Instantaneous Audio Fading

Abstract

In some embodiments of immersive audio fading, the method includes receiving object-based audio and metadata, rendering the object-based audio into a multi-channel audio presentation for a first loudspeaker layout based on the metadata and a second loudspeaker layout associated with a vehicle, generating a first loudspeaker signal based on a first mix for playback through speakers in the second loudspeaker layout, receiving an input, determining a second mix different from the first mix based on the multi-channel audio presentation and the input, and generating a second loudspeaker signal based on the second mix for playback through speakers in the second loudspeaker layout.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 350,122, filed June 8, 2022, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0002] Technical field of the invention The present disclosure relates generally to audio processing. [Background technology]

[0003] Most vehicles and other listening environments include speakers for stereo playback from tapes, CDs, terrestrial, and satellite radio. Automotive audio systems, for example, typically include a total of four loudspeakers (one pair in the front and one pair in the rear, for the front and rear passengers). Figure 1 shows the location of a typical two-row speaker system on the left side of the vehicle. Corresponding loudspeakers are located on the right side of the vehicle. If tweeters are used in the front row, they may be mounted on the dashboard or beneath the front side pillars. In recent years, DVDs have introduced multichannel surround sound, which introduced a center channel loudspeaker and subwoofer to support multichannel formats, as shown in Figure 2. Recently, streaming services such as Spotify® and Tidal® have been integrated directly into the vehicle's hardware (commonly known as the "head unit") or via smartphones using Bluetooth®, Apple CarPlay®, or Android Auto®.

[0004] As immersive audio becomes mainstream in cinemas and homes, it is natural to assume that it will also be integrated into automotive audio systems. For example, Dolby Atmos® Music is now available through various streaming services. Immersive audio is often distinguished from surround sound by including overhead audio content that has a specific height or vertical characteristic, so that the audio content appears to emanate from above the listener's position in the listening environment. To support overhead audio, height loudspeakers are often part of automotive audio systems.

[0005] Therefore, a need arises to fully support immersive audio formats in vehicles or other listening environments with many loudspeakers, including height loudspeakers. High-end vehicles are equipped with many more loudspeakers than the traditional front and rear stereo pairs, often including height loudspeakers. It is desirable to introduce fading into spatial audio reproduction systems that include many different speaker layouts, including speaker layouts with height channels. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0006] Some techniques for fading audio signals are generally cumbersome, inefficient, or ineffective for immersive audio content. For example, some existing techniques rely on manual linear panning between stereo speaker pairs. However, without taking into account the specific spatial cues (e.g., time, amplitude, and frequency processing) incorporated into the production and rendering of immersive audio content, as well as the unique physical speaker layout of an immersive audio system, such techniques cannot facilitate the playback of immersive audio content with accurate and consistent spatialization. Therefore, existing techniques are ineffective in providing a means to optimize the playback of immersive content while preserving artistic intent during playback. [Means for solving the problem]

[0007] Thus, the present technology provides electronic devices with more efficient and effective techniques for fading immersive audio. Such methods optionally complement or replace other methods for processing or optimizing immersive audio content for playback. Such methods and associated interfaces optimize the playback of immersive content for each audio system by reducing the cognitive burden on the user, ultimately producing a higher quality spatial audio output.

[0008] An embodiment of immersive audio fading is enclosed.

[0009] In some embodiments, a method includes receiving, with at least one processor of an audio system, object-based audio and metadata; rendering, with the at least one processor, the object-based audio into a multi-channel audio presentation for a first loudspeaker layout based on the metadata; determining, with the at least one processor, a first mix based on the multi-channel audio presentation and a second loudspeaker layout associated with the vehicle; generating, with the at least one processor, a first loudspeaker signal based on the first mix for playback through loudspeakers in the second loudspeaker layout; receiving, with the at least one processor, an input; determining, with the at least one processor, a second mix different from the first mix based on the multi-channel audio presentation and the input; and generating, with the at least one processor, a second loudspeaker signal based on the second mix for playback through second loudspeakers in the second loudspeaker layout.

[0010] In some embodiments, the multi-channel audio presentation includes at least one pair of stereo audio channels.

[0011] In some embodiments, the multi-channel audio presentation includes at least one pair of stereo channels and at least one low frequency effects (LFE) channel.

[0012] In some embodiments, the input includes a fader position of a fader control of an audio system.

[0013] In some embodiments, the inputs include fader modes that indicate preset modifications to the multi-channel audio presentation.

[0014] In some embodiments, the input includes occupancy data indicating the number of passengers in the vehicle and their seat locations within the vehicle.

[0015] In some embodiments, the vehicle interior is divided into two or more zones and the second mix is ​​determined, at least in part, based on the two or more zones.

[0016] In some embodiments, the second mix applies a gain to at least one channel of the multi-channel audio presentation.

[0017] In some embodiments, the gains are included in a set of gains that map channels in a multi-channel audio presentation to loudspeakers in a second loudspeaker layout.

[0018] In some embodiments, the multi-channel audio presentation includes more channels than there are loudspeakers in the second loudspeaker layout.

[0019] In some embodiments, the second loudspeaker layout includes left / right front loudspeakers and left / right rear loudspeakers, and the multi-channel audio presentation includes left / right / center loudspeakers, left / right middle loudspeakers, and left / right rear loudspeakers.

[0020] In some embodiments, the second loudspeaker layout further includes at least one of left / right front elevation loudspeakers and left / right rear elevation loudspeakers.

[0021] In some embodiments, the number of channels in the multi-channel audio presentation is equal to the number of loudspeakers in the second loudspeaker layout.

[0022] In some embodiments, the second loudspeaker layout and multi-channel audio presentation includes left / right / center loudspeakers, left / right center loudspeakers, and left / right rear loudspeakers.

[0023] In some embodiments, the number of channels in the multi-channel audio presentation is less than the number of loudspeakers in the second loudspeaker layout.

[0024] In some embodiments, the multi-channel audio presentation includes a front center channel, and the method further includes generating, with at least one processor, a phantom virtual center from the front center channel, and modifying a predetermined spatial position or orientation of at least one loudspeaker in the second loudspeaker layout based on the input and the phantom virtual center.

[0025] In some embodiments, the multi-channel audio presentation includes the spatial positions or orientations of the loudspeakers in the horizontal and vertical planes.

[0026] In some embodiments, the second mix applies a delay or filtering to the second loudspeaker signal.

[0027] In some embodiments, determining the second mix based on the multi-channel audio presentation and the input further comprises transitioning from the first spatialization mode to the second spatialization mode, the transition comprising reallocating a portion of the first loudspeaker signal to the second loudspeaker signal.

[0028] In some embodiments, the reassignment is based in part on a distance from the listener or a listener position associated with the listener, and at least one loudspeaker associated with the second loudspeaker layout.

[0029] In some embodiments, the reassignment involves moving portions of the first loudspeaker signal from at least one loudspeaker in the second speaker layout a first distance from the listener or listener's position to at least one other loudspeaker in the second speaker layout a second distance or more from the listener or listener's position.

[0030] In some embodiments, the reassignment is performed according to speaker performance characteristics of at least one loudspeaker in the second speaker layout.

[0031] In some embodiments, the reallocation includes reallocating a portion of a first loudspeaker signal from a center channel associated with a first loudspeaker layout to two or more second loudspeaker signals for non-center channel loudspeaker channels associated with a second loudspeaker layout.

[0032] In some embodiments, the reallocation includes attenuating one or more portions of the second loudspeaker signal.

[0033] In some embodiments, the reallocation includes determining a signal coherence value between audio content in portions of the first loudspeaker signal and applying increased attenuation to the second loudspeaker signal according to coherence values ​​that exceed one or more coherence thresholds.

[0034] In some embodiments, the reallocation includes high-pass filtering at least one loudspeaker signal of the second loudspeaker signal that corresponds to one or more height channels of the multimedia presentation.

[0035] In some embodiments, the multi-channel audio presentation includes at least one pair of height audio channels.

[0036] In some embodiments, an audio playback system comprises at least one processor and memory stored instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform any of the above methods.

[0037] In some embodiments, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform any of the aforementioned methods.

[0038] Other embodiments disclosed herein are directed to systems, devices, and computer-readable media. Details of the disclosed embodiments are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages will be apparent from the description, drawings, and claims.

[0039] Certain disclosed embodiments provide advantages over fading applied to traditional stereo / surround audio systems by applying fading to immersive audio systems that include, for example, height speakers. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0040] [Figure 1] Typical two-row speaker locations are shown for the left side of the vehicle. [Figure 2] A typical multi-channel automotive audio system with a center channel loudspeaker and subwoofer is shown. [Figure 3A] An example of a car with an immersive speaker layout is shown. [Figure 3B] Shows the same example as Figure 3A, but the loudspeakers are labeled with generic immersive audio channel names. [Figure 4] FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram of how fading is implemented in a four-channel (front left / right and rear left / right) automotive audio system in a vehicle with two rows of seats, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 5A] 1 illustrates an example matrix of gains that are multiplied with input audio to generate output audio in a vehicle, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 5B] 1 illustrates an example matrix of gains that are multiplied with input audio to generate output audio in a vehicle, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 5C] 1 illustrates an example matrix of gains that are multiplied with input audio to generate output audio in a vehicle, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 6] 1 is a conceptual diagram of how fading is implemented for three rows of vehicles, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 7] 1 is a conceptual diagram of an immersive audio presentation in a vehicle with a stereo pair of loudspeakers, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 8A] 10 shows an example of matrix gains for faders set to "center" and "front" according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 8B] 10 shows an example of matrix gains for faders set to "center" and "front" according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 9] 1 is a conceptual diagram of an immersive audio presentation in a vehicle with spatial reproduction capabilities, including a front center speaker and height speakers, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 10A] 1 illustrates a fader matrix for a "center" setting according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 10B] 1 illustrates a fader matrix for a fader position intended to be halfway between "center" and "front," according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 10C] 10 illustrates a fader matrix for the "previous" fader position, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 10D]1 illustrates a fader matrix for a fader position intended to be midway between "center" and "back," according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 10E] 10 illustrates a fader matrix for a "back" fader position, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 11] 1 illustrates processing of a center presentation channel with a phantom virtual center (PVC) technique, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 12] FIG. 1 is a flow diagram for spatial audio fading in an automotive audio system, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 13] FIG. 13 is a block diagram of an example hardware architecture suitable for implementing the systems and methods described in FIGS. 1-12.

[0041] The figures show a particular arrangement or order of schematic elements, such as those representing devices, units, instruction blocks, and data elements, for ease of explanation. However, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that the particular ordering or arrangement of the schematic elements in the figures does not imply that a particular order or sequence of operations, or separation of operations, is required. Furthermore, the inclusion of a schematic element in a figure does not imply that such element is required in all embodiments, or that features represented by such element cannot be included in or combined with other elements in some embodiments.

[0042] Furthermore, in the drawings, when connecting elements such as solid or dashed lines or arrows are used to illustrate connections, relationships, or associations between or among two or more other schematic elements, the absence of such connecting elements does not mean that the connections, relationships, or associations may not exist. In other words, some connections, relationships, or associations between elements are not shown in the drawings so as not to obscure the disclosure. Furthermore, for ease of explanation, a single connecting element may be used to represent multiple connections, relationships, or associations between elements. For example, when a connecting element represents communication of signals, data, or instructions, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that such element represents one or more signal paths necessary to affect the communication.

[0043] The use of the same reference symbols in the various drawings indicates like elements. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0044] In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of various described embodiments. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various described embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, and circuits have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the embodiments. Several features are described below, each of which can be used independently of each other or with any combination of the other features.

[0045] The disclosed embodiments described below are directed to automotive audio systems, but may also be used in any immersive listening environment where fading is necessary or desired, or where a given multi-channel presentation is modified based on user input.

[0046] As used herein, the term "comprises" and variations thereof should be read as open-ended terms meaning "including, but not limited to," and the term "or" should be read as "and / or" unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The term "based on" should be read as "based at least in part on," "one implementation" and "implementation" should be read as "at least one implementation," "another implementation" should be read as "at least one other implementation," and "determined," "determine," or "determining" should be read as obtaining, receiving, computing, calculating, estimating, predicting, or deriving. Furthermore, in the following description and claims, unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs.

[0047] [Example of immersive speaker layout] Figure 3A shows an example of a car with an immersive speaker layout. The left half of the car and a center speaker are shown. Corresponding speakers are located on the right side of the vehicle. For example, a woofer (e.g., a mid-bass or sub-bass woofer) or full-range loudspeaker is located behind the rear seats (e.g., on the rear deck) or embedded in the front or rear doors of the vehicle. A height loudspeaker is located in or near the ceiling of the vehicle interior, above all other loudspeakers (e.g., located on the pillars separating the windows on the left and right sides of the vehicle interior). A tweeter loudspeaker and a center loudspeaker are embedded in the vehicle dashboard or located lower on the front windshield pillars, as shown. Figure 3B shows the same example as Figure 3A, but the loudspeakers are labeled with common immersive audio channel names. Other loudspeaker layouts are possible.

[0048] [Fading] For many years, automotive audio systems have been able to "fade" or "pan" audio to the front or rear of the car, left or right. From the user's perspective, some automotive audio systems offer variable front, rear, left and right control. Fading can be achieved by reducing the level of a particular loudspeaker channel signal. For example, the level of the "rear" speakers may be reduced compared to the level of the "front" speakers.

[0049] 4 is a conceptual diagram of how fading is implemented in a four-channel (front left / right and rear left / right) automotive audio system 400 in a vehicle with two rows of seats, according to one or more embodiments. Stereo audio from any number of sources, including AM / FM radio, CD, MP3 file playback, streaming, and satellite radio, enters fader processor 401, which applies a matrix of gains to direct the audio to any combination of loudspeakers.

[0050] The multi-channel audio output by the fader processor 401 (multimedia audio in a stereo pair) typically passes through a loudspeaker processor 402, which applies at least one of equalization, crossover filters (e.g., for multi-way speakers with woofers and tweeters), speaker protection filters, or level limiting. The loudspeaker processor 402 outputs the multi-channel audio signal to loudspeaker amplifiers.

[0051] 5A-5C illustrate example matrices of gains that are multiplied by input audio to generate output audio in a vehicle, according to one or more embodiments. Referring to FIG. 5A, when the fader is set to "front," stereo audio is delivered only to the left and right front loudspeaker channels ("1.0" represents 100% linear gain, and "0.0" represents no linear gain). All other channel gains are set to zero. Referring to FIG. 5B, when the fader is set to "center," stereo audio is delivered to both rows of loudspeaker channels. Referring to FIG. 5C, when the fader is set to "rear," stereo audio is delivered only to the left and right rear loudspeaker channels. The fading of stereo content can be extended for vehicles with additional loudspeaker rows, and thus left / right pairs of loudspeakers, by extending the matrix to include additional gain values ​​for the additional loudspeaker pairs.

[0052] 6 is a conceptual diagram illustrating how fading is implemented in an automotive audio system 600 for a vehicle that includes additional speakers (e.g., a vehicle with a three-car or higher trim level audio system) in accordance with one or more embodiments. Stereo audio from any number of sources, including AM / FM radio, CDs, MP3 file playback, streaming, and satellite radio, enters a fader processor 601, which applies a matrix of gains to direct the audio to any combination of loudspeakers. The output of fader processor 601 is multi-channel audio in stereo pairs (front left / right, center left / right, rear left / right) plus an optional low-frequency effects channel (e.g., a subwoofer channel).

[0053] The multi-channel audio output (multi-channel stereo pair) from the fader processor 601 passes through a loudspeaker processor 602, which typically applies at least one of equalization, crossover filtering (e.g., for multi-way speakers with woofers and tweeters), speaker protection filtering, or level limiting. The loudspeaker processor 602 typically uses a low-pass filter on the LFE channel to remove mid- and high frequencies. The loudspeaker processor 602 outputs the multi-channel audio signal to the loudspeaker amplifiers.

[0054] [Immersive Audio Fading] Both immersive audio content and vehicles with a large number of loudspeaker channels (including height channels) pose challenges in implementing fading to create quiet zones in the front or rear while preserving the immersive audio experience primarily for listeners seated closest to the active speakers. The following disclosure describes methods for fading immersive audio in automotive audio systems for two classes of speaker layouts. Other classes of speaker layouts can also be used.

[0055] FIG. 7 is a conceptual flow diagram of an immersive automotive audio system 700 in a vehicle with a stereo pair of loudspeakers, according to one or more embodiments. Input audio is rendered by a spatial audio renderer 701 into a multichannel audio presentation format such as 5.1.2, 5.1.4, 7.1.4, or other current or future multichannel audio presentation format. The first digit, here 7, indicates the number of channels in the horizontal plane around the listener. The second digit, here 1, indicates the number of LFE (Low Frequency Effect) channels. The third digit, here 4, indicates the number of height channels. Height channels are signals intended for reproduction in the listening environment from height speakers (see FIG. 3A ), which are mounted and aimed to direct acoustic output (directly or via reflection) toward the intended listening position from above the intended listening position. Note that the number of speakers for playback may be greater than the number of channels (e.g., if the left channel consists of a tweeter, midrange, and woofer in different positions) or less than the number of channels (e.g., if there is no center speaker, the center channel is panned to the left and right speakers). The presentation typically defines the spatial positions and orientations for the loudspeakers in the horizontal and elevation planes relative to the listening position. For example, the four elevation speakers in Figure 3B are left front elevation, right front elevation, left rear elevation, and right rear elevation.

[0056] The multi-channel presentation is input to a fading processor 702, which generates and outputs multi-channel audio in a stereo pair plus an LFE channel. The multi-channel audio output by the fading processor 702 is optionally input to a speaker processor 703, which outputs the speaker signals to speakers for further processing and / or audio amplifiers.

[0057] 8A and 8B show examples of matrix gains for faders set to "center" and "front," according to one or more embodiments. In these figures, empty cells correspond to a linear gain of 0.0. In both examples, the center front input channel spans both the left and right front speakers. In FIG. 8B, the surround and height channels are slightly attenuated so as not to overwhelm the immersive audio content from the left, center, and right front input channels when mixed to the left and right front speakers. Note also that the LFE channel is discarded because the subwoofer is typically located at the rear of the vehicle (trying to be quiet in this example) and the LFE signal may be too low in frequency for the front speakers' capabilities. Alternatively, the LFE could be mixed to a woofer capable of reproducing the required low frequencies.

[0058] The more input presentation channels, including the height channel, the more inputs the fader processing has to the output combination, and the larger the matrix becomes. In addition to applying input-to-output gains, it may be beneficial to apply delays and filtering in the fader processors 401, 601, 702. This is explained in more detail in some of the examples below.

[0059] Referring to the vehicle shown in Figures 3A and 3B, the loudspeaker layout shown has a (front) center channel speaker, left / right pairs of front, mid and rear speakers, left / right pairs of front, mid and rear height speakers, and a rear subwoofer.

[0060] 9 is a conceptual flow diagram of an automotive audio system in a vehicle with spatial reproduction capabilities including a front center speaker and height speakers, according to one or more embodiments. Spatial audio information comprising audio and metadata is input to a spatial audio renderer 901, which generates and outputs a multi-channel audio presentation (e.g., 7.1.4). The multi-channel presentation is input to a fading processor 902, which generates and outputs multi-channel audio in a stereo pair plus height speakers and an LFE channel. The multi-channel audio is input to a loudspeaker processor 903, which outputs the multi-channel audio signal to a loudspeaker amplifier.

[0061] 10A shows a fader matrix for a "center" setting according to one or more embodiments. This configuration may also be referred to herein as "full surround" because there is a near 1:1 mapping between the input presentation audio channels and the output speaker channels.

[0062] FIG. 10B shows a fader matrix for a fader position or mode intended to be intermediate between the "center" and "front" positions, according to one or more embodiments. This configuration, hereafter referred to as "front surround," aims to provide an immersive audio surround experience for the front seating positions while quieting the second row. The left front, center front, right front, and height front presentation channels are mapped 1:1 to corresponding output speakers. The left and right mid-presentation channels are mixed into the front left and right speakers and slightly attenuated to reduce interference with the front left and right channels. The left and right rear height presentation channels are mapped to mid-height output speaker locations, and the left rear and right rear presentation channels are mapped to left rear and right rear mid-height speaker locations. Additionally, because loudspeakers are typically omnidirectional at low frequencies and mid-frequency signals may be more problematic in the second seating row (which is intended to be quiet), in some embodiments, a high-pass filter is included in the left rear to left mid-height (and corresponding right channel). The high pass filter provides some of the high frequency spatial sound (from the rear presentation channels) to the front seat positions without the harshness of the mid and low frequencies.

[0063] Figure 10C shows a fader matrix for the "Front" fader position, according to one or more embodiments. All input presentation channels are mapped to front or front height loudspeaker channels. This configuration loses the front-to-rear spatial aspect of immersive sound, but preserves the height aspect of immersive sound and provides maximum quietness at the rear of the vehicle.

[0064] 10D shows a fader matrix for a fader position intended to be intermediate between the "center" and "rear" positions, according to one or more embodiments. This configuration may also be referred to herein as "rear surround" because it attempts to provide an immersive audio surround experience for the rear seating positions while keeping the front rows quiet.

[0065] Figure 10E shows a fader matrix for the "Rear" fader position, according to one or more embodiments. All input presentation channels are mapped to rear or rear height loudspeaker channels. This configuration loses the front-to-rear spatial aspect of immersive sound, but preserves the height aspect of immersive sound and provides maximum quietness in the front of the vehicle.

[0066] [Other Fader Positions] The preceding example shows front and rear fader position changes. Additional fader matrices can include, but are not limited to, left and right fading, fading to corner positions (e.g., corresponding to the driver's seat position), and up and down fading. Also, while the example shows five specific positions, finer control of fader position can be achieved with additional matrices or by interpolating gain values ​​between the specific matrices shown. Fader matrices can also be designed to quiet specific seating positions. For example, if the driver is on a phone call, a "driver call" matrix can attempt to reduce the level of entertainment audio at the driver's seating position.

[0067] [Phantom Virtual Central Processing] FIG. 11 illustrates a system 1100 for processing a center presentation channel using a phantom virtual center (PVC) technique, according to one or more embodiments. Considering again a vehicle with only a stereo pair of loudspeaker channels as in FIG. 1 , rather than mixing the center presentation channel into left and right loudspeakers, in some embodiments, it is beneficial to process the center presentation channel using a PVC processor 1101. The stereo output of the PVC processing, along with the other presentation channels, is input to a mix matrix 1102. The output of the mix matrix 1102 is a multi-channel audio loudspeaker channel (e.g., door, front center, height channels, and LFE / subwoofer). In some embodiments, other input channel pairs (e.g., left and right channel pairs) that may contain similar content may be processed through additional PVC processor instances, and the processor output may be provided to the mix matrix.

[0068] [Occupancy Sensing] In some embodiments, the input includes occupancy data provided by vehicle systems (e.g., seat pressure sensors, interior cameras). The occupancy data can include, but is not limited to, the number of vehicle occupants and their seating locations. Based on this occupancy data, the multimedia audio presentation is modified or replaced with a mix that optimizes the multi-channel audio experience for listeners based on their seating location. For example, if an occupant is seated on the left side of the vehicle, the mix can be modified to improve audio perception based on the listening location.

[0069] [Zone-based immersive audio] In some embodiments, the vehicle interior is divided into two or more zones, and the mix is ​​determined, at least in part, based on the two or more zones. The zones can be the front, rear, and sides of the vehicle, or can be divided vertically into several planes (e.g., bottom, horizontal, and vertical). In some embodiments, the vehicle can include a "quiet" zone that receives less audio level than other parts of the vehicle interior. This can be achieved, for example, by removing / attenuating the LFE loudspeaker or other loudspeakers in the quiet zone.

[0070] [Process example] 12 is a flow diagram of VLBR Ambisonics processing according to one or more embodiments. Process 1200 can be implemented using the electronic architecture described with reference to FIG.

[0071] The process 1200 includes receiving object-based audio and metadata (1201), rendering the object-based audio into a multi-channel audio presentation for a first loudspeaker layout based on the metadata (1202), determining a first mix based on the multi-channel audio presentation associated with the vehicle and a second loudspeaker layout (1203), generating first loudspeaker signals based on the first mix for playback through speakers in the second loudspeaker layout (1204), receiving input (1205), determining a second mix different from the first mix based on the multi-channel audio presentation and the input (1206), and generating second loudspeaker signals based on the second mix for playback through speakers in the second loudspeaker layout (1207).

[0072] In some embodiments, the second loudspeaker layout may not correspond speaker-by-speaker to the vehicle's loudspeaker layout (e.g., the number of channels / signals associated with the second loudspeaker layout may differ from the number of physical speakers in the vehicle's audio system). For example, the left front channel / signal of the loudspeaker signal (e.g., after mixing) may be routed to a crossover device that routes low-frequency audio signals (e.g., LFE content) to a woofer in, for example, the vehicle's door panel and high-frequency audio signals to a tweeter in, for example, the dashboard, based on a cutoff frequency. In such embodiments, the loudspeaker signal represents a general set of channels or signals rather than a specific set of channels or signals, each associated with a corresponding physical speaker.

[0073] In some embodiments, the first and / or second loudspeaker signals may be further processed before and / or after amplification before being sent to the loudspeakers via the loudspeaker processor 703 / 903 (see Figures 7 and 9).

[0074] In some embodiments, determining the second mix based on the first mix and the input further includes transitioning from the first spatialization mode to the second spatialization mode, where the transitioning includes reallocating a portion of the first loudspeaker signal (e.g., a level of the full signal, a level of the attenuated signal, a full-bandwidth signal, a non-full-bandwidth signal) to the second loudspeaker signal.

[0075] In some embodiments, the reassignment is based in part on a distance from the listener or a listener position associated with the listener and at least one loudspeaker associated with the second loudspeaker layout.

[0076] In some embodiments, the reassignment moves content from a loudspeaker that is a first distance from a particular listener or listener position to a loudspeaker that is a second distance from the particular listener or listener position that is greater than the first distance.

[0077] In some embodiments, the reallocation involves moving a portion of a first loudspeaker signal from at least one loudspeaker in a first speaker layout that is a first distance from the listener or the listener's position to at least one other loudspeaker in a second speaker layout that is a second distance from the listener or the listener's position that is greater than the first distance.

[0078] In some embodiments, the reassignment is performed according to speaker performance characteristics of at least one loudspeaker associated with the second speaker layout.

[0079] In some embodiments, audio content is reallocated from a first channel to a second channel in a multimedia audio presentation if a loudspeaker in the second loudspeaker layout associated with the second channel has the frequency response required to reproduce the audio content reallocated from the first channel (e.g., if low-frequency content is allocated to a loudspeaker with a sufficiently low frequency response).

[0080] In some embodiments, the reallocation includes reallocating a portion of a first loudspeaker signal from a center channel associated with a first loudspeaker layout to two or more second loudspeaker signals for non-center channel loudspeaker channels associated with a second loudspeaker layout.

[0081] In some embodiments, the reallocation includes attenuating one or more portions of the second loudspeaker signal.

[0082] In some embodiments, the reallocation includes determining a signal coherence value between audio content in portions of the first loudspeaker signal and applying increased attenuation to the second loudspeaker signal according to coherence values ​​that exceed one or more coherence thresholds.

[0083] In some embodiments, the reallocation includes high-pass filtering at least one loudspeaker signal of the second loudspeaker signal that corresponds to one or more height channels of the multimedia presentation.

[0084] In some embodiments, the multi-channel audio presentation includes at least one pair of height audio channels.

[0085] [System Architecture Example] FIG. 13 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary electronic device architecture 1300 suitable for implementing exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. The architecture 1300 may include, but is not limited to, server and client devices, as described above with reference to FIGS. 1-6. As illustrated, the architecture 1300 includes a central processing unit 1301 that can execute various processes according to programs stored in, for example, a read-only memory 1302 or loaded from, for example, a storage unit 1308 into a random access memory 1303. The RAM 1303 also stores data needed by the CPU 1301 to execute various processes, as needed. The CPU 1301, the ROM 1302, and the RAM 1303 are connected to one another via a bus 1304. An input / output interface 1305 is also connected to the bus 1304.

[0086] The following components are connected to the input / output interface 1305: an input unit 1306 which may include a keyboard, mouse, etc.; an output unit 1307 which may include a display such as an LCD display and one or more speakers; a storage unit 1308 which may include a hard disk or another suitable storage medium; and a communication unit 1309 which may include a network interface card such as a network card (e.g., wired or wireless).

[0087] In some implementations, the input unit 1306 includes one or more microphones in different positions (depending on the host device) that enable the capture of audio signals in various formats (e.g., mono, stereo, spatial, immersive, and other suitable formats).

[0088] In some embodiments, output unit 1307 includes a system with a variable number of speakers. Output unit 1307 (depending on the capabilities of the host device) can render audio signals in various formats (e.g., mono, stereo, immersive, binaural, and other suitable formats). In some embodiments, communication unit 1309 is configured to communicate with other devices (e.g., over a network). Drive 1310 is also connected to input / output interface 1305 as needed. Removable media 1311, such as a magnetic disk, optical disk, magneto-optical disk, flash drive, or other suitable removable media, may be attached to drive 1310 as needed to read and install computer programs into storage unit 1308. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that while system 1300 is described as including the above-described components, some of these components may be added, removed, and / or substituted in actual applications, and all such modifications or variations are within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0089] According to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, the above-described processes may be implemented as a computer software program or on a computer-readable storage medium. For example, embodiments of the present disclosure include a computer program product including a computer program tangibly embodied on a computer-readable medium, the computer program including program code for performing the method. In such embodiments, the computer program may be downloaded from a network via a communications unit 1309, mounted, and / or installed from a removable medium 1311, as shown in FIG. 13.

[0090] In general, various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware or special-purpose circuitry (e.g., control circuitry), software, logic, or any combination thereof. For example, the above-described units may be executed by control circuitry (e.g., CPU 1301 in combination with other components of FIG. 13), which may then perform the actions described in this disclosure. Some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software that may be executed by a controller, microprocessor, or other computing device (e.g., control circuitry). While various aspects of the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure have been illustrated and described using block diagrams, flow charts, or some other pictorial representations, it will be understood that the blocks, devices, systems, techniques, or methods described herein may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, special-purpose circuitry or logic, general-purpose hardware or controller, or other computing device, or some combination thereof, as non-limiting examples.

[0091] Additionally, the various blocks illustrated in the flow charts may be viewed as method steps and / or as operations resulting from computer program code operations and / or as multiple combined logic circuit elements configured to perform the associated functions. For example, embodiments of the present disclosure include a computer program product including a computer program tangibly embodied on a machine-readable medium, the computer program including program code configured to perform the above-described method.

[0092] In the context of this disclosure, a machine-readable medium may be any tangible medium capable of storing a program for use in connection with an instruction execution system, device, or apparatus, including an instruction execution system, device, or apparatus. A machine-readable medium may be a machine-readable signal medium or a machine-readable storage medium. A machine-readable medium may be non-transitory and include, but is not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, device, or apparatus, or any suitable combination thereof. More specific examples of machine-readable storage media include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination thereof.

[0093] Computer program code for implementing the methods of the present disclosure can be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. The computer program code can be provided to a processor of a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, or other programmable data processing device having control circuitry, such that the program code, when executed by the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing device, causes the computer to perform the functions / operations specified in the flow charts and / or block diagrams. The program code can be executed entirely on the computer, partially on the computer, as a stand-alone software package, partially on the computer and partially on a remote computer, entirely on a remote computer or server, or distributed across one or more remote computers and / or servers.

[0094] While this document contains many specific implementation details, these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the claims, but rather as descriptions of features specific to particular embodiments. Certain features described herein in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Furthermore, even if features are described above as acting in a particular combination and initially recited as such in the claims, one or more features of the claimed combination may, in some cases, be carved out of that combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to subcombinations or variations of the subcombination. The logic flow depicted in the figures does not require the particular order shown to achieve desired results. Additionally, other steps may be provided or removed from the described flow, and other components may be added to or removed from the described system. Accordingly, other implementations are within the scope of the claims.

[0095] [Example] [EE1] An electronic device including a user input device and a second subset of loudspeakers of a second loudspeaker type different from the first loudspeaker type (e.g., height planar speakers, height speakers, near-field speakers, etc.), the set of loudspeakers arranged in a device speaker layout within an enclosed space (e.g., a listening environment, a vehicle cabin, a room, a theater, a gaming venue, etc., with loudspeakers mounted around the perimeter of an enclosed space) in a format corresponding to a presentation layout (e.g., 9.1.6, 9.1.4, 9.1.2, 7.1.6, 7.1.4, 7.1.2, 5.1.6, 5.1.4, 5.1.receiving audio program content as a first set of audio signals (e.g., a set of audio channel signals corresponding to a predetermined channel layout, such as a first set of audio signals corresponding to a predetermined channel layout, such as a first set of audio signals corresponding to a predetermined channel layout, such as a second ... 1. A method comprising: receiving, at an input device, a sequence of one or more user inputs corresponding to a request to spatially modify an acoustic output; and, in response to receiving the one or more sequences of user inputs, transitioning operation of an electronic device from a first spatialization mode to a second spatialization mode by generating, from the first set of audio signals, a third set of audio signals (e.g., speaker audio signals having modified spatial qualities) corresponding to the set of loudspeakers using a second set of gains different from the first set of gains; and providing the third set of audio signals, or signals derived from the third set of audio signals, to the set of loudspeakers, wherein the set of loudspeakers generate an acoustic output that spatializes audio program content represented by the first set of audio signals.

[0096] In some embodiments, the user input devices are physical / mechanical controls such as touchscreens or touch-sensitive surfaces, knobs, dials, sliders, buttons, rotatable and depressible input devices, audio input devices, and a set of loudspeakers including a first subset of loudspeakers of a first speaker type (e.g., horizontal plane speakers, non-height speakers, far-field speakers, etc.).

[0097] In some embodiments, the electronic device is a vehicle, a media playback device, an infotainment system, a head unit, a multifunction device (e.g., a phone, a tablet) coupled to a media playback system, or the like.

[0098] In some embodiments, the presentation layout is different from the device speaker layout.

[0099] In some embodiments, the layout of the predetermined speakers is the same as the layout of the device speakers.

[0100] In some embodiments, the first set of gains is a matrix of gains that corresponds to a default spatialization operating mode or spatialization setting.

[0101] In some embodiments, the set of signals is derived by further processing (e.g., applying downmixing or equalization and / or amplifying the resulting signals) to drive the amplifiers of the loudspeakers.

[0102] [EE2] Any method disclosed herein, wherein the first speaker type is a non-height speaker type or a horizontal plane speaker type (e.g., a speaker intended to direct acoustic output (directly or via reflection) to a predetermined listening position from below a height plane speaker or from below or on the same plane as the predetermined listening position).

[0103] [EE3] Any method disclosed herein, wherein the second speaker type is a height speaker type or a height planar speaker type (e.g., a speaker that is mounted and intended to direct acoustic output toward the intended listening position (directly or via reflection) from above a horizontal planar speaker or from above the intended listening position).

[0104] [EE4] Any of the methods disclosed herein, wherein the first speaker type is a far-field speaker type.

[0105] [EE5] Any of the methods disclosed herein, wherein the second speaker type is a near-field speaker type.

[0106] [EE6] Any of the methods disclosed herein, wherein the set of loudspeakers includes one or more dedicated low-frequency speakers. In some embodiments, the low-frequency loudspeakers include subwoofers, bass shakers, force transducers, tactile transducers, or other low-frequency optimized transducers.

[0107] [EE7] Any of the methods disclosed herein, wherein the first set of audio signals includes one or more pairs of height audio channels.

[0108] [EE8] Any of the methods disclosed herein, wherein the first set of audio signals corresponds to a speaker format selected from the set of 9.1.6, 9.1.4, 9.1.2, 7.1.6, 7.1.4, 7.1.2, 5.1.6, 5.1.4, and 5.1.2.

[0109] [EE9] Any of the methods disclosed herein further comprising: before receiving audio program content as a first set of audio signals, receiving object-based audio representing the audio program content, the object-based audio including a set of one or more sound source essence signals having corresponding information (e.g., metadata) indicating spatial characteristics of each sound source; and rendering the object-based audio into the first set of audio signals in a format corresponding to the presentation layout using an object renderer.

[0110] [EE10] Any of the methods disclosed herein, wherein the spatial characteristics include at least one selected from the set of: a position of each source in three-dimensional space relative to a listener position; a size or level of dispersion of each source; and a distance of each source from the listener position. In some embodiments, the object-based audio is a media program, a music or video program, audio data related to the operation of a non-entertainment system (e.g., a safety alert), etc. In some embodiments, the object-based audio is stored locally as a complete file or received sequentially via a streaming protocol.

[0111] [EE12] Any of the methods disclosed herein, wherein the second set of gains is generated from the first set of gains, and the third set of gains is different from the first set of gains and different from the second set of gains.

[0112] [EE13] Any of the methods disclosed herein, wherein transitioning operation of an electronic device from a first spatialization mode to operation in a second spatialization mode includes reallocating a portion of the first set of audio signals (e.g., full signal levels, attenuated signal levels, full bandwidth signals, non-full bandwidth signals) from channels or signals associated with the presentation layout to a non-corresponding set of channels or signals associated with the device speaker layout.

[0113] [EE14] The reallocation is based in part on at least one of a distance from a listener or a seating position associated with the listener, and a set of loudspeakers arranged in an apparatus speaker layout within the enclosed space. In some embodiments, the reallocation involves moving content from a loudspeaker that is a first distance from a particular listener or listener's position to a loudspeaker that is a second, greater, distance from the particular listener or listener's position, as described in any of the methods disclosed herein.

[0114] [EE15] Any of the methods disclosed herein, wherein the reallocation is performed according to speaker performance characteristics of at least one of a set of loudspeakers arranged in a device speaker layout within the enclosed space. In some embodiments, content is reallocated from a first channel to a second channel if the loudspeaker associated with the second channel has the frequency response required to reproduce the content reallocated from the first channel (e.g., low-frequency content is only allocated to loudspeakers with sufficient low-frequency response).

[0115] [EE16] Any of the methods disclosed herein, wherein reallocating includes reallocating some of the first set of audio signals from a center channel of the presentation layout to two or more non-center channel loudspeaker channels associated with the device speaker layout.

[0116] [EE17] In any of the methods disclosed herein, reassigning one or more portions of the first set of audio signals includes attenuating one or more portions of the first set of audio signals.

[0117] [EE18] Any of the methods disclosed herein, wherein reallocating includes determining signal coherence values ​​between content of portions of the first audio signal set and applying increased attenuation according to the coherence values ​​that exceed one or more coherence thresholds.

[0118] [EE19] Any of the methods disclosed herein, wherein reallocating includes high-pass filtering one audio signal of the first set of audio signals corresponding to one or more height channels of the presentation layout.

[0119] [EE20] Any of the methods disclosed herein, wherein supplying the third set of audio signals, or signals derived from the third set of audio signals, to the set of loudspeakers causes the local sound field at a first listening position within the enclosed space to have a reduced acoustic output (e.g., sound pressure, perceptual weighting, or absolute value) relative to the acoustic output produced by supplying the second set of audio signals, or the second set of signals derived from the second set of audio signals, to the loudspeakers, while maintaining spatialization (e.g., a perceived height effect that varies depending on metadata of the source signals) within at least a second listening position within the enclosed space.

[0120] [EE21] Any of the methods disclosed herein, wherein the second or third set of audio signals includes one or more height audio channel pairs.

[0121] [EE22] Any of the methods disclosed herein, wherein the second or third set of audio signals corresponds to a speaker format selected from the set of 9.1.6, 9.1.4, 9.1.2, 7.1.6, 7.1.4, 7.1.2, 5.1.6, 5.1.4, and 5.1.2.

[0122] [EE23] Any of the methods disclosed herein, wherein the second or third set of audio signals corresponds to a speaker format that does not include a height channel.

[0123] [EE24] Any of the methods disclosed herein, wherein the enclosed space includes seats located in the first row of a listening or sitting position.

[0124] [EE25] Any of the methods disclosed herein, wherein the second subset of loudspeakers includes a first pair of height speakers mounted for the purpose of directing acoustic output from (i) a position in front of the first row and (ii) a position above the first subset of speakers to a listening position at a location corresponding to the first row of listening or seating positions.

[0125] [EE26] Any of the methods disclosed herein, wherein the enclosed space includes a second row of listening or sitting positions located behind the first row of listening or sitting positions.

[0126] [EE27] Any of the methods disclosed herein, wherein the second subset of loudspeakers includes a second pair of height speakers mounted for the purpose of directing acoustic output (i) from positions behind the first row of listening or sitting positions and / or (ii) from positions in front of the second row of listening or sitting positions, (iii) from positions above each of the first subset of speakers, and (iv) to listening positions at locations corresponding to the second row of listening or sitting positions.

[0127] [EE28] Any of the methods disclosed herein, wherein the enclosed space includes a third row of listening or sitting positions located behind the second row of listening or sitting positions.

[0128] [EE29] Any of the methods disclosed herein, wherein the second subset of loudspeakers includes a third pair of speakers mounted to direct acoustic output (i) from a location above the first subset of speakers and (ii) from behind the second row. In some embodiments, the third pair of height speakers are mounted in a rear interior deck, C-pillar, or D-pillar position in the cabin of the automobile. In some embodiments, the height speakers are designed to reflect sound from surfaces in a downward direction toward a seated listener. In some embodiments, the height speakers are mounted above the first subset of speakers.

[0129] [EE30] Any of the methods disclosed herein, after generating the second set of audio signals or after generating the third set of audio signals but before providing each audio signal to the loudspeaker set, further including processing each audio signal to compensate for one or more of speaker position, speaker response, absorption and reflection characteristics of nearby materials within the enclosed space, hearing sensitivity of occupants or listeners within the enclosed space, etc. In some embodiments, processing includes time alignment (e.g., based on distance to one or more listeners or seat positions), active or passive filtering, etc.

Claims

1. receiving, with at least one processor of the audio system, object-based audio and metadata; rendering, with the at least one processor, the object-based audio into a multi-channel audio presentation for a first loudspeaker layout based on the metadata; generating a first mix by applying, with the at least one processor, the first mapping of the multi-channel audio presentation to a second loudspeaker layout associated with the vehicle; generating, with the at least one processor, a first loudspeaker signal based on the first mix for playback through loudspeakers in the second loudspeaker layout; receiving, with the at least one processor, an input; generating, with the at least one processor, a second mix different from the first mix by applying a second mapping of the multi-channel audio presentation to the second loudspeaker layout associated with the vehicle, the second mapping being based on the input; generating, with the at least one processor, second loudspeaker signals based on the second mix for playback through the loudspeakers in the second loudspeaker layout; A method comprising:

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the multi-channel audio presentation includes at least one pair of stereo audio channels.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the multi-channel audio presentation includes at least one pair of stereo audio channels and at least one low frequency effects (LFE) channel.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the input comprises a fader position of a fader control of the audio system.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the input includes a fader mode indicating a preset modification to the multi-channel audio presentation.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the input includes occupancy data indicating the number of passengers in the vehicle and their seating locations within the vehicle.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the vehicle interior is divided into two or more zones, and the second mix is ​​determined at least in part based on the two or more zones.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second mix applies a gain to at least one channel of the multi-channel audio presentation.

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the gains are included in a set of gains that map channels in the multi-channel audio presentation to the loudspeakers in the second loudspeaker layout.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the multi-channel audio presentation includes more channels than there are loudspeakers in the second loudspeaker layout.

11. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the second loudspeaker layout includes left / right front speakers and left / right rear speakers, and the multi-channel audio presentation includes left / right / center loudspeakers, left / right middle loudspeakers, and left / right rear loudspeakers.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the second loudspeaker layout further includes at least one of left / right front elevation speakers and left / right rear elevation speakers.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the number of channels in the multi-channel audio presentation is equal to the number of loudspeakers in the second loudspeaker layout.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second loudspeaker layout and the multi-channel audio presentation include left / right / center loudspeakers, left / right middle loudspeakers, and left / right rear loudspeakers.

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the number of channels in the multi-channel audio presentation is less than the number of loudspeakers in the second loudspeaker layout.

16. The multi-channel audio presentation includes a front center channel, the method comprising:

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: generating, with the at least one processor, a phantom virtual center from the front center channel; and modifying a predetermined spatial position or orientation of at least one loudspeaker in the second loudspeaker layout based on the input and the phantom virtual center.

17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the multi-channel audio presentation includes spatial positions or orientations of the loudspeakers in horizontal and elevation planes.

18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second mix applies a delay or filtering to the second loudspeaker signal.

19. 2. The method of claim 1 , wherein determining the second mix based on the multi-channel audio presentation and the input further comprises transitioning from a first spatialization mode to a second spatialization mode, the transitioning comprising reallocating a portion of the first loudspeaker signal to the second loudspeaker signal.

20. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the reallocating is based at least in part on a portion of a distance from a listener or a listener position associated with the listener and at least one loudspeaker associated with the second loudspeaker layout.

21. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the reallocating moves a portion of the first loudspeaker signal from at least one loudspeaker in the second loudspeaker layout that is a first distance from the listener or the listener position to at least one other loudspeaker in the second loudspeaker layout that is a second, greater than first, distance from the listener or the listener position.

22. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the reallocating is performed according to speaker performance characteristics of at least one loudspeaker in the second loudspeaker layout.

23. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the reallocating comprises reallocating a portion of the first loudspeaker signal from a center channel associated with the first loudspeaker layout to two or more second loudspeaker signals for non-center channel loudspeaker channels associated with the second loudspeaker layout.

24. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the reallocating comprises attenuating one or more portions of the second loudspeaker signal.

25. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the reallocating comprises: determining a signal coherence value between audio content in portions of the first loudspeaker signal; and applying increased attenuation to the second loudspeaker signal in response to the coherence value exceeding one or more coherence thresholds.

26. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the reallocating comprises high-pass filtering at least one loudspeaker signal of the second loudspeaker signal corresponding to one or more height channels of the multi-channel audio presentation.

27. The method of claim 1 , wherein the multi-channel audio presentation includes at least one pair of height audio channels.

28. at least one processor; a memory storing instructions that, when executed by said at least one processor, cause said at least one processor to perform any of the methods of claims 1 to 27.

29. A non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform any of the methods recited in claims 1-27.

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