Heating device

Abstract

To provide a heating device excellent in energy efficiency.SOLUTION: A heating device 10 includes a container 11, a heating element 14, a heater 12 for heating the heating element, a conductor part 13 for connecting a wall part of the container and the heater, a hydrogen supply part 15 for supplying hydrogen-system gas to the heating element, and an evacuation part 16. A formula (1) is satisfied when a heater temperature is represented as TH, an ambient temperature as TW, an equivalent heat conduction area as AHC, an equivalent heat-transfer coefficient as keq, an equivalent heat conduction distance as Leq, a sample radiation surface area as AS, a sample surface temperature as TS, an equivalent radiation rate as εeq, Stefan-Boltzmann's constant as σ, energy required for maintaining an operation as Pm, and heat energy generated by the heating element as Hex. In the formula (1), ηeq is a value (keq / Leq) obtained by dividing the equivalent heat-transfer coefficient by the equivalent heat conduction distance.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a heat generating device. [Background technology]

[0002] In recent years, reports have been made of an exothermic phenomenon in which heat is generated by absorbing and releasing hydrogen using hydrogen storage metals and the like (see, for example, Non-Patent Document 1). Hydrogen can be produced from water, making it an inexhaustible and inexpensive resource, and is considered a clean energy source because it does not generate greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. Furthermore, exothermic phenomena using hydrogen storage metals and the like are considered safe because, unlike nuclear fission reactions, there is no chain reaction. The heat generated by the absorption and release of hydrogen can be used as heat as is, or can be converted into electricity and used, making it a promising energy source. [Prior art documents] [Non-patent literature]

[0003] [Non-Patent Document 1] A. Kitamura, A. Takahashi, K. Takahashi, R. Seto, T. Hatano, Y. Iwamura, T. Itoh, J. Kasagi, M. Nakamura, M. Uchimura, H. Takahashi, S. Sumitomo, T. Hioki, T. Motohiro, Y. Furuyama, M. Kishida, H. Matsune, “Excess heat evolution from nanocomposite samples under exposure to “hydrogen isotope gases”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 43 (2018) 16187-16200. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0004] Research and development is underway on heat-generating devices that generate thermal energy by absorbing and releasing hydrogen, but these devices have the problem of low energy efficiency due to large heat losses and the large amount of energy required to keep the devices operating.

[0005] SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a heat generating device that suppresses heat loss and has excellent energy efficiency. [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] The heating device of the present invention comprises a hollow container, a heating element provided inside the container, a heater for heating the heating element, a conductor connecting a wall of the container to the heater, a hydrogen supply unit for supplying a hydrogen-based gas containing hydrogen to the heating element, and a vacuum exhaust unit for evacuating the inside of the container, wherein the heating element has a base made of a hydrogen storage metal, a hydrogen storage alloy, or a proton conductor, and a multilayer film provided on the surface of the base, the multilayer film having a layered structure in which a first layer made of a hydrogen storage metal or a hydrogen storage alloy and having a thickness of less than 1000 nm and a second layer made of a hydrogen storage metal, a hydrogen storage alloy, or a ceramic different from the first layer and having a thickness of less than 1000 nm are stacked, and the heating element is heated by the heater, and hydrogen permeates or diffuses by quantum diffusion through the interface between the first layer and the second layer, which is a different material interface, thereby generating heat and raising the heater temperature to T H [K], T the ambient temperature W [K], the equivalent heat conduction area is A HC [m 2 ], the equivalent thermal conductivity is k eq [W / mK], the equivalent heat conduction distance is L eq [m], the sample radiative surface area is A S [m 2 ], and the sample surface temperature is T S [K], and the equivalent emissivity is ε eq , the Stefan-Boltzmann constant is σ [W / m 2 K 4 ], the energy required to maintain operation is P m [W], the heat energy generated by the heating element is Hex When [W] is used, it is characterized in that the following mathematical formula (1) is satisfied.

number

[0007] According to the present invention, heat loss can be suppressed and energy efficiency can be improved. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0008] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram for explaining an outline of a heat generating device according to a first embodiment. [Figure 2] FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram for explaining a detailed configuration of the heat generating device of the first embodiment. [Figure 3] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing the structure of a heating element having a first layer and a second layer. [Figure 4] FIG. 10 is an explanatory diagram for explaining generation of excess heat. [Figure 5] FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing the configuration of a heater. [Figure 6] FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing the configuration of a reflecting section. [Figure 7] FIG. 10 is a perspective view showing a state in which the upper support plate has been moved upward. [Figure 8] FIG. [Figure 9] FIG. 6 is an explanatory diagram for explaining the configuration of a heat generating device according to a second embodiment. [Figure 10] FIG. 10 is an explanatory diagram for explaining the configuration of a heat generating device according to a third embodiment. [Figure 11] 10A and 10B are explanatory views for explaining the operation of the heat generating device of the third embodiment. [Figure 12] FIG. 10 is an explanatory diagram for explaining the configuration of a heat generating device according to a fourth embodiment. [Figure 13]FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a heating element formed in a cylindrical shape with a bottom. [Figure 14] FIG. 10 is an explanatory diagram for explaining the configuration of a heat generating device according to a fifth embodiment. [Figure 15] 10 is an explanatory diagram for explaining the operation of the heat generating device of the fifth embodiment. FIG. [Figure 16] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a heating element formed in a columnar shape. [Figure 17] FIG. 10 is an explanatory diagram for explaining the configuration of a heat generating device according to a sixth embodiment. [Figure 18] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing the structure of a heating element having a first layer, a second layer, and a third layer. [Figure 19] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing the structure of a heating element having a first layer, a second layer, a third layer, and a fourth layer. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0009] [First embodiment] In FIG. 1, the heat generating device 10 includes a container 11, a heater 12, a conductor 13, a heating element 14, a hydrogen supply unit 15, a vacuum exhaust unit 16, and a reflector 17. The container 11 is a hollow vacuum container. The heater 12 generates heat when a voltage is applied to it, heating the heating element 14. The conductor 13 connects the wall of the container 11 to the heater 12. The heating element 14 is disposed inside the container 11. When the heating element 14 is heated by the heater 12 in a vacuum state, the temperature of the heating element 14 rises to a temperature higher than the temperature to which the heater 12 can heat it. The heat generated by the heating element 14 when the temperature rises to a temperature higher than the temperature to which the heater 12 can heat it is called excess heat. The mechanism by which the heating element 14 generates excess heat will be described later with reference to another drawing. The hydrogen supply unit 15 supplies a hydrogen-based gas containing hydrogen to the heating element 14. The vacuum exhaust unit 16 evacuates the inside of the container 11. The reflecting portion 17 reflects the radiant heat emitted by the heating element 14 .

[0010] The heater temperature of heater 12 is T H [K], and the ambient temperature outside the container 11 is T W [K], the equivalent heat conduction area of ​​the conductor part 13 is A HC [m2 ], the equivalent thermal conductivity of the conductor part 13 is k eq [W / mK], the equivalent heat conduction distance of the conductor part 13 is L eq [m], the surface area of ​​the heating element 14, which is the sample radiation surface area, is A S [m 2 ], the sample surface temperature, which is the temperature of the surface of the heating element 14, is T S [K], and the equivalent emissivity between the heating element 14 and the wall of the container 11 is ε eq , the Stefan-Boltzmann constant is σ [W / m 2 K 4 ], and the energy required to maintain the operation of the device is P m [W], the heat energy generated by the heating element 14 is H ex [W], the heat generating device 10 satisfies the above formula (1). In the above formula (1), η eq is the equivalent thermal conductivity divided by the equivalent heat conduction distance (k eq / L eq ) "Equivalent" means that multiple elements are replaced with one element. For example, if the conductor portion 13 is composed of two types of conductors, each with a different heat conduction area, the heat conduction area when each conductor is replaced with a single conductor is called the equivalent heat conduction area. Note that in this disclosure, the term "equivalent" also includes the case where there is only one element. For example, if the conductor portion 13 is composed of one type of conductor, the heat conduction area of ​​that conductor is also called the equivalent heat conduction area.

[0011] The first term on the left side of the above equation (1) represents heat loss due to heat conduction from heater 12 to container 11 via conductor 13, and is called thermal conduction energy loss. The second term on the left side of the above equation (1) represents heat loss due to radiant heat from heating element 14, and is called radiation energy loss. The third term on the left side of the above equation (1), i.e., the operation maintenance energy, is the energy required to sustain the generation of excess heat in heating element 14 for a long period of time, and includes at least the electrical energy required to drive vacuum exhaust unit 16. In heating device 10, heater 12 is turned off after heating element 14 generates excess heat. Therefore, the operation maintenance energy does not include the electrical energy required to drive heater 12.

[0012] The heating device 10 minimizes the contact area with the outside world and uses components made of materials with low thermal conductivity, thereby suppressing heat loss due to thermal conduction. The heating device 10 also suppresses heat loss due to radiation by suppressing radiant heat from the heating element 14, for example, by installing a reflector or by constructing the container 11 from a material that reflects radiant heat. Furthermore, the heating device 10 suppresses heat loss due to convection by suppressing hydrogen convection, for example, by evacuating the inside of the container 11 with a vacuum pump. The heating device 10 turns off the heater 12 after the heating element 14 generates excess heat. The heating device 10 utilizes a portion of the output energy as input energy, allowing the heating element 14 to sustain excessive heat generation for a long period of time, enabling self-sustaining operation.

[0013] The configuration of the heat generating device 10 according to the first embodiment will be described in detail with reference to FIG.

[0014] The container 11 is composed of a top portion 11a, a bottom portion 11b, and a side portion 11c. The top portion 11a and the bottom portion 11b are arranged facing each other with a gap between them. The top portion 11a is located above the bottom portion 11b. The side portion 11c is formed in a cylindrical shape and connects the top portion 11a and the bottom portion 11b. The container 11 is sealed by connecting the top portion 11a, the bottom portion 11b, and the side portion 11c. In the following description, when there is no need to distinguish between the top portion 11a, the bottom portion 11b, and the side portion 11c, they will be referred to as wall portions. The container 11 is made of a material that is heat-resistant and pressure-resistant. Examples of materials for the container 11 include carbon steel, austenitic stainless steel, and heat-resistant non-ferrous alloy steel. The container 11 may be made of the same material as the reflector described below. By using the same material as the reflector to form the container 11, the radiant heat from the heating element 14 is reflected by the inner surface of the container 11, thereby suppressing radiation energy loss. The shape of the container 11 is not particularly limited, and may be a cylindrical shape, an elliptical cylindrical shape, a square cylindrical shape, etc. A pressure sensor (not shown) is provided inside the container 11.

[0015] A gas inlet 25, a gas outlet 26, and a connection part 27 are provided in the wall of the container 11. The gas inlet 25 connects the interior of the container 11 with the hydrogen supply part 15. The gas outlet 26 connects the interior of the container 11 with the vacuum exhaust part 16. The connection part 27 is connected to the conductor part 13. In this embodiment, the gas inlet 25 and the gas outlet 26 are provided in the side part 11c, but this is not limited thereto and they may be provided in the top part 11a or the bottom part 11b. In this embodiment, the connection part 27 is provided in the top part 11a, but this is not limited thereto and they may be provided in the side part 11c or the bottom part 11b.

[0016] The heater 12 is provided inside the container 11. In this embodiment, the heater 12 has a plate-like shape. The heater 12 has a heating unit 29 and a temperature sensor 30. The heating unit 29 generates heat when a voltage is applied from a power source (not shown) provided outside the container 11. The heating unit 29 has a square shape with a side length of 25 mm in a plan view. The temperature sensor 30 detects the temperature of the heater 12. When the heat generating device 10 starts operating, the heater 12 raises the temperature of the heating element 14 to a predetermined temperature.

[0017] The conductor section 13 has a heating conductor section 32 connected to the heating section 29 and a temperature detection conductor section 33 connected to the temperature sensor 30. The heating conductor section 32 and the temperature detection conductor section 33 are electrically connected to a control section 37 (described later) via a connection section 27 of the container 11.

[0018] The heating elements 14 are provided on both sides of the heater 12. That is, the heating device 10 includes two heating elements 14. In this embodiment, the heating elements 14 are plate-shaped. The heating elements 14 have a square shape with sides of 25 mm in plan view. Of the surfaces that make up the heating element 14, the surface that contacts the heater 12 is the back surface, the surface opposite the back surface is the front surface, and the four surfaces perpendicular to the front surface and back surface are side surfaces. The number of heating elements 14 is not particularly limited. Details of the configuration of the heating elements 14 will be described later using another drawing.

[0019] The hydrogen supply unit 15 is provided outside the container 11. The hydrogen supply unit 15 introduces a hydrogen-based gas into the container 11 through a gas inlet 25. Although not shown, the hydrogen supply unit 15 is composed of a buffer tank for storing the hydrogen-based gas, a pipe connecting the buffer tank to the gas inlet 25 of the container 11, a pressure control valve for adjusting the flow rate of the hydrogen-based gas introduced into the container 11 and the pressure in the pipe, and the like. The hydrogen-based gas is a gas containing hydrogen isotopes. At least one of deuterium gas and protium gas is used as the hydrogen-based gas. Protium gas includes a naturally occurring mixture of protium and deuterium, i.e., a mixture in which the abundance ratio of protium is 99.985% and the abundance ratio of deuterium is 0.015%. In the following description, when there is no need to distinguish between protium and deuterium, the term "hydrogen" will be used.

[0020] The vacuum exhaust unit 16 is provided outside the container 11. The vacuum exhaust unit 16 evacuates the inside of the container 11 via the gas exhaust port 26. Although not shown, the vacuum exhaust unit 16 is composed of a vacuum pump, piping connecting the vacuum pump to the gas exhaust port 26 of the container 11, a pressure control valve that adjusts the flow rate of the hydrogen-based gas exhausted from the inside of the container 11 and the pressure in the piping, and the like. The vacuum exhaust unit 16 continuously evacuates the inside of the container 11 while the heat generating device 10 is in operation. This maintains the vacuum state inside the container 11, suppresses hydrogen convection, and reduces heat loss due to convection.

[0021] The reflecting portion 17 is provided inside the container 11. The reflecting portion 17 is box-shaped overall and configured to cover each of the heating elements 14. In this embodiment, the shape of the reflecting portion 17 is a substantially rectangular parallelepiped. The reflecting portion 17 is made of a material that reflects radiant heat. The material of the reflecting portion 17 is preferably a material that reflects radiant heat and has low thermal conductivity.

[0022] The reflecting section 17 has at least a reflector 35 corresponding to the surface of the heating element 14. The reflector 35 reflects radiant heat radiated from the surface of the heating element 14 toward the heating element 14. The surface of the reflector 35 facing the heating element 14 is the front surface, and the surface facing the container 11 is the back surface. In this embodiment, three reflectors 35 are arranged at intervals in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the heating element 14. Therefore, the heating device 10 has a configuration in which three reflectors 35 are installed for each heating element 14. Radiant heat radiated from the surface of the heating element 14 may be partially reflected by the reflector 35 and partially transmitted through the reflector 35. By installing three reflectors 35, radiant heat that transmits through the first reflector 35 corresponding to the surface of the heating element 14 is reflected by the second reflector 35, and radiant heat that transmits through the second reflector 35 is reflected by the third reflector 35. The more reflectors 35 are installed, the more radiation energy loss can be suppressed. It is known that if n reflectors are installed between two surfaces and the emissivity of all surfaces is equal, the heat flux decreases in proportion to 1 / (n+1) (see, for example, "Heat Transfer Engineering Materials, Revised 5th Edition, Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009, pp. 208-209"). In this embodiment, three reflectors 35 are installed between the surface of the heating element 14 and the inner surface of the container 11, and therefore radiation energy loss can be suppressed to approximately 1 / 4 compared to when no reflectors 35 are installed.

[0023] The reflecting section 17 also has a plurality of reflecting plates 35 corresponding to the four side surfaces of the heating element 14, respectively. In this embodiment, three reflecting plates 35 are provided at intervals from one another in a direction perpendicular to one side surface of the heating element 14. Therefore, the reflecting section 17 is configured to cover the two heating elements 14 with a total of 18 reflecting plates 35. Materials used for the reflecting plates 35 include Ni, Cu, Mo, and the like. The shape of the reflecting plates 35 in a plan view is not particularly limited, but is rectangular in this embodiment. Of the plurality of reflecting plates 35, the three upper reflecting plates 35 are provided with through holes into which the conductor portion 13, described later, is inserted. Each reflecting plate 35 is also provided with a through hole (not shown) into which a support post 53, described later, is inserted.

[0024] The heating device 10 further includes a control unit 37. The control unit 37 is provided outside the container 11. The control unit 37 is electrically connected to each part of the heating device 10 and controls the operation of each part. The control unit 37 includes, for example, a central processing unit and a storage unit such as a read-only memory or a random access memory. The storage unit performs various types of calculations using, for example, programs and data stored in the storage unit. The control unit 37 is also electrically connected to a power source (not shown) provided outside the container 11 and controls the voltage applied from the power source to the heater 12.

[0025] The structure of the heating element 14 will be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 3 and 4. As shown in FIG. 3, the heating element 14 has a base 39 and a multilayer film 40. The base 39 is formed of a hydrogen storage metal, a hydrogen storage alloy, or a proton conductor. Examples of hydrogen storage metals include Ni, Pd, V, Nb, Ta, and Ti. Examples of hydrogen storage alloys include LaNi5, CaCu5, MgZn2, ZrNi2, ZrCr2, TiFe, TiCo, Mg2Ni, and Mg2Cu. Examples of proton conductors include BaCeO3-based (e.g., Ba(CeO 0.95 Y 0.05 )O 3-6 ), SrCeO3 system (e.g., Sr(Ce 0.95 Y 0.05 )O 3-6 ), CaZrO3 system (e.g., CaZr 0.95 Y 0.05 O 3-α ), SrZrO3-based (e.g., SrZr 0.9 Y 0.1 O 3-α), βAl2O3, βGa2O3, etc. are used. The base 39 may be formed of a porous body or a hydrogen-permeable membrane. The porous body has pores of a size that allows hydrogen-based gas to pass through. The porous body is formed of, for example, a metal, a non-metal, or a ceramic. The porous body is preferably formed of a material that does not inhibit the reaction between the hydrogen-based gas and the multilayer film 40. The hydrogen-permeable membrane is formed of, for example, a hydrogen-absorbing metal or a hydrogen-absorbing alloy. The hydrogen-permeable membrane includes a membrane having a mesh-like sheet.

[0026] The multilayer film 40 is provided on a pedestal 39. In FIG. 3, the multilayer film 40 is provided on the front surface of the pedestal 39, but the multilayer film 40 may also be provided on the back surface of the pedestal 39 or on both surfaces of the pedestal 39. When the multilayer film 40 is provided on the front or back surface of the pedestal 39, the pedestal 39 is provided on the surface of the heater 12 (not shown). When the multilayer film 40 is provided on both surfaces of the pedestal 39, one of the multilayer films 40 is provided on the surface of the heater 12. The multilayer film 40 has a first layer 41 formed of a hydrogen storage metal or a hydrogen storage alloy, and a second layer 42 formed of a hydrogen storage metal, a hydrogen storage alloy, or a ceramic different from that of the first layer 41. The interface between the pedestal 39 and the first layer 41 and the interface between the first layer 41 and the second layer 42 are dissimilar material interfaces 43.

[0027] The first layer 41 is formed of, for example, any of Ni, Pd, Cu, Mn, Cr, Fe, Mg, Co, or an alloy thereof. The alloy forming the first layer 41 is preferably an alloy consisting of two or more of Ni, Pd, Cu, Mn, Cr, Fe, Mg, and Co. The alloy forming the first layer 41 may be an alloy in which an additive element is added to Ni, Pd, Cu, Mn, Cr, Fe, Mg, or Co.

[0028] The second layer 42 is formed of, for example, any of Ni, Pd, Cu, Mn, Cr, Fe, Mg, Co, alloys of these, and SiC. The alloy forming the second layer 42 is preferably an alloy consisting of two or more of Ni, Pd, Cu, Mn, Cr, Fe, Mg, and Co. The alloy forming the second layer 42 may be an alloy in which an additive element is added to Ni, Pd, Cu, Mn, Cr, Fe, Mg, or Co.

[0029] As a combination of the first layer 41 and the second layer 42, when the types of elements are expressed as "first layer 41-second layer 42," the following are preferable. When the second layer 42 is made of ceramics, the "first layer 41-second layer 42" is preferably Ni-SiC.

[0030] The thickness of the first layer 41 and the thickness of the second layer 42 are preferably each less than 1000 nm. If the thickness of each of the first layer 41 and the second layer 42 is 1000 nm or more, hydrogen becomes less likely to permeate through the multilayer film 40. Furthermore, by having the thickness of each of the first layer 41 and the second layer 42 less than 1000 nm, a nanostructure that does not exhibit bulk properties can be maintained. It is more preferable that the thickness of each of the first layer 41 and the second layer 42 be less than 500 nm. By having the thickness of each of the first layer 41 and the second layer 42 less than 500 nm, a nanostructure that does not exhibit bulk properties can be maintained.

[0031] In FIG. 3, the multilayer film 40 has a configuration in which first layers 41 and second layers 42 are alternately stacked in this order on the surface of the base 39. There are five first layers 41 and five second layers 42. The number of first layers 41 and the number of second layers 42 may be changed as appropriate. The multilayer film 40 may also have a configuration in which second layers 42 and first layers 41 are alternately stacked in this order on the surface of the base 39. The multilayer film 40 may have one or more first layers 41 and one or more second layers 42, and may have one or more different material interfaces 43.

[0032] As shown in Fig. 4, the dissimilar material interface 43 allows hydrogen atoms to pass through. Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram showing how, when first layer 41 and second layer 42 formed of a face-centered cubic hydrogen storage metal are heated after hydrogen is absorbed into them, hydrogen atoms in the metal lattice of first layer 41 pass through dissimilar material interface 43 and move into the metal lattice of second layer 42. The mechanism by which heating element 14 generates excess heat will be described using Fig. 4.

[0033] When a hydrogen-based gas is introduced into the container 11, the heating element 14 absorbs hydrogen in the pedestal 39 and the multilayer film 40. The heating element 14 maintains the state in which hydrogen is absorbed in the pedestal 39 and the multilayer film 40 even when the introduction of the hydrogen-based gas into the container 11 is stopped. When the heater 12 starts heating the heating element 14, the hydrogen absorbed in the pedestal 39 and the multilayer film 40 is released and quantum diffuses while hopping inside the multilayer film 40. It is known that hydrogen is light and quantum diffuses while hopping between hydrogen-occupied sites (octohedral or tetrahedral sites) of a certain substance A and a certain substance B. When the heating element 14 is heated in a vacuum state, hydrogen permeates the interface 43 of different materials by quantum diffusion, or hydrogen diffuses through the interface 43 of different materials, generating excess heat.

[0034] Heating element 14 generates excess heat when hydrogen-based gas is supplied and heated by heater 12 to a predetermined temperature. Heating element 14 generates excess heat when heater 12 heats it to, for example, 270 to 300°C. The temperature of heating element 14 in a state where it is generating excess heat is, for example, within a range of 300°C to 1500°C. Once heating element 14 generates excess heat, it continues to generate heat for a predetermined period of time even if heater 12 is turned off.

[0035] An example of a manufacturing method for the heating element 14 will be described. The heating element 14 can be manufactured using, for example, a sputtering method. First, a plate-shaped base 39 is formed. Next, first layers 41 and second layers 42 are alternately formed on the base 39 to form a multilayer film 40. This results in a heating element 14 having the multilayer film 40 provided on the surface of the base 39. When forming the base 39, it is preferable to form it thicker than the first layers 41 and 42. The base 39 is preferably made of, for example, Ni. The first layer 41 and the second layer 42 are preferably formed continuously in a vacuum. This is because no native oxide film is formed between the first layer 41 and the second layer 42, and only a dissimilar material interface 43 is formed. The manufacturing method for the heating element 14 is not limited to sputtering, and vapor deposition, wet methods, thermal spraying, electroplating, and other methods can also be used. While the shape of the heating element 14 is plate-shaped in this embodiment, it is not limited thereto and may be cylindrical or columnar.

[0036] An example of a heat generation method using the heating element 14 will be described. First, a hydrogen-based gas is introduced into the container 11, causing the hydrogen contained in the hydrogen-based gas to be absorbed into the heating element 14. Next, the introduction of the hydrogen-based gas is stopped, the container 11 is evacuated, and the heating element 14 is heated to release the hydrogen absorbed in the heating element 14. When absorbing hydrogen in the heating element 14, hydrogen permeates the dissimilar material interface 43 by quantum diffusion, generating heat, and when desorbing hydrogen, hydrogen permeates the dissimilar material interface 43 by quantum diffusion, generating heat. The absorption and desorption of hydrogen may be repeated. A method of generating heat from the heating element 14 by alternately absorbing and desorbing hydrogen is called a batch method.

[0037] The method and results of an experiment in which the heating element 14 was heated in a batch manner are described below.

[0038] A 0.1 mm thick Ni substrate was used as the base 39 for the heating element 14. First layers 41 made of Cu and second layers 42 made of Ni were alternately formed on the surface of the base 39 to obtain a multilayer film 40. The first layers 41 were 14 nm thick. The second layers 42 were 2 nm thick. Each of the first layers 41 and second layers 42 consisted of five layers. Two heating elements 14 were prepared and placed on either side of a plate-shaped ceramic heater. The heating elements 14 and the ceramic heater were placed inside a vacuum chamber. A hydrogen-based gas was then introduced into the vacuum chamber and the vacuum chamber was evacuated. The pressure for introducing the hydrogen-based gas into the vacuum chamber was approximately 50 Pa. The heating element 14 was allowed to absorb hydrogen for approximately 64 hours. Prior to hydrogen absorption, the inside of the vacuum chamber was baked at 200°C or higher for approximately 36 hours using a heater to remove water and other substances adhering to the surface of the heating element 14. The heater input power was switched between 9W, 18W, and 27W. It was confirmed that excess heat was generated in the range of 500℃ to 1000℃. The excess heat was about 5W at around 900℃. The excess heat per unit area at around 900℃ was calculated to be about 0.5W / cm. 2 It was confirmed that even if the heater is turned off after the heating element 14 generates excess heat, the heat generation continues for a predetermined period of time.

[0039] Another example of a heat generation method using the heating element 14 will be described. A difference in hydrogen partial pressure is created on both sides of the heating element 14. For example, the heating element 14 is housed in a container, and the interior of the container is divided into a first chamber and a second chamber. A hydrogen-based gas is introduced into the first chamber, and the interior of the second chamber is evacuated to a vacuum. This increases the hydrogen partial pressure in the first chamber and decreases the hydrogen partial pressure in the second chamber, creating a difference in hydrogen partial pressure on both sides of the heating element 14. When a difference in hydrogen partial pressure occurs on both sides of the heating element 14, hydrogen molecules contained in the hydrogen-based gas are adsorbed on one side (front surface) of the heating element 14 that is located on the higher pressure side, and the hydrogen molecules dissociate into two hydrogen atoms. The dissociated hydrogen atoms penetrate the interior of the heating element 14. In other words, hydrogen is absorbed into the heating element 14. The hydrogen atoms diffuse and pass through the interior of the heating element 14. On the other surface (referred to as the back surface) of the heating element 14, which is located on the low-pressure side, the hydrogen atoms that have passed through the heating element 14 recombine and become hydrogen molecules, which are then released. In other words, hydrogen is released from the heating element 14. In this way, the heating element 14 allows hydrogen to permeate from the high-pressure side to the low-pressure side. "Permeation" here refers to hydrogen being absorbed on the surface of the heating element and released from the back surface of the heating element. The heating element 14 generates heat by absorbing hydrogen, and also by releasing hydrogen. By creating a difference in hydrogen partial pressure on both sides of the heating element 14, hydrogen is simultaneously absorbed on the surface of the heating element 14 and released from the back surface of the heating element 14. This allows hydrogen to continuously permeate the heating element 14, thereby efficiently generating excess heat. The method of generating heat through the heating element 14 by allowing hydrogen to permeate using a difference in hydrogen partial pressure is called a permeation method. In the following description, hydrogen partial pressure may also be referred to as "hydrogen pressure."

[0040] The method and results of an experiment in which the heating element 14 was heated by the transmission method are described below.

[0041] A 0.1 mm thick Ni substrate was used as the base 39 for the heating element 14. First layers 41 made of Cu and second layers 42 made of Ni were alternately formed on both sides of the base 39 to obtain a multilayer film 40. Each of the first layers 41 and second layers 42 consisted of six layers. Prior to the start of the experiment, the heating element 14 was baked at 300°C for three days. The experiment began after the baking. The heating element 14 was fixed to the tip of a stainless steel pipe using a VCR joint. The tip of the pipe was placed inside a quartz glass tube. Hydrogen-based gas was introduced from the base end of the pipe, and the inside of the quartz glass tube was evacuated. The internal space of the pipe constituted the first chamber, and the internal space of the quartz glass tube constituted the second chamber. The hydrogen partial pressure in the first chamber was adjusted to 100 kPa. The hydrogen partial pressure in the second chamber was adjusted to 1×10 -4 The pressure was adjusted to 10 Pa. The heater was driven to heat the heating element 14 at a predetermined set temperature. An electric furnace was used as the heater. The set temperature was changed approximately every half day and increased stepwise within the range of 300°C to 900°C. It was confirmed that excess heat was generated within the range of 300°C to 900°C. It was confirmed that the excess heat was approximately 10 W at around 800°C. The excess heat per unit area at around 800°C was calculated to be approximately 5 W / cm 2 It was confirmed that even if the heater is turned off after the heating element 14 generates excess heat, the heat generation continues for a predetermined period of time.

[0042] From the above, the thermal energy H generated by the heating element 14 ex is about 5 W for the batch type and about 10 W for the permeation type. The heat generating device 10 according to this embodiment is configured to generate heat by the batch type.

[0043] The configuration of the heater 12 will be described in detail with reference to FIG. 5. In this embodiment, the heater 12 is a plate-shaped ceramic heater with a built-in thermocouple. The heater 12 is not limited to a ceramic heater, and may be an electric furnace or the like. The temperature sensor 30 is a thermocouple built into the heating unit 29. The thermocouple has a negative electrode wire made of platinum (Pt) and a positive electrode wire made of a platinum-rhodium alloy (PtRh) containing 13% rhodium. In this embodiment, the heater temperature T H is measured.

[0044] The heater 12 and the heating element 14 are integrated using a holder 45. The holder 45 is made of, for example, ceramic. The holder 45 has a square shape in a plan view. The holder 45 is composed of a pair of holder halves 45a and 45b. The holder halves 45a and 45b have the same configuration. Therefore, only the holder half 45a will be described, and a description of the holder half 45b will be omitted. The holder half 45a has a step portion 46 provided on the surface that contacts the heating element 14 and an opening 47 that opens in the thickness direction. In FIG. 5, the step portion 46 of the holder half 45b is hidden behind the paper. When the pair of holder halves 45a and 45b are integrated, the heating element 14 is placed in the step portion 46 and exposed through the opening 47. In this embodiment, the opening 47 is circular and has a diameter of 23 mm, but is not limited thereto. The heating element 14 accommodated in the holder 45 radiates radiant heat toward the reflecting portion 17 from the surfaces of the pair of holder halves 45a and 45b corresponding to the openings 47. Therefore, in this embodiment, the area of ​​the openings 47 is defined as the sample radiation surface area A S Used as.

[0045] The configuration of the conductor section 13 will be described in detail. The heating conductor section 32 is composed of a heater conductor 32a that connects to the heating section 29 and a conductor 32b that connects the heater conductor 32a to the connection section 27. The temperature detection conductor section 33 is composed of a thermocouple conductor 33a that is the portion of the thermocouple that protrudes from the heating section 29 and a compensation conductor 33b that connects the thermocouple conductor 33a to the connection section 27. The conductor section 13 has two each of the heater conductors 32a, conductors 32b, thermocouple conductors 33a, and compensation conductors 33b.

[0046] The conductor portion 13 is a heat conduction path for conducting heat from the heater 12 to the container 11. Based on the cross-sectional areas of the heater conductor 32a, the conductor 32b, the thermocouple conductor 33a, and the compensation conductor 33b that constitute the conductor portion 13, the equivalent heat conduction area A HCBased on the thermal conductivities of the heater conductor 32a, the conductor 32b, the thermocouple conductor 33a, and the compensation conductor 33b that make up the conductor portion 13, the equivalent thermal conductivity k eq Based on the lengths of the heater conductor 32a, the conductor 32b, the thermocouple conductor 33a, and the compensation conductor 33b that make up the conductor portion 13, the equivalent heat conduction distance L eq is obtained.

[0047] The configuration of the reflecting unit 17 will be described in detail using FIGS. 6 to 8. As shown in FIG. 6, the reflecting unit 17 includes a plurality of reflecting plates 35 and a support unit 48 that supports the plurality of reflecting plates 35. The support unit 48 is formed of a low-thermal-conductivity material such as SiO2 or ceramics and functions as a heat insulator that reflects radiant heat from the heating element 14. The support unit 48 includes a plurality of bases 49 fixed to the bottom 11b of the container 11 at predetermined intervals, and a plurality of support plates 50a to 50c fixed to each base 49. In this embodiment, the support unit 48 includes four bases 49, one support plate 50a that constitutes the upper portion, one support plate 50b that constitutes the bottom portion, and four support plates 50c that constitute the side portions. Each base 49 is formed in a columnar shape and extends from the bottom 11b of the container 11 toward the upper portion 11a. Each of the support plates 50a to 50c is configured in a box shape overall, and is a substantially rectangular parallelepiped in this embodiment. Each of the support plates 50a to 50c is fixed to each of the bases 49 using a screw member (not shown). The shape of each of the support plates 50a to 50c in a plan view is not particularly limited, but is rectangular in this embodiment.

[0048] Gas flow sections 51 through which hydrogen-based gas flows are provided between the upper support plate 50a and each of the side support plates 50c. The gas flow sections 51 may be provided between the bottom support plate 50b and each of the side support plates 50c, or may be provided between the four side support plates 50c.

[0049] 7 shows the state in which the upper support plate 50a has been moved upward. The heating element 14 and the heater 12 (not shown) are housed inside the support portion 48. The upper support plate 50a is provided with a through-hole into which the conductor portion 13 of the heater 12 is inserted. A plurality of reflectors 35 are supported on the inner surface of each of the support plates 50a to 50c.

[0050] As shown in Fig. 8, each of the support plates 50a to 50c is provided with a plurality of support posts 53 and a plurality of spacers 54. The support posts 53 and the spacers 54 will be described using the support plate 50a. The support posts 53 are inserted into through holes provided in the reflector 35. The spacers 54 are disposed between the support plate 50a and the reflector 35 and between the plurality of reflectors 35. This allows the plurality of reflectors 35 to be disposed at predetermined intervals.

[0051] The support plates 50a to 50c are fixed to the respective bases 49 so that the surfaces on which the plurality of reflecting plates 35 are provided face each other (see FIGS. 6 and 7). As a result, the heating element 14 is surrounded by the plurality of reflecting plates 35, and the radiant heat emitted from the heating element 14 is reflected by the plurality of reflecting plates 35, thereby suppressing heat loss due to radiation.

[0052] As described above, when the heat generating device 10 starts operation, the heater 12 is turned on and the heat generating element 14 is heated to a predetermined temperature, thereby generating excess heat from the heat generating element 14. When the operation of the heat generating device 10 is stopped, the heat generating element 14 is cooled. As a method for cooling the heat generating element 14, for example, low-temperature water or an inert gas is introduced into the container 11. The heat generating element 14 can also be cooled by increasing the hydrogen pressure inside the container 11 to, for example, 1 atmosphere or more, thereby increasing heat loss due to hydrogen convection.

[0053] Using the above formula (1), the heat conduction energy loss, radiation energy loss, and energy required to maintain operation are estimated.

[0054] First, we will calculate the heat conduction energy loss. The calculation conditions and results are as follows:

[0055] The heater conductor 32a is made of Ni, has a thermal conductivity of 40 W / mK, a diameter of 0.5 mm, and a length of 100 mm. The conductor 32b is made of Cu, has a thermal conductivity of 400 W / mK, a diameter of 0.5 mm, and a length of 50 mm. The thermocouple conductor 33a has a negative electrode wire made of Pt and a positive electrode wire made of PtRh, with each wire having a thermal conductivity of 80 W / mK, a diameter of 0.3 mm, and a length of 90 mm. The compensation conductor 33b is made of Cu, has a thermal conductivity of 400 W / mK, a diameter of 0.3 mm, and a length of 60 mm. Heater temperature T H is 900℃ (1173.15K). The ambient temperature T W is 27°C (300.15K). Using the first term on the left side of the above equation (1), the thermal conduction energy loss occurring in the heating conductor portion 32 (heater conductor 32a and conductor 32b) is 0.88 W, and the thermal conduction energy loss occurring in the temperature detection conductor portion 33 (thermocouple conductor 33a and compensation conductor 33b) is 0.39 W. Therefore, the total thermal conduction energy loss in the conductor portion 13 is estimated to be 1.27 W.

[0056] Next, we will calculate the radiation energy loss. The calculation conditions and results are as follows:

[0057] The diameter of the opening 47 of the holder 45 is set to 23 mm, and the area of ​​the surface of the heating element 14 corresponding to the opening 47 is set to the sample radiation surface area A S The sample surface temperature T S is 700℃ (973.15K). The ambient temperature T W is 27°C (300.15K). All emissivities ε are 0.11. Using the second term on the left side of the above equation (1), the radiation energy loss is estimated to be 2.43 W. This calculation is for the case where there are no reflectors 35. In this embodiment, three reflectors 35 are installed for each heating element 14, so the radiation energy loss is 0.61 W, which is approximately one-fourth of the estimated result for the case where there are no reflectors 35.

[0058] Next, calculate the energy required to maintain operation. The conditions and results of the calculation are as follows:

[0059] During the operation of the heat generating device 10, the inside of the container 11 is evacuated by the vacuum exhaust unit 16, and the hydrogen pressure inside the container 11 is kept at p to 10 -4 Pa. The energy to maintain operation is a constant pressure process, so it can be calculated using the following formulas (2) and (3). pΔV=Δn1RT (2) Pm=Δn2RT (3)

[0060] p is the pressure of hydrogen inside the container 11. ΔV is the volume of the space inside the container 11. Δn1 is the number of moles of hydrogen present inside the container 11 before hydrogen is absorbed by the heating element 14. R is the gas constant. T is the temperature inside the container 11. Δn2 is the number of moles of hydrogen present inside the container 11 after hydrogen is absorbed by the heating element 14. First, Δn1 is calculated using the above formula (2). Next, Δn2 is calculated by subtracting the number of moles of hydrogen absorbed by the heating element 14 from the calculated Δn1. Here, the number of moles of hydrogen absorbed by the heating element 14 is set to a maximum of 10 -4 mol, and it is assumed that the hydrogen absorbed in the heating element 14 is released from the heating element 14 in about 6 hours. Using the above formula (3), the operation maintenance energy is P m ~4×10 -5 It is estimated to be W.

[0061] The thermal energy generated by the heating element 14 is H ex Without the reflector 35, the heat conduction energy loss (1.27 W), the radiation energy loss (2.43 W), and the energy required to maintain operation (4 × 10 -5 The total value of the heat loss (W) is approximately 3.70 W. Therefore, even without the reflector 35, the heat energy generated by the heating element 14 is greater than the total value of the heat conduction energy loss, the radiation energy loss, and the energy required to maintain operation, and thus the above formula (1) is satisfied, thereby suppressing heat loss and realizing a heating device with excellent energy efficiency. Therefore, the heating device according to the present invention need only include the container 11, heater 12, conductor 13, heating element 14, hydrogen supply unit 15, and vacuum exhaust unit 16, without including the reflector 17 and reflector 35.

[0062] In the heat generating device 10 according to this embodiment, three reflectors 35 are installed for each heat generating element 14, so radiation energy loss is reduced to roughly one-fourth of that in a case where there are no reflectors 35. Therefore, the total value of the heat conduction energy loss, radiation energy loss, and operation maintenance energy of the heat generating device 10 is approximately 1.88 W, which fully satisfies the above formula (1), and therefore the energy efficiency is further improved.

[0063] [Second embodiment] In the first embodiment, the temperature of the heater 12 is detected using a thermocouple (temperature sensor 30) built into the heater 12, but in the second embodiment, a radiation thermometer is used. In the following description, the same members as in the first embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals and description thereof will be omitted.

[0064] 9, the heat generating device 60 includes a container 61, a heater 62, a conductor section 63, a heating element 14, a hydrogen supply section 15, a vacuum exhaust section 16, and a reflecting section 64. The heat generating device 60 is configured to generate heat by a batch method.

[0065] The container 61 is composed of an upper portion 61a, a bottom portion 61b, and a side portion 61c. The upper portion 61a and the bottom portion 61b have the same configuration as the upper portion 11a and the bottom portion 11b of the first embodiment, and therefore a description thereof will be omitted. The side portion 61c has a window portion 65 that transmits infrared rays. The window portion 65 has a configuration in which quartz glass is fitted into a through-hole formed in the side portion 61c. The container 61 differs from the container 11 of the first embodiment in that the window portion 65 is provided in the side portion 61c.

[0066] The heater 62 is composed of a heating unit 29. The heater 62 differs from the heater 12 (see FIG. 2) of the first embodiment in that the heater 62 does not have a built-in temperature sensor 30.

[0067] The conductor section 63 is composed of a heating conductor section 32 connected to the heating section 29. The conductor section 63 differs from the conductor section 13 (see FIG. 2) of the first embodiment in that it does not have a temperature detection conductor section 33.

[0068] The reflecting unit 64 has a plurality of reflecting plates 66 and a support unit 67 that supports the plurality of reflecting plates 66. The support unit 67 has a plurality of bases 69 and a plurality of support plates 70a-70c fixed to the plurality of bases 69. The support plates 70a-70c are configured in a box shape as a whole. A first measurement hole 71 is provided in the support plate 70c that forms the side of the support unit 67. The first measurement hole 71 is provided in a position on the side support plate 70c that corresponds to a window portion 65 provided in the container 61. A second measurement hole 72 is provided in each of the plurality of reflecting plates 66 that are supported by the support plate 70c that has the first measurement hole 71. Each second measurement hole 72 is provided in a position on the plurality of reflecting plates 66 that corresponds to the first measurement hole 71. The support portion 67 differs from the support portion 48 of the first embodiment in that a first measurement hole 71 is provided in the support plate 70c and a second measurement hole 72 is provided in the reflecting plate 66.

[0069] The heat generating device 60 further includes a temperature sensor 74. The temperature sensor 74 is provided outside the container 61. The temperature sensor 74 is a radiation thermometer that detects the temperature of the heater 62 through a window 65 provided in the container 61, a first measurement hole 71 in the support plate 70c, and a second measurement hole 72 in the reflector plate 66. In the second embodiment, the heater temperature T H is measured.

[0070] In the heat generating device 60, the conductor 63 consists only of the heating conductor 32, and the temperature of the heater 62 is detected using a radiation thermometer as the temperature sensor 74, so that heat conduction energy loss is suppressed more than in the heat generating device 10 of the first embodiment, which has the temperature detection conductor 33. Therefore, the heat generating device 60 is configured to satisfy the condition of the above formula (1), and is therefore excellent in energy efficiency.

[0071] [Third embodiment] In the first and second embodiments, heat is generated by a batch system, but in the third embodiment, heat is generated by a permeation system.

[0072] In FIG. 10, a heat generating device 80 includes a container 81, a heater 82, a conductor section 83, a heat generating element 14, a hydrogen supply section 15, a vacuum exhaust section 16, and a reflecting section 84.

[0073] The container 81 is composed of a first container 81a and a second container 81b provided inside the first container 81a. The first container 81a and the second container 81b are hollow vacuum containers, and similar to the container 11 of the first embodiment, are composed of a top, a bottom, and a side. A gas outlet 26 and a connection unit 27 are provided in the wall of the first container 81a. The vacuum exhaust unit 16 evacuates the inside of the first container 81a. A gas inlet 25 and a gas recovery port 87 (described later) are provided in the wall of the second container 81b. In this embodiment, three gas inlets 25 and four gas recovery ports 87 are provided in the wall of the second container 81b. A hydrogen supply unit 15 introduces hydrogen-based gas into the second container 81b.

[0074] In the third embodiment, multiple heating elements 14 are provided inside the second container 81b. In FIG. 10, six heating elements 14 are provided. The multiple heating elements 14 are arranged at intervals from one another in a direction perpendicular to the front or back surface. The interior of the second container 81b is partitioned into multiple first chambers 85 and multiple second chambers 86 by the multiple heating elements 14. The first chambers 85 and the second chambers 86 are alternately arranged in the arrangement direction of the multiple heating elements 14. The first chamber 85 is connected to the gas inlet 25. The second chamber 86 is connected to the gas recovery port 87. The pressure in the first chamber 85 is increased by introducing a hydrogen-based gas from the gas inlet 25. The pressure in the second chamber 86 is reduced by recovering the hydrogen-based gas from the gas recovery port 87. As a result, the hydrogen partial pressure in the first chamber 85 becomes higher than the hydrogen partial pressure in the second chamber 86. In this way, in the third embodiment, a difference in hydrogen pressure (hydrogen partial pressure) is generated between the first chamber 85 and the second chamber 86.

[0075] The heater 82 is provided inside the first container 81a and heats the multiple heating elements 14 via the second container 81b. The heater 82 is, for example, an electric resistance heating type heating wire wound around the outer periphery of the second container 81b. The heater 82 is electrically connected to a power source (not shown) and generates heat when a voltage is applied from the power source. The heater 82 may also be an electric furnace arranged to cover the outer periphery of the second container 81b.

[0076] The conductor portion 83 connects the heater 82 to a connection portion 27 provided on the wall of the first container 81a. The conductor portion 83 is electrically connected via the connection portion 27 to a control unit (not shown) and a power source (not shown) provided outside the first container 81a.

[0077] The reflecting portion 84 reflects the radiant heat emitted by the heating element 14. The reflecting portion 84 also reflects the radiant heat emitted by the heater 82. The reflecting portion 84 has a plurality of reflecting plates 88 and a support portion (not shown) that supports the plurality of reflecting plates 88. The reflecting portion 84 is covered with a heat insulating material 89.

[0078] The heat generating device 80 further includes a temperature sensor (not shown) and uses the temperature sensor to detect the temperature of the heater 82. As the temperature sensor, for example, a radiation thermometer is used, as in the second embodiment.

[0079] The hydrogen supply unit 15 and the gas inlet 25 are connected by a hydrogen inlet pipe 90. The hydrogen inlet pipe 90 introduces a hydrogen-based gas from the hydrogen supply unit 15 through the gas inlet 25 into the first chamber 85. A pressure regulating valve 91 is provided in the hydrogen inlet pipe 90. The pressure regulating valve 91 adjusts the flow rate of the hydrogen-based gas introduced into the first chamber 85 and the pressure inside the hydrogen inlet pipe 90. A portion of the hydrogen inlet pipe 90 between the first container 81a and the heat insulating material 89 is inserted into a heat insulating pipe 92 and is insulated.

[0080] The hydrogen supply unit 15 and the gas recovery port 87 are connected by a hydrogen recovery pipe 94. The hydrogen recovery pipe 94 recovers the hydrogen-based gas in the second chamber 86 through the gas recovery port 87. A circulation pump 95 is provided in the hydrogen recovery pipe 94. The circulation pump 95 recovers the hydrogen-based gas in the second chamber 86 into the hydrogen recovery pipe 94, pressurizes the gas to a predetermined pressure, and sends it to a buffer tank (not shown) of the hydrogen supply unit 15. The flow rate of the hydrogen-based gas circulated by the circulation pump 95 is 0.1 SCCM. A metal bellows pump, for example, is used as the circulation pump 95. A portion of the hydrogen recovery pipe 94 between the first container 81a and the heat insulating material 89 is inserted into a heat insulating pipe 96 and is insulated.

[0081] 11, due to the difference in hydrogen partial pressure between the first chamber 85 and the second chamber 86, the hydrogen-based gas introduced into the first chamber 85 from the hydrogen inlet pipe 90 passes through the heating elements 14, moves to the second chamber 86, and is collected in the hydrogen recovery pipe 94. Each heating element 14 generates excess heat as the hydrogen-based gas passes through it. In this way, the heat generating device 80 is configured to generate heat by permeation.

[0082] The heater 82 is turned on when the heat generating device 80 starts operating, and is turned off after the heating element 14 generates excess heat. The circulation pump 95 continues to circulate the hydrogen-based gas while the heat generating device 80 is operating. Therefore, the operation maintenance energy does not include the electrical energy for driving the heater 82, but includes the electrical energy for driving the vacuum exhaust unit 16 and the electrical energy for driving the circulation pump 95. The electrical energy for driving the vacuum exhaust unit 16 is 4×10 as described above. -5 The electrical energy required to drive the circulation pump 95 is 1×10 at a flow rate of 0.1 SCCM. -3 It's W.

[0083] The heat generating device 80 uses a circulation pump 95, and therefore requires slightly more energy to maintain operation than the heat generating device 10 of the first embodiment, which does not use a pump for circulating the hydrogen-based gas. However, the heat generating device 80 is configured to generate heat by permeation, so the generated thermal energy H ex The heat energy H ex (about 10 W) can be obtained. Heat generating device 80 requires more energy to maintain operation than heat generating device 10, but the increase in the energy required to maintain operation is greater than the increase in the heat energy generated. Therefore, heat generating device 80 is configured to satisfy the conditions of formula (1) above, and is therefore excellent in energy efficiency.

[0084] [Fourth embodiment] In the third embodiment, the hydrogen-based gas is circulated using the circulation pump 95, but in the fourth embodiment, the hydrogen-based gas is not circulated.

[0085] 12, the heat generating device 100 includes a container 81, a heater 82, a conductor 83, a heat generating element 14, a hydrogen supply unit 15, a vacuum exhaust unit 16, and a reflector 84. The heat generating device 100 further includes a gas tank 101 that stores an inert gas and a gas pipe 102 that connects the gas tank 101 to a gas recovery port 87. The heat generating device 100 differs from the heat generating device 80 of the third embodiment in that the heat generating device 100 includes the gas tank 101 and the gas pipe 102 instead of the hydrogen recovery pipe 94 and the circulation pump 95. The inert gas may be, for example, argon gas or nitrogen gas. The inert gas in the gas tank 101 is introduced into the second chamber 86 via the gas pipe 102 before the heat generating device 100 starts operating. In this way, the gas tank 101 functions as an inert gas introduction unit for introducing the inert gas into the second chamber 86.

[0086] In the heat generating device 100, an inert gas is introduced into the second chamber 86, which causes a difference in hydrogen partial pressure between the first chamber 85 and the second chamber 86. Due to the difference in hydrogen partial pressure between the first chamber 85 and the second chamber 86, the hydrogen-based gas in the first chamber 85 permeates the heat generating element 14 and moves to the second chamber 86, from which it is sent to the gas tank 101 through the gas recovery port 87 and the gas pipe 102. Each heat generating element 14 generates excess heat as the hydrogen-based gas permeates through it. In this way, the heat generating device 100 is configured to generate heat by permeation.

[0087] By periodically replacing the gas tank 101, it is possible to maintain a state in which a difference in hydrogen partial pressure occurs between the first chamber 85 and the second chamber 86. Note that a hydrogen permeable membrane may be provided in the gas tank 101 to remove hydrogen accumulated inside the gas tank 101.

[0088] The heat generating device 100 does not use a pump for circulating the hydrogen-based gas, and therefore requires less energy to maintain operation than the heat generating device 80 of the third embodiment, which uses the circulation pump 95. Therefore, the heat generating device 100 is configured to satisfy the conditions of the above formula (1), and is therefore excellent in energy efficiency.

[0089] [Fifth embodiment] In the above embodiments, the heating element 14 is plate-shaped, but in the fifth embodiment, it is cylindrical.

[0090] As shown in FIG. 13, the heating element 106 is formed in a cylindrical shape with one end open and the other end closed. The heating element 106 has the same configuration as the heating element 14 of the first embodiment, except for its cylindrical shape with a bottom. The heating element 106 has a configuration in which a multilayer film 108 is provided on the surface of a base 107. The materials of the base 107 and the multilayer film 108 are the same as those in the first embodiment, so their explanation will be omitted. An attachment tube 109 is provided on the base 107. The attachment tube 109 is made of, for example, stainless steel. Although the heating element 106 is formed in a cylindrical shape with a bottom in FIG. 13, it may also be formed in a rectangular cylindrical shape with a bottom.

[0091] An example of a method for manufacturing the heating element 106 will be described. For the heating element 106, a pedestal 107 formed in a cylindrical shape with a bottom is prepared, and a multilayer film 108 is formed on the outer surface of the pedestal 107 using a wet film formation method. In this way, the cylindrical heating element 106 with a bottom is formed. Examples of the wet film formation method include spin coating, spray coating, and dipping. The multilayer film 108 may be formed using an ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition) method, or may be formed on the pedestal 107 while rotating the pedestal 107 using a sputtering device equipped with a rotation mechanism for rotating the pedestal 107. The multilayer film 108 is not limited to being formed on the outer surface of the pedestal 107, but may also be formed on the inner surface of the pedestal 107 or on both surfaces of the pedestal 107.

[0092] 14, the heat generating device 110 includes a plurality of heat generating elements 106. The heat generating device 110 has the same configuration as the heat generating device 80 of the third embodiment, except that the heat generating device 110 uses a bottomed cylindrical heat generating element 106. The heat generating device 110 includes a container 81, a heater 82, a conductor part 83, a plurality of heat generating elements 106, a hydrogen supply part 15, a vacuum exhaust part 16, and a reflecting part 84.

[0093] Multiple heating elements 106 are provided inside the second container 81b. Mounting tubes 109 of the heating elements 106 are connected to gas inlets 25 provided in the wall of the second container 81b. The first chamber 85 is formed by the inner surface of the heating elements 106. The second chamber 86 is formed by the inner surface of the second container 81b and the outer surface of the heating elements 106. Therefore, the base 107 of the heating elements 106 is disposed on the first chamber 85 side (high-pressure side), and the multilayer film 108 is disposed on the second chamber 86 side (low-pressure side) (see FIG. 13). Due to the difference in hydrogen partial pressure between the first chamber 85 and the second chamber 86, the hydrogen-based gas introduced into the first chamber 85 from the gas inlets 25 and mounting tubes 109 permeates the heating elements 106 and moves to the second chamber 86. Each heating element 106 generates excess heat as the hydrogen-based gas permeates through it. In this way, the heat generating device 110 is configured to generate heat by transmission.

[0094] As shown in FIG. 15 , in the heat generating device 110, nine heating elements 106 are provided inside the second container 81b. In this embodiment, nine gas inlet ports 25 (not shown) and one gas recovery port 87 (not shown) are provided in the wall of the second container 81b. The mounting pipe 109 of each heating element 106 is connected to the hydrogen introduction pipe 90 via the gas inlet port 25, and hydrogen-based gas is introduced into the inside (first chamber 85) of each heating element 106. The gas recovery port 87 of the second container 81b is connected to the hydrogen recovery pipe 94, and the hydrogen-based gas is recovered from the second chamber 86. The recovered hydrogen-based gas is pressurized to a predetermined pressure by the circulation pump 95 and sent to a buffer tank (not shown) of the hydrogen supply unit 15. The hydrogen-based gas in the hydrogen supply unit 15 is introduced again into the interior (first chamber 85) of each heating element 106 through the gas recovery port 87 and the hydrogen introduction pipe 90, and moves to the exterior (second chamber 86) of each heating element 106. In this way, the heating device 110 can circulate the hydrogen-based gas.

[0095] The heat generating device 110 has the same configuration as the heat generating device 80 of the third embodiment, except that it uses the heat generating element 106. Therefore, like the heat generating device 80 of the third embodiment, the heat generating device 110 is configured to satisfy the condition of the above mathematical formula (1), and is therefore excellent in energy efficiency.

[0096] The heating device 110 may use a columnar heating element 112 shown in FIG. 16 instead of the heating element 106. The heating element 112 has a columnar base 113 and a multilayer film 108 provided on the surface of the base 113. The heating element 112 differs from the heating element 106 in that it has a solid base 113. The base 113 improves the mechanical strength of the heating element 112 while allowing hydrogen-based gas to pass through. Although the heating element 112 is columnar in FIG. 16, it may also be formed into a prismatic shape.

[0097] [Sixth embodiment] In the fifth embodiment, the hydrogen-based gas is circulated using the circulation pump 95, but in the sixth embodiment, the hydrogen-based gas is not circulated.

[0098] 17, the heat generating device 115 includes a container 81, a heater 82, a conductor section 83, a heat generating element 106, a hydrogen supply section 15, a vacuum exhaust section 16, a reflecting section 84, a gas tank 101, and a gas pipe 102. The heat generating device 115 differs from the heat generating device 110 of the fifth embodiment in that the heat generating device 115 includes the gas tank 101 and the gas pipe 102 instead of the hydrogen recovery pipe 94 and the circulation pump 95.

[0099] In the heat generating device 115, a hydrogen-based gas is introduced into the first chamber 85, and an inert gas is introduced into the second chamber 86, thereby generating a difference in hydrogen partial pressure between the first chamber 85 and the second chamber 86. Due to the difference in hydrogen partial pressure between the first chamber 85 and the second chamber 86, the hydrogen-based gas in the first chamber 85 permeates the heat generating element 106 and moves to the second chamber 86, and is then sent to the gas tank 101 through the gas recovery port 87 and the gas pipe 102. Each heat generating element 106 generates excess heat as the hydrogen-based gas permeates through it. In this way, the heat generating device 115 is configured to generate heat by permeation.

[0100] The heat generating device 115 does not use a pump for circulating the hydrogen-based gas, and therefore requires less energy to maintain operation than the heat generating device 110 of the fifth embodiment, which uses the circulation pump 95. Therefore, the heat generating device 115 is configured to satisfy the condition of the above formula (1), and is therefore excellent in energy efficiency.

[0101] The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and can be modified as appropriate within the scope of the invention.

[0102] The multilayer film 40 of the heating element 14, and the multilayer film 108 of the heating elements 106 and 112 are each composed of a first layer 41 and a second layer 42, but the configuration of the multilayer film is not limited to this.

[0103] A first example of the multilayer film will be described below.

[0104] As shown in FIG. 18, the heating element 133 includes a base 39 and a multilayer film 134. The multilayer film 134 includes a first layer 41, a second layer 42, and a third layer 135. The base 39, the first layer 41, and the second layer 42 will not be described here. The third layer 135 is formed of a hydrogen-storing metal, a hydrogen-storing alloy, or a ceramic that is different from the first layer 41 and the second layer 42. The thickness of the third layer 135 is preferably less than 1000 nm. In FIG. 18, the first layer 41, the second layer 42, and the third layer 135 are stacked on the surface of the base 39 in the following order: first layer 41, second layer 42, first layer 41, third layer 135. The first layer 41, the second layer 42, and the third layer 135 may be stacked on the surface of the base 39 in the following order: first layer 41, third layer 135, first layer 41, second layer 42. That is, the multilayer film 134 has a stacked structure in which the first layer 41 is provided between the second layer 42 and the third layer 135. The multilayer film 134 may include one or more third layers 135. The interface between the first layer 41 and the third layer 135 is a dissimilar material interface 136. Similar to the dissimilar material interface 43, the dissimilar material interface 136 allows hydrogen atoms to pass through.

[0105] The third layer 135 is formed of, for example, any one of Ni, Pd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Co, alloys thereof, SiC, CaO, Y2O3, TiC, LaB6, SrO, and BaO. The alloy forming the third layer 135 is preferably an alloy consisting of two or more of Ni, Pd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, and Co. The alloy forming the third layer 135 may be an alloy in which an additive element is added to Ni, Pd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, or Co.

[0106] In particular, the third layer 135 is preferably formed of any one of CaO, Y2O3, TiC, LaB6, SrO, and BaO. A heating element 133 having a third layer 135 formed of any one of CaO, Y2O3, TiC, LaB6, SrO, and BaO has an increased hydrogen storage capacity, which increases the amount of hydrogen permeating through the dissimilar material interface 43 and the dissimilar material interface 136, thereby achieving high excess heat output. The third layer 135 formed of any one of CaO, Y2O3, TiC, LaB6, SrO, and BaO preferably has a thickness of 10 nm or less. This allows hydrogen atoms to easily permeate the multilayer film 134. The third layer 135 formed of any one of CaO, Y2O3, TiC, LaB6, SrO, and BaO may be formed in an island shape rather than as a complete film. Furthermore, the first layer 41 and the third layer 135 are preferably formed continuously in a vacuum. As a result, no native oxide film is formed between the first layer 41 and the third layer 135, and only a different material interface 136 is formed.

[0107] The combinations of the first layer 41, the second layer 42, and the third layer 135, when the types of elements are expressed as "first layer 41-third layer 135-second layer 42", are Pd-CaO-Ni, Pd-Y2O3-Ni, Pd-TiC-Ni, Pd-LaB6-Ni, Ni-CaO-Cu, Ni-Y2O3-Cu, Ni-TiC-Cu, Ni-LaB6-Cu, Ni-Co-Cu, Ni-CaO-Cr, Ni-Y2O3-Cr, Ni-TiC-Cr, Ni-LaB6 -Cr, Ni-CaO-Fe, Ni-Y2O3-Fe, Ni-TiC-Fe, Ni-LaB6-Fe, Ni-Cr-Fe, Ni-CaO-Mg, Ni-Y2O3-Mg, Ni-TiC-Mg, Ni-LaB6-Mg, Ni-CaO-Co, Ni-Y2O3-Co, Ni-TiC-Co, Ni-LaB6-Co, Ni-CaO-SiC, Ni-Y2O3-SiC, Ni-TiC-SiC, and Ni-LaB6-SiC are preferred.

[0108] A second example of the multilayer film will now be described.

[0109] As shown in FIG. 19, the heating element 143 includes a base 39 and a multilayer film 144. The multilayer film 144 includes a first layer 41, a second layer 42, a third layer 135, and a fourth layer 145. The fourth layer 145 is formed of a hydrogen storage metal, a hydrogen storage alloy, or a ceramic that is different from the first layer 41, the second layer 42, and the third layer 135. The thickness of the fourth layer 145 is preferably less than 1000 nm. In FIG. 19, the first layer 41, the second layer 42, the third layer 135, and the fourth layer 145 are stacked on the surface of the base 39 in the following order: first layer 41, second layer 42, first layer 41, third layer 135, first layer 41, fourth layer 145. The first layer 41, the second layer 42, the third layer 135, and the fourth layer 145 may be stacked on the surface of the base 39 in the following order: first layer 41, fourth layer 145, first layer 41, third layer 135, first layer 41, second layer 42. That is, the multilayer film 144 has a stacked structure in which the second layer 42, the third layer 135, and the fourth layer 145 are stacked in any order, with the first layer 41 being provided between each of the second layer 42, the third layer 135, and the fourth layer 145. The multilayer film 144 may include one or more fourth layers 145. The interface between the first layer 41 and the fourth layer 145 is a dissimilar material interface 146. Similar to the dissimilar material interface 43 and the dissimilar material interface 136, the dissimilar material interface 146 allows hydrogen atoms to pass through.

[0110] The fourth layer 145 is formed of, for example, any one of Ni, Pd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Co, alloys thereof, SiC, CaO, Y2O3, TiC, LaB6, SrO, and BaO. The alloy forming the fourth layer 145 is preferably an alloy consisting of two or more of Ni, Pd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, and Co. The alloy forming the fourth layer 145 may be an alloy in which an additive element is added to Ni, Pd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, or Co.

[0111] In particular, the fourth layer 145 is preferably formed of any one of CaO, Y2O3, TiC, LaB6, SrO, and BaO. A heating element 143 having a fourth layer 145 formed of any one of CaO, Y2O3, TiC, LaB6, SrO, and BaO has an increased hydrogen storage capacity, which increases the amount of hydrogen permeating through the dissimilar material interface 43, the dissimilar material interface 136, and the dissimilar material interface 146, thereby achieving high excess heat output. The fourth layer 145 formed of any one of CaO, Y2O3, TiC, LaB6, SrO, and BaO preferably has a thickness of 10 nm or less. This allows hydrogen atoms to easily permeate the multilayer film 144. The fourth layer 145 formed of any one of CaO, Y2O3, TiC, LaB6, SrO, and BaO may be formed in an island shape rather than as a complete film. Furthermore, the first layer 41 and the fourth layer 145 are preferably formed continuously in a vacuum. As a result, no native oxide film is formed between the first layer 41 and the fourth layer 145, and only a different material interface 146 is formed.

[0112] As for the combination of the first layer 41, the second layer 42, the third layer 135, and the fourth layer 145, when the types of elements are expressed as "first layer 41-fourth layer 145-third layer 135-second layer 42", the following are preferable: Ni-CaO-Cr-Fe, Ni-Y2O3-Cr-Fe, Ni-TiC-Cr-Fe, and Ni-LaB6-Cr-Fe.

[0113] In the present invention, the thermal energy (referred to as usable energy) corresponding to the value obtained by subtracting each energy on the left side of Equation (1) from the thermal energy on the right side can be used for various purposes. Usable energy can be recovered, for example, using a heat transfer medium. The heat transfer medium is heated to a high temperature when provided with usable energy. High-temperature heat transfer mediums are used, for example, in home heaters, home water heaters, automobile heaters, agricultural heaters, road heaters, heat sources for seawater desalination, and auxiliary heat sources for geothermal power generation. Gas or liquid heat transfer mediums can be used, and those with excellent thermal conductivity and chemical stability are preferred. Examples of gases that can be used include helium gas, argon gas, hydrogen gas, nitrogen gas, water vapor, air, and carbon dioxide. Examples of liquids that can be used include water, molten salts (e.g., KNO3 (40%)-NaNO3 (60%)), and liquid metals (e.g., Pb). Alternatively, a multiphase heat transfer medium, in which solid particles are dispersed in a gas or liquid, may be used. The solid particles may be metals, metal compounds, alloys, ceramics, etc. Examples of metals include copper, nickel, titanium, and cobalt. Examples of metal compounds include oxides, nitrides, and silicides of the above metals. Examples of alloys include stainless steel and chromium-molybdenum steel. Examples of ceramics include alumina. Note that the usable energy is not limited to being recovered using a heat transfer medium, and may also be recovered as electrical energy using, for example, a thermoelectric element.

[0114] Applications of usable energy include heat exchangers and power units. Examples of heat exchangers include devices that exchange heat between a heat transfer medium and a gas, devices that exchange heat between a heat transfer medium and a liquid, and devices that exchange heat between a heat transfer medium and a solid. Devices that exchange heat between a heat transfer medium and a gas are used for air conditioning, preheating air to be supplied to combustion equipment, and generating hot air for drying and heating. Examples of combustion equipment include boilers, rotary kilns, metal heat treatment furnaces, metal processing furnaces, hot air stoves, ceramic kilns, oil refineries, carbonization furnaces, and drying ovens. Devices that exchange heat between a heat transfer medium and a liquid are used as boiler heat sources, oil heaters, and chemical reaction tanks. Devices that exchange heat between a heat transfer medium and a solid are used in double-pipe rotary heaters and for heating particulate matter in double pipes. Examples of power units include gas turbines, steam turbines, Stirling engines, and ORCS (Organic Rankine Cycle Systems).

[0115] Available energy can be used to separate carbon dioxide (CO2) from exhaust gas emitted from combustion equipment such as boilers. The CO2 contained in the exhaust gas is captured by a carbon dioxide capture device using chemical absorption or physical adsorption. In the chemical absorption method, the CO2 contained in the exhaust gas is absorbed into an absorption solution such as an aqueous solution of an amine compound, and the CO2 is released from the absorption solution by heating the absorption solution. In the chemical absorption method, available energy can be used to heat the absorption solution that has absorbed the CO2. In the physical adsorption method, the CO2 contained in the exhaust gas is adsorbed onto an adsorbent such as activated carbon or zeolite, and the adsorbent is heated to desorb the CO2 from the adsorbent. In the physical adsorption method, available energy can be used to heat the adsorbent that has adsorbed the CO2.

[0116] Available energy may be used to react CO2 with hydrogen (H2) to convert it into methane (CH4). CO2 may be recovered from exhaust gas using a carbon dioxide capture unit or the like. CH4 is produced from the feed gas by contacting the feed gas containing CO2 and H2 with a catalyst that promotes the reaction between CO2 and H2 (methanation reaction). However, if the temperature of the feed gas is low, the reaction does not proceed sufficiently. Available energy can be used to heat the feed gas containing CO2 and H2.

[0117] Available energy can also be used in the IS cycle to produce hydrogen from water. In the IS cycle, water is reacted with iodine (I) and sulfur (S) to produce hydrogen iodide (HI), which is then thermally decomposed to produce hydrogen. Available energy can be used to thermally decompose the hydrogen iodide.

[0118] The available energy can also be used in the ISN cycle, which produces ammonia (NH3) from water and nitrogen (N2). In the ISN cycle, nitrogen is reacted with hydrogen iodide produced in the IS cycle to produce ammonium iodide (NH4I), which is then thermally decomposed to produce ammonia. The available energy can be used to thermally decompose ammonium iodide. [Explanation of symbols]

[0119] 10,60,80,100,110,115 Heating device 11,61,81 container 12,62,82 heater 13,63,83 Conductor section 14,106,112,133,143 Heating elements 15 Hydrogen supply unit 16 Vacuum exhaust section 17,64,84 Reflector 30 Temperature Sensor 35,66,88 Reflector 39,107,113 pedestal 40,108,134,144 Multilayer film 41 1st layer 42 2nd layer 43,136,146 Different materials interface 65 Window 74 Temperature Sensor 81a First Container 81b Second container 85 Room 1 86 Room 2 101 Gas Tank 135 3rd layer 145 4th layer

Claims

1. A hollow container; a heating element provided inside the container; a heater that heats the heating element; a conductive wire portion connecting the wall portion of the container and the heater; a hydrogen supply unit that supplies a hydrogen-based gas containing hydrogen to the heating element; a vacuum exhaust unit that evacuates the inside of the container; a reflecting portion that reflects radiant heat from the heat generating body; Equipped with the heating element has a base made of a hydrogen storage metal, a hydrogen storage alloy, or a proton conductor, and a multilayer film provided on a surface of the base, the multilayer film has a laminated structure in which a first layer made of a hydrogen storage metal or a hydrogen storage alloy and having a thickness of less than 1000 nm and a second layer made of a hydrogen storage metal, a hydrogen storage alloy, or a ceramic different from that of the first layer and having a thickness of less than 1000 nm are laminated; the heating element is heated by the heater, and generates heat by the hydrogen permeating or diffusing through a dissimilar material interface, which is an interface between the first layer and the second layer, by quantum diffusion; the heat generating element has a back surface facing the heater and a front surface opposite to the back surface, The reflecting section has a plurality of reflecting plates arranged at intervals from each other, the plurality of reflectors are provided on the front surface side of the heat generating element along a direction perpendicular to the front surface of the heat generating element, Heater temperature is T Ｈ [K], external temperature をT Ｗ [K], The equivalent heat conduction area is A ＨＣ [m ２ ], The equivalent thermal conductivity is k ｅｑ [W / mK], The equivalent heat conduction distance is L ｅｑ [m], The sample radiation surface area is A Ｓ [m ２ ], The sample surface temperature is T Ｓ [K], The equivalent emissivity is ε ｅｑ , The Stefan-Boltzmann constant is σ [W / m ２ K ４ ], The energy required to maintain operation is P ｍ [W], The thermal energy generated by the heating element is H ｅｘ When [W] is used, A heat generating device that satisfies the following formula (1): [Equation 1] Here, in the above formula (1), η ｅｑ is the equivalent thermal conductivity divided by the equivalent thermal conduction distance (k ｅｑ / L ｅｑ )

2. The heating element has a side surface perpendicular to the front surface and the back surface, The heating device according to claim 1 , wherein the plurality of reflecting plates are provided on the side surfaces of the heating element in a direction perpendicular to the side surfaces of the heating element.

3. A hollow container; a connection portion provided on a wall of the container; a heating element provided inside the container; a heater that heats the heating element; a conductor portion connecting the connection portion and the heater; a hydrogen supply unit that supplies a hydrogen-based gas containing hydrogen to the heating element; a vacuum exhaust unit that evacuates the inside of the container; a control unit that is provided outside the container, electrically connected to the conductor unit via the connection unit, and controls the operation of the heater; Equipped with the heating element has a base made of a hydrogen storage metal, a hydrogen storage alloy, or a proton conductor, and a multilayer film provided on a surface of the base, the multilayer film has a laminated structure in which a first layer made of a hydrogen storage metal or a hydrogen storage alloy and having a thickness of less than 1000 nm and a second layer made of a hydrogen storage metal, a hydrogen storage alloy, or a ceramic different from that of the first layer and having a thickness of less than 1000 nm are laminated; the heating element is heated by the heater, and generates heat by the hydrogen permeating or diffusing through a dissimilar material interface, which is an interface between the first layer and the second layer, by quantum diffusion; the control unit controls the heater to be turned on to generate excess heat from the heating element, and turns the heater off after the heating element has generated excess heat to continue generating the excess heat; The heater temperature is T H [K]. The outside temperature is T W [K], The equivalent heat conduction area is A HC [m 2 ]. Equivalent thermal conductivity is k eq [W / mK], The equivalent heat conduction distance is L eq [m], The sample radiative surface area is A S [m 2 ], The sample surface temperature is T S [K]. The equivalent emissivity is ε eq , The Stefan-Boltzmann constant is σ [W / m 2 K 4 ]. The energy required to maintain operation is P m [W]. When the thermal energy generated by the heating element is H ex [W], A heat generating device that satisfies the following formula (1): [Equation 1] Here, in the above formula (1), η eq is the value (k eq / L eq ) obtained by dividing the equivalent thermal conductivity by the equivalent heat conduction distance.

4. Further provided with a radiation thermometer, the container has a window that transmits infrared light; 4. The heating device according to claim 1, wherein the radiation thermometer detects the temperature of the heater.

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