mm to 600 mm and a short side length of 50 mm to 400 mm. The thickness of the portion of the outer container 20 that overlaps with the cell stack 10 when viewed in the first direction is, for example, 50 to 300 μm.

[0058] The semi-solid battery 1 includes a connection terminal 30. The connection terminal 30 is a member for extracting electricity stored in the cell stack 10 to the outside of the outer container 20. The connection terminal 30 includes a first connection terminal 31 and a second connection terminal 32. The first connection terminal 31 and the second connection terminal 32 are located from inside the outer container 20 to the outside of the outer container 20. A plurality of positive electrode terminals 14, which are connected to each other, are joined to a portion of the first connection terminal 31 located inside the outer container 20. A plurality of negative electrode terminals 15, which are connected to each other, are connected to a portion of the second connection terminal 32 located inside the outer container 20. The first connection terminal 31 and the second connection terminal 32 are made of, for example, a metal material. Examples of metal materials used for the first connection terminal 31 and the second connection terminal 32 include copper and aluminum.

[0059] The outer container 20 includes, for example, an insulating material, which reduces the risk of a short circuit between the external environment and the cell stack 10 via the outer container 20, thereby protecting the cell stack 10 from the external environment. As the insulating material, for example, a resin material such as polyethylene terephthalate or polyethylene can be used.

[0060] The outer container 20 may have, for example, a multi-layer structure. The outer container 20 may have, for example, a three-layer structure. The outer container 20 may have, for example, a first insulating layer, a moisture-proof layer, and a second insulating layer. The moisture-proof layer is located between the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer. The moisture-proof layer may be covered by the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer. The moisture-proof layer may be in direct contact with the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer.

[0061] The first insulating layer may be the outermost layer of the outer container 20 having a three-layer structure. The first insulating layer may be made of a resin material such as polyethylene terephthalate or polyethylene naphthalate. The moisture-proof layer is a member that prevents oxygen, moisture, etc. that have permeated the first insulating layer from reaching the second insulating layer. The moisture-proof layer may be made of a metal material such as copper or aluminum. The second insulating layer may be made of a resin material such as polyethylene or polypropylene.

[0062] A liquid layer 21 that transmits external pressure to the unit cells 11 may be provided within the outer container 20. The liquid layer 21 is located between two adjacent unit cells 11. The liquid layer 21 may be in direct contact with both of the two adjacent unit cells 11. As a result, even if recesses are present on the main surface 11a and the other main surface 11b of the unit cell 11, the liquid layer 21 can be located inside the recesses, and pressure can be applied evenly to the two adjacent unit cells 11. In other words, the two adjacent unit cells 11 can perform charge and discharge reactions without uneven interfacial resistance, making them less susceptible to deterioration and ultimately improving the lifespan of the semi-solid battery 1.

[0063] 2, the liquid layer 21 may be located between the cell stack 10 and the outer container 20. This makes it difficult for the cell stack 10 to shift position within the outer container 20, and therefore makes it difficult for the joints between the connection terminals 30 and the positive and negative terminals 14 and 15 to be damaged.

[0064] The liquid layer 21 may be, for example, an organic solvent. Examples of organic solvents used for the liquid layer 21 include ethylene carbonate and γ-butyrolactone. The liquid layer 21 may be, for example, a low-molecular-weight polymer material having fluidity, such as polyethylene oxide. The liquid layer 21 may be, for example, a silicon-based polymer material, such as silicone.

[0065] The liquid layer 21 may be made of a water-absorbing material such as a water-absorbing polymer. This allows the liquid layer 21 to absorb moisture that has entered the outer container 20, making it difficult for moisture to enter the inside of the unit cell 11. This in turn improves the life of the semi-solid battery 1. Examples of water-absorbing polymers used for the liquid layer 21 include polyacrylonitrile.

[0066] The liquid layer 21 may contain an inorganic material such as a porous filler. This allows the liquid layer 21 to absorb moisture that has entered the outer container 20, making it difficult for moisture to enter the inside of the unit cell 11. This in turn improves the life of the semi-solid battery 1. The porous filler used in the liquid layer 21 may be, for example, zeolite.

[0067] The liquid layer 21 may contain a metal filler that reacts with oxygen and water. This allows oxygen and water that have entered the outer container 20 to react with the metal filler, making it difficult for them to enter the unit cell 11. This in turn improves the life of the semi-solid battery 1. Examples of metal fillers used in the liquid layer 21 include iron, copper, and aluminum.

[0068] The liquid layer 21 may be made of a material with higher thermal conductivity than the electrolyte of the power generating element 12. This allows the heat generated in the unit cell 11 to be more easily transferred to the liquid layer 21, making it less likely for heat to be trapped in the unit cell 11. This in turn improves the life of the semi-solid battery 1.

[0069] The liquid layer 21 may be made of a material with a higher viscosity than the electrolyte of the power-generating element 12. This makes it difficult for the cell stack 10 to shift position within the outer container 20, and therefore makes it difficult for the joints between the connection terminals 30 and the positive and negative terminals 14 and 15 to be damaged. This in turn improves the life of the semi-solid battery 1.

[0070] The electrolyte solution according to the present disclosure can be in the following embodiments (1) to (13).

[0071] (1) a lithium source electrolyte comprising lithium hexafluorophosphate; a carbonate-based solvent containing γ-butyrolactone and ethylene carbonate; an additive containing at least one of maleic anhydride and lithium bis(oxalato)borate; An electrolyte solution having a gamma-butyrolactone content greater than the ethylene carbonate content.

[0072] (2) a lithium source electrolyte comprising lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide; a carbonate-based solvent containing γ-butyrolactone and ethylene carbonate; an additive containing at least one of maleic anhydride and lithium bis(oxalato)borate; An electrolyte solution having a gamma-butyrolactone content greater than the ethylene carbonate content.

[0073] (3) The electrolyte solution according to (1) or (2), wherein the carbonate-based solvent has a vapor pressure of less than 0.1 kPa at 25°C.

[0074] (4) The electrolytic solution according to any one of (1) to (3) above, wherein the concentration of the lithium ion source electrolyte is 0.6 to 1.4 mol / L.

[0075] (5) The electrolytic solution according to any one of (1) to (4) above, further comprising vinylene carbonate as an additive, the content of vinylene carbonate being 1.0 to 6.0 wt %.

[0076] (6) The electrolyte solution according to any one of (1) to (4) above, further comprising biphenyl as an additive, the biphenyl content being 1.0 to 4.0 wt %.

[0077] (7) The electrolyte solution according to any one of (1) to (6) above, wherein the content of the lithium bis(oxalato)borate is greater than the content of the maleic anhydride.

[0078] (8) The electrolyte solution according to any one of (1) to (7) above, wherein the content of the lithium bis(oxalato)borate is 1.0 to 4.0 wt %.

[0079] (9) The electrolytic solution according to any one of (1) to (8) above, wherein the content of the maleic anhydride is 0.4 to 1.6 wt %.

[0080] (10) The carbonate-based solvent further contains propylene carbonate, The electrolyte solution according to any one of (1) to (9), wherein when the volumes of ethylene carbonate, γ-butyrolactone, and propylene carbonate in the electrolyte solution are EC, GBL, and PC, respectively, the volume ratio is represented by the following formula (1): EC:GBL:PC=0.5x:(100-x):0.5x(5≦x≦55) ···(1)

[0081] (11) A negative electrode active material that is graphite; The electrolyte solution according to any one of (1) to (10) above, A secondary battery including:

[0082] (12) a positive electrode active material that is lithium iron phosphate; The electrolyte solution according to any one of (1) to (10) above, A secondary battery including:

[0083] (13) A positive electrode active material and the electrolyte solution according to any one of (1) to (10) above, a negative electrode active material and the electrolyte solution according to any one of (1) to (10) above; A semi-solid battery comprising:

[0084] The electrolyte solution of the present disclosure can suppress fluctuations in components due to solvent volatilization, thereby reducing variations in the battery characteristics of secondary batteries and semi-solid batteries.

[0085] Although the embodiments of the present disclosure have been described in detail above, the present disclosure is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and various modifications and improvements are possible within the scope of the gist of the present disclosure. It goes without saying that all or part of the components constituting each of the above-described embodiments can be combined as appropriate within the scope of not contradicting each other. [Explanation of symbols]

[0086] 1. Electrochemical cell 10 Cell stack 11 Single Cell 11a Main surface 11b Other main surface 12 Power generation elements 12a positive electrode 12b negative electrode 12c separator 13 Packaging 14 Positive terminal 14a First positive electrode terminal part 14b 2nd positive electrode terminal section 15 Negative terminal 20 Outer container 30 Connection terminal 31 First connection terminal 32 Second connection terminal

Claims

1. a lithium source electrolyte comprising lithium hexafluorophosphate; a carbonate-based solvent containing γ-butyrolactone, ethylene carbonate, and propylene carbonate; an additive comprising maleic anhydride and lithium bis(oxalato)borate; The content of γ-butyrolactone is greater than the content of ethylene carbonate, the content of the lithium bis(oxalato)borate is greater than the content of the maleic anhydride; An electrolyte solution in which the volume ratio of ethylene carbonate, γ-butyrolactone, and propylene carbonate in the electrolyte solution is represented by the following formula (1): EC, GBL, and PC. EC:GBL:PC=0.5x: (100-x):0.5x (5≦x≦55) ... (1)

2. a lithium source electrolyte comprising lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide; a carbonate-based solvent containing γ-butyrolactone, ethylene carbonate, and propylene carbonate; an additive comprising maleic anhydride and lithium bis(oxalato)borate; The content of γ-butyrolactone is greater than the content of ethylene carbonate, the content of the lithium bis(oxalato)borate is greater than the content of the maleic anhydride; An electrolyte solution in which the volume ratio of ethylene carbonate, γ-butyrolactone, and propylene carbonate in the electrolyte solution is represented by the following formula (1): EC, GBL, and PC. EC:GBL:PC=0.5x: (100-x):0.5x (5≦x≦55) ... (1)

3. The electrolyte solution according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the carbonate-based solvent has a vapor pressure of less than 0.1 kPa at 25°C.

4. 4. The electrolytic solution according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of the lithium source electrolyte is 0.6 to 1.4 mol / L.

5. 5. The electrolytic solution according to claim 1, further comprising vinylene carbonate as an additive, the content of vinylene carbonate being 1.0 to 6.0 wt %.

6. 5. The electrolyte solution according to claim 1, further comprising biphenyl as an additive, the biphenyl content being 1.0 to 4.0 wt %.

7. 7. The electrolyte solution according to claim 1, wherein the content of the lithium bis(oxalato)borate is 1.0 to 4.0 wt %.

8. 8. The electrolyte solution according to claim 1, wherein the content of the maleic anhydride is 0.4 to 1.6 wt %.

9. a negative electrode active material that is graphite; An electrolyte solution, a lithium source electrolyte including lithium hexafluorophosphate, a carbonate-based solvent including γ-butyrolactone and ethylene carbonate, and an additive including maleic anhydride and lithium bis(oxalato)borate; The content of γ-butyrolactone is greater than the content of ethylene carbonate, an electrolyte solution, the content of which is greater than the content of the maleic anhydride; A secondary battery including:

10. A negative electrode active material that is graphite; An electrolyte solution, a lithium source electrolyte including lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide; a carbonate-based solvent including gamma-butyrolactone and ethylene carbonate; and an additive including maleic anhydride and lithium bis(oxalato)borate; The content of γ-butyrolactone is greater than the content of ethylene carbonate, an electrolyte solution, the content of which is greater than the content of the maleic anhydride; A secondary battery including:

11. a positive electrode active material that is lithium iron phosphate; The electrolyte solution according to any one of claims 1 to 8, A secondary battery including:

12. a positive electrode comprising a positive electrode active material and the electrolyte solution according to any one of claims 1 to 8; a negative electrode comprising a negative electrode active material and the electrolyte solution according to any one of claims 1 to 8; A semi-solid battery comprising:

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