Radio Frequency (RF) Exposure Compliance

Abstract

[0006] Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques and apparatus for determining transmit power based on a pattern and / or future conditions for a transmission while maintaining radio frequency (RF) exposure compliance. An example method generally includes obtaining a pattern associated with one or more first transmissions, determining a transmit power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the pattern and RF exposure limits, and transmitting the one or more second transmissions at the determined transmit power.

Description

Priority claims

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 17 / 454,614, filed November 11, 2021, which claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 113,488, filed November 13, 2020, U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 141,834, filed January 26, 2021, U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 152,773, filed February 23, 2021, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 175,464, filed April 15, 2021, each of which is expressly incorporated by reference in its entirety into this specification. [Technical Field]

[0002] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to wireless communications, and more particularly, to determining transmit power while maintaining radio frequency (RF) exposure compliance. [Background technology]

[0003]

[0003] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services, such as telephone, video, data, messaging, broadcast, etc. Modern wireless communication devices (e.g., cellular telephones) are generally required to meet radio frequency (RF) exposure limits set by national and international standards and regulations. To ensure compliance with the standards, such devices currently undergo an extensive certification process before being released to the market. To ensure that wireless communication devices comply with the RF exposure limits, techniques have been developed to enable wireless communication devices to assess RF exposure from the wireless communication device and adjust the transmit power of the wireless communication device accordingly to comply with the RF exposure limits. Summary of the Invention

[0004]

[0004] The systems, methods, and devices of the present disclosure each have several aspects, no single aspect of which is solely responsible for the desirable attributes of the present disclosure. Without limiting the scope of the present disclosure as expressed by the claims that follow, several features will now be briefly described. Considering this description, and particularly reading the section entitled "Detailed Description of the Invention," one will understand how the features of the present disclosure provide advantages, including desirable transmit power in accordance with radio frequency (RF) exposure limits.

[0005] Some aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure may be implemented in a method of wireless communication by a user equipment (UE). The method generally includes obtaining a pattern associated with one or more first transmissions, determining a transmit power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the pattern and an RF exposure limit, and transmitting the one or more second transmissions at the determined transmit power.

[0006]

[0006] Some aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure may be implemented in an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus generally includes a memory, a processor, and a transmitter. The processor is coupled to the memory, such that the processor and the memory are configured to obtain a pattern associated with one or more first transmissions, determine a transmit power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the pattern and an RF exposure limit, and transmit the one or more second transmissions at the determined transmit power.

[0007] Some aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure may be implemented in an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus generally includes: means for obtaining a pattern associated with one or more first transmissions; means for determining a transmit power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the pattern and an RF exposure limit; and means for transmitting the one or more second transmissions at the determined transmit power.

[0008]

[0008] Some aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure may be implemented in a computer-readable medium storing instructions for obtaining a pattern associated with one or more first transmissions, determining a transmit power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the pattern and an RF exposure limit, and transmitting the one or more second transmissions at the determined transmit power.

[0009] Some aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure may be implemented in an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus generally includes a memory and a processor coupled to the memory. The processor and the memory are configured to obtain a pattern associated with one or more first transmissions, determine a transmit power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the pattern and a radio frequency (RF) exposure limit, and transmit the one or more second transmissions at the determined transmit power.

[0010] Some aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure may be implemented in an apparatus for wireless communications. The apparatus generally includes a memory and a processor coupled to the memory. The processor and memory are configured to obtain data for transmission to a receiving entity and radio conditions associated with the transmission, determine a transmission time associated with the data based at least in part on the radio conditions, and transmit a signal indicative of the data to the receiving entity at a transmission power based at least in part on the determined transmission time and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits.

[0011] Some aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure may be implemented in an apparatus for wireless communications. The apparatus generally includes a memory and a processor coupled to the memory. The processor and memory are configured to select a transmission mode from a plurality of transmission modes based on data for transmission from the apparatus to a receiving entity and one or more radio conditions associated with the transmission, and to transmit a signal indicative of the data to the receiving entity at a transmission power based at least in part on the selected transmission mode and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits.

[0012] Some aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure may be implemented in an apparatus for wireless communications. The apparatus generally includes: obtaining data for transmission to a receiving entity and radio conditions associated with the transmission; determining a transmission time associated with the data based at least in part on the radio conditions; and transmitting a signal indicative of the data to the receiving entity at a transmission power based at least in part on the determined transmission time and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits.

[0013] Some aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure may be implemented in an apparatus for wireless communications that generally includes selecting a transmission mode from a plurality of transmission modes based on data for transmission from a wireless device to a receiving entity and one or more radio conditions associated with the transmission, and transmitting a signal indicative of the data to the receiving entity at a transmission power based at least in part on the selected transmission mode and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits.

[0014]

[0014] Some aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure may be implemented in a computer-readable medium storing instructions for obtaining data for transmission to a receiving entity and radio conditions associated with the transmission, determining a transmission time associated with the data based at least in part on the radio conditions, and transmitting a signal indicative of the data to the receiving entity at a transmission power based at least in part on the determined transmission time and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits.

[0015]

[0015] Some aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure may be implemented in a computer-readable medium storing instructions for selecting one transmission mode from a plurality of transmission modes based on data for transmission from a wireless device to a receiving entity and one or more radio conditions associated with the transmission, and transmitting a signal indicative of the data to the receiving entity at a transmission power based at least in part on the selected transmission mode and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits.

[0016] Some aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure may be implemented in a method of wireless communication by a wireless device. The method generally includes obtaining data for transmission to a receiving entity and radio conditions associated with the transmission, determining a transmission time associated with the data based at least in part on the radio conditions, and transmitting a signal indicative of the data to the receiving entity at a transmission power based at least in part on the determined transmission time and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits.

[0017] Some aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure may be implemented in a method of wireless communication by a wireless device. The method generally includes selecting a transmission mode from a plurality of transmission modes based on data for transmission from the wireless device to a receiving entity and one or more radio conditions associated with the transmission, and transmitting a signal indicative of the data to the receiving entity at a transmission power based at least in part on the selected transmission mode and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits.

[0018] To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the one or more aspects comprise the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative features of the one or more aspects. These features are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of the various aspects may be employed.

[0019]

[0019] So that the above-mentioned features of the present disclosure can be understood in detail, a more particular description briefly summarized above may be had by reference to embodiments, some of which are illustrated in the drawings. However, since the description may lead to other equally effective embodiments, it should be noted that the accompanying drawings illustrate only some typical embodiments of the present disclosure and therefore should not be considered as limiting the scope of the present disclosure. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0020] [Figure 1]

[0020] A block diagram conceptually illustrating an example wireless communication network, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 2]

[0021] FIG. 1 is a block diagram conceptually illustrating an example base station (BS) and user equipment (UE) design in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 3]

[0022] 1 is a block diagram of an example radio frequency (RF) transceiver in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 4]

[0023] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a distribution of normalized specific absorption rate (SAR) combined with a distribution of normalized power density (PD), according to some aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 5A]

[0024] 10 is a graph illustrating an example of transmit power over time according to RF exposure limits, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 5B] 10 is a graph illustrating an example of transmit power over time according to RF exposure limits, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 5C] 10 is a graph illustrating an example of transmit power over time according to RF exposure limits, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 6]

[0025] 1 is a flow diagram illustrating example operations for wireless communication in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 7A]

[0026] 6 is a graph illustrating an example pattern used to determine one or more transmit powers over time, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 7B] 6 is a graph illustrating an example pattern used to determine one or more transmit powers over time, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 8A] 6 is a graph illustrating an example pattern used to determine one or more transmit powers over time, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 8B]6 is a graph illustrating an example pattern used to determine one or more transmit powers over time, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 9A] 6 is a graph illustrating an example pattern used to determine one or more transmit powers over time, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 9B]

[0027] 9B is a graph illustrating applying a transmit power ceiling based on the pattern shown in FIG. 9A in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 10A]

[0028] 1 is a flow diagram illustrating example operations for wireless communication in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 10B] 1 is a flow diagram illustrating example operations for wireless communication in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 11A]

[0029] 11A is a graph 1100A of transmit power over time (P(t)) illustrating a time-averaged mode using dynamic power reserve, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 11B] 1100B is a graph of transmit power (P(t)) over time illustrating a time-averaged mode using dynamic power reserve, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 11C] 1100C is a graph of transmit power over time (P(t)) illustrating a time-averaged mode using dynamic power reserve, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 12]

[0030] FIG. 1 illustrates a communications device (e.g., a UE) that may include various components configured to perform operations for the techniques disclosed herein, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0021]

[0031] For ease of understanding, where possible, the same reference numbers have been used to designate like elements that are common to each of the figures. It is contemplated that elements disclosed in one embodiment may be beneficially utilized on other embodiments without specific recitation.

[0022]

[0032] Aspects of the present disclosure provide apparatus, methods, processing systems, and computer-readable media for ensuring radio frequency (RF) exposure compliance based on one or more patterns and / or future states.

[0023]

[0033] In some cases, time averaging of RF exposure may be performed to comply with RF exposure limits within a specified time window. A multi-mode / multi-band wireless communication device has multiple transmit antennas that may be configured to transmit simultaneously in one or more sub-6 GHz bands and / or one or more bands greater than 6 GHz, such as the mmWave (e.g., FR2) or FR3 bands. As described herein, RF exposure in sub-6 GHz bands may be evaluated in terms of specific absorption rate (SAR), while RF exposure in bands greater than 6 GHz may be evaluated in terms of power density (PD). Regulations regarding simultaneous exposure may limit a wireless communication device's maximum transmit power for sub-6 GHz bands and / or bands greater than 6 GHz.

[0024]

[0034] Aspects of the present disclosure provide enhanced techniques for ensuring RF exposure compliance based on, for example, one or more patterns and / or future conditions. The patterns may include transmit power patterns (e.g., instantaneous transmit power as a function of time) associated with past transmissions over various time periods (such as the past minutes, hours, or days) and / or application patterns indicative of periodic bursts of traffic that an application (e.g., a voice call application or a video call application) may generate. In some aspects, the patterns may be used to identify when the next transmission will occur, and the patterns may be correlated to various characteristics related to the next transmission, such as transmit time, transmit power over time, antenna switching, network conditions, sensor information, etc.

[0025]

[0035] As an example, if the pattern indicates that the transmission time of the upcoming transmission may be relatively long (e.g., the transmission time is greater than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit) and / or that consistent uplink transmission may be maintained over the time window, the transmitter may select a lower power level (e.g., P limit , where P limit <P max ) to the upcoming transmission. If the pattern indicates that the upcoming transmission may have a relatively short transmission time (e.g., the transmission time is smaller than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit) and / or the transmission may be discontinuous (e.g., there may be bursts and / or gaps), the transmitter may allocate a higher instantaneous power (e.g., P limit (higher than 1.0) may be allocated to the next transmission.

[0026]

[0036] In some aspects, the UE may consider future conditions (such as transmission time and / or radio conditions) when determining transmit power for RF exposure compliance. Aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques and apparatus for switching between various transmission modes (e.g., as described herein) based on a transmission time associated with the data and / or radio conditions while ensuring RF exposure compliance. In some aspects, the transmission time may be derived from a size associated with the data (e.g., data buffer size) and a current data rate. As an example, if the data buffer size is large (e.g., the transmission time is larger than a time window associated with an RF exposure limit), the transmitter may select a maximum average power level (e.g., P limit) If the data buffer size is small (e.g., the transmission time is smaller than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit), the transmitter may operate in a time-average mode and transmit at maximum power to complete the transmission if the reserve power margin is sufficient for the high-power transmission. The transmission time may be determined based on the data buffer size and radio conditions. For example, the signal or communication environment may limit or indicate the throughput or amount of data that can be transmitted at a certain moment or over some upcoming amount of time. In some aspects, the determined transmission time may be based on actual values ​​or measurements. For example, the radio conditions may be determined based on a measured RSRP. In some aspects, the determined transmission time may be based on predicted values, e.g., one or more patterns. For example, the radio conditions may be determined based on the path loss that a user may experience at a certain time or location, as indicated by a pattern.

[0027]

[0037] Various techniques described herein for ensuring RF exposure compliance may enable a desired transmit power for data transmission that may provide a desired data rate, carrier aggregation, and / or desired uplink / sidelink performance, such as a connection at the edge of a cell.

[0028]

[0038] The following description provides examples of RF exposure compliance in a communication system and does not limit the scope, applicability, or examples set forth in the claims. Changes may be made in the function and arrangement of the elements discussed without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Various examples may omit, substitute, or add various procedures or components, as appropriate. For example, described methods may be performed in an order different from that described, and various steps may be added, omitted, or combined. Also, features described with respect to some examples may be combined in some other examples. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of aspects described herein. Additionally, the scope of the present disclosure is intended to cover such apparatuses or methods implemented using other structure, functions, or structure and functions in addition to or other than the various aspects of the present disclosure described herein. It should be understood that any aspect of the present disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim. The word "exemplary" is used herein to mean "serving as an example, instance, or illustration." Any aspect described herein as "exemplary" is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects.

[0029]

[0039] Generally, any number of wireless networks may be deployed in a given geographic area. Each wireless network may support a particular radio access technology (RAT) and may operate on one or more frequencies. A RAT may also be referred to as a radio technology, air interface, etc. A frequency may also be referred to as a carrier, subcarrier, frequency channel, tone, subband, etc. Each frequency may support a single RAT in a given geographic area to avoid interference between wireless networks of different RATs, or may support multiple RATs.

[0030]

[0040] The techniques described herein may be used for various wireless networks and radio technologies. Although aspects may be described herein using terminology generally associated with 3G, 4G, and / or new radio (e.g., 5G NR) wireless technologies, aspects of the present disclosure may be applied in other generation-based communication systems and / or to wireless technologies such as 802.11, 802.15, etc.

[0031]

[0041] NR access may support various wireless communication services, such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), which targets wide bandwidths (e.g., 80 MHz or greater); millimeter wave (mmWave), which targets high carrier frequencies (e.g., 24 GHz to 53 GHz or greater); massive machine-type communications (MTC), which targets non-backward compatible MTC techniques; and / or mission-critical, which targets ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). These services may have specific latency and reliability settings. These services may also have different transmission time intervals (TTIs) to meet their respective quality of service (QoS) settings. In addition, these services may coexist in the same subframe. NR supports beamforming, and beam directions may be dynamically configured. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission with precoding is supported, and multi-layer transmission may also be supported. Aggregation of multiple cells may be supported.

[0032]

[0042] 1 illustrates an example wireless communication network 100 in which aspects of the present disclosure may be implemented. For example, the wireless communication network 100 may be an NR system (e.g., a 5G NR network), an Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) system (e.g., a 4G network), a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) (e.g., a 2G / 3G network), or a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) system (e.g., a 2G / 3G network), or may be configured for communication according to an IEEE standard, such as one or more of the 802.11 standard, etc.

[0033]

[0043] As shown in FIG. 1, wireless communication network 100 may include several BSs 110a-z (each also referred to herein individually as BS 110 or collectively as BS 110) and other network entities. BSs 110 may provide communication coverage for a particular geographic area, sometimes referred to as a “cell,” which may be fixed or may move according to the location of mobile BSs 110. In some examples, BSs 110 may be interconnected to one another and / or to one or more other BSs or network nodes (not shown) in wireless communication network 100 through various types of backhaul interfaces (e.g., direct physical connections, wireless connections, virtual networks, etc.) using any suitable transport network. In the example shown in FIG. 1, BSs 110a, 110b, and 110c may be macro BSs for macro cells 102a, 102b, and 102c, respectively. BS 110x may be a pico BS for pico cell 102x. BSs 110y and 110z may be femto BSs for femto cells 102y and 102z, respectively. A BS may support one or multiple cells.

[0034]

[0044] BS 110 communicates with UEs 120a-y (each referred to individually as a UE 120 or collectively as UEs 120 herein) in wireless communications network 100. As shown in FIG. 1, UE 120a includes an RF exposure manager 122 that determines a transmit power for transmissions to a receiving entity (such as BS 110a or another UE 120) based on various patterns and / or future conditions in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. UEs 120 (e.g., 120x, 120y, etc.) may be dispersed throughout wireless communications network 100, and each UE 120 may be stationary or mobile. The wireless communication network 100 may also include a relay station (e.g., relay station 110r), also referred to as a relay, that receives transmissions of data and / or other information from an upstream station (e.g., BS 110a or UE 120r) and sends transmissions of data and / or other information to a downstream station (e.g., UE 120 or BS 110) or relays transmissions between UEs 120 to facilitate communication between devices.

[0035]

[0045] The network controller 130 may be in communication with the set of BSs 110 and may provide coordination and control for these BSs 110 (e.g., via a backhaul). In some cases, the network controller 130 may include a centralized unit (CU) and / or a distributed unit (DU), for example, in a 5G NR system. In an aspect, the network controller 130 may be in communication with a core network 132 (e.g., a 5G core network (5GC)), which provides various network functions such as access and mobility management, session management, user plane functions, policy control functions, authentication server functions, integrated data management, application functions, network exposure functions, network repository functions, and network slice selection functions.

[0036]

[0046] Another wireless device in the wireless communications network 100 may alternatively or additionally include an RF exposure manager. For example, one or more of the BSs 110 may be configured as customer premises equipment (CPE), and an RF exposure manager configured as described herein may be implemented in the BS or CPE.

[0037]

[0047] FIG. 2 illustrates example components of a BS 110a and a UE 120a (eg, wireless communication network 100 of FIG. 1) that may be used to implement aspects of the present disclosure.

[0038]

[0048] At the BS 110a, the transmit processor 220 may receive data from the data source 212 and control information from the controller / processor 240. The control information may be for a Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH), a Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH), a Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH), a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), a Group Common PDCCH (GC PDCCH), etc. The data may be for a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), etc. A Medium Access Control (MAC) Control Element (MAC-CE) is a MAC layer communication structure that may be used for control command exchange between wireless nodes. The MAC-CE may be carried in a shared channel such as the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), or the Physical Sidelink Shared Channel (PSSCH).

[0039]

[0049] The processor 220 may process (e.g., encode and symbol map) the data and control information to obtain data symbols and control symbols, respectively. The transmit processor 220 may also generate reference symbols for a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), a PBCH demodulation reference signal (DMRS), and a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), etc. The transmit (TX) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processor 230 may perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding) on ​​the data symbols, control symbols, and / or reference symbols, if applicable, and may provide output symbol streams to modulators (MODs) in the transceivers 232a through 232t. Each modulator in the transceivers 232a through 232t may process a respective output symbol stream (e.g., for OFDM, etc.) to obtain an output sample stream. Each of the transceivers 232a through 232t may further process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain a downlink signal. The downlink signals from the transceivers 232a through 232t may be transmitted via the antennas 234a through 234t, respectively.

[0040]

[0050] At UE 120a, antennas 252a through 252r may receive downlink signals from BS 110a and may provide received signals to demodulators (DEMODs) in transceivers 254a through 254r, respectively. Each of transceivers 254a through 254r may condition (e.g., filter, amplify, downconvert, and digitize) its respective received signal to obtain input samples. Each demodulator in transceivers 254a through 254r may further process the input samples (e.g., for OFDM, etc.) to obtain received symbols. MIMO detector 256 may obtain received symbols from all demodulators in transceivers 254a through 254r, perform MIMO detection on the received symbols if applicable, and provide detected symbols. The receive processor 258 may process (e.g., demodulate, deinterleave, and decode) the detected symbols, provide decoded data for UE 120a to a data sink 260, and provide decoded control information to the controller / processor 280.

[0041]

[0051] On the uplink, at the UE 120a, a transmit processor 264 may receive and process data (e.g., for the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)) from a data source 262 and control information (e.g., for the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)) from a controller / processor 280. The transmit processor 264 may also generate reference symbols for a reference signal (e.g., for a Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)). The symbols from the transmit processor 264 may be precoded by a TX MIMO processor 266 if applicable, further processed by a modulator (MOD) and other components in the transceivers 254a through 254r (e.g., for SC-FDM, etc.), and transmitted to the BS 110a. At BS 110a, the uplink signal from UE 120a may be received by antenna 234, processed by modulators and other components in transceivers 232a-232t, detected by a MIMO detector 236 if applicable, and further processed by a receive processor 238 to obtain decoded data and control information sent by UE 120a. Receive processor 238 may provide the decoded data to a data sink 239 and the decoded control information to a controller / processor 240.

[0042]

[0052] Memories 242 and 282 may store data and program codes for BS 110a and UE 120a, respectively. Scheduler 244 may schedule UEs for data transmission on the downlink and / or uplink.

[0043]

[0053] The antenna 252, processors 266, 258, 264, and / or controller / processor 280 of the UE 120a and / or the antenna 234, processors 220, 230, 238, and / or controller / processor 240 of the BS 110a may be used to perform various techniques and methods described herein. As shown in FIG. 2, the controller / processor 280 of the UE 120a has an RF exposure manager 281 that determines a transmit power for transmissions to a receiving entity (such as the BS 110a) based on various patterns and / or future conditions in accordance with aspects described herein. While shown as a controller / processor, other components of the UE 120a and the BS 110a may be used to perform the operations described herein.

[0044]

[0054] NR may utilize orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with a cyclic prefix (CP) on the uplink and downlink. NR may support half-duplex operation using time division duplexing (TDD). OFDM and single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) partition the system bandwidth into multiple orthogonal subcarriers, also commonly referred to as tones, bins, etc. Each subcarrier may be modulated with data. Modulation symbols may be sent in the frequency domain with OFDM and in the time domain with SC-FDM. The spacing between adjacent subcarriers may be fixed, and the total number of subcarriers may depend on the system bandwidth. The system bandwidth may also be partitioned into subbands. For example, a subband may cover multiple resource blocks (RBs).

[0045]

[0055] 1 and 2 as communicating with a BS and / or within a network, the UE 120a may be configured to communicate / transmit directly to another UE 120 or another wireless device without relaying the communication through a network. In some aspects, the BS 110a shown in FIG. 2 and described above is an example of another UE 120. Exemplary RF Transceiver

[0056] 3 is a block diagram of an example RF transceiver circuit 300 that may be used in any of the wireless devices described above, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. The RF transceiver circuit 300 includes at least one transmit (TX) path 302 (also known as a transmit chain) for transmitting signals via one or more antennas 306 and at least one receive (RX) path 304 (also known as a receive chain) for receiving signals via the antenna 306. When the TX path 302 and the RX path 304 share the antenna 306, the paths may be connected to the antenna via an interface 308, which may include any of a variety of suitable RF devices, such as a switch, a duplexer, a diplexer, a multiplexer, etc.

[0046]

[0057] When receiving an in-phase (I) or quadrature (Q) baseband analog signal from a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 310, the TX path 302 may include a baseband filter (BBF) 312, a mixer 314, a driver amplifier (DA) 316, and a power amplifier (PA) 318. The BBF 312, mixer 314, and DA 316 may be included in one or more radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs). The PA 318 may be external to the RFIC in some implementations.

[0047]

[0058] The BBF 312 filters the baseband signal received from the DAC 310, and the mixer 314 mixes the filtered baseband signal with a transmit local oscillator (LO) signal to convert the baseband signal of interest to a different frequency (e.g., upconvert from baseband to radio frequency). This frequency conversion process generates sum and difference frequencies between the LO frequency and the frequency of the baseband signal of interest. The sum and difference frequencies are called beat frequencies. The beat frequencies are generally in the RF range; therefore, the signal output by the mixer 314 is generally an RF signal, which may be amplified by the DA 316 and / or the PA 318 before transmission by the antenna 306. Although one mixer 314 is shown, several mixers may be used to upconvert the filtered baseband signal to one or more intermediate frequencies and then upconvert the intermediate frequency signal to a frequency for transmission.

[0048]

[0059] The RX path 304 may include a low noise amplifier (LNA) 324, a mixer 326, and a baseband filter (BBF) 328. The LNA 324, mixer 326, and BBF 328 may be included in one or more RFICs, which may or may not be the same RFIC containing the TX path components. An RF signal received via the antenna 306 may be amplified by the LNA 324, and the mixer 326 mixes the amplified RF signal with a receive local oscillator (LO) signal to convert (e.g., downconvert) the RF signal of interest to a different baseband frequency. The baseband signal output by the mixer 326 may be filtered by the BBF 328 before being converted by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 330 to a digital I or Q signal for digital signal processing.

[0049]

[0060] Some systems may employ a frequency synthesizer with a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) to generate a stable, tunable LO with a specific tuning range. Thus, the transmit LO may be generated by the TX frequency synthesizer 320, which may be buffered or amplified by an amplifier 322 before being mixed with the baseband signal in the mixer 314. Similarly, the receive LO may be generated by the RX frequency synthesizer 332, which may be buffered or amplified by an amplifier 334 before being mixed with the RF signal in the mixer 326.

[0050]

[0061] The controller 336 may direct the operation of the RF transceiver circuit 300, such as transmitting signals via the TX path 302 and / or receiving signals via the RX path 304. The controller 336 may be a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device (PLD), discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof. The memory 338 may store data and program code for operating the RF transceiver circuit 300. The controller 336 and / or the memory 338 may include control logic. In some cases, the controller 336 may determine a time-averaged RF exposure measurement based on a transmit power level applied to the TX path 302 (e.g., some level of gain in the PA 318) to set a transmit power level that complies with RF exposure limits set by national / foreign regulations and / or international standards, as further described herein. Exemplary RF Exposure Compliance

[0062] RF exposure can be expressed in terms of the specific absorption rate (SAR), which measures the energy absorption by human tissue per unit mass and has units of watts per kilogram (W / kg). RF exposure can also be expressed in terms of power density (PD), which measures the energy absorption per unit area and has units of mW / cm. 2In some cases, maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limits for PDs may be imposed for wireless communication devices using transmission frequencies above 6 GHz. MPE limits are a regulatory metric for area-based exposure to prevent accidental human exposure represented by tissue temperature changes, e.g., several X watts per square meter (W / m), averaged over a defined area and time-averaged over a frequency-dependent time window. 2 ) is the energy density limit defined as

[0051]

[0063] SAR may be used to assess RF exposure for transmission frequencies below 6 GHz, covering wireless communication technologies such as 2G / 3G (e.g., CDMA), 4G (e.g., LTE), 5G (e.g., NR in the 6 GHz band), IEEE 802.11ac, etc. PD may be used to assess RF exposure for transmission frequencies above 10 GHz, covering wireless communication technologies such as IEEE 802.11ad, 802.11ay, 5G in the mmWave band, etc. Thus, different metrics may be used to assess RF exposure for different wireless communication technologies.

[0052]

[0064] A wireless communication device (e.g., UE 120) may simultaneously transmit signals using multiple wireless communication technologies. For example, the wireless communication device may simultaneously transmit signals using a first wireless communication technology operating at or below 6 GHz (e.g., 3G, 4G, 5G, etc.) and a second wireless communication technology operating above 6 GHz (e.g., mmWave 5G, IEEE 802.11ad, or 802.11ay in the 24 to 60 GHz band). In some aspects, the wireless communication device may simultaneously transmit signals using a first wireless communication technology for which RF exposure is measured in terms of SAR (e.g., 3G, 4G, 5G in the sub-6 GHz band, IEEE 802.11ac, etc.) and a second wireless communication technology for which RF exposure is measured in terms of PD (e.g., 5G, IEEE 802.11ad, 802.11ay in the 24 to 60 GHz band).

[0053]

[0065] To assess RF exposure from transmissions using a first technology (e.g., 3G, 4G, 5G in sub-6 GHz bands, IEEE 802.11ac, etc.), a wireless communication device may include multiple SAR distributions for the first technology stored in memory (e.g., memory 282 of FIG. 2 or memory 338 of FIG. 3). Each of the SAR distributions may correspond to each of multiple transmission scenarios supported by the wireless communication device for the first technology. The transmission scenarios may correspond to various combinations of antennas (e.g., antennas 252a through 252r of FIG. 2 or antenna 306 of FIG. 3), frequency bands, channels, and / or body positions, as described further below. In some examples, one or more of the SAR distributions include a single value (e.g., a peak value or a sum of peak values ​​determined based on the description below).

[0054]

[0066] A SAR distribution (also referred to as a SAR map) for each transmit scenario may be generated based on measurements (e.g., E-field measurements) performed in a test laboratory using a human body model. After the SAR distributions are generated, they are stored in a memory to enable a processor (e.g., processor 280 of FIG. 2 or controller 336 of FIG. 3) to assess RF exposure in real time, as described further below. Each SAR distribution may include a set of SAR values, where each SAR value may correspond to a different location (e.g., on the human body model). Each SAR value may comprise a SAR value averaged over a mass of 1 g or 10 g at the respective location.

[0055]

[0067] The SAR values ​​in each SAR distribution correspond to a particular transmit power level (e.g., the transmit power level at which the SAR values ​​were measured in a test laboratory). Because SAR scales with transmit power level, the processor may scale the SAR distribution for any transmit power level by multiplying each SAR value in the SAR distribution by a transmit power scaler:

[0056]

number

[0057] where Tx c is the current transmit power level for each transmission scenario, and Tx SAR is the transmit power level corresponding to the SAR value in the stored SAR distribution (eg, the transmit power level at which the SAR value was measured in a test laboratory).

[0058]

[0068] As described above, a wireless communication device may support multiple transmission scenarios for a first technology. In some aspects, a transmission scenario may be specified by a set of parameters. The set of parameters may include one or more of: an antenna parameter indicating one or more antennas used for transmission (i.e., active antennas); a frequency band parameter indicating one or more frequency bands used for transmission (i.e., active frequency bands); a channel parameter indicating one or more channels used for transmission (i.e., active channels); a body posture parameter indicating the location of the wireless communication device relative to a user's body location (head, trunk, away from the body, etc.); and / or other parameters. When a wireless communication device supports a large number of transmission scenarios, it may be very time-consuming and expensive to perform measurements for each transmission scenario in a test setting (e.g., a test laboratory). To reduce test time, measurements may be performed on a subset of the transmission scenarios to generate an SAR distribution for the subset of transmission scenarios. In this example, the SAR distribution for each of the remaining transmission scenarios may be generated by combining two or more of the SAR distributions for the subset of transmission scenarios, as described further below.

[0059]

[0069] For example, SAR measurements may be performed for each of the antennas to generate a SAR distribution for each of the antennas. In this example, a SAR distribution for a transmission scenario in which two or more of the antennas are active may be generated by combining the SAR distributions for the two or more active antennas.

[0060]

[0070] In another example, SAR measurements may be performed for each of a plurality of frequency bands to generate a SAR distribution for each of the plurality of frequency bands. In this example, a SAR distribution for a transmission scenario in which more than one frequency band is active may be generated by combining the SAR distributions for the two or more active frequency bands.

[0061]

[0071] In some aspects, the SAR distribution may be normalized with respect to the SAR limit by dividing each SAR value in the SAR distribution by the SAR limit, where the normalized SAR value exceeds the SAR limit when the normalized SAR value is greater than 1 and is below the SAR limit when the normalized SAR value is less than 1. In these aspects, each of the SAR distributions stored in memory may be normalized with respect to the SAR limit.

[0062]

[0072] In some aspects, a normalized SAR distribution for a transmission scenario may be generated by combining two or more normalized SAR distributions. For example, a normalized SAR distribution for a transmission scenario in which two or more antennas are active may be generated by combining the normalized SAR distributions for two or more active antennas. If different transmit power levels are used for the active antennas, the normalized SAR distribution for each active antenna may be scaled by its respective transmit power level before combining the normalized SAR distributions for the active antennas. The normalized SAR distribution for simultaneous transmission from multiple active antennas may be given by:

[0063]

number

[0064] Here, SAR lim is the SAR limit, and SAR norm_combined is the combined normalized SAR distribution for simultaneous transmissions from the active antennas, i is the index for the active antenna, and SAR i is the SAR distribution for the i-th active antenna, and Tx i is the transmit power level for the i-th active antenna, and Tx SARi is the transmit power level for the SAR distribution for the i-th active antenna, and K is the number of active antennas.

[0065]

[0073] Equation (2) can be rewritten as follows:

[0066]

number

[0067] Here, SAR norm_i is the normalized SAR distribution for the i-th active antenna. In the case of simultaneous transmission using multiple active antennas at the same transmission frequency (e.g., multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)), the combined normalized SAR distribution is obtained by summing the square roots of the individual normalized SAR distributions and calculating the square of the sum, as given by:

[0068]

number

[0069]

[0074] In another example, normalized SAR distributions for different frequency bands may be stored in memory. In this example, a normalized SAR distribution for a transmission scenario in which two or more frequency bands are active may be generated by combining the normalized SAR distributions for the two or more active frequency bands. If the transmit power levels for the active frequency bands are different, the normalized SAR distribution for each of the active frequency bands may be scaled by the respective transmit power levels before combining the normalized SAR distributions for the active frequency bands. In this example, the combined SAR distribution may also be calculated using equation (3a), where i is an index for the active frequency band and SAR norm_i is the normalized SAR distribution for the i-th active frequency band, and Tx i is the transmit power level for the i-th active frequency band, and Tx SARi is the transmit power level for the normalized SAR distribution for the i-th active frequency band.

[0070]

[0075] To assess RF exposure from transmissions using a second technology (e.g., 5G in the 24 to 60 GHz band, IEEE 802.11ad, 802.11ay, etc.), the wireless communication device may include multiple PD distributions for the second technology stored in memory (e.g., memory 282 of FIG. 2 or memory 338 of FIG. 3). Each of the PD distributions may correspond to each of multiple transmission scenarios supported by the wireless communication device for the second technology. The transmission scenarios may correspond to various combinations of antennas (e.g., antennas 252a through 252r of FIG. 2 or antenna 306 of FIG. 3), frequency bands, channels, and / or body positions, as described further below. In some examples, one or more of the PD distributions include a single value (e.g., a peak value or a sum of peak values ​​determined based on the description below).

[0071]

[0076] A PD distribution (also called a PD map) for each transmit scenario may be generated based on measurements (e.g., E-field measurements) performed in a test laboratory using a model of the human body. After the PD distribution is generated, it is stored in a memory to enable a processor (e.g., processor 280 of FIG. 2 or controller 336 of FIG. 3) to assess RF exposure in real time, as described further below. Each PD distribution may include a set of PD values, where each PD value may correspond to a different location (e.g., on the model of the human body).

[0072]

[0077] The PD value in each PD distribution corresponds to a particular transmit power level (e.g., the transmit power level at which the PD value was measured in a test laboratory). Because PD scales with transmit power level, the processor may scale the PD distribution for any transmit power level by multiplying each PD value in the PD distribution by a transmit power scaler:

[0073]

number

[0074] where Tx c is the current transmit power level for each transmission scenario, and Tx PD is the transmit power level corresponding to the PD value in the PD distribution (eg, the transmit power level at which the PD value was measured in a test laboratory).

[0075]

[0078] As described above, a wireless communication device may support multiple transmission scenarios for the second technology. In some aspects, a transmission scenario may be specified by a set of parameters. The set of parameters may include one or more of: antenna parameters indicating one or more antennas used for transmission (i.e., active antennas); frequency band parameters indicating one or more frequency bands used for transmission (i.e., active frequency bands); channel parameters indicating one or more channels used for transmission (i.e., active channels); body posture parameters indicating the location of the wireless communication device relative to a user's body location (head, trunk, away from the body, etc.); and / or other parameters. When a wireless communication device supports a large number of transmission scenarios, performing measurements for each transmission scenario in a test setting (e.g., a test laboratory) may be very time-consuming and expensive. To reduce test time, measurements may be performed on a subset of the transmission scenarios to generate a PD distribution for the subset of transmission scenarios. In this example, the PD distribution for each of the remaining transmission scenarios may be generated by combining two or more of the PD distributions for the subset of transmission scenarios, as described further below.

[0076]

[0079] For example, PD measurements may be performed for each of the antennas to generate a PD distribution for each of the antennas. In this example, a PD distribution for a transmission scenario in which two or more of the antennas are active may be generated by combining the PD distributions for the two or more active antennas.

[0077]

[0080] In another example, PD measurements may be performed for each of a plurality of frequency bands to generate a PD distribution for each of the plurality of frequency bands. In this example, a PD distribution for a transmission scenario in which two or more frequency bands are active may be generated by combining the PD distributions for the two or more active frequency bands.

[0078]

[0081] In some embodiments, the PD distribution may be normalized with respect to the PD limit by dividing each PD value in the PD distribution by the PD limit, where the normalized PD value exceeds the PD limit when the normalized PD value is greater than 1 and is below the PD limit when the normalized PD value is less than 1. In these embodiments, each of the PD distributions stored in memory may be normalized with respect to the PD limit.

[0079]

[0082] In some aspects, a normalized PD distribution for a transmission scenario may be generated by combining two or more normalized PD distributions. For example, a normalized PD distribution for a transmission scenario in which two or more antennas are active may be generated by combining the normalized PD distributions for two or more active antennas. If different transmit power levels are used for the active antennas, the normalized PD distribution for each active antenna may be scaled by its respective transmit power level before combining the normalized PD distributions for the active antennas. The normalized PD distribution for simultaneous transmission from multiple active antennas may be given by:

[0080]

number

[0081] Here, PD lim is the PD limit, and PD norm_combined is the combined normalized PD distribution for simultaneous transmission from the active antennas, i is the index for the active antenna, and PD i is the PD distribution for the i-th active antenna, and Tx i is the transmit power level for the i-th active antenna, and Tx PDi is the transmit power level for the PD distribution for the i-th active antenna, and L is the number of active antennas.

[0082]

[0083] Equation (5) can be rewritten as follows:

[0083]

number

[0084] Here, PD norm_i is the normalized PD distribution for the i-th active antenna. In the case of simultaneous transmission using multiple active antennas at the same transmission frequency (e.g., MIMO), the combined normalized PD distribution is obtained by summing the square roots of the individual normalized PD distributions and calculating the square of the sum, as given by:

[0085]

number

[0086] In another example, normalized PD distributions for different frequency bands may be stored in memory. In this example, a normalized PD distribution for a transmission scenario in which two or more frequency bands are active may be generated by combining the normalized PD distributions for the two or more active frequency bands. If the transmit power levels for the active frequency bands are different, the normalized PD distribution for each of the active frequency bands may be scaled by the respective transmit power levels before combining the normalized PD distributions for the active frequency bands. In this example, the combined PD distribution may also be calculated using equation (6a), where i is an index for the active frequency band and PD norm_i is the normalized PD distribution for the i-th active frequency band, and Tx i is the transmit power level for the i-th active frequency band, and Tx PDi is the transmit power level for the normalized PD distribution for the i-th active frequency band.

[0087] As described above, UE 120 may simultaneously transmit signals using a first technology (e.g., 3G, 4G, IEEE 802.11ac, etc.) and a second technology (e.g., 5G, IEEE 802.11ad, etc.), and RF exposure is measured using different metrics for the first and second technologies (e.g., SAR for the first technology and PD for the second technology). In this case, processor 280 may determine a first maximum allowable power level for the first technology and a second maximum allowable power level for the second technology for transmission in a future time slot that complies with the RF exposure limits. During the future time slot, the transmit power levels for the first and second technologies are constrained (i.e., limited) by the determined first and second maximum allowable power levels, respectively, to ensure compliance with the RF exposure limits, as further described below. In this disclosure, the term “maximum allowable power level” refers to the “maximum allowable power level” imposed by the RF exposure limits, unless otherwise specified. It should be appreciated that the "maximum allowed power level" is not necessarily equal to the absolute maximum power level that complies with RF exposure limits, and may be less than the absolute maximum power level that complies with RF exposure limits (e.g., to provide a safety margin). The "maximum allowed power level" may be used to set a power level limit for transmissions at a transmitter, such that the power level of the transmission cannot exceed the "maximum allowed power level" to ensure RF exposure compliance.

[0088] Processor 280 may determine the first and second maximum allowable power levels as follows: The processor may determine a normalized SAR distribution for a first technology at a first transmit power level, a normalized PD distribution for a second technology at a second transmit power level, and combine the normalized SAR distribution and the normalized PD distribution to generate a combined normalized RF exposure distribution (hereinafter simply referred to as the combined normalized distribution). The value at each location in the combined normalized distribution may be determined by combining the normalized SAR value at the location with the normalized PD value at the location or by another technique.

[0089] Processor 280 may then determine whether the first and second transmit power levels comply with RF exposure limits by comparing the peak value in the combined normalized distribution with 1. If the peak value is less than or equal to 1 (i.e., the condition ≦1 is satisfied), processor 280 may determine that the first and second transmit power levels comply with RF exposure limits (e.g., SAR limits and PD limits) and may use the first and second transmit power levels as the first and second maximum allowed power levels, respectively, during future time slots. If the peak value is greater than 1, processor 280 may determine that the first and second transmit power levels do not comply with RF exposure limits. The condition for RF exposure compliance for simultaneous transmission using the first and second technologies may be given by:

[0090]

number

[0091] 4 is a diagram illustrating a normalized SAR distribution 410 and a normalized PD distribution 420, which are combined to generate a combined normalized distribution 430. FIG. 4 also illustrates the condition under which the peak value in the combined normalized distribution 430 is less than or equal to 1 for RF exposure compliance. While each of the distributions 410, 420, and 430 are shown as two-dimensional distributions in FIG. 4, it should be appreciated that the disclosure is not limited to this example.

[0092]

[0089] The normalized SAR distribution in equation (7) may be generated by combining two or more normalized SAR distributions (e.g., for a transmit scenario using multiple active antennas), as described above. Similarly, the normalized PD distribution in equation (7) may be generated by combining two or more normalized PD distributions (e.g., for a transmit scenario using multiple active antennas), as described above. In this case, the condition for RF exposure compliance in equation (7) may be rewritten using equations (3a) and (6a) as follows:

[0093]

number

[0094] For the MIMO case, Equation (3b) and Equation (6b) may be combined instead. As shown in Equation (8), the combined normalized distribution may be a function of the transmit power level for the first technology and the transmit power level for the second technology. All points in the combined normalized distribution may satisfy the unity normalization limit in Equation (8). Furthermore, when combining the SAR and PD distributions, the SAR and PD distributions may be spatially aligned or their peak locations may be aligned so that the combined distribution given by Equation (8) represents the combined RF exposure of a given location on the human body.

[0095] In some cases, a transmitter may ensure RF exposure compliance by operating under one of the following exemplary schemes: (a) a "no spare time-average mode" with no spare margin to allow for dropped connections during a time window, (b) a "peak mode" as described herein with respect to FIG. 5B, or (c) a "time-average mode" as described herein with respect to FIG. 5C.

[0096] In some cases, time averaging of RF exposure may be performed to comply with RF exposure limits within a specified time window (T) associated with the RF exposure limit (e.g., 2 seconds for the 60 GHz band, 100 seconds or 360 seconds for bands ≦6 GHz, etc.). For example, FIG. 5A is a graph 500A of transmit power (P(t)) over time (T) associated with an RF exposure limit, in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure. As an example, the instantaneous transmit power may be determined by measuring the maximum time-averaged transmit power level P(t) over several transmit occasions within the time window (T). limit That is, the transmit power may exceed a maximum time-averaged transmit power level P limit In some cases, the UE may be configured to transmit at a power of P max In some cases, the UE may transmit at a maximum time-averaged transmit power level P limit The maximum time-averaged transmit power level P limit represents the time-averaged threshold for RF exposure limits in terms of transmitted power, and in some cases, P limit is sometimes referred to as the maximum time-averaged power level or limit, or the maximum average transmit power level. Graph 500A also shows gaps between transmission bursts, where gaps represent periods during which no transmissions were sent from the device.

[0097] In some cases, the transmit power is determined based on the maximum average transmit power level (e.g., P) allowed for RF exposure compliance that allows for continuous transmission during the time window. limit ) For example, FIG. 5B illustrates a case where the transmit power is P limit 5B is a graph 500B of transmit power over time (P(t)) illustrating an example where the UE is limited to P(t) in accordance with the RF exposure limits. limit It can be transmitted continuously.

[0098] 5C is a graph 500C of transmit power (P(t)) over time illustrating a time-averaged mode that provides a reserve power margin to allow for continuous transmission within a time window (T), in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. As shown, a UE may need to use a lower power (P reserve ) to continue transmitting at a sufficient transmit power margin (for example, P limit and P reserve The transmit power must be at the maximum instantaneous power (P max ) to reserve power (P reserve ) may be backed off to P reserve is set to the minimum power used to maintain the link, or to such minimum power plus a margin. max The duration of transmission at P is sometimes called the burst transmission time (or high power duration). When more margin becomes available in the future (T seconds later), the transmitter can transmit at a higher power again (e.g., P max The IEEE 802.11 standard may be enabled to transmit (in short bursts at 1 MHz).

[0099] In the time average mode, P max and P reserve Duration is the time that the time-averaged power P limit In some aspects, the UE may be controlled by a processor or control logic to ensure that the average power level does not exceed P in the time-averaged mode shown in FIG. max Although a single transmission burst is shown in FIG. 5C, the UE may instead utilize multiple transmission bursts within a time window (T), e.g., as described herein with respect to FIG. 5A, where the transmission bursts have a transmit power of P reserveIt will be appreciated that the transmit power of each transmission burst may vary (within the burst and / or relative to other bursts), with at least a portion of the burst being at a maximum average power level (e.g., P limit ) can be transmitted at a power greater than 100 .mu.m.

[0100] 5A-5C show continuous transmission over a window, occasion, burst, etc., it will be appreciated that a duty cycle for transmission may be implemented. In such an implementation, the transmit power may be periodically zero and maintained at a higher level (e.g., the level shown in FIGS. 5A-5C) during other portions of the duty cycle.

[0101] In some embodiments, for a given P max , P limit , P reserve , and P calculated for T maxThe burst transmission time of P(t) at may be scaled according to the duty cycle of the transmission to the receiving entity. For example, the burst transmission time may be adjusted by a factor related to the duty cycle (1 / duty_cycle), where duty_cycle is between [0, 1]. As used herein, the duty cycle of a transmission may refer to a portion of a particular period for which a transmission is scheduled or allocated. In aspects, the period related to the burst transmission time may be independent of the time window (T) used for RF exposure compliance. In some cases, the duty cycle may be standardized (e.g., predetermined) with a particular RAT and / or may vary over time due to, for example, changes in radio conditions, mobility, and / or user behavior. In some examples, the duty cycle is determined by a base station (e.g., gNB) and communicated to the UE. At a 100% duty cycle, the UE may be assumed to be scheduled for continuous transmission, which may result in the transmit powers shown in FIG. 5B. In another example, assume that the duration of the burst transmission time is less than the time window and the period of the burst transmission time is greater than the time window, such that a single pulse of the burst transmission time is active (or occurs) during the time window. The transmitter may then determine that P max The burst transmission time at may be increased (e.g., P(t) may be zero during a portion of the time window). Exemplary Transmit Pattern-Based RF Exposure Compliance A multimode / multiband UE has multiple transmit antennas that may be configured to simultaneously transmit in one or more sub-6 GHz bands and / or one or more bands greater than 6 GHz, such as mmWave bands. As described herein, RF exposure in sub-6 GHz bands may be evaluated in terms of SAR, while RF exposure in bands greater than 6 GHz may be evaluated in terms of PD. Due to regulations regarding simultaneous exposure, wireless communication devices may limit the maximum transmit power for sub-6 GHz bands and / or bands greater than 6 GHz.

[0102] Aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques for ensuring RF exposure compliance based on one or more patterns. The patterns may include transmit power patterns associated with past transmissions over various time periods (such as the past minutes, hours, or days) and / or application patterns indicative of periodic bursts of traffic that an application (e.g., a voice or video calling application) may generate and / or indicative of a particular application or type of application that is transmitting. In some aspects, the patterns may be used to identify when the next transmission will occur, and the patterns may be correlated to various characteristics related to the next transmission, such as transmission time, transmit power over time, antenna switching, network conditions, sensor information, etc.

[0103]

[0099] As an example, if the pattern indicates that the next transmission is most likely to have a relatively long transmission time (e.g., the transmission time is greater than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit) and / or that consistent uplink transmission can be maintained over the time window, the transmitter may select a lower power level (e.g., P limit , where P limit <P max) to the next transmission. If the pattern indicates that the next transmission is most likely to have a relatively short transmission time (e.g., the transmission time is less than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit) and / or that the transmission may be discontinuous (e.g., there may be bursts and / or gaps), the transmitter may allocate a high instantaneous power (e.g., P limit higher than, and / or P max hereinafter) may be allocated to the next transmission (e.g., in at least one of the bursts) while still complying with RF exposure limits.

[0104] Various techniques described herein for ensuring RF exposure compliance may enable a desired transmit power for data transmission that may provide a desired data rate, carrier aggregation, and / or desired uplink / sidelink performance, such as a connection at the edge of a cell.

[0105] FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating example operations 600 for wireless communication in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. The operations 600 may be performed, for example, by a UE (e.g., UE 120a in wireless communication network 100). The operations 600 may be implemented as software components executing and operating on one or more processors (e.g., controller / processor 280 of FIG. 2). Furthermore, transmission of signals by the UE in operations 600 may be enabled, for example, by one or more antennas (e.g., antenna 252 of FIG. 2). In some aspects, transmission and / or reception of signals by the UE may be implemented via a bus interface of one or more processors (e.g., controller / processor 280) that acquire and / or output the signals.

[0106] The operations 600 may begin at block 602, where the UE may obtain a pattern associated with one or more first transmissions. For example, the UE may obtain a transmit power pattern indicating transmit power over time (e.g., over the past few minutes, hours, or days) associated with past transmissions sent by the UE. As used herein, a "pattern" generally refers to a characteristic of the first transmission, which may be a past transmission or a sample thereof, and / or a characteristic of the transmitter in the absence of the first transmission, e.g., when the pattern represents neither uplink nor sidelink traffic. That is, the pattern may be associated with the transmitter in addition to or as an alternative to the first transmission. The characteristics may include, for example, an indication of transmit power over time, network conditions over time, user behavior over time, application type over time, application behavior over time, whether voice and / or data is being transmitted over time, the type of data being transmitted over time, the priority or class of transmission over time, antenna usage over time, sensor information over time, etc. In some aspects, the patterns may include periodic signatures of characteristics over time, such as an indication that past transmissions had periodicity. In some aspects, some patterns may be interpreted as "fingerprints" that indicate some environment in which the UE is located or some scenario / user state for the UE.

[0107] At block 604, the UE may determine a transmit power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the pattern and the RF exposure limit. As further described herein, the UE may correlate the pattern to an upcoming transmission, a transmit time associated with the upcoming transmission, a transmit power for the upcoming transmission, and / or a transmit power limit associated with the RF exposure limit. For example, the transmit power pattern may indicate that the UE transmitted in periodic bursts during a period of time during the day. When the upcoming transmission aligns with the periodicity of past bursts, the UE may determine the transmit power for the upcoming transmission based on the pattern associated with the past bursts. In some aspects, the UE may periodically store the pattern as a characteristic in memory (e.g., in memory 282 or in a memory closely coupled to processor 280 or modem) and retrieve the pattern for determining the transmit power at block 604.

[0108] In some aspects, unless it is determined that additional RF exposure margin may be available based on the pattern obtained in block 602, the determined transmit power is P limit If the UE determines that additional margin may be available, the UE may limit higher than (for example, P max The determining to transmit at a higher transmit power may be further based on one or more other factors or patterns. For example, a higher transmit power may be used when margin may be available and it is further determined that the UE may be at a cell edge or may move into such an area, or when margin may be available and information with a higher priority is being transmitted. In some aspects, P limit Defaulting to a transmit power at or near P and selectively increasing the transmit power (which may, for example, increase throughput and / or reliability) may be beneficial when transmissions are at or near P limit, and / or reduce the amount of time that transmissions are sent at a lower or backed-off power (e.g., to comply with exposure limits). In block 604, the UE may determine a transmission mode (e.g., as described with respect to FIGS. 5A-5C), and the transmit power may be set based on and / or according to the determined transmission mode. limit or close to (e.g., lower than) or P limit (For example, P limit (increased above ).

[0109] At block 606, the UE may transmit one or more second transmissions at the determined transmit power. For example, the UE may transmit a transmission at the determined transmit power to a base station (e.g., BS 110a). In some cases, the UE may transmit to another UE via a sidelink channel.

[0110] The patterns in blocks 602, 604 may include one or more patterns associated with the first transmission. In aspects, the patterns may include at least one of a transmit power pattern, a user behavior pattern, an antenna usage pattern, an application type, an application pattern, a wireless network pattern, a transmission type or priority pattern, or sensor information, among other types of information and / or patterns. The transmit power pattern may include transmit power over time (e.g., instantaneous transmit power as a function of time), for example, over a time window or over a set of time windows. In some cases, the average power from the transmit power pattern may be measured against a determined threshold (e.g., P limit below threshold), the UE should always reduce the power to a lower power level (e.g., P limit Otherwise, the UE may limit the instantaneous transmit power (>P limit), that is, the average power from the transmit power pattern may indicate how to determine the transmit power for the second transmission. As an example, the average power from the transmit power pattern may indicate how to determine the average transmit power level (e.g., P limit ) which may indicate that the UE is likely to transmit negligible uplink or sidelink traffic now and / or in the near future, and the transmit power may be safely increased to comply with the RF exposure limits. In some cases, the transmit power pattern may indicate the duration of the transmission, and the duration may be used to determine the transmit power. For example, if the transmit power pattern indicates that the transmission time of the upcoming transmission may be relatively long (e.g., the transmission time may be greater than the time window associated with the RF exposure limits) and / or that consistent uplink transmissions may be maintained over the time window, the transmitter may be configured to transmit at a lower power level (e.g., P limit , where P limit <P max ) can be allocated to the next transmission.

[0111] In some aspects, the time window used to determine the pattern may be separate from another time window associated with RF exposure limits (e.g., the time window (T) in FIGS. 5A and 5B ). For example, the time window used for the pattern may include information about transmissions that occurred prior to the time window being used to calculate the current RF exposure. In aspects, such prior information may precede the window being used to calculate the current RF exposure by several seconds, minutes, or hours, or even days or more. In aspects, the time window for the transmit power pattern may have the same or different duration as the time window associated with the current RF exposure limit. The transmit power pattern may include one or more transmit powers over one or more time windows associated with the RF exposure limit. As an example, the time window for the transmit power pattern may have a duration of one or more seconds, one or more minutes, one or more hours, or one or more days. The UE may use the transmit power pattern associated with past transmissions to identify when the next (future) transmission will occur, and the UE may determine the transmit power for the next transmission based on the transmit power pattern (and RF exposure compliance).

[0112] In some aspects, the transmit power pattern may indicate a rolling or moving average transmit power over a time interval, where the time interval may be separate from the time window associated with the RF exposure limit. The average transmit power may be used in selecting an upper limit for the transmit power. For example, the UE may determine the potential instantaneous transmit power using a particular algorithm associated with the RF exposure limit, and the UE may cap the determined potential instantaneous transmit power to a level that is the inverse of past transmit power usage (e.g., the rolling average transmit power over the past X seconds), where “X” may be smaller than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit. Such an inverse may be useful in adjusting the transmit power in a transmission burst (e.g., shown in FIG. 5A) or continuous transmission scenario (e.g., shown in FIG. 5B). In aspects, the upper limit on transmit power based on the average transmit power described herein may take into account changes in network duty cycle over time, low or high transmit power, and / or user behavior. The upper limits on transmit power described herein may apply to frequency division duplex (FDD) and / or time division duplex (TDD) systems. The upper limits on transmit power described herein may take into account near cell power levels, intermediate cell power levels, and / or far cell power levels, and / or user behavior (e.g., burst use vs. continuous use).

[0113]

[0109] An exemplary formula for determining the capped transmit power in a single transmit scenario is:

[0114]

number

[0115] where MTPL' is the upper bounded level for the transmit power of a single transmission, MTPL is the potential instantaneous maximum transmit power level determined for an RF exposure time window according to a particular algorithm, and prev.usage is the normalized average transmit power over X seconds (e.g., average transmit power over X seconds / P limit ) and unit quantity (i.e., 1, P limit / P limit , and P limit may be the maximum average transmit power corresponding to the RF exposure limit averaged over a time window T. Under equation (9), for example, in a bursty traffic scenario, if the average transmit power for a recent history of X seconds is zero, then

[0116]

number

[0117] becomes so high that MTPL' may be equal to MTPL and not be capped. max In a continuous transmission scenario, at the beginning of a transmission, MTPL' may also be equal to MTPL and not capped due to the lack of previous transmission history in the transmit power pattern. As the UE continues to transmit, the capped

[0118]

number

[0119] Therefore, the instantaneous transmitted power is

[0120]

number

[0121] Since the term is less than or equal to the MTPL term, it starts to decrease, and P limitand near the end of the time window, the transmit power settles to

[0122]

number

[0123] Since it is smaller than the term P limit can be smaller than

[0124]

[0110] An exemplary formula for determining the capped transmit power in a dual transmit scenario is:

[0125]

number

[0126] where "pri" denotes the parameters of the primary transmitting radio, "sec" denotes the parameters of the secondary transmitting radio, and num_Tx represents the total number of active transmitting radios, which is 2 in this example. An active transmitting radio may refer to a transmitting antenna and / or antenna module including an array of antennas that is simultaneously transmitting during the second transmission.

[0127]

[0111] An exemplary formula for determining the capped transmit power in a multi-transmit scenario is:

[0128]

number

[0129] where i is the index of a particular radio among the multiple radios.

[0130] With respect to operation 600, the transmit power determination in block 604 may involve determining a first transmit power (e.g., MTPL) and determining a second transmit power (e.g., MTPL) based at least in part on a normalized average transmit power (e.g., prev.usage) over a time interval (e.g., X seconds, which may be smaller than a time window associated with an RF exposure limit).

[0131]

number

[0132] ) The UE may select the third transmit power as the minimum of the first transmit power and the second transmit power, e.g., as described herein with respect to equation (9). The UE may determine a transmit power for the one or more second transmissions such that the transmit power is less than or equal to the third transmit power. The second transmit power may be determined as the inverse of a normalized average transmit power over a past time interval (e.g.,

[0133]

number

[0134] ) The second transmit power may be based at least in part on a maximum average power (e.g., P limit ) and the reciprocal of the minimum of the normalized average transmit power and unity (for example,

[0135]

number

[0136] ) can be.

[0137] In a multi-transmit scenario, the transmit power determination in block 604 may include determining a first transmit power for each of the plurality of radios and determining a second transmit power for each of the plurality of radios, where the second transmit power may be based at least in part on a normalized average transmit power for the respective radio over a time interval. The UE may select a third transmit power for each of the plurality of radios as the minimum of the first transmit power and the second transmit power for the respective radio. The UE may determine transmit powers for one or more second transmissions such that the transmit power for each of the plurality of radios is less than or equal to the third transmit power for the respective radio.

[0138]

[0114] The determination of the second transmit power may include determining a fourth transmit power (e.g.,

[0139]

number

[0140] The fourth transmit power may include determining a fifth transmit power (e.g., a maximum average power corresponding to an RF exposure limit divided by the number of the plurality of radios). The fourth transmit power may be further based on a ratio between a normalized average transmit power for each radio and a sum of the normalized average transmit powers for the plurality of radios. The UE may determine a fifth transmit power (e.g., a maximum average power corresponding to an RF exposure limit divided by the number of the plurality of radios).

[0141]

number

[0142] The UE may determine the maximum of (e.g., the maximum value between) the fourth transmit power and the fifth transmit power (e.g., max[a i ,b i ]) may select the second transmit power.

[0143] In some aspects, the time interval for the average transmit power used in selecting the transmit power upper limit may be dynamically updated, for example, based on the time-average exposure (or average transmit power) and / or network conditions. The time interval may be determined based on the following formula:

[0144]

number

[0145] where m is the lowest value of X in seconds, n is the highest value of X in seconds, and average_exposure(t) is the total average normalized exposure (or sum of the average transmit power / P of all past transmissions from all radios) of all transmitting radios over the past time window (T) relevant to the RF exposure limit. limit ) In some cases, n may be smaller than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit. Different X values ​​may be appropriate for short burst transmissions versus long transmissions. Equation (12) may allow the UE to adjust the time interval when uplink and / or sidelink traffic changes over time. Furthermore, m and / or n may vary from one transmitting radio to another depending on the time averaging window associated with the radios. For example, if two transmitting radios are averaged over two different time averaging windows (e.g., a time window for the sub-6 GHz radio and a separate time window for the mmWave radio), the value of X, and possibly the values ​​of m and / or n, may differ between the two radios.

[0146] With respect to operation 600, the transmit power determination in block 604 may include adjusting a time interval for the normalized average transmit power based at least in part on the average power over a time window (T) corresponding to the RF exposure limit. In some aspects, the average power may be a rolling or moving average of the transmit power over the time window. The time interval adjustment may include selecting a maximum value between the first time interval (m) and the second time interval (n) that varies with (e.g., proportional to) the average power over the past time window, e.g., as described herein with respect to equation (12). In some cases, the first time interval and the second time interval depend on the transmit frequency of the one or more second transmissions. That is, the value for the first time interval and / or the value for the second time interval may vary depending on the transmit frequency. For example, the second time interval may be higher for sub-6 GHz transmissions than the corresponding second time interval for mmWave transmissions.

[0147] In some aspects, the time interval may be adjusted based on one or more network conditions. For example, in poor network conditions (e.g., the UE is on a cell edge and / or in a mobility scenario), the time interval may be adjusted to a longer duration, such as n in Equation (12), due to, e.g., greater redundancy and longer transmissions encountered in the poor network conditions. In desirable network conditions (e.g., the UE is stationary and in close proximity to a base station), the time interval may be adjusted to a shorter duration, such as m in Equation (12), due to reduced redundancy and shorter transmissions encountered in the desirable network conditions. With respect to operation 600, the transmit power determination in block 604 may include adjusting the time interval for the normalized average transmit power based at least in part on one or more current network conditions, such as one or more of the parameters described further herein with respect to network patterns.

[0148] In some aspects, the upper limit on maximum transmit power described herein may enable implementation without modifying the underlying algorithm or process that determines the MTPL to ensure RF exposure compliance. In other words, the original algorithm or process for the MTPL is not modified, so the upper limit may be applied to any algorithm or process that generates the MTPL. In some aspects, the algorithm or process that determines the MTPL functions separately or independently from the algorithm or process that determines the upper limit. For example, a first process may be performed to determine a transmit power that complies with RF exposure limits, and a second process may be performed independently to determine whether to upper limit the determined transmit power. In some aspects, the second process is performed on a different layer (e.g., the application layer or other layer in the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model) compared to the first process.

[0149] The transmit power determination in block 604 may include determining a first transmit power (e.g., MTPL) and applying an upper limit to the first transmit power to determine a second transmit power (e.g., MTPL'), e.g., as described herein with respect to equation (9). The UE may determine a transmit power for one or more second transmissions such that the transmit power is less than or equal to the second transmit power.

[0150] In some aspects, the UE may determine the transmit power in block 604 by selecting one of three options: (1) an instantaneous transmit power determined according to a specific algorithm for RF exposure compliance (e.g., MTPL); (2) a transmit power based on the instantaneous transmit power and a normalized average transmit power for the radio over a time interval (e.g., MTPL) for which minimum operation ensures compliance with RF exposure limits.

[0151]

number

[0152] ), and (3) the minimum instantaneous transmit power and maximum average power (e.g., P) corresponding to the RF exposure limit, where minimum operation again ensures compliance with the RF exposure limit. limit ) and the minimum value.

[0153] With respect to operation 600, the transmit power determination in block 604 may include determining a first transmit power (e.g., MTPL) for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on a time-averaged RF exposure during a past time window, and determining a second transmit power (e.g., MTPL) for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on a normalized average transmit power for the radio over a time interval.

[0154]

number

[0155] ), and determining a third transmit power (e.g., P limit The method may further include determining a transmit power for one or more second transmissions. The UE may select a fourth transmit power as the minimum of the first transmit power and the second transmit power for the radio, and select a fifth transmit power as the minimum of the first transmit power and the third transmit power for the radio. The UE may select a sixth transmit power from among the first transmit power, the fourth transmit power, and the fifth transmit power, for example, according to a pattern described herein. The UE may determine transmit powers for the one or more second transmissions such that the transmit power is less than or equal to the sixth transmit power for the radio.

[0156] In a multi-transmit scenario, the transmit power determination in block 604 may involve determining a first transmit power (e.g., MTPL) for each of a plurality of radios. i ), and determining a second transmit power (e.g.,

[0157]

number

[0158] ), and determining a third transmit power (e.g.,

[0159]

number

[0160] ), where the third transmit power is a maximum average power (e.g., P ) corresponding to the RF exposure limit divided by the number of the plurality of radios. limit The method may further include selecting a fourth transmit power for each of the multiple radios as the minimum of the first transmit power and the second transmit power for the respective radio, and selecting a fifth transmit power for each of the multiple radios as the minimum of the first transmit power and the third transmit power for the respective radio. The UE may select a sixth transmit power for each of the multiple radios from among the first transmit power, the fourth transmit power, and the fifth transmit power for the respective radio, for example, according to a pattern described herein. The UE may determine transmit powers for one or more second transmissions such that the transmit power for each of the multiple radios is less than or equal to the sixth transmit power for the respective radio.

[0161] The antenna usage pattern may indicate when the UE switches to a different transmit antenna and the duration that the UE uses a particular antenna over time for transmission. For example, the UE may identify when the UE switched to a different transmit antenna based on the antenna usage pattern, and the UE may perform such a switch for a second transmission to gain more RF exposure margin (e.g., if the target antenna for the antenna change is not too close to human tissue) or to determine that another antenna with more RF exposure margin may be available for later use, and therefore additional power may be allocated to the current transmission with a relatively low risk of exceeding RF exposure limits in the future.

[0162] Some aspects of the present disclosure may provide apparatus and / or techniques for setting a transmit power ceiling for a particular radio, for example, based on antenna usage relative to other radios, where the transmit power ceiling is separate from the average power limit associated with RF exposure limits and the maximum transmit power supported by the radio. That is, antenna usage of one or more radios (e.g., sub-6 GHz radios) over time may be used to determine the transmit power for another radio (e.g., an mmWave radio) in a multi-radio transmission scenario. When ensuring RF exposure compliance, the overall available RF exposure margin based on past usage of all radios may be further divided into separate margins for the radios based on priority and / or desired margin for the radios. As further described herein, the margin for a particular radio may be adjusted over time, for example, based on the usage of other radios. If a radio desires consistent performance over time, the RF margin may be capped based on the average past usage of other radios. For example, assume that historical usage of a Frequency Range 1 (FR1) (sub-6 GHz) radio indicates that the FR1 radio is using a relatively small portion of the total RF exposure margin. In such a case, the UE may allocate a transmit power ceiling for the Frequency Range 2 (FR2) (mmWave) radio to provide consistent performance based on the historical usage of the FR1 radio. As an example, the UE may allocate a transmit power ceiling that devotes a majority (e.g., 90%) of the RF exposure margin to the FR2 radio.

[0163]

[0125] In a multi-transmit scenario (e.g., when multiple radios are used for simultaneous transmission) and / or a multi-radio scenario (e.g., when a wireless communication device is equipped with multiple radios), the overall available RF exposure margin may be determined according to the following formula:

[0164]

number

[0165] where A is the total available RF exposure margin, and the historical time-averaged usage may be the sum of the time-averaged transmit power for each of the radios over a particular time interval, such as a portion of the time window associated with the RF exposure limit, the entire time window, or a time interval longer than the time window (e.g., multiple time windows, one or more hours, or one or more days).

[0166]

[0126] The individual RF exposure margin allocated to each radio may be determined according to the following formula:

[0167]

number

[0168] where x1~x i are the coefficients used to allocate a percentage of the total available RF exposure margin to each radio, x1+x2+...+x i In some aspects, the UE may determine x1 through x2 for one or more of the radios according to one or more criteria. iThe UE may adjust the value of x. For example, the value of x for a particular radio may be determined based on the likelihood that the radio will be used for transmission, such as based on an application, data buffer, traffic model or pattern associated with the radio. In some cases, the value of x for a particular radio may be determined based on a priority that the radio may be associated with a particular channel, such as a priority of one channel and / or RAT over another channel and / or RAT (e.g., LTE vs. 5G). Channel priority may be based on a transmit duty cycle associated with the channel. In the context of an application or service, assume that one radio is transmitting content for a live video call and another radio is transmitting data. In such a case, for example, the UE may give priority to the radio servicing the video call, and as a result, a larger portion of the RF margin (i.e., a larger value of x) may be allocated to that radio.

[0169]

[0127] A specific radio (e.g., radio k ) may be determined according to the following formula:

[0170]

number

[0171]

[0128] radio k The RF margin allocated to may be determined according to the following formula:

[0172]

number

[0173] The operations 600 may further involve the UE determining a transmit power ceiling for a particular radio, as described herein. In an aspect, the antenna usage pattern may include a usage pattern for each radio among multiple radios (such as transceivers 254a-254r of FIG. 2). At block 604, the UE may determine an overall available RF exposure margin based on the usage pattern for each radio among the multiple radios, e.g., according to equation (13). In an aspect, the UE may determine a difference between the maximum available usage (e.g., 100%) and the sum of the usage patterns for the radios (e.g., the sum of the average transmit powers). In some cases, such as a single-transmit scenario (e.g., when only a single radio is used for transmission) and / or a single-radio scenario (e.g., when the wireless communication device is equipped with a single radio), the UE may determine a transmit power ceiling for the radio based on the usage pattern of the radio, and the UE may determine a transmit power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the transmit power ceiling. In such cases, the transmit power ceiling is the maximum transmit power (P max ) and the average power limits (P limit ) can be larger than (P limit ≦P cap ≦P max ).

[0174] The UE may allocate an RF exposure margin to each of the radios based on the overall available RF exposure margin, for example, according to Equation (14). In an aspect, the UE may allocate a certain percentage of the overall available RF exposure margin to each of the radios as the RF exposure margin for the respective radio. In some cases, the UE may apply a priority to particular radios when allocating RF exposure margin to a particular radio. That is, the UE may allocate a certain percentage of the overall available RF exposure margin to each of the radios based at least in part on a priority associated with at least one of the radios. The priority and / or percentage may be related to at least one of a frequency band, application, service, network condition, or exposure scenario (e.g., head exposure, body exposure, limb exposure, or hot spot exposure) associated with each radio. That is, the UE may allocate an RF exposure margin to each of the radios based on the coefficients x1 through x2. i In an aspect, the UE may control the division of the available RF exposure margin among multiple radios in real time by varying the values ​​of the coefficients x1 through x2 along with radio priorities that may change over time with application, network conditions, and / or usage scenarios (e.g., hotspot mode). i Expressed another way, the priorities and ratios may be adjusted over time in response to changes to applications, services, network conditions, etc. For example, the UE may allocate a larger proportion of the total available RF exposure margin to a particular radio, such as an mmWave radio, based on the operating frequency band of that radio. As an example, assume the UE has a total of four radios. In this example, the UE may allocate a factor x for the mmWave radio k may be adjusted to be 0.5 and the remaining RF exposure margin may be divided equally (e.g., 0.16) among the remaining radios.

[0175] The UE may determine a transmit power ceiling (e.g., cap_radio ) for one of the radios based on the usage pattern for each of the other radios, e.g., according to equation (15). kIn an aspect, the UE may determine the transmit power ceiling to be the difference between the maximum available usage (e.g., 100%) and the sum of the usage patterns for each of the other radios (e.g., the sum of the average transmit powers for the other radios).

[0176] The UE may determine the transmit power for the second transmission based at least in part on the transmit power ceiling and the RF exposure margin allocated to one of the radios. For example, the UE may determine the transmit power to be less than or equal to the RF margin allocated in Equation (16). In some cases, the UE may adjust the transmit power ceiling in response to changes in the usage pattern for the radio (in a multi-radio scenario) and / or the radio (in a single-radio scenario). As an example, assume that the usage pattern for the sub-6 GHz radio indicates that, for example, due to reduced usage by the sub-6 GHz radio, more transmit power can be allocated to the mmWave radio. In response to the updated usage pattern, the UE may increase the transmit power ceiling allocated to the mmWave radio based on the usage patterns of the other radios.

[0177] In some aspects, the UE may adjust its transmit power ceiling in response to changes in a transmission scenario associated with a radio. For example, a transmission scenario may be associated with several radios being used simultaneously, an exposure scenario (such as head exposure, body exposure, limb exposure, etc.), and / or a region in which the UE is located.

[0178] In some aspects, the UE may adjust its transmit power ceiling based at least in part on a traffic model. The UE may develop a traffic model associated with a radio, where the traffic model indicates when to adjust the transmit power ceiling. As an example, the traffic model may provide that during certain times of day, a higher transmit power ceiling may be allocated to a particular radio.

[0179] In an aspect, the usage pattern for each radio among the plurality of radios may include an average transmit power over a past time interval associated with the respective radio. For example, the UE may determine the average transmit power for each of the radios over a past time window associated with the RF exposure limit.

[0180]

[0136] In block 606, the UE may transmit a second transmission at a transmit power ceiling during a first portion of a time window associated with an RF exposure limit, for example, as described herein with respect to FIG. 9B, and may transmit a second transmission at another transmit power less than the transmit power ceiling during a second portion of the time window.

[0181] A user behavior pattern may indicate when a user uses or does not use a UE for wireless communication. A user behavior pattern may include one or more times related to when and / or how a user uses or does not use a UE for wireless communication. For example, if a user may generate transmission data in periodic / aperiodic bursts or continuously (e.g., over a long duration), a user behavior pattern may indicate times when the user generally refrains from using the UE, such as during sleep, exercise, or other activity. During such periods, the UE may adjust the transmit power to an average power level (e.g., P ) during a time window for RF exposure compliance, based on the assumption that additional transmissions will likely not be initiated by the user. limit That is, during such periods of likely low or no use as indicated by user behavior patterns, the UE may determine that continuous transmission is unlikely (e.g., due to the user being unlikely to initiate such a transmission) and therefore may be able to exceed P limit At instantaneous powers above (for example, P maxIn contrast, during periods when the user typically uses the UE (e.g., when the user is awake in the morning, lunchtime, or evening), the UE may, for example, be aware that additional transmissions are likely to be initiated by the user and thus most of the transmission window is occupied by P limit Based on the assumption that transmissions at or near P limit That is, the UE may limit transmissions at instantaneous powers above a maximum average transmit power level P during periods when uplink activity is more likely to be indicated by user behavior patterns. limit With respect to operation 600, the transmit power determined in block 604 may be adjusted for the second transmission based on user behavior patterns.

[0182] An application pattern may indicate various characteristics associated with an application (e.g., a mobile software application) that generates data for transmission. In aspects, an application pattern may include application behavior, which may indicate at least one of one or more transmission times or one or more transmit powers over time associated with the application. For example, if the application pattern indicates that the application generates data for transmission during periodic bursts, the UE may correlate the periodic bursts with a time window associated with an RF exposure limit and determine the transmit power available for the application's transmission based on the duration of the periodic bursts. In some cases, the pattern may indicate an application type associated with the application pattern. That is, the application type may indicate the type of application that generates the data for transmission. For example, the application type may be an indication that the application is a social media application, a messaging application, an email application, a video calling application, a video conferencing application, a video game, a video streaming application, a navigation application, etc. In some aspects, the UE may prioritize transmit power for one or more applications based on the application type. The UE may identify the application type of the second transmission based on, for example, an application type pattern and / or an explicit indication from an application processor (e.g., controller 280) employed by the UE, and the UE may determine the transmit power for the second transmission based on the application type having priority over other application types. For example, the UE may allocate more transmit power to an application that streams audio and / or video, such as a video call application or a video conferencing application, relative to other applications.In some scenarios, the UE may determine that a lower priority application may transmit data at a maximum average power level (e.g., P) when the UE determines that another application of a higher priority may transmit data within the same exposure time window. limit ) may refrain from allowing the device to transmit at instantaneous power levels above 100 Hz.

[0183] The wireless network pattern may indicate various aspects of wireless network conditions. The wireless network pattern may include at least one of: channel quality between the UE and a receiving entity (e.g., one or more base stations or other UEs); a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) associated with one or more first transmissions; a coding rate (e.g., a ratio of non-redundant data streams) associated with one or more first transmissions; a periodicity associated with one or more first transmissions; a duty cycle associated with one or more first transmissions; or a mobility scenario, such as an indication of the UE's mobility during one or more first transmissions. In some cases, the wireless network pattern may indicate past radio conditions (e.g., channel quality, MCS, coding rate) encountered by the UE over time. The UE may use the past radio conditions to anticipate future radio conditions and allocate transmit power to such radio conditions accordingly. For example, assume that the UE identifies that it is engaged in a mobility scenario (e.g., traveling to and from work) during a certain period of the day. In such a case, the UE may allocate a certain transmit power to adapt to the mobility scenario. For example, the UE may allocate a maximum average transmit power limit (P limit In contrast, when the UE identifies that it is effectively stationary, the UE may allow a transmit power of at least the maximum average transmit power limit (P ) for the second transmission, under the assumption that radio conditions will not change adversely (e.g., during a mobility scenario) in response to the first transmission. limit) or less.

[0184] Other parameters related to wireless network conditions may also be included in the wireless network pattern, such as a cell identifier, a number of aggregated component carriers, a number of MIMO layers, a bandwidth, a subcarrier spacing, a frequency range (e.g., FR1 or FR2 under 5G NR), etc. In an aspect, the channel quality may include a path loss, a channel quality indicator, a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), a signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), a signal-to-noise-plus-distortion ratio (SNDR), a reference signal received power (RSRP), and / or a received signal strength indicator (RSSI).

[0185] A transmission type or priority pattern may indicate what types of transmissions were sent and / or what their relative priorities are. For example, the pattern may include information about whether a voice call or data was transmitted and the pattern. Such a pattern may be able to distinguish whether voice and data are being transmitted simultaneously and / or whether one type of communication (e.g., voice) may be initiated while transmitting another type of communication (e.g., data). The pattern may include the relative priority of the transmission, such as voice having a higher priority than data, or some types of data (e.g., Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), video conferencing, some types of streaming) having a higher priority than other types of data (e.g., email or file upload). In some such aspects, the UE may increase the maximum average power level (P) when the pattern indicates that another transmission of higher priority may be desired, or when the type of information that may be transmitted often involves long transmission times (e.g., greater than the exposure time window) and / or a relatively consistent amount of power over time. limit) or is less likely to allocate instantaneous transmit power above 4G. In some aspects, one or more of the above patterns (e.g., antenna usage pattern, application pattern, and / or transmission type pattern) may be used to determine whether to use 4G or 5G service and / or to transmit in sub-6 GHz bands or mmWave bands.

[0186] The sensor information may include various sensor data or information generated by the UE. The sensor information may include RF exposure sensor information over time, such as the distance of the UE to various human body parts (e.g., hands, head, or body) over time or when the UE is placed away from human tissue (e.g., in a hotspot scenario or while charging). The UE may be configured to detect a maximum average transmit power level (e.g., P limit For example, if the sensor information indicates that the UE is in close proximity to human tissue (e.g., when the UE is typically placed in a user's pocket), the UE may adjust its maximum average transmit power level (P) to comply with this RF exposure scenario. limit In contrast, if the sensor information indicates that the UE is not in close proximity to human tissue, the UE may adjust (e.g., reduce) its maximum average transmit power level (P limit ) may be adjusted (e.g., increased). The sensor information may include at least one of an indication of the proximity of the UE to a non-human object, an indication that the UE is in free space, an indication of a user usage scenario, an indication of a usage state of the UE, or an indication of when antenna switching occurs at the UE. In an aspect, the user usage scenario may indicate which part of the user's body (e.g., hand, head, or body) the UE is in proximity to. The usage state may indicate whether the UE is being used in proximity to human tissue, such as being used as a hotspot that is not in proximity to human tissue.

[0187] In some aspects, the UE may use various models to determine transmit power based on the pattern in block 606. The UE may use machine learning to predict / learn future transmission events based on the pattern. For example, the UE may use machine learning to predict / learn future network / radio conditions (e.g., route from home to work) and / or user behavior based on past network conditions and / or user behavior, e.g., represented by wireless network patterns and / or user behavior patterns. That is, the UE may use machine learning to map upcoming user behavior (e.g., data burst or big data package) to current network conditions (e.g., stationary), or current user behavior to upcoming network conditions (e.g., in a mobility scenario), or both upcoming user behavior and upcoming network conditions. In some aspects, the UE may use machine learning to predict other characteristics related to upcoming transmissions from the pattern (such as antenna switching, sensor information, application type and / or behavior). In aspects, the characteristics predicted using the pattern may be generated using various models or estimates, such as machine learning, artificial intelligence, neural networks, regression analysis, etc.

[0188] In block 606 for some aspects, the UE may determine the transmit power using machine learning based at least in part on the pattern. In some cases, the UE may use machine learning based on a pattern (e.g., a user behavior pattern) to generate an upcoming user behavior and determine the transmit power based on the upcoming user behavior and the current network condition. In some aspects, the UE may use machine learning based on a pattern (e.g., a wireless network pattern) to generate an upcoming network condition and determine the transmit power based on the current user behavior and the upcoming network condition. In some cases, the UE may use machine learning based on a pattern (e.g., a wireless network pattern and a user behavior pattern) to generate an upcoming network condition and an upcoming user behavior and determine the transmit power based on the upcoming network condition and the upcoming user behavior.

[0189] In an aspect, the UE may correlate the pattern with a transmission time associated with one or more second transmissions and compare the transmission time with a time window associated with an RF exposure limit. The UE may determine a transmit power based on the comparison. For example, assuming the pattern correlates to a short transmission time for an upcoming transmission that is smaller than the time window associated with an RF exposure limit, the UE may determine a maximum average transmit power level (P limit ) and / or the maximum supported transmit power (P max ) may be allocated a transmit power less than .

[0190] In aspects, the RF exposure limits may comply with limits set in accordance with a regulatory / standards body (e.g., the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States, the Innovation, Science and Economic Development (ISED) of Canada, or the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) standards followed by the European Union (EU)). The RF exposure limits may include SAR and / or PD limits for various frequency ranges. In aspects, the UE may determine a transmit power to comply with the RF exposure limits in block 604. For example, when communicating via multiple wireless technologies, the UE may compare a combination of normalized distributions to RF exposure compliance thresholds for the multiple technologies, as described herein with respect to FIG. 4. The RF exposure limits may be averaged over a specified time window, such as 4 seconds for transmission frequencies between 24 GHz and 42 GHz, 100 seconds for transmission frequencies below 3 GHz, or 360 seconds for transmission frequencies below 6 GHz.

[0191] 7A is a graph 700A illustrating an example pattern 702 being used to determine one or more transmit powers over time, according to some aspects of the present disclosure. In this example, the pattern 702 has two periodic first transmissions 704, where each of the first transmissions has a duration 706 that is less than a time window (T) associated with an RF exposure limit. The UE may determine from the pattern 702 that a second transmission 708, 710 is likely to be transmitted in the upcoming time window. The UE may determine a transmit power for the second transmission 708, 710 based on the pattern 702. For example, the UE may identify that the first transmission 704 has a transmit time (i.e., duration 706) that is less than the time window (T). Thus, the UE may determine a transmit power for the second transmission 708, 710 based on the pattern, for example, that also indicates that the UE may be experiencing a mobility scenario. limit transmit power (P max ) for the second transmission 708. The UE may allocate P limitThe UE may allocate transmit power to the second transmission 710 at a transmit power closer to the maximum average transmit power level (P limit ) to allocate transmit power less than, equal to, or greater than. In aspects, pattern 702 may be (or be derived from) one or more various patterns, such as a transmit power pattern, a user behavior pattern, an application pattern, a wireless network pattern, and / or a sensor information pattern. Although two time windows are used to determine the pattern of graph 700A, it should be understood that more or fewer time windows than two (or other durations not based on exposure time windows) may be used based on a pattern.

[0192] FIG. 7B is a graph 700B illustrating another example pattern 722 being used to determine one or more transmit powers over time, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. In this example, the pattern 722 has one periodic transmission 724 having a duration 726 greater than a time window (T) for RF exposure. The UE may determine from the pattern 722 that an additional transmission will likely be transmitted in the upcoming time window, consuming a majority of the power available in the upcoming time window. The UE may determine a transmit power for a second transmission 728 based on the pattern 722. For example, the UE may identify that the first transmission 724 has a transmit time (i.e., duration 726) greater than the time window (T). Thus, the UE may determine a maximum average transmit power level (P limit ) to the second transmission 728. In some cases, the UE may identify that the upcoming transmission may overlap only a portion of one or more time windows (T), so that additional transmit power 730 may be allocated to the second transmission during one of the time windows (T).

[0193] FIG. 8A is a graph 800A illustrating an example pattern 802 being used to determine one or more transmit powers over time for short transmissions (e.g., transmissions having a duration less than the RF exposure time window, also referred to as "bursty transmissions"), in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure. In this example, the pattern 802 may indicate an average transmit power over a time interval 804. In some cases, the pattern 802 may include a rolling or moving average of the transmit power. The UE may select a new upper limit for the transmit power based on the pattern 802, for example, using equation (9). If the average transmit power within the pattern 802 is P limit , the UE can transmit at a maximum transmit power (e.g., P max ) can revert to using MTPL as the P max 8. The transmit power may be allocated to transmission 806 that is less than or equal to the MTPL, which may be equal to .

[0194] FIG. 8B is a graph 800B illustrating other example patterns 822a-c being used to determine one or more transmit powers over time for long transmissions (e.g., transmissions having a duration greater than an RF exposure time window) in accordance with some aspects of the disclosure. In this example, a transmission 808 may span multiple time windows (T) associated with RF exposure limits. At the beginning of the transmission 808, the average transmit power is determined by the UE selecting, for example, P as the maximum transmit power under equation (9). max The reciprocal upper bound causes the transmit power to decay at a rate that is an inverse function of the average transmit power, such that the average transmit power over the time interval is P limit As it approaches P limit In subsequent transmission occasions (e.g., during the same time window T), the average transmit power may settle to P limit In such a case, the UE may use the MTPL and

[0195]

number

[0196] and P as the minimum value limit may be usefully selected, for example, if the MTPL

[0197]

number

[0198] In a later transmission occasion (e.g., during the same time window T), the average transmit power is greater than P limit However, the MTPL must be less than P to ensure compliance with RF exposure limits. limit Therefore, the UE selects the MTPL for the remainder of the time window (T) as the maximum transmit power available for transmission 808.

[0199] In some aspects, the transmit power selected by the UE at the beginning of the subsequent time window (T) is less than the transmit power selected at the beginning of transmission 808. In the example shown in FIG. 8B, the average transmit power of the first pattern 822a is zero, while the average power transmitted between the end of the interval 804 corresponding to pattern 822c and the beginning of the subsequent time window (T) is non-zero (e.g., between zero and P limit Therefore, the transmit power selected by the UE (e.g., according to equation (9)) at the beginning of this subsequent time window (T) is P max (but P limit Furthermore, the average transmit power selected at the end of this subsequent time window (T) may be greater than the average transmit power selected at the end of the first time window by P limit This means that the transmit power selected by the UE at the beginning of a later transmission window (T) (e.g., represented by the right-most peak in FIG. 8B) can be similarly closer to Plimit Thus, in some aspects, the transmit power selected by the UE may be closer to P for continuous / long (e.g., having a duration greater than the time window) transmissions. limit It can be observed that

[0200] Although some aspects of the present disclosure are described herein with reference to using patterns representing historical behavior or conditions to determine transmit power according to RF exposure limits for ease of understanding, a UE may also apply aspects of the present disclosure using current conditions (such as current radio conditions and / or a data buffer) to verify, adjust, or compensate transmit power decisions based on patterns. For example, the UE may determine a likely or expected usage or transmit power in a current or future time window based on patterns of past information and then compare the likely or expected usage or transmit power to data stored in a transmit buffer. In some such aspects, the UE may determine a first power for a current or future transmission, and if the data in the transmit buffer involves an amount of power to transmit that differs from the expected usage by more than a first threshold or differs from the expected transmit power by more than a second threshold, the first power may be adjusted before being used to set the instantaneous transmit power.

[0201] It should be appreciated that determining transmit power based on patterns (e.g., transmit power patterns, user behavior patterns, etc.) provides various advantages. In some cases, the transmit power determination may enable the UE to allocate transmit power that adapts to historical conditions and / or patterns according to RF exposure limits. With such an adaptive transmit power scheme, the UE may be able to provide a desired transmit power for a particular user behavior, network condition, application type, etc.

[0202] 9A is a graph 900A illustrating an example antenna usage pattern 902 for a first radio, in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure. In this example, the antenna usage pattern 902 for the first radio indicates that a first transmission 904 may be transmitted in a burst that is smaller than the time window T0 associated with an RF exposure limit. In such a case, this may leave additional RF exposure margin for another radio, such as a second radio.

[0203] FIG. 9B illustrates a transmit power ceiling (P) for a second radio based on the antenna usage pattern shown in FIG. 9A, in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure. cap 9B is a graph 900B illustrating an example of setting the transmit power ceiling (P ) for the second radio according to equation (15) and / or equation (16). cap Optionally, after a certain offset in time (t) from the instance of time window T0 in FIG. 9A , the UE transmits a second transmission 906 at the transmit power ceiling during a first portion 908 of time window T1, and determines P associated with the RF exposure limit. limit The second transmission 906 may be transmitted at another transmit power less than the transmit power ceiling during a second portion 910 of time window T1 to maintain the average transmit power within the transmit power ceiling. Because time window T0 may represent a time of past usage patterns, T1 may be spaced apart in time by an offset (t) in time from T0. In some aspects, the transmit power ceiling may facilitate a consistent level of performance for the second radio during a time window associated with RF exposure limits.

[0204]

[0156] The transmit power ceiling may apply to a single-radio transmission scenario (e.g., when a single radio is transmitting) or a multi-radio transmission scenario (e.g., when multiple radios are transmitting simultaneously). P max Setting an upper limit on limit , the portion of the time window in which the signal is transmitted may be extended beyond P cap P maxFor a single radio, the transmit power is set to less than P max Compared to transmitting at levels above 1000kJ / s, this allows for a longer period of time before exposure limits are encountered. cap Similarly, in a multi-radio scenario, a fraction of the RF exposure margin (x k * A) is radio k For radio k P for cap is (x k * A * P limit_radio_k ), where P limit is the average transmitted power associated with the RF exposure limit. Example of transmitting energy depending on transmission time while maintaining RF exposure compliance In some aspects, a UE may consider future conditions (such as transmission time and / or radio conditions) when determining transmit power for RF exposure compliance. Aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques and apparatus for determining transmit power and / or switching between various transmission modes described herein based on a transmission time associated with the data and / or radio conditions while ensuring RF exposure compliance. In some aspects, the transmission time may be derived from a size associated with the data (e.g., data buffer size) and a current (or predicted future) data rate. As an example, if the data buffer size is large (e.g., the transmission time is larger than a time window associated with an RF exposure limit), the transmitter may adjust the average power level (e.g., P limit 5B) to enable continuous transmission at a maximum power. If the data buffer size is small (e.g., the transmission time is smaller than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit), the transmitter may operate under a time-averaged mode (e.g., described herein with respect to FIG. 5C) and transmit at a reserve power after maximum power if necessary to complete the transmission.

[0205]

[0158] Various techniques described herein for ensuring RF exposure compliance may enable a desired transmit power and / or a desired power consumption for data transmission. The desired transmit power may provide a desired data rate, carrier aggregation, and / or desired uplink / sidelink performance, such as a connection at the edge of a cell.

[0206] 10A is a flow diagram illustrating example operations 1000A for wireless communication according to some aspects of the present disclosure. The operations 1000A may be performed, for example, by a UE (e.g., UE 120a in wireless communication network 100). The operations 1000A may be implemented as software components executing and operating on one or more processors (e.g., controller / processor 280 of FIG. 2). Furthermore, transmission of signals by the UE in operations 1000 may be enabled, for example, by one or more antennas (e.g., antenna 252 of FIG. 2). In some aspects, transmission and / or reception of signals by the UE may be implemented via a bus interface of one or more processors (e.g., controller / processor 280) that acquire and / or output the signals.

[0207] The operations 1000A may begin at block 1002, where a UE may obtain data for transmission to a receiving entity (e.g., BS 110a or another UE) and radio conditions associated with the transmission. At block 1004, the UE may determine a transmission time associated with the data based at least in part on the radio conditions. At block 1006, the UE may transmit a signal indicative of the data to the receiving entity at a transmit power based at least in part on the determined transmission time and RF exposure limits. In some aspects, block 1004 may alternatively or additionally include selecting a mode from a plurality of transmission modes based on the radio conditions (or one or more other conditions) and / or the data, and block 1006 may instead include transmitting a signal indicative of the data to the receiving entity at a transmit power based at least in part on the selected transmission mode and the RF exposure limits. In some aspects, the transmission mode may be selected based on an application or service, such as a video call, a voice call, a live video stream, an online game, etc. For example, in a video call, a transmission mode may be selected to transmit consistently regardless of radio or other conditions (such as peak mode or a mode similar to peak mode as described herein with respect to Figures 11A-11C).

[0208] In some aspects, the UE may determine the amount of transmission time to be used to transmit data to the receiving entity in order to select a transmission mode (e.g., time-averaged mode or peak mode). The determination of the transmission time may be derived using various factors, such as a given transmit power, a data size or buffer size, and a data rate, which may be derived using current radio conditions. The data rate may depend on various factors or conditions, such as the channel quality between the UE and the receiving entity, the path loss between the UE and the receiving entity, the periodicity and / or duty cycle associated with transmissions to the receiving entity, the modulation and coding scheme (MCS), the coding rate (e.g., the proportion of data streams that are non-redundant), the number of aggregated component carriers, the number of MIMO layers, the bandwidth, the subcarrier spacing, the frequency range (e.g., FR1 or FR2 under 5G NR), etc. For example, a high MCS (e.g., 256QAM), a high transmit power (e.g., P max ), high duty cycle, low path loss, and small data size may result in a relatively short transmission time (e.g., a transmission time smaller than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit). In an aspect, the radio conditions may be obtained in block 1002 using a processor and / or modem, such as controller 280 and / or modem (modulator / demodulator) in transceiver 254.

[0209] With respect to operation 1000A, the radio conditions may include at least one of a channel quality between the UE and the receiving entity, an MCS associated with the transmission, a coding rate associated with the transmission, a number of aggregated component carriers associated with the transmission, a number of MIMO layers associated with the transmission, a bandwidth, a subcarrier spacing, a frequency range associated with the transmission, or a periodicity associated with the transmission to the receiving entity. In aspects, the channel quality may include a path loss, a channel quality indicator, a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), a signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), a signal-to-noise-plus-distortion ratio (SNDR), a reference signal received power (RSRP), and / or a received signal strength indicator (RSSI). In some aspects, the radio conditions may correspond to or be determined based on the wireless network patterns described herein with respect to FIGS. 6-9B.

[0210] The radio conditions may be used to derive a data rate or throughput for transmitting data to the receiving entity. The data rate may be determined in terms of megabits per second (Mbps). For example, the UE may determine a data rate associated with transmitting data to the receiving entity based on the radio conditions, and the UE may determine a transmission time based on the data rate and a size associated with the data. In some aspects, the UE may determine the data rate using a formula for approximate maximum uplink data rate specified in 3GPP standards (such as Technical Specification 38.306, Section 4.1.2).

[0211] In some aspects, the size associated with the data may be in terms of bytes, bits, or other units of computer / digital information. The size associated with the data may correspond to a data buffer size used to temporarily store the data for transmission. For example, the UE may determine a transmission time based at least in part on the buffer size associated with the data. In aspects, the UE may determine the transmission time based on a buffer size associated with the data (sometimes referred to as an “upload data buffer size”) and a data rate determined from radio conditions. In some aspects, instead of obtaining the data in block 1002, the UE may obtain a size associated with the data, and the UE may determine a transmission time associated with the data based on the data rate and the data size.

[0212] In some aspects, the transmission time is determined by the instantaneous power limit (e.g., P max ) and average power (e.g., P in Figure 5B) limit ) As used herein, instantaneous power limit refers to the maximum transmit power (P max ) or other transmit power above the average power. The average power is determined by the RF exposure limit (P limit The average power may refer to a peak transmit power that may be maintained for the duration of a time window associated with an RF exposure limit, in accordance with, for example, a regulatory requirement and / or a device manufacturer setting that is based on, but may be lower than, the regulatory requirement.

[0213] As an example, the transmit time may be selected from a plurality of transmit times associated with a plurality of transmit powers, where the plurality of transmit powers may include the transmit power at which the signal is transmitted in block 1006. The plurality of transmit times may include a first transmit time associated with an instantaneous power limit supported by the UE (e.g., a maximum transmit power supported by the UE) and a second transmit time associated with an average power corresponding to an RF exposure limit. In an aspect, the first transmit time is selected from a plurality of transmit times associated with an instantaneous power limit (e.g., P max ), and the second transmission time may be the duration it takes for the UE to transmit data at an average power (P limit ) may be the duration it takes to transmit data.

[0214] Using the determined transmission time, the UE may select a transmission mode (such as a time-averaged mode or a peak mode) to ensure RF exposure compliance with the RF exposure limits. As an example, the time-averaged mode allows the UE to transmit at its maximum power (e.g., P ) while still maintaining RF exposure compliance and ensuring transmit power margin within the time window associated with the RF exposure limits. max ), the peak mode may be preferred for short transmission times or bursty traffic to enable transmission over a relatively long transmission duration (e.g., a transmission having a duration greater than the time window). In some cases, the transmitter may intelligently toggle between the time-averaged mode and the peak mode based on the transmission time determined from the radio conditions (and possibly from the upload data buffer size). In some aspects, the transmission time is not explicitly calculated or determined, but the transmission mode is determined or possibly selected based on one or more of the (radio) conditions described above and the data for transmission using the concepts described herein.

[0215] In an aspect, the UE may select a transmission mode to be used to transmit a signal in block 1006 based on various thresholds / conditions (or conditions, as the case may be) related to the transmission time determined in block 1004. For example, max If the transmission time at P is less than or equal to the burst transmission time, the UE may operate in a time-averaged mode to transmit the signal at block 1006, where the burst transmission time is the time at which the UE max The burst transmission time may refer to the maximum duration for which a transmitter can transmit at a reduced transmit power and have sufficient reserve power to continue transmitting at a reduced transmit power within a time window associated with the RF exposure limit. The reduced transmit power may be at a level sufficient to maintain a connection with the receiving entity. The burst transmission time may be P as shown in FIG. 5C. max (or a combination of the durations of multiple bursts) related to P max The transmission time and burst transmission time at P max For comparison between the transmission time at P and the burst transmission time, and / or for comparison with the time window, the burst transmission time may be scaled based on an estimated (uplink) transmission duty cycle (described herein). For example, if the transmission duty cycle is low enough, the burst transmission time scaled by (1 / duty_cycle) may be larger than the time window, in which case the UE may limit P continuously in time-averaged mode during such low transmit duty_cycle without time-averaged exposure exceeding max Similarly, P limit ≧P max If , the burst transmission time is greater than the time window (e.g., 4 seconds, 100 seconds, or 360 seconds), then the UE operation in either time-average mode or peak mode is max The time-averaged transmission power is P limit does not exceed.

[0216]

[0169] The UE ismax , P limit , and / or P reserve The peak transmission may be determined for P determined in block 1004. limit If the transmission time at P is greater than a time window associated with the RF exposure limit (e.g., 4 seconds, 100 seconds, or 360 seconds), the UE may operate in a peak mode to transmit the signal in block 1006. If any of the transmission times determined in block 1004 is greater than the burst transmission time and less than a time window associated with the RF exposure limit, the UE may operate in a time-averaged mode to transmit the signal in block 1006. In such a case, the UE may operate in a time-averaged mode to transmit the signal in block 1006. max and P limit To give a longer high power duration, transmit the signal at this power level or P max To increase the high power duration at the level, max and lower P reserve In other words, the transmit power in block 1006 may be adjusted (e.g., increased or decreased) while the signal is being transmitted to ensure compliance with RF exposure limits.

[0217] With respect to operation 1000A, the transmit power in block 1006 is determined to be equal to or less than the instantaneous power limit (e.g., P max), where the burst transmission time is less than a time window associated with an RF exposure limit. In an aspect, if the second transmission time determined in block 1004 is greater than or equal to the time window associated with an RF exposure limit, the transmit power may be limited by the average power. If the transmission time associated with any of the plurality of transmit powers determined in block 1004 is less than or equal to the time window and greater than or equal to the burst transmission time, the transmit power in block 1006 may be less than or equal to the instantaneous power limit and greater than the average power during the first portion of the transmission time, and the transmit power in block 1006 may be less than the average power during the second portion of the transmission time.

[0218] As an example, for operation 1000A, the transmit power in block 1006 may be set according to a time-average mode (such as the time-average mode described herein with respect to FIG. 5C ) if the transmit time determined in block 1004 is less than or equal to the burst transmit time. The transmit power in block 1006 may be set according to a peak mode (such as the peak mode described herein with respect to FIG. 5B ) if the transmit time determined in block 1004 is greater than or equal to a time window associated with an RF exposure limit. If the transmit time associated with any of the multiple transmit powers determined in block 1004 is less than or equal to the time window and greater than or equal to the burst transmit time, the transmit power in block 1006 may be set according to the time-average mode such that the transmit power is less than or equal to the instantaneous power limit and greater than the average power during a first portion of the transmit time, and the transmit power in block 1006 may be less than the average power during a second portion of the transmit time.

[0219] In some aspects, the transmit time determination may be determined under the assumption that current network conditions remain the same throughout the transmission to the receiving entity. In a mobility state (e.g., when the UE is moving within a wireless network and transmitting to one or more receiving entities), the UE may use various models to estimate the transmit time. For example, the UE may use machine learning to predict / learn future network / radio conditions (e.g., a route from home to work), and the UE may calculate the transmit time and / or select a transmit mode in block 1004 using the predicted network / radio conditions to make a decision, for example, on selecting a time-averaged mode, a peak mode, a combination thereof, or one or more other modes. With respect to operation 1000A, the UE may determine the transmit time under a mobility state associated with the UE based at least in part on future predicted radio conditions. In some aspects, the future predicted radio conditions may be generated using machine learning, artificial intelligence, neural networks, regression analysis, etc. In some aspects, a transmit mode is selected for the entire data transmission. In other aspects, a transmit mode may be selected for each time window in which data is transmitted. For example, when data is to be transmitted during two time windows, the UE may select the peak mode and transmit a portion of the data using the peak mode during a first of the two time windows, and may select the time-averaged mode and transmit the remaining portion of the data using the time-averaged mode during a second of the two time windows. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that these are examples only, and that the UE may make other selections or combinations of selections in accordance with the concepts described herein.

[0220] In some aspects, future / current radio conditions, mobility conditions, buffer sizes, or other conditions described herein with respect to operations 1000A and / or 1000B may be generated based on patterns, which may include parameters related to past network conditions, user behavior, etc., as described above with respect to FIGS. 6-9B. In some aspects, data or buffer sizes, data rates, transmission times, etc. may be predicted, or determined values ​​related to one of these aspects may be changed or modified based on patterns. Thus, determining a transmission time in block 1004, or any other operation described herein, may be based on current or measured values ​​(e.g., current buffer data, measured SNR, etc.) and / or predicted future values ​​(e.g., additional data that may be received in the buffer within a time window, changing network conditions, etc.), and may be based on, for example, machine learning, artificial intelligence, known or determined patterns, etc.

[0221] In some embodiments, RF exposure limits may follow limits set in accordance with a regulatory / standards body (e.g., the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States, Innovation, Science and Economic Development (ISED) in Canada, or the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) standards followed by the European Union (EU). RF exposure limits may include SAR and / or PD limits for various frequency ranges. RF exposure limits may be averaged over time over a specified time window, such as 4 seconds for transmission frequencies between 24 GHz and 42 GHz, 100 seconds for transmission frequencies below 3 GHz, or 360 seconds for transmission frequencies below 6 GHz.

[0222] 10B is a flow diagram illustrating example operations 1000B for wireless communication in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. The operations 1000B may be performed, for example, by a UE (e.g., UE 120a in wireless communication network 100).

[0223] The operations 1000B may begin at block 1008, where the UE may select a transmission mode from a plurality of transmission modes (e.g., a time-average mode and a peak mode) based on data for transmission from the UE to a receiving entity (e.g., the BS 110 and / or another UE 120) and one or more radio conditions associated with the transmission. The data and / or radio conditions may be current and / or measured and / or future and / or predicted, for example, using machine learning, artificial intelligence, and / or parameters related to past behaviors and / or patterns. In block 1010, the UE may transmit a signal indicative of the data to the receiving entity at a transmit power based at least in part on the selected transmission mode and RF exposure limits.

[0224] In block 1010 (or 1006), the UE may transmit at least a portion of the data at a power level that is above the average power for the RF exposure limit. In block 1010 (or 1006), the UE may transmit at least a portion of the data at a reserve power level (e.g., reserve power P) that is lower than the average power level during at least a portion of the time window in which the portion of the data was transmitted. reserve ) In some aspects, for example, the reserve power level may be adjusted as described further herein.

[0225] The multiple transmission modes may include at least a first mode and a second mode, where the first mode includes transmission at levels above and below the average power for RF exposure limits, and the second mode includes transmission at levels equal to or less than the average power. In other words, the first mode may correspond to the time-average mode described herein with respect to FIG. 5C, and the second mode may correspond to the peak mode described herein with respect to FIG. 5B.

[0226] In some aspects, the operations for determining transmit power described herein may take into account or consider a transmit duty cycle, for example, when performing operation 600, operation 1000A, and / or operation 1000B. For example, P max The burst transmission time of P(t) at may be scaled by the transmit duty cycle. For short duty cycles, the transmit power may be determined based on the duty cycle independently of operations 600, 1000A, and / or 1000B, while for long duty cycles, the transmit power may be determined in accordance with operations 600, 1000A, and / or 1000B. For example, if the duty cycle (e.g., the amount of time that the transmit power is 0) is greater than the average power P limit If the maximum exposure is not reached regardless of the power used when transmitting (because the power is less than P), the UE may transmit with a power of P even when the burst transmission time is greater than the time window. max (for example, a time-averaged mode may be selected).

[0227] In some aspects, the UE may, in addition to or as an alternative to operation 600, operation 1000A, and / or operation 1000B, determine a reserve power (P reserve) may be adjusted. For example, after determining whether to perform the time-average mode or the peak mode in operations 1000A and / or 1000B, a certain transmit power behavior may be obtained by adjusting the reserve power, such as increasing or decreasing the reserve power to a particular level. The criteria used to adjust the reserve power may include machine learning or artificial intelligence used to predict some future conditions (e.g., radio conditions, user behavior, mobility conditions, etc.) and / or estimate current conditions (e.g., patterns described herein). The criteria may include, for example, a transmit time associated with a transmission, as described herein with respect to operations 1000A and / or 1000B. The criteria may include a preferred transmit power behavior or a transmit mode, such as the peak mode shown in FIG. 5B . The criteria may include conditions and / or patterns described herein.

[0228]

[0181] Reserve power (P reserve ) is P limit If the power reserve is increased, P max The duration of P decreases and the duration of the reserve power increases, which may provide consistent transmit power over time. limit Instead of setting the reserve power to, say, 5% of the energy is set to P max P limit near (for example, P limit In some cases, any unused reserve power from a radio in a multi-transmit scenario may be allocated as part of a high-power burst margin or excess margin for use by other radios. In some aspects, the reserve power may be set to high (e.g., P limit 95% of the normal (e.g., P limit 80% of the total, and low (e.g., P limit The threshold may be defined and selected for some condition, such as 10% of the threshold.

[0229] In some aspects, the reserve power may be adjusted in a multi-transmit scenario, for example, as described herein with respect to FIG. 6. For example, assume that a first radio requests a first reserve power and a second radio requests a second reserve power. If there is available reserve power after considering the first and second reserve powers, the total reserve power shared between the first and second radios may be increased. For example, the remaining reserve power (P delta ) can be determined according to the following formula:

[0230]

number

[0231] where P reserve_high is P limit At a specific power level (for example, P limit 95% of P reserve_radios is equal to the sum of the reserve powers selected for each of the radios (e.g., the sum of the first reserve power for the first radio and the second reserve power for the second radio). limit Since the value may differ between radios in a multi-transmit scenario, equation (17) is limit This can be done by normalizing all quantities with respect to P. reserve_high is replaced by the normalized reserve_high (e.g., =0.95), and P reserve_radios is the normalized reserve_radios (e.g., 0.90 = P reserve1 / P limit1 +P reserve2 / P limit2 +...+P reserveN / P limitN (the sum of the reserved powers selected for each of the active radios, such as delta is replaced by a normalized delta (e.g., 0.05). The remaining reserve power (P delta) may be divided among the radios to increase the reserve power for each radio. For example, a first reserve power for a first radio may be P delta and the second reserve power may be increased by a fraction of P delta The factor 1 / (N radios) can be increased by the remaining part of P delta In some aspects, the reserve power may be segmented differently across the radios based on, for example, the application or service used for the radio.

[0232] 11A-11C are graphs 1100A-1100C of transmit power (P(t)) over time illustrating a time-averaged mode using dynamic power reserve, in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 11A, reserve ) is P max , can be set to zero or none so that the longest duration of the power reserve (P reserve ) is a value for the reserve power (e.g., P reserve_reg ) can be set to a power level less than the reserve power (P reserve ) is a value for the reserve power (e.g., P reserve_reg ) can be set to a power level above

[0233] Various aspects of operation 1000B may apply to operation 1000A, or vice versa. For example, the UE may perform the selection in block 1008 based on a determined transmission time derived from radio conditions, data size, data rate, and / or a particular transmit power, as described herein with respect to block 1004. In block 1006 (or 1010), the UE may transmit a signal based on a selected transmission mode associated with block 1008. In some aspects, the transmit power used for operation 1000A and / or operation 1000B may be set in conjunction with another algorithm, such as operations described herein with respect to FIGS. 7A-9B or operations performed independently of other algorithms. In some such examples, the transmit power may be set lower than that determined in operation 1000A or 1000B due to application of the algorithm described with respect to FIGS. 7A-9B.

[0234] Although various aspects of the present disclosure are described herein with respect to selecting between a time-averaged mode or a peak mode based on an estimated transmission time for ease of understanding, aspects of the present disclosure may also be applied to selecting other transmission modes, such as a simple time-averaged mode or a combination of a time-averaged mode and a peak mode, based on an estimated transmission time and / or one or more (radio) conditions. In some examples, the mode and / or transmit power may be selected based on the estimated transmission time and / or one or more (radio) conditions. limit Amount of time to send (or P limit For example, if one or more bursts in a time window are sufficient to transmit data, there may be some time when the transmit power is still zero (e.g., when the UE has finished transmitting all data), and P limit Sending more than P limit The UE increases or maximizes the transmit power, which is greater than or equal to P limitAs another example, transmitting a burst may cause the UE to transmit a burst greater than P limit (for example, P reserve If the UE later reduces the transmit power (so that limit Instead of P, it is not necessary to spend time sending limit The user may decide to send all of the data at once.

[0235] 1-11C are described herein with respect to a UE that performs various methods for providing RF exposure compliance for ease of understanding, however, aspects of the present disclosure may also apply to other wireless communication devices (wireless devices), such as base stations and / or CPEs that perform the RF exposure compliance described herein. Additionally, while the examples are described with respect to communications between a UE (or other wireless device) and a network entity, the UE or other wireless device may be communicating with a device other than a network entity, e.g., another UE, or, e.g., another device in a user's home that is not a network entity.

[0236] 12 shows a communications device 1200 (e.g., UE 120) that may include various components (e.g., corresponding to means-plus-function components) configured to perform operations for the techniques disclosed herein, such as those illustrated in FIG. 6, FIG. 10A, and / or FIG. 10B. The communications device 1200 includes a processing system 1202 coupled to a transceiver 1208 (e.g., a transmitter and / or a receiver). The transceiver 1208 is configured to transmit and receive signals for the communications device 1200 via an antenna 1210, such as various signals described herein. The processing system 1202 may be configured to perform processing functions for the communications device 1200, including processing signals received by and / or to be transmitted by the communications device 1200.

[0237] Processing system 1202 includes a processor 1204 coupled to a computer-readable medium / memory 1212 via a bus 1206. In some aspects, computer-readable medium / memory 1212 is configured to store instructions (e.g., computer-executable code) that, when executed by processor 1204, cause processor 1204 to perform the operations shown in FIG. 6, FIG. 10A, and / or FIG. 10B or other operations for performing various techniques described herein for providing RF exposure compliance. In some aspects, computer-readable medium / memory 1212 stores code for obtaining 1214, code for determining or selecting (or allocating or generating) 1216, code for transmitting 1218, code for selecting 1220, code for adjusting 1222, code for allocating 1224, and / or code for generating 1226. In some aspects, processing system 1202 has circuitry 1228 configured to implement code stored in computer-readable medium / memory 1212. In some aspects, circuitry 1228 is coupled to processor 1204 and / or computer-readable medium / memory 1212 via bus 1206. For example, circuitry 1228 includes circuitry 1230 for obtaining, circuitry 1232 for determining or selecting (or allocating or generating), circuitry 1234 for transmitting, circuitry 1236 for selecting, circuitry 1238 for adjusting, circuitry 1240 for allocating, and / or circuitry 1242 for generating.

[0238]

[0189] The various components of communications device 1200 may provide means for performing the methods described herein, including those with respect to Figures 6-10B.

[0239]

[0190] In some examples, the means for transmitting or sending (or the means for outputting for transmission) may include the transceiver 254 and / or the antenna 252 of the UE 120 shown in FIG. 2, and / or the transceiver 1208 and the antenna 1210 of the communication device 1200 of FIG. 12.

[0240]

[0191] In some examples, the means for receiving (or the means for acquiring) may include the transceiver 254 and / or the antenna 252 of the UE 120 shown in FIG. 2, and / or the transceiver 1208 and the antenna 1210 of the communication device 1200 of FIG. 12.

[0241]

[0192] In some examples, the means for obtaining, determining, selecting, adjusting, and / or generating may include various processing system components, such as one or more processors 1204 of FIG. 12, including receive processor 258, transmit processor 264, TX MIMO processor 266, and / or controller / processor 280 (including RF exposure manager 281), or an embodiment of UE 120 shown in FIG. 2. Exemplary Embodiments

[0193] In addition to the various aspects described above, certain combinations of aspects are within the scope of the present disclosure, some of which are detailed below.

[0242]

[0194] Aspect 1. A method of wireless communication by a user equipment (UE), comprising: obtaining a pattern associated with one or more first transmissions; determining a transmit power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the pattern and a radio frequency (RF) exposure limit; and transmitting the one or more second transmissions at the determined transmit power.

[0243]

[0195] Aspect 2. The method of aspect 1, wherein the pattern includes at least one of a transmit power pattern, an antenna usage pattern, a user behavior pattern, a transmission type, a priority pattern, an application pattern, an application type, a wireless network pattern, or sensor information.

[0244]

[0196] Aspect 3. The method of aspect 2, wherein the transmit power pattern includes one or more transmit powers over one or more time windows associated with RF exposure limits.

[0245]

[0197] Aspect 4. The method of aspect 2 or 3, wherein the antenna usage pattern includes an indication over time of when the UE switches to different transmit antennas.

[0246]

[0198] Aspect 5. The method of aspect 2, wherein the antenna usage pattern includes a usage pattern for each radio among the plurality of radios.

[0247]

[0199] Aspect 6. The method of aspect 2, wherein determining the transmit power comprises determining an overall available RF exposure margin based on a usage pattern for each radio among the plurality of radios, allocating RF exposure margin to each of the radios based on the overall available RF exposure margin, determining a transmit power ceiling for one of the radios based on a usage pattern for each of the other radios, and determining transmit power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the transmit power ceiling and the RF exposure margin allocated to one of the radios.

[0248]

[0200] Aspect 7. The method described in aspect 2, wherein determining the transmit power comprises determining a transmit power ceiling for the radio based on a usage pattern for the radio, and determining transmit power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the transmit power ceiling.

[0249]

[0201] Aspect 8. The method of aspect 7, wherein the transmit power ceiling is less than the maximum transmit power supported by the UE and greater than the average power limit associated with the RF exposure limit.

[0250]

[0202] Aspect 9. The method of aspect 6, wherein the usage pattern for each radio among the plurality of radios comprises an average transmit power over a past time interval associated with the respective radio.

[0251]

[0203] Aspect 10. The method of aspect 6, wherein determining the overall available RF exposure margin comprises determining the difference between the maximum available usage and the sum of the usage patterns for the radios.

[0252]

[0204] Aspect 11. The method of aspect 10, wherein allocating the RF exposure margin comprises allocating a proportion of the total available RF exposure margin to each of the radios as the RF exposure margin for the respective radio.

[0253]

[0205] Aspect 12. The method described in aspect 11, wherein allocating a proportion of the total available RF exposure margin comprises allocating a proportion of the total available RF exposure margin to each of the radios based at least in part on a priority associated with at least one of the radios.

[0254]

[0206] Aspect 13. The method described in aspect 12, wherein at least one of the priorities or proportions of the overall available RF exposure margin is associated with at least one of a frequency band, application, service, network condition, or exposure scenario associated with at least one of the radios.

[0255]

[0207] Aspect 14. The method of aspect 10, wherein determining the transmit power ceiling comprises determining a difference between a maximum available usage and the sum of the usage patterns for each of the other radios.

[0256]

[0208] Aspect 15. The method described in aspect 6, wherein determining the transmit power comprises determining the transmit power so that the transmit power is less than or equal to the minimum of a transmit power ceiling and an RF exposure margin allocated to one of the radios.

[0257]

[0209] Aspect 16. The method of aspect 6, wherein determining the transmit power comprises adjusting a transmit power ceiling in response to changes in usage patterns for the radio.

[0258]

[0210] Aspect 17. The method of aspect 7, wherein determining the transmit power comprises adjusting a transmit power ceiling in response to changes in usage patterns for the radio.

[0259]

[0211] Aspect 18. The method of aspect 16, wherein adjusting the transmit power ceiling comprises adjusting the transmit power ceiling in response to changes in a transmission scenario associated with the radio.

[0260]

[0212] Aspect 19. The method of aspect 16, wherein adjusting the transmit power ceiling comprises adjusting the transmit power ceiling based at least in part on a traffic model.

[0261]

[0213] Aspect 20. A method as described in aspect 6 or 7, wherein transmitting one or more second transmissions comprises transmitting one or more second transmissions at a transmit power ceiling during a first portion of a time window associated with an RF exposure limit, and transmitting one or more second transmissions at another transmit power less than the transmit power ceiling during a second portion of the time window.

[0262]

[0214] Aspect 16. The method of any one of aspects 2 to 15, wherein the user behavior pattern includes one or more times associated with when the user uses the UE for wireless communication.

[0263]

[0215] Aspect 17. A method according to any one of aspects 2 to 16, wherein the application pattern includes at least one of one or more transmission times or one or more transmission powers associated with one or more applications.

[0264]

[0216] Aspect 18. The method of any one of aspects 2 to 17, wherein the application type indicates the type of application that generates the data for transmission.

[0265]

[0217] Aspect 19. The method described in aspect 18, wherein determining the transmission power comprises determining an application type of one or more second transmissions, and determining the transmission power based on an application type having priority over other application types.

[0266]

[0218] Aspect 20. A method according to any one of aspects 2 to 19, wherein the wireless network pattern includes at least one of a channel quality between the UE and the receiving entity, a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) associated with the one or more first transmissions, a coding rate associated with the one or more first transmissions, a periodicity associated with the one or more first transmissions, a duty cycle associated with the one or more first transmissions, or an indication of the mobility of the UE during the one or more first transmissions.

[0267]

[0219] Aspect 21. A method as described in any one of aspects 2 to 20, wherein the sensor information pattern includes at least one of an indication of the proximity of the UE to a non-human object, an indication that the UE is in free space, an indication of a user usage scenario, an indication of the usage state of the UE, or an indication when antenna switching occurs in the UE.

[0268]

[0220] Aspect 22. The method described in aspect 21, wherein the user usage scenario indicates which part of the user's body the UE is in proximity to.

[0269]

[0221] Aspect 23. The method of any one of aspects 1 to 22, wherein determining the transmit power comprises determining the transmit power using machine learning based at least in part on the pattern.

[0270]

[0222] Aspect 24. A method as described in aspect 23, wherein determining the transmit power comprises generating a next user behavior using machine learning, and determining the transmit power based on the next user behavior and current network conditions.

[0271]

[0223] Aspect 25. A method as described in aspect 23, wherein determining the transmit power comprises generating the next network state using machine learning, and determining the transmit power based on the current user behavior and the next network state.

[0272]

[0224] Aspect 26. A method as described in aspect 23, wherein determining the transmit power comprises using machine learning to generate next network conditions and next user behavior, and determining the transmit power based on the next network conditions and next user behavior.

[0273]

[0225] Aspect 27. A method according to any one of aspects 1 to 26, wherein determining the transmit power comprises correlating the pattern with a transmit time associated with one or more second transmissions, comparing the transmit time with a time window associated with an RF exposure limit, and determining the transmit power based on the comparison.

[0274]

[0226] Aspect 28. The method of any one of aspects 1 to 27, wherein the RF exposure limit comprises a specific absorption rate (SAR) limit, a power density (PD) limit, or a combination thereof.

[0275]

[0227] Aspect 29. A method according to any one of aspects 1 to 28, wherein at least one of the one or more first transmissions occurred at a time prior to a current time window used to determine the transmission power based on the RF exposure limit.

[0276]

[0228] Aspect 30. A method according to any one of aspects 1 to 29, wherein determining comprises determining the transmit power to be above the average power level when the pattern indicates that RF exposure margin may be available, and otherwise determining the transmit power to be at the average power level.

[0277]

[0229] Aspect 31. The method described in aspect 30, wherein determining that the transmit power be above the average power level further comprises determining that network conditions indicate that higher transmit power is beneficial or determining that high priority information is being transmitted.

[0278]

[0230] Aspect 32. A method according to any one of aspects 1 to 31, wherein determining comprises comparing data stored in a transmission buffer with predicted usage based on a pattern, or comparing a transmission power used to transmit data in the data buffer with predicted transmission power based on a pattern.

[0279]

[0231] Aspect 34. An apparatus for wireless communication comprising: a memory; a processor coupled to the memory; and a transmitter configured to acquire a pattern associated with one or more first transmissions and determine a transmit power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the pattern and an RF exposure limit, the processor and memory configured to transmit the one or more second transmissions at the determined transmit power.

[0280]

[0232] Aspect 35. The apparatus of aspect 34 configured to perform any one of aspects 1 to 32.

[0281]

[0233] Aspect 36. An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising: means for obtaining a pattern associated with one or more first transmissions; means for determining a transmit power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the pattern and an RF exposure limit; and means for transmitting the one or more second transmissions at the determined transmit power.

[0282]

[0234] Aspect 37. The apparatus of aspect 36, wherein the apparatus comprises means for performing any one of aspects 1 to 32.

[0283]

[0235] Aspect 38. A computer-readable medium storing instructions for obtaining a pattern associated with one or more first transmissions, determining a transmit power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the pattern and an RF exposure limit, and transmitting the one or more second transmissions at the determined transmit power.

[0284]

[0236] Aspect 39. The computer-readable medium of aspect 38 having stored thereon instructions for performing any one of aspects 1 to 32.

[0285]

[0237] In addition to the various aspects described above, certain combinations of aspects are within the scope of the present disclosure, some of which are detailed below.

[0286]

[0238] Aspect 1: An apparatus for wireless communication comprising: a memory; and a processor coupled to the memory, wherein the processor and memory are configured to obtain a pattern associated with one or more first transmissions, determine a transmit power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the pattern and a radio frequency (RF) exposure limit, and transmit the one or more second transmissions at the determined transmit power.

[0287]

[0239] Aspect 2: The device described in aspect 1, wherein the pattern includes at least one of a transmit power pattern, an antenna usage pattern, a user behavior pattern, a transmission type, a priority pattern, an application pattern, an application type, a wireless network pattern, or sensor information.

[0288]

[0240] Aspect 3: The device described in aspect 1 or 2, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to determine a first transmit power, determine a second transmit power based at least in part on an average transmit power over a time interval, select a third transmit power as the minimum of the first transmit power and the second transmit power, and determine a transmit power for one or more second transmissions such that the transmit power is less than or equal to the third transmit power.

[0289]

[0241] Aspect 4: The apparatus of aspect 3, wherein the second transmit power is based at least in part on the inverse of a normalized average transmit power over a past time interval.

[0290]

[0242] Aspect 5: The apparatus described in any one of aspects 1 to 4, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to: determine a first transmit power for each of the plurality of radios; determine a second transmit power for each of the plurality of radios, where the second transmit power is based at least in part on a normalized average transmit power for the respective radio over a time interval; select a third transmit power for each of the plurality of radios as the minimum of the first transmit power and the second transmit power for the respective radio; and determine a transmit power for one or more second transmissions such that the transmit power for each of the plurality of radios is less than or equal to the third transmit power for the respective radio.

[0291]

[0243] Aspect 6: The device described in aspect 5, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to: determine a fourth transmit power based at least in part on the product of the maximum average power corresponding to the RF exposure limit for each radio and the inverse of the sum of the smallest value of the normalized average transmit power and the unit quantity for the multiple radios; determine a fifth transmit power which is the maximum average power corresponding to the RF exposure limit divided by the number of the multiple radios, wherein the fourth transmit power is further based on the ratio between the normalized average transmit power for each radio and the sum of the normalized average transmit powers for the multiple radios; and select a second transmit power based on the maximum value of the fourth transmit power and the fifth transmit power.

[0292]

[0244] Aspect 7: The device described in aspect 5 or 6, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to adjust a time interval for the normalized average transmit power based at least in part on the average power over a time window corresponding to the RF exposure limit, and to select as the time interval the maximum value of the first time interval and the second time interval that vary with the average transmit power over the past time window, wherein the first time interval and the second time interval depend on the transmit frequency of one or more second transmissions.

[0293]

[0245] Aspect 8: The device described in any one of aspects 5 to 7, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to adjust the time interval for the normalized average transmit power based at least in part on one or more current network conditions.

[0294]

[0246] Aspect 9: The device described in any one of aspects 1 to 8, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to determine a first transmit power, apply an upper limit to the first transmit power to determine a second transmit power, and determine a transmit power for one or more second transmissions such that the transmit power is less than or equal to the second transmit power.

[0295]

[0247] Aspect 10: The apparatus of any one of aspects 1 to 9, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to: determine a first transmit power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on a time-averaged RF exposure amount over a past time window; determine a second transmit power based at least in part on a normalized average transmit power for the radio over the time interval; determine a third transmit power that is a maximum average power corresponding to an RF exposure limit; select a fourth transmit power as the minimum of the first transmit power and the second transmit power for the radio; select a fifth transmit power as the minimum of the first transmit power and the third transmit power for the radio; select a sixth transmit power from among the first transmit power, the fourth transmit power, and the fifth transmit power; and determine a transmit power for one or more second transmissions such that the transmit power is less than or equal to the sixth transmit power for the radio.

[0296] Aspect 11: The processor and memory perform the following steps: determine a first transmit power for each of a plurality of radios, where the first transmit power is based at least in part on a time-averaged RF exposure amount over a past time window; determine a second transmit power for each of the plurality of radios, where the second transmit power is based at least in part on a normalized average transmit power for the respective radio over a time interval; and determine a third transmit power for each of the plurality of radios, where the third transmit power is a maximum average power corresponding to an RF exposure limit divided by the number of the plurality of radios. 11. The apparatus of any one of aspects 1 to 10, further configured to: select a fourth transmit power for each of the plurality of radios as a minimum of the first transmit power and the second transmit power; select a fifth transmit power for each of the plurality of radios as a minimum of the first transmit power and the third transmit power for the respective radio; select a sixth transmit power for each of the plurality of radios from among the first transmit power, the fourth transmit power, and the fifth transmit power for the respective radio; and determine transmit powers for the one or more second transmissions such that the transmit power for each of the plurality of radios is less than or equal to the sixth transmit power for the respective radio.

[0297]

[0249] Aspect 12: The device described in any one of aspects 2 to 11, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to: determine an overall available RF exposure margin based on a usage pattern for each radio among the multiple radios; allocate RF exposure margin to each of the radios based on the overall available RF exposure margin; determine a transmit power ceiling for one of the radios based on a usage pattern for each of the other radios; and determine a transmit power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the transmit power ceiling and the RF exposure margin allocated to one of the radios.

[0298]

[0250] Aspect 13: The device described in any one of aspects 2 to 12, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to determine a transmit power ceiling for the radio based on a usage pattern for the radio and to determine a transmit power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the transmit power ceiling, wherein the transmit power ceiling is less than a maximum transmit power supported by the device and greater than an average power limit associated with an RF exposure limit.

[0299]

[0251] Aspect 14: The apparatus of aspect 12 or 13, wherein the usage pattern for each radio among the plurality of radios comprises an average transmit power over a past time interval associated with the respective radio.

[0300]

[0252] Aspect 15: An apparatus described in any one of aspects 12 to 14, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to determine the difference between the maximum available usage and the sum of the usage patterns for the radio as the total available RF exposure margin.

[0301]

[0253] Aspect 16: The device described in Aspect 15, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to allocate a proportion of the total available RF exposure margin to each of the radios as the RF exposure margin for the respective radio, allocate a proportion of the total available RF exposure margin to each of the radios based at least in part on a priority associated with at least one of the radios, and determine as a transmit power ceiling the difference between the maximum available usage and the sum of the usage patterns for each of the other radios.

[0302]

[0254] Aspect 17: The device described in Aspect 16, wherein at least one of the priorities or proportions of the overall available RF exposure margin is associated with at least one of a frequency band, application, service, network condition, or exposure scenario associated with at least one of the radios.

[0303]

[0255] Aspect 18: An apparatus described in any one of aspects 12 to 17, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to determine the transmit power so that the transmit power is less than or equal to the minimum of the transmit power ceiling and the RF exposure margin allocated to one of the radios.

[0304]

[0256] Aspect 19: The apparatus of any one of aspects 12 to 18, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to adjust the transmit power ceiling in response to changes in usage patterns for the radio.

[0305]

[0257] Aspect 20: The device described in any one of aspects 2 to 19, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to determine application types of one or more second transmissions and determine transmission power based on the application types having priority over other application types.

[0306]

[0258] Aspect 21: The device described in any one of aspects 1 to 20, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to determine the transmit power using machine learning based at least in part on the pattern.

[0307]

[0259] Aspect 22: The device described in Aspect 21, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to generate at least one of a next user behavior or a next network condition using machine learning, and to determine the transmit power based on at least one of the next user behavior, the current user behavior, the next network condition, or the current network condition.

[0308]

[0260] Aspect 23: An apparatus described in any one of aspects 1 to 22, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to correlate the pattern with a transmission time associated with one or more second transmissions, compare the transmission time with a time window associated with an RF exposure limit, and determine a transmission power based on the comparison.

[0309] Aspect 24: The transmit power pattern includes one or more transmit powers over one or more time windows associated with RF exposure limits; the antenna usage pattern includes a usage pattern for each radio among the plurality of radios; the user behavior pattern includes one or more times associated with when a user uses the device for wireless communication; the application pattern includes at least one of one or more transmit times or one or more transmit powers associated with one or more applications; the application type indicates a type of application generating data for transmission; and the wireless network pattern includes one or more transmit powers associated with a channel quality between the device and a receiving entity, 24. The device of any one of aspects 2 to 23, wherein the sensor information includes at least one of: a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) associated with a number of first transmissions; a coding rate associated with the one or more first transmissions; a periodicity associated with the one or more first transmissions; a duty cycle associated with the one or more first transmissions; or an indication of mobility of the device during the one or more first transmissions; and the sensor information includes at least one of an indication of proximity of the device to a non-human object, an indication that the device is in free space, an indication of a user usage scenario, an indication of a use state of the device, or an indication of when antenna switching occurs at the device, and the user usage scenario indicates which part of the user's body the device is in proximity to.

[0310]

[0262] Aspect 25: An apparatus described in any one of aspects 1 to 24, wherein the RF exposure limit comprises a specific absorption rate (SAR) limit, a power density (PD) limit, or a combination thereof.

[0311]

[0263] Aspect 26: A method of wireless communication by a wireless device, comprising: obtaining a pattern associated with one or more first transmissions; determining a transmit power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the pattern and a radio frequency (RF) exposure limit; and transmitting the one or more second transmissions at the determined transmit power.

[0312]

[0264] Aspect 27: The method described in aspect 26, wherein the pattern includes at least one of a transmit power pattern, an antenna usage pattern, a user behavior pattern, a transmission type, a priority pattern, an application pattern, an application type, a wireless network pattern, or sensor information.

[0313]

[0265] Aspect 28: The method described in aspect 26 or 27, wherein determining the transmit power comprises determining a first transmit power for each of a plurality of radios; determining a second transmit power for each of the plurality of radios, wherein the second transmit power is based at least in part on a normalized average transmit power for the respective radio over a time interval; selecting a third transmit power for each of the plurality of radios as the minimum of the first transmit power and the second transmit power for the respective radio; and determining a transmit power for one or more second transmissions such that the transmit power for each of the plurality of radios is less than or equal to the third transmit power for the respective radio.

[0314]

[0266] Aspect 29: A method as described in aspect 27 or 28, wherein determining the transmit power comprises determining an overall available RF exposure margin based on a usage pattern for each radio among the plurality of radios, allocating RF exposure margin to each of the radios based on the overall available RF exposure margin, determining a transmit power ceiling for one of the radios based on a usage pattern for each of the other radios, and determining transmit power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the transmit power ceiling and the RF exposure margin allocated to one of the radios.

[0315]

[0267] Aspect 30: A method according to any one of aspects 27 to 29, wherein determining the transmit power comprises determining a transmit power ceiling for the radio based on a usage pattern for the radio, and determining a transmit power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the transmit power ceiling, wherein the transmit power ceiling is less than a maximum transmit power supported by the wireless device and greater than an average power limit associated with an RF exposure limit.

[0316]

[0268] Aspect 31: An apparatus for wireless communication comprising a memory and a processor coupled to the memory, wherein the processor and memory are configured to obtain data for transmission to a receiving entity and radio conditions associated with the transmission, determine a transmission time associated with the data based at least in part on the radio conditions, and transmit a signal indicative of the data to the receiving entity at a transmission power based at least in part on the determined transmission time and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits.

[0317]

[0269] Aspect 32: The apparatus described in aspect 31, wherein the transmission time is selected from a plurality of transmission times associated with a plurality of transmission powers, and the plurality of transmission powers includes a transmission power at which the signal is transmitted.

[0318]

[0270] Aspect 33: The device described in aspect 32, wherein the multiple transmission times comprise a first transmission time associated with an instantaneous power limit supported by the device and a second transmission time associated with an average power corresponding to an RF exposure limit.

[0319]

[0271] Aspect 34: The device described in aspect 33, wherein the transmit power is limited by an instantaneous power limit when a first transmit time is less than or equal to a burst transmit time associated with the instantaneous power limit in accordance with the RF exposure limit, wherein the burst transmit time is less than a time window associated with the RF exposure limit, and the transmit power is limited by average power when a second transmit time is greater than or equal to the time window associated with the RF exposure limit, and wherein when a transmit time associated with any of the multiple transmit powers is less than or equal to the time window and greater than or equal to the burst transmit time, the transmit power is less than or equal to the instantaneous power limit and greater than the average power of the first portion of the transmit time, and the transmit power is less than the average power of the second portion of the transmit time.

[0320]

[0272] Aspect 35: An apparatus described in aspect 33 or 34, wherein the transmit power is set according to a time-average mode when the transmit time is less than or equal to a burst transmit time associated with an instantaneous power limit in accordance with the RF exposure limit, wherein the burst transmit time is less than a time window associated with the RF exposure limit, and the transmit power is set according to a peak mode when the transmit time is greater than or equal to the time window associated with the RF exposure limit, and when the transmit time associated with any of the multiple transmit powers is less than or equal to the time window and greater than or equal to the burst transmit time, the transmit power is set according to the time-average mode such that the transmit power is less than or equal to the instantaneous power limit and greater than the average power for a first portion of the transmit time, and the transmit power is less than the average power for a second portion of the transmit time.

[0321]

[0273] Aspect 36: An apparatus described in any one of aspects 31 to 35, wherein the radio conditions include at least one of a channel quality between the apparatus and the receiving entity, a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) associated with the transmission, a coding rate associated with the transmission, or a periodicity associated with the transmission to the receiving entity.

[0322]

[0274] Aspect 37: An apparatus described in any one of aspects 31 to 36, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to determine a data rate associated with transmitting data to a receiving entity based on radio conditions, and to determine a transmission time based on the data rate and a size associated with the data.

[0323]

[0275] Aspect 38: An apparatus described in any one of aspects 31 to 37, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to determine a transmission time under a mobility state associated with the apparatus based at least in part on future predicted radio conditions.

[0324]

[0276] Aspect 39: The apparatus described in aspect 38, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to generate future predicted radio conditions using machine learning.

[0325]

[0277] Aspect 40: The apparatus of any one of aspects 31 to 39, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to determine the transmission time based at least in part on a buffer size associated with the data.

[0326]

[0278] Aspect 41: An apparatus described in any one of aspects 31 to 40, wherein the processor and memory are configured to determine the radio conditions based on a pattern associated with a first time window, wherein the first time window is separate from a second time window associated with an RF exposure limit.

[0327]

[0279] Aspect 42: An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising: a memory; and a processor coupled to the memory, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to select a transmission mode from a plurality of transmission modes based on data for transmission from the apparatus to a receiving entity and one or more radio conditions associated with the transmission; and to transmit a signal indicative of the data to the receiving entity at a transmission power based at least in part on the selected transmission mode and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits.

[0328]

[0280] Aspect 43: The device described in aspect 42, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to transmit at least a portion of the data at a power level that exceeds an average power level for the RF exposure limit.

[0329]

[0281] Aspect 44: The device described in aspect 43, wherein the processor and memory are configured to transmit at a power level that exceeds the average power level for the RF exposure limit during a time window associated with the RF exposure limit based on the duty cycle of the transmission.

[0330]

[0282] Aspect 45: The apparatus of aspect 43 or 44, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to transmit at a reserve power level lower than the average power level for at least a portion of the time window in which the portion of the data was transmitted.

[0331]

[0283] Aspect 46: The apparatus of aspect 45, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to adjust the reserve power level.

[0332]

[0284] Aspect 47: An apparatus described in any one of aspects 42 to 46, wherein the multiple transmission modes include at least a first mode and a second mode, the first mode including transmission at a power level above an average power level for an RF exposure limit and a power level below the average power level, and the second mode including transmission at a power level equal to or less than the average power level, and the one or more radio conditions include at least one of a channel quality between the apparatus and a receiving entity, a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) associated with the transmission, a coding rate associated with the transmission, or a periodicity associated with the transmission to the receiving entity.

[0333]

[0285] Aspect 48: A method of wireless communication by a wireless device, comprising: obtaining data for transmission to a receiving entity and radio conditions associated with the transmission; determining a transmission time associated with the data based at least in part on the radio conditions; and transmitting a signal indicative of the data to the receiving entity at a transmission power based at least in part on the determined transmission time and a radio frequency (RF) exposure limit.

[0334]

[0286] Aspect 49: The method described in aspect 48, wherein the transmission time is selected from a plurality of transmission times associated with a plurality of transmission powers, the plurality of transmission powers including the transmission power at which the signal is transmitted, wherein the plurality of transmission times comprises a first transmission time associated with an instantaneous power limit supported by the wireless device and a second transmission time associated with an average power corresponding to an RF exposure limit.

[0335]

[0287] Aspect 50: The method described in aspect 49, wherein the transmission power is limited by an instantaneous power limit when the first transmission time is less than or equal to a burst transmission time associated with the instantaneous power limit in accordance with the RF exposure limit, wherein the burst transmission time is less than a time window associated with the RF exposure limit, and the transmission power is limited by an average power when the second transmission time is greater than or equal to the time window associated with the RF exposure limit, and when the transmission time associated with any of the multiple transmission powers is less than or equal to the time window and greater than or equal to the burst transmission time, the transmission power is less than or equal to the instantaneous power limit and greater than the average power of the first portion of the transmission time, and the transmission power is less than the average power of the second portion of the transmission time.

[0336]

[0288] Aspect 51: A method as described in aspect 49 or 50, wherein the transmit power is set according to a time-average mode when the transmit time is less than or equal to a burst transmit time associated with an instantaneous power limit in accordance with the RF exposure limit, the burst transmit time being less than a time window associated with the RF exposure limit, and the transmit power is set according to a peak mode when the transmit time is greater than or equal to the time window associated with the RF exposure limit, and when the transmit time associated with any of the multiple transmit powers is less than or equal to the time window and greater than or equal to the burst transmit time, the transmit power is set according to the time-average mode so that the transmit power is less than or equal to the instantaneous power limit and greater than the average power for a first portion of the transmit time, and the transmit power is less than the average power for a second portion of the transmit time.

[0337]

[0289] Aspect 52: A method described in any one of aspects 48 to 51, wherein the radio conditions include at least one of a channel quality between the wireless device and the receiving entity, a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) associated with the transmission, a coding rate associated with the transmission, or a periodicity associated with the transmission to the receiving entity.

[0338]

[0290] Aspect 53: A method described in any one of aspects 48 to 52, wherein determining the transmission time comprises determining a data rate associated with transmitting data to a receiving entity based on radio conditions, and determining the transmission time based on the data rate and a size associated with the data.

[0339]

[0291] Aspect 54: A method described in any one of aspects 48 to 53, wherein determining the transmission time comprises determining the transmission time under a mobility state associated with the wireless device based at least in part on future predicted radio conditions.

[0340]

[0292] Aspect 55: The method of any one of aspects 48 to 54, wherein determining the transmission time comprises determining the transmission time based at least in part on a buffer size associated with the data.

[0341]

[0293] Aspect 56: A method of wireless communication by a wireless device, comprising selecting a transmission mode from a plurality of transmission modes based on data for transmission from the wireless device to a receiving entity and one or more radio conditions associated with the transmission, and transmitting a signal indicative of the data to the receiving entity at a transmission power based at least in part on the selected transmission mode and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits.

[0342]

[0294] Aspect 57: The method of aspect 56, wherein transmitting comprises transmitting at least a portion of the data at a power level that exceeds an average power level for the RF exposure limit.

[0343]

[0295] Aspect 58: The method of aspect 57, wherein transmitting comprises transmitting at a reserve power level lower than the average power level for at least a portion of the time window in which the portion of the data was transmitted.

[0344]

[0296] Aspect 59: The method of aspect 58, wherein transmitting comprises adjusting a reserve power level.

[0345]

[0297] Aspect 60: A method according to any one of aspects 56 to 59, wherein the multiple transmission modes include at least a first mode and a second mode, the first mode including transmission at a power level above an average power level for an RF exposure limit and a power level below the average power level, and the second mode including transmission at a power level equal to or less than the average power level, and the one or more radio conditions include at least one of a channel quality between the wireless device and the receiving entity, a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) associated with the transmission, a coding rate associated with the transmission, or a periodicity associated with the transmission to the receiving entity.

[0346]

[0298] Aspect 61: An apparatus comprising a memory having executable instructions and one or more processors configured to execute the executable instructions and cause the apparatus to perform a method according to any one of aspects 26 to 30 or aspects 48 to 60.

[0347]

[0299] Embodiment 62: An apparatus comprising means for carrying out the method according to any one of embodiments 26 to 30 or embodiments 48 to 60.

[0348]

[0300] Aspect 63: A computer-readable medium comprising executable instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform a method according to any one of aspects 26 to 30 or aspects 48 to 60.

[0349]

[0301] Aspect 64: A computer program product embodied on a computer-readable storage medium comprising code for performing the method according to any one of aspects 26 to 30 or aspects 48 to 60.

[0350] The techniques described herein may be used for various wireless communication technologies, such as NR (e.g., 5G NR), 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA), time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA), and other networks. The terms “network” and “system” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA network may implement radio technologies such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), cdma2000, and the like. UTRA includes Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) and other variants of CDMA, and cdma2000 covers the IS-2000, IS-95, and IS-856 standards. A TDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). An OFDMA network may implement a radio technology such as NR (e.g., 5G RA), Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDMA, etc. UTRA and E-UTRA are parts of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). LTE and LTE-A are releases of UMTS that use E-UTRA. UTRA, E-UTRA, UMTS, LTE, LTE-A, and GSM are described in documents from an organization named "3rd Generation Partnership Project" (3GPP), and cdma2000 and UMB are described in documents from an organization named "3rd Generation Partnership Project 2" (3GPP2). NR is an emerging wireless communications technology under development.

[0351] In 3GPP, the term "cell" can refer to the coverage area of ​​a Node B (NB) and / or the NB subsystem serving this coverage area, depending on the context in which the term is used. In an NR system, the terms "cell" and BS, next-generation Node B (gNB or gNodeB), access point (AP), distributed unit (DU), carrier, or transmit reception point (TRP) may be used interchangeably. A BS may provide communication coverage for macrocells, picocells, femtocells, and / or other types of cells. A macrocell may cover a relatively large geographic area (e.g., a few kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by UEs with service subscriptions. A picocell may cover a relatively small geographic area and may allow unrestricted access by UEs with service subscriptions. A femtocell may cover a relatively small geographic area (e.g., a home) and may allow restricted access by UEs having an association with the femtocell (e.g., UEs in a closed subscriber group (CSG), UEs for users in the home, etc.). A BS for a macro cell may be referred to as a macro BS, a BS for a pico cell may be referred to as a pico BS, and a BS for a femto cell may be referred to as a femto BS or a home BS.

[0352] A UE may also be referred to as a mobile station, terminal, access terminal, subscriber unit, station, customer premises equipment (CPE), cellular phone, smartphone, personal digital assistant (PDA), wireless modem, wireless communication device, handheld device, laptop computer, cordless phone, wireless local loop (WLL) station, tablet computer, camera, gaming device, netbook, smartbook, ultrabook, appliance, medical device or equipment, biometric sensor / device, wearable device such as smart watch, smart clothing, smart glasses, smart wristband, smart jewelry (e.g., smart ring, smart bracelet, etc.), entertainment device (e.g., music device, video device, satellite radio, etc.), vehicle component or vehicle sensor, smart meter / sensor, industrial manufacturing equipment, global positioning system (GPS) device, or any other suitable device configured to communicate over a wireless or wired medium. Some UEs may be considered machine type communication (MTC) devices or evolved MTC (eMTC) devices. MTC UEs and eMTC UEs include, for example, a robot, a drone, a remote device, a sensor, a meter, a monitor, a location tag, etc. that may communicate with a BS, another device (e.g., a remote device), or some other entity. A wireless node may provide, for example, connectivity for or to a network (e.g., a wide area network such as the Internet or a cellular network) via a wired or wireless communication link. Some UEs may be considered Internet of Things (IoT) devices, which may be Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) devices.

[0353] In some examples, access to the air interface may be scheduled. A scheduling entity (e.g., a BS) allocates resources for communication among some or all devices and equipment within its coverage area or cell. The scheduling entity may be responsible for scheduling, assigning, reconfiguring, and releasing resources for one or more subordinate entities. That is, for scheduled communication, the subordinate entities utilize the resources allocated by the scheduling entity. A base station is not the only entity that may function as a scheduling entity. In some examples, a UE may function as a scheduling entity and schedule resources for one or more subordinate entities (e.g., one or more other UEs), and the other UEs may utilize the resources scheduled by the UE for wireless communication. In some examples, a UE may function as a scheduling entity in a peer-to-peer (P2P) network and / or in a mesh network. In a mesh network example, UEs may communicate directly with each other in addition to communicating with the scheduling entity.

[0354]

[0306] The methods disclosed herein comprise one or more steps or actions for achieving the method. The steps and / or actions of the methods may be interchanged with one another without departing from the scope of the claims. In other words, unless a specific order of steps or actions is specified, the order and / or use of specific steps and / or actions may be changed without departing from the scope of the claims.

[0355]

[0307] As used herein, a phrase referring to "at least one of" a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, "at least one of a, b, or c" is intended to encompass a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, and abc, as well as any combination with multiples of the same element (e.g., aa, aaa, aab, aac, abb, acc, bb, bbb, bbc, cc, and ccc, or any other order of a, b, and c).

[0356]

[0308] As used herein, the term "determining" encompasses a wide variety of actions. For example, "determining" may include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, database, or another data structure), ascertaining, etc. Also, "determining" may include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory), etc. Also, "determining" may include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, etc.

[0357] The foregoing description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various embodiments described herein. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments. Accordingly, the claims are not limited to the embodiments set forth herein but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the claim language, wherein reference to an element in the singular does not mean "one and only one," unless expressly stated otherwise, but rather "one or more." Unless expressly stated otherwise, the term "some" refers to one or more. All structural and functional equivalents of the elements of the various embodiments described throughout this disclosure that are known, or that later become known, to those skilled in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is made public, regardless of whether such disclosure is expressly recited in the claims. No claim element shall be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. § 112(f) unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase "means for," or, in the case of a method claim, unless the element is recited using the phrase "step for."

[0358]

[0310] The various operations of the methods described above may be performed by any suitable means capable of performing the corresponding functions. These means may include various hardware and / or software components and / or modules, including, but not limited to, circuits, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), or processors. Generally, where there are operations illustrated in figures, those operations may have corresponding counterpart means-plus-function components with similar numbering.

[0359] The various example logic blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with this disclosure may be implemented or performed using a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device (PLD), discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but alternatively, the processor may be any commercially available processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

[0360]

[0312] When implemented in hardware, an exemplary hardware configuration may include a processing system in a wireless node. The processing system may be implemented using a bus architecture. The bus may include any number of interconnecting buses and bridges, depending on the particular application and overall design constraints of the processing system. The bus may link various circuits together, including processors, machine-readable media, and bus interfaces. The bus interface may be used to connect a network adapter, among other things, to the processing system via the bus. The network adapter may be used to implement signal processing functions of the physical (PHY) layer. In the case of user equipment (UE) (see FIG. 1), a user interface (e.g., keypad, display, mouse, joystick, etc.) may also be connected to the bus. The bus may also link various other circuits, such as timing sources, peripherals, voltage regulators, power management circuits, etc., which are well known in the art and therefore will not be described further. The processor may be implemented using one or more general-purpose and / or special-purpose processors. Examples include microprocessors, microcontrollers, DSP processors, and other circuits capable of executing software. Those skilled in the art will understand how to best implement the described functionality for a processing system depending on the particular application and the overall design constraints imposed on the overall system.

[0361]

[0313] If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Software should be broadly interpreted to mean instructions, data, or any combination thereof, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media, including any medium that enables transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A processor may be responsible for managing buses and general processing, including the execution of software modules stored on the machine-readable storage medium. A computer-readable storage medium may be coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from and write information to the storage medium. Alternatively, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. By way of example, machine-readable media may include a transmission line, a carrier wave modulated by data, and / or a computer-readable storage medium storing instructions separate from a wireless node, all of which may be accessed by the processor through a bus interface. Alternatively, or additionally, the machine-readable medium, or any portion thereof, may be integrated into the processor, such as may be a cache and / or general-purpose register file. Examples of machine-readable storage media may include, by way of example, RAM (random access memory), flash memory, ROM (read-only memory), PROM (programmable read-only memory), EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory), EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory), registers, magnetic disks, optical disks, hard drives, or other suitable storage media, or any combination thereof. The machine-readable medium may be embodied in a computer program product.

[0362] A software module may comprise a single instruction, or many instructions, and may be distributed over several different code segments, among different programs, and across multiple storage media. A computer-readable medium may comprise several software modules. A software module contains instructions that, when executed by a device such as a processor, cause a processing system to perform various functions. A software module may include a transmitting module and a receiving module. Each software module may reside in a single storage device or be distributed across multiple storage devices. As an example, a software module may be loaded into RAM from a hard drive when a trigger event occurs. During execution of a software module, a processor may load some of the instructions into a cache to increase access speed. One or more cache lines may then be loaded into a general-purpose register file for execution by the processor. When referring below to the functionality of a software module, it will be understood that such functionality is implemented by the processor when executing instructions from that software module.

[0363]

[0315] Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared (IR), radio, and microwave, the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included within the definition of medium. As used herein, disk and disc include compact discs (CDs), laser discs, optical discs, digital versatile discs (DVDs), floppy discs, and Blu-ray discs, where disks typically reproduce data magnetically and discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Thus, in some aspects computer-readable medium may comprise non-transitory computer-readable medium (e.g., tangible media). Further, in other aspects computer-readable medium may comprise transitory computer-readable medium (e.g., a signal). Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0364]

[0316] Accordingly, some aspects may comprise a computer program product for performing the operations presented herein. For example, such a computer program product may comprise a computer-readable medium having stored thereon (and / or encoded thereon) instructions executable by one or more processors to perform the operations described herein, e.g., instructions for performing the operations described herein and illustrated in Figures 6, 10A, and / or 10B.

[0365]

[0317] Furthermore, it should be appreciated that modules and / or other suitable means for performing the methods and techniques described herein may be downloaded and / or otherwise obtained by a UE and / or base station, where applicable. For example, such devices may be coupled to a server to facilitate the transfer of means for performing the methods described herein. Alternatively, the various methods described herein may be provided via storage means (e.g., RAM, ROM, physical storage media such as a compact disc (CD) or floppy disk, etc.) that the UE and / or base station may obtain upon coupling or providing the storage means to the device. Moreover, any other suitable technique for providing the methods and techniques described herein to a device may be utilized.

[0366]

[0318] It is to be understood that the claims are not limited to the precise configuration and components illustrated above. Various modifications, changes and variations may be made in the arrangement, operation and details of the methods and apparatus described above without departing from the scope of the claims. The inventions described in the claims of the present application as originally filed are set forth below. [C1] 1. An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising: Memory and a processor coupled to the memory; wherein the processor and the memory obtaining data for transmission to a receiving entity and radio conditions associated with said transmission; determining a transmission time associated with the data based at least in part on the radio conditions; transmitting to the receiving entity a signal indicative of the data at a transmission power based at least in part on the determined transmission time and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits; The apparatus is configured to: [C2] the transmission time is selected from a plurality of transmission times associated with a plurality of transmission powers; the plurality of transmission powers includes the transmission power at which the signal is transmitted; The device described in C1. [C3] 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the plurality of transmit times comprises a first transmit time associated with an instantaneous power limit supported by the apparatus and a second transmit time associated with an average power corresponding to the RF exposure limit. [C4] the transmit power is limited by the instantaneous power limit if the first transmit time is less than or equal to a burst transmit time associated with the instantaneous power limit according to the RF exposure limit, wherein the burst transmit time is less than a time window associated with the RF exposure limit; the transmit power is limited by the average power if the second transmit time is equal to or greater than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit; if the transmission time associated with any of the plurality of transmission powers is less than or equal to the time window and greater than or equal to the burst transmission time, the transmission power will be less than or equal to the instantaneous power limit and greater than the average power for a first portion of the transmission time, and the transmission power will be less than the average power for a second portion of the transmission time. The device described in C3. [C5] the transmit power is set according to a time-averaged mode when the transmit time is less than or equal to a burst transmit time associated with the instantaneous power limit according to the RF exposure limit, wherein the burst transmit time is less than a time window associated with the RF exposure limit; the transmit power is set according to a peak mode if the transmit time is equal to or greater than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit; if the transmission time associated with any of the plurality of transmission powers is less than or equal to the time window and greater than or equal to the burst transmission time, then the transmission power is set according to the time averaging mode such that the transmission power is less than or equal to the instantaneous power limit and greater than the average power for a first portion of the transmission time, and the transmission power is less than the average power for a second portion of the transmission time; The device described in C3. [C6] The radio state is the channel quality between the device and the receiving entity; a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) associated with said transmission; a coding rate associated with said transmission; or the periodicity associated with transmissions to said receiving entity; The apparatus of C1, comprising at least one of: [C7] The processor and the memory determining a data rate associated with transmitting the data to the receiving entity based on the radio conditions; The apparatus of C1, further configured to determine the transmission time based on the data rate and a size associated with the data. [C8] The apparatus of C1, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to determine the transmission time under a mobility state associated with the apparatus based at least in part on future predicted radio conditions. [C9] 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to generate the future predicted radio conditions using machine learning. [C10] The apparatus of C1, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to determine the transmission time based at least in part on a buffer size associated with the data. [C11] The apparatus of C1, wherein the processor and the memory are configured to determine the radio conditions based on a pattern associated with a first time window, wherein the first time window is separate from a second time window associated with the RF exposure limit. [C12] 1. An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising: Memory and a processor coupled to the memory; wherein the processor and the memory selecting a transmission mode from a plurality of transmission modes based on data for transmission from the device to a receiving entity and one or more radio conditions associated with the transmission; transmitting to the receiving entity a signal indicative of the data at a transmission power based at least in part on the selected transmission mode and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits; The apparatus further configured as follows. [C13] The apparatus of C12, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to transmit at least a portion of the data at a power level that exceeds an average power level for the RF exposure limit. [C14] The apparatus of C13, wherein the processor and the memory are configured to transmit at the power level that is above the average power level for the RF exposure limit during a time window associated with the RF exposure limit based on a duty cycle of the transmission. [C15] The apparatus of C13, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to transmit at a reserve power level lower than the average power level for at least a portion of the time window in which the portion of the data was transmitted. [C16] The apparatus of C15, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to adjust the reserve power level. [C17] the plurality of transmission modes include at least a first mode and a second mode, the first mode including transmission at power levels above and below an average power level for the RF exposure limit, and the second mode including transmission at power levels equal to or less than the average power level; The one or more radio conditions include: the channel quality between the device and a receiving entity; a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) associated with said transmission; a coding rate associated with said transmission; or the periodicity associated with transmissions to said receiving entity; The apparatus according to C12, comprising at least one of: [C18] 1. A method of wireless communication by a wireless device, comprising: obtaining data for transmission to a receiving entity and radio conditions associated with said transmission; determining a transmission time associated with the data based at least in part on the radio conditions; transmitting to the receiving entity a signal indicative of the data at a transmission power based at least in part on the determined transmission time and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits; A method comprising: [C19] the transmission time is selected from a plurality of transmission times associated with a plurality of transmission powers; the plurality of transmission powers includes the transmission power at which the signal is transmitted; The method of C18, wherein the plurality of transmit times comprises a first transmit time associated with an instantaneous power limit supported by the wireless device and a second transmit time associated with an average power corresponding to the RF exposure limit. [C20] the transmit power is limited by the instantaneous power limit if the first transmit time is less than or equal to a burst transmit time associated with the instantaneous power limit according to the RF exposure limit, wherein the burst transmit time is less than a time window associated with the RF exposure limit; the transmit power is limited by the average power if the second transmit time is equal to or greater than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit; if the transmission time associated with any of the plurality of transmission powers is less than or equal to the time window and greater than or equal to the burst transmission time, the transmission power will be less than or equal to the instantaneous power limit and greater than the average power for a first portion of the transmission time, and the transmission power will be less than the average power for a second portion of the transmission time. Method according to C19. [C21] the transmit power is set according to a time-averaged mode when the first transmit time is less than or equal to a burst transmit time associated with the instantaneous power limit according to the RF exposure limit, the burst transmit time being less than a time window associated with the RF exposure limit; the transmit power is set according to a peak mode if the transmit time is equal to or greater than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit; if the transmission time associated with any of the plurality of transmission powers is less than or equal to the time window and greater than or equal to the burst transmission time, then the transmission power is set according to the time averaging mode such that the transmission power is less than or equal to the instantaneous power limit and greater than the average power for a first portion of the transmission time, and the transmission power is less than the average power for a second portion of the transmission time; Method according to C19. [C22] The radio state is the channel quality between the wireless device and the receiving entity; a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) associated with said transmission; a coding rate associated with said transmission; or the periodicity associated with transmissions to said receiving entity; The method according to C18, comprising at least one of: [C23] determining the transmission time determining a data rate associated with transmitting the data to the receiving entity based on the radio conditions; and determining the transmission time based on the data rate and a size associated with the data; The method of claim 18, comprising: [C24] The method of C18, wherein determining the transmission time comprises determining the transmission time under a mobility state associated with the wireless device based at least in part on future predicted radio conditions. [C25] The method of C18, wherein determining the transmission time comprises determining the transmission time based at least in part on a buffer size associated with the data. [C26] 1. A method of wireless communication by a wireless device, comprising: selecting a transmission mode from a plurality of transmission modes based on data for transmission from the wireless device to a receiving entity and one or more radio conditions associated with the transmission; transmitting to the receiving entity a signal indicative of the data at a transmit power based at least in part on the selected transmission mode and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits; A method comprising: [C27] The method of C26, wherein said transmitting comprises transmitting at least a portion of said data at a power level that is above an average power level for said RF exposure limit. [C28] The method of C27, wherein the transmitting comprises transmitting at a reserve power level lower than the average power level for at least a portion of the time window in which the portion of the data was transmitted. [C29] The method of C28, wherein the transmitting comprises adjusting the reserve power level. [C30] the plurality of transmission modes include at least a first mode and a second mode, the first mode including transmission at power levels above and below an average power level for the RF exposure limit, and the second mode including transmission at power levels equal to or less than the average power level; The one or more radio conditions include: the channel quality between the wireless device and the receiving entity; a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) associated with said transmission; a coding rate associated with said transmission; or the periodicity associated with transmissions to said receiving entity; The method of C26, comprising at least one of:

Claims

1. 1. An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising: Memory and a processor coupled to the memory; wherein the processor and the memory obtaining data for transmission to a receiving entity and radio conditions associated with said transmission; determining a transmission time associated with the data based at least in part on the radio conditions; transmitting to the receiving entity a signal indicative of the data at a transmission power based at least in part on the determined transmission time and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits; The apparatus is configured to:

2. the transmission time is selected from a plurality of transmission times associated with a plurality of transmission powers; the plurality of transmission powers includes the transmission power at which the signal is transmitted; 10. The apparatus of claim 1.

3. 3. The device of claim 2, wherein the plurality of transmit times comprises a first transmit time associated with an instantaneous power limit supported by the device and a second transmit time associated with an average power corresponding to the RF exposure limit.

4. the transmit power is limited by the instantaneous power limit if the first transmit time is less than or equal to a burst transmit time associated with the instantaneous power limit according to the RF exposure limit, wherein the burst transmit time is less than a time window associated with the RF exposure limit; the transmit power is limited by the average power if the second transmit time is equal to or greater than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit; if the transmission time associated with any of the plurality of transmission powers is less than or equal to the time window and greater than or equal to the burst transmission time, the transmission power will be less than or equal to the instantaneous power limit and greater than the average power for a first portion of the transmission time, and the transmission power will be less than the average power for a second portion of the transmission time.

4. The apparatus of claim 3.

5. the transmit power is set according to a time-averaged mode when the transmit time is less than or equal to a burst transmit time associated with the instantaneous power limit according to the RF exposure limit, wherein the burst transmit time is less than a time window associated with the RF exposure limit; the transmit power is set according to a peak mode if the transmit time is equal to or greater than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit; if the transmission time associated with any of the plurality of transmission powers is less than or equal to the time window and greater than or equal to the burst transmission time, then the transmission power is set according to the time averaging mode such that the transmission power is less than or equal to the instantaneous power limit and greater than the average power for a first portion of the transmission time, and the transmission power is less than the average power for a second portion of the transmission time; 4. The apparatus of claim 3.

6. The radio state is the channel quality between the device and the receiving entity; a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) associated with said transmission; a coding rate associated with said transmission; or the periodicity associated with transmissions to said receiving entity; The apparatus of claim 1 , comprising at least one of:

7. The processor and the memory determining a data rate associated with transmitting the data to the receiving entity based on the radio conditions; The apparatus of claim 1 , further configured to determine the transmission time based on the data rate and a size associated with the data.

8. the processor and the memory are further configured to determine the transmission time under a mobility state associated with the device based at least in part on future predicted radio conditions; the processor and the memory are further configured to generate the future predicted radio conditions using machine learning.

10. The apparatus of claim 1.

9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to determine the transmission time based at least in part on a buffer size associated with the data.

10. 1. A method of wireless communication by a wireless device, comprising: obtaining data for transmission to a receiving entity and radio conditions associated with said transmission; determining a transmission time associated with the data based at least in part on the radio conditions; transmitting to the receiving entity a signal indicative of the data at a transmission power based at least in part on the determined transmission time and radio frequency (RF) exposure limits; A method comprising:

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