MHC class II molecules and methods of use thereof

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to HLA class II molecules that have a higher affinity for CD4 than naturally occurring HLA class II molecules. In certain embodiments, the HLA class II molecules comprise a DQ beta chain having (i) an amino acid other than leucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO: 1, (ii) an amino acid other than valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or (iii) both (i) and (ii). Certain embodiments of the present disclosure relate to nucleic acid molecules encoding the HLA class II molecules, vectors comprising the nucleic acid molecules, cells comprising the vectors, and methods of use thereof.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This PCT application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 880,501, filed July 30, 2019, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 029,114, filed May 22, 2020, the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0002] Reference to sequence listings submitted electronically via EFS-WEB The contents of the electronically submitted sequence listing (Name: 4285-011PC02_SL_ST25.txt, Size: 34,403 bytes; and Created: July 28, 2020) are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0003] The present disclosure provides major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules with enhanced affinity for CD4, and methods of use thereof. [Background technology]

[0004] Immunotherapy has emerged as an important tool in the fight against various diseases, including cancer. T cell therapy is at the forefront of immunotherapeutic development, and adoptive transfer of antitumor T cells has been shown to induce clinical responses in cancer patients.

[0005] Directed T cell therapy, which uses T cells expressing T cell receptors (TCRs) specific for target epitopes expressed on tumor cells, is a promising form of T cell therapy. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) induce immune responses by displaying peptide fragments associated with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) receptors on their surface. Improved presentation of endogenous peptides by MHC class II has previously been demonstrated to correlate with prolonged survival in cancer patients. However, the development of novel TCRs that can specifically target peptides presented by MHC class II is limited by the low affinity of MHC class II proteins for CD4 expressed on T cells.

[0006] The present disclosure provides MHC class II proteins with enhanced affinity for CD4 and methods of using same for the identification and improvement of novel MHC class II-specific TCRs. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0007] Certain embodiments of the present disclosure relate to HLA class II molecules comprising a DQ beta chain, wherein the DQ beta chain comprises an amino acid other than leucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO:1.

[0008] Certain aspects of the present disclosure relate to an HLA class II molecule comprising a DQ beta chain, wherein the DQ beta chain comprises a substitution mutation at an amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the substitution mutation is with an amino acid other than leucine.

[0009] In some embodiments, the DQ beta chain further comprises an amino acid other than valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO:1.

[0010] Certain embodiments of the present disclosure relate to HLA class II molecules comprising a DQ beta chain, wherein the DQ beta chain comprises an amino acid other than valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO:1.

[0011] Certain aspects of the present disclosure relate to an HLA class II molecule comprising a DQ beta chain, wherein the DQ beta chain comprises a substitution mutation at an amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the substitution mutation is with an amino acid other than valine.

[0012] In some embodiments, the DQ beta chain further comprises an amino acid other than leucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the DQ beta chain further comprises an amino acid other than asparagine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the DQ beta chain further comprises an amino acid other than isoleucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the DQ beta chain further comprises an amino acid other than serine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the DQ beta chain further comprises an amino acid other than proline at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

[0013] In some embodiments, the DQ beta chain further comprises at least three of: (i) an amino acid other than asparagine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO:1; (ii) an amino acid other than isoleucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO:1; (iii) an amino acid other than serine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO:1; and (iv) an amino acid other than proline at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO:1.

[0014] In some embodiments, the DQ beta chain further comprises (i) an amino acid other than asparagine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO:1, (ii) an amino acid other than isoleucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO:1, (iii) an amino acid other than serine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO:1, and (iv) an amino acid other than proline at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO:1.

[0015] In some embodiments, the non-leucine amino acid at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a hydrophobic side chain. In some embodiments, the non-leucine amino acid at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from the group consisting of alanine, valine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. In some embodiments, the non-leucine amino acid at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is tryptophan.

[0016] In some embodiments, the amino acid other than valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a hydrophobic side chain. In some embodiments, the amino acid other than valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from alanine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. In some embodiments, the amino acid other than valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is methionine.

[0017] In some embodiments, the beta chain of the MHC class II molecule comprises an amino acid other than asparagine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the amino acid other than asparagine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from serine, threonine, and glutamine. In some embodiments, the amino acid other than asparagine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is glutamine.

[0018] In some embodiments, the beta chain of the MHC class II molecule comprises an amino acid other than isoleucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the amino acid other than isoleucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from alanine, valine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. In some embodiments, the amino acid other than isoleucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is valine.

[0019] In some embodiments, the beta chain of the MHC class II molecule comprises an amino acid other than serine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the amino acid other than serine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from arginine, histidine, and lysine. In some embodiments, the amino acid other than serine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is histidine.

[0020] In some embodiments, the beta chain of the MHC class II molecule comprises an amino acid other than proline at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the non-proline amino acid at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from serine, threonine, asparagine, and glutamine. In some embodiments, the non-proline amino acid at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is glutamine.

[0021] In some embodiments, the DQ beta chain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 4, and 5.

[0022] In some embodiments, the DQ beta chain comprises a tryptophan at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO:1 and a methionine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO:1.

[0023] In some embodiments, the beta chain of the MHC class II molecule comprises (a) a tryptophan at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO:1, (b) a methionine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO:1, and (c) at least one of (i) a glutamine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO:1, (ii) a valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO:1, (iii) a histidine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO:1, and (iv) a glutamine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO:1.

[0024] In some embodiments, the beta chain of the MHC class II molecule comprises at least two of: (a) a tryptophan at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO:1; (b) a methionine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO:1; and (c) (i) a glutamine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO:1; (ii) a valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO:1; (iii) a histidine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO:1; and (iv) a glutamine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO:1.

[0025] In some embodiments, the beta chain of the MHC class II molecule comprises at least three of: (a) a tryptophan at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO:1; (b) a methionine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO:1; and (c) (i) a glutamine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO:1; (ii) a valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO:1; (iii) a histidine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO:1; and (iv) a glutamine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO:1.

[0026] In some embodiments, the beta chain of the MHC class II molecule comprises (a) a tryptophan at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO:1, (b) a methionine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO:1, (c) a glutamine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO:1, (d) a valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO:1, (e) a histidine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO:1, and (f) a glutamine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO:1.

[0027] In some embodiments, the DQ beta chain comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the DQ beta chain comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4.

[0028] In some embodiments, the beta chain of the HLA class II molecule comprises a DQ2, DQ3, DQ4, DQ5, or DQ6 allele. In some embodiments, the beta chain of the MHC class II molecule comprises an HLA-DQB1*02, HLA-DQB1*03, HLA-DQB1*04, HLA-DQB1*05, or HLA-DQB1*06 allele.

[0029] In some embodiments, the HLA class II molecule further comprises a DQ alpha chain. In some embodiments, the alpha chain of the MHC class II molecule comprises an HLA-DQA1*01, HLA-DQA1*02, HLA-DQA1*03, HLA-DQA1*04, HLA-DQA1*05, or HLA-DQA1*06 allele.

[0030] In some embodiments, the DQ alpha chain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6 or 8. In some embodiments, the DQ alpha chain comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 or 8.

[0031] In some embodiments, the DQ beta chain has a higher affinity for the CD4 protein compared to a reference HLA class II molecule, wherein the reference HLA class II molecule comprises a DQ beta chain comprising (i) a leucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO:1, and / or (ii) a valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO:1.

[0032] In some embodiments, the affinity is at least about 1.5 times, at least about 2 times, at least about 3 times, at least about 4 times, at least about 5 times, at least about 6 times, at least about 7 times, at least about 8 times, at least about 9 times, at least about 10 times, at least about 15 times, at least about 20 times, at least about 25 times, at least about 30 times, at least about 35 times, at least about 40 times, at least about 45 times, at least about 50 times, at least about 75 times, at least about 100 times, at least about 200 times, at least about 300 times, at least about 400 times, at least about 500 times, or at least about 1000 times higher.

[0033] In some embodiments, the DQ beta chain is bound to the membrane of a cell. In some embodiments, the DQ beta chain is not bound to the membrane of a cell. In some embodiments, the DQ beta chain comprises the extracellular domain of the full-length DQ alpha chain. In some embodiments, the DQ beta chain does not comprise the transmembrane domain of the full-length DQ beta chain.

[0034] In some embodiments, the DQ alpha chain is bound to a membrane of a cell. In some embodiments, the DQ alpha chain is not bound to a membrane of a cell. In some embodiments, the DQ alpha chain comprises the extracellular domain of a full-length DQ alpha chain. In some embodiments, the DQ alpha chain does not comprise the transmembrane domain of a full-length DQ alpha chain.

[0035] In some embodiments, the DQ beta chains are linked or bound to inert particles. In some embodiments, the inert particles are beads. In some embodiments, the inert particles are nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the nanoparticles are selected from PEGylated iron oxide, chitosan, dextran, gelatin, alginate, liposomes, starch, branched polymers, carbon-based carriers, polylactic acid, poly(cyano)acrylate, polyethyleinemine, block copolymers, polycaprolactone, SPIONS, USPIONS, Cd / Zn-selenide, or silica nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the nanoparticles are PEGylated iron oxide nanoparticles.

[0036] In some embodiments, the DQ beta chain comprises a signal peptide. In some embodiments, the DQ alpha chain comprises a signal peptide. In some embodiments, the signal peptide comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:9.

[0037] Certain aspects of the present disclosure relate to nucleic acid molecules encoding the DQ beta chains disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules further encode the DQ alpha chains disclosed herein.

[0038] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:2.

[0039] Certain aspects of the present disclosure pertain to vectors comprising the nucleic acid molecules disclosed herein.

[0040] Certain embodiments of the present disclosure relate to cells comprising the HLA class II molecules disclosed herein, the nucleic acid molecules disclosed herein, or the vectors disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the cells are mammalian cells or insect cells. In some embodiments, the cells are selected from K562 cells, T2, HEK293, HEK293T, A375, SK-MEL-28, Me275, COS, fibroblasts, tumor cells, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the cells lack endogenous MHC class II DQ beta chain expression. In some embodiments, the cells lack endogenous MHC class II DQ alpha chain expression.

[0041] Certain aspects of the present disclosure relate to methods for identifying T cell receptors capable of binding to an epitope of an MHC class II complex, the methods comprising pulsing a cell as disclosed herein with one or more peptides comprising the epitope and detecting one or more CD4 + and stimulating the T cells with APCs.

[0042] Certain aspects of the present disclosure relate to methods of treating a disease or condition in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an MHC class II molecule disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the disease or condition is cancer or an infection.

[0043] In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of melanoma, bone cancer, pancreatic cancer, skin cancer, head and neck cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, rectal cancer, gastric cancer, uterine cancer, lung cancer, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), esophageal cancer, small intestine cancer, urethral cancer, chronic or acute leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (including non-T-cell ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), bladder cancer, kidney or ureter cancer, renal pelvis cancer, glioma, squamous cell carcinoma, and combinations of the above cancers.

[0044] In some embodiments, the cancer is relapsed or refractory. In some embodiments, the cancer is locally advanced. In some embodiments, the cancer is progressive. In some embodiments, the cancer is metastatic.

[0045] In some embodiments, the HLA class II molecule has a K of less than about 100 μM. D In some embodiments, the HLA class II molecule binds to CD4 with a K of less than about 10 μM. D In some embodiments, the HLA class II molecule binds to CD4 with a K of about 8.9 μM or less. D It binds to CD4.

[0046] Certain aspects of the present disclosure relate to complexes comprising an HLA class II molecule as disclosed herein and a peptide, wherein the peptide is DDX3Y 171-190 , H.A. 255-270 , GPC3 138-157 , or any combination thereof. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0047] [Figure 1-1]Panels A–F show data demonstrating the enhanced CD4-binding ability of the engineered DQ molecules. Panel A is a table comparing the amino acid sequences of DPB1*04:01, DQB1*05:01, and DQB1*05:01L114W / V143M+4reps; mutated amino acids are underlined. Panels B and C are graphical representations of data obtained by staining class II-deficient K562 cells stably expressing wild-type DQ5 (DQA1*01:01 / DQB1*05:01), DQ5L114W / V143M, DQ5L114W / V143M+4reps, wild-type DP4, or DP4L112W / V141M with sCD4, as shown in Figure 1A. (D) CD4-binding ability of a series of K562 derivatives individually expressing the DQ5L114W / V143M+4reps mutant, which has a single amino acid inversion at one of four positions, stained identically with sCD4. (E) A table listing the amino acid sequences of DPB1*04:01, DQB1*02:01, DQB1*04:02, and DQB1*06:01, with the substituted amino acid underlined. Unlike DQB1*05:01, DQB1*02:01, DQB1*04:02, and DQB1*06:01, encode a Val at position 116, similar to DPB1*04:01, which encodes a Val at position 114. F shows a graphical representation of data demonstrating that the L114W / V143M+3reps substitution in the β-chain enhanced binding of DQ2, DQ4, and DQ6 to CD4. At least two independent experiments were performed. *: P value less than 0.05 by Student's t-test. Bars and error bars represent the mean ± SD of the results of triplicate experiments. [Figure 1-2] Same as above. [Figure 1-3] Same as above. [Figure 2](A-B) Graphical representations showing that affinity-matured DQ dimers recognized the cognate TCRs expressed on human primary CD4+ T cells. DQ5 (DQA1*01:01-DQB1*05:01)-restricted DDX3Y-specific TCR (E6) (A) and DQ6 (DQA1*01:02-DQB1*06:02)-restricted influenza virus HA-specific TCR (DM2) (B) were reconstituted with human primary CD4+ T cells and stained with DQ5L114W / V143M+4reps and DQ6L114W / V143M+3reps dimers, respectively. At least two independent experiments were performed. [Figure 3] A-Q are graphical representations of histograms showing the comparison of the expression levels of each HLA class II gene. HLA-DQ and their derivatives were reconstituted in K562 cells and stained with anti-HLA class II monoclonal antibodies. The surface expression of each of the DQ2, DQ5, and DQ6 alleles was detected using anti-HLA class II monoclonal antibody clone 9-49 (I3) (DQ5 and DQ6) or anti-class II monoclonal antibody clone Tu39 (DQ2 and DQ4). The open histogram represents the substandard control staining. [Figure 4] Figures A–L are graphical representations showing that the DQ5L114W / V143M+4reps dimer strongly stained E6-transduced CD4+ T cells. E6 was reconstituted with CD4+ T cells, which were then stained with wild-type DQ5 (D and J), DQ5L114W / V143M (E and K), and DQ5L114W / V143M+4reps (F and L), CLIP control dimers (D–F), and dimers specific for DDX3Y171-190 (J–L). Non-TCR-transduced control cells are shown in Figures A–C and G–I. [Figure 5-1](A-G) Graphical representations showing the cloning of a DQ5-restricted TCR using affinity-matured dimers. Primary CD4+ T cells were purified from a DQ5.1+ melanoma patient and stimulated with DQ5.1-expressing aAPCs that were irradiated and pulsed with GPC3138-157. Two weeks later, stimulated CD4+ T cells were stained with the cognate GPC3138-157-DQ5L114W / V143M+4reps dimer (A-B). GPC3-specific TCR was reconstituted in TCR-deficient Jurkat76 / CD4 cells and stained with the corresponding DQ5L114W / V143M+4reps dimers (C (E6 / control); D (E6 / GPC3138-157); E (DQ5-06-GPC3138-157 / control); and F (DQ5-06-GPC3138-157 / GPC3138-157)). IL-2 ELISPOT assays were performed on Jurkat76 / CD4 cells expressing GPC3-specific TCRs, stimulated with DQ5-K562 cells pulsed with the corresponding peptides (G). [Figure 5-2] Same as above. [Figure 5-3] Same as above. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0048] The present disclosure relates to MHC class II molecules with enhanced affinity for CD4. In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to MHC class II molecules comprising an HLA-DQ (DQ) beta chain, wherein the DQ beta chain has enhanced affinity for CD4.

[0049] The present disclosure further relates to an MHC class II molecule comprising a DQ beta chain, wherein the DQ beta chain comprises an amino acid other than leucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the DQ beta chain further comprises an amino acid other than valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

[0050] The present disclosure further relates to an MHC class II molecule comprising a DQ beta chain, wherein the DQ beta chain comprises an amino acid other than valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the DQ beta chain further comprises an amino acid other than leucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

[0051] In some embodiments, the DQ beta chain further comprises at least three of: (i) an amino acid other than asparagine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO:1; (ii) an amino acid other than isoleucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO:1; (iii) an amino acid other than serine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO:1; and (iv) an amino acid other than proline at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO:1.

[0052] I. Terminology In order that this disclosure may be more readily understood, certain terms are first defined. As used in this application, unless otherwise stated herein, each of the following terms shall have the meaning indicated below. Additional definitions are set forth throughout this application.

[0053] It should be noted that the term "a" or "an" entity refers to one or more of that entity, for example, "a nucleotide sequence" is understood to refer to one or more nucleotide sequences. Thus, the terms "a" (or "an"), "one or more," and "at least one" may be used interchangeably herein.

[0054] Furthermore, when used herein, "and / or" shall be construed as a specific disclosure of each of two particular features or components, with or without the other. Thus, the term "and / or" used herein in phrases such as "A and / or B" is intended to include "A and B," "A or B," "A" (alone), and "B" (alone). Similarly, the term "and / or" used in phrases such as "A, B, and / or C" is intended to encompass each of the following aspects: A, B, and C; A, B, or C; A or C; A or B; B or C; A and C; A and B; B and C; A (alone); B (alone); and C (alone).

[0055] The term "about" is used herein to mean approximately, roughly, roughly, or within a range. When the term "about" is used in conjunction with a numerical range, the term modifies that range by extending its boundaries above and below the set forth numerical values. In general, the term "about" is used herein to modify a numerical value by plus or minus 10 percent (above or below) the set forth value.

[0056] Whenever an embodiment is described herein using the word "comprising," it should be understood that other similar embodiments described using the terms "consisting of" and / or "consisting essentially of" are also provided.

[0057] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure pertains. For example, the Concise Dictionary of Biomedicine and Molecular Biology, Juo, Pei-Show, 2nd ed., 2002, CRC Press, The Dictionary of Cell and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed., 1999, Academic Press, and the Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry And Molecular Biology, Revised, 2000, Oxford University Press provide those skilled in the art with a general dictionary of many of the terms used in this disclosure.

[0058] Units, prefixes, and symbols are shown in their International System of Units (SI) accepted format. Numerical ranges are inclusive of the numbers defining the range. Unless otherwise indicated, nucleotide sequences are written left to right in 5' to 3' orientation. Amino acid sequences are written left to right in amino to carboxy orientation. The headings provided herein are not intended to limit the various aspects of the disclosure, which can be had by reference to the specification in its entirety. Accordingly, the terms defined immediately below are more fully defined by reference to the specification in its entirety.

[0059] "Administering" refers to the physical introduction of an agent into a subject using any of a variety of methods and delivery systems known to those skilled in the art. Examples of routes of administration for the formulations disclosed herein include intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, spinal, or other parenteral routes, for example, by injection or infusion. The phrase "parenteral administration," as used herein, refers to a method of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, including, but not limited to, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intralymphatic, intralesional, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intrathecal, epidural, and intrasternal injection and infusion, as well as in vivo electroporation. In some embodiments, the formulation is administered via a non-parenteral route, for example, orally. Other non-parenteral routes include topical, epithelial, or mucosal routes of administration, such as intranasally, intravaginally, rectally, sublingually, or topically, and administration can be, for example, single, multiple, and / or over one or more extended periods of time.

[0060] The term "HLA" as used herein refers to human leukocyte antigens. HLA genes encode human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins. MHC proteins are expressed on the surface of cells and are involved in activating immune responses. HLA class II genes encode MHC class II proteins expressed on the surface of professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Non-limiting examples of professional APCs include monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and B lymphocytes. Some endothelial and epithelial cells can also express MHC class II molecules after inflammatory signals are activated. Humans lacking functional MHC class II molecules are highly susceptible to a range of infectious diseases and usually die at an early age.

[0061] As used herein, "HLA class II molecule" or "MHC class II molecule" refers to the protein product of a wild-type or variant HLA class II gene encoding an MHC class II molecule. Thus, "HLA class II molecule" and "MHC class II molecule" are used interchangeably herein. A typical MHC class II molecule comprises two protein chains, an alpha chain and a beta chain. Generally, each of the naturally occurring alpha and beta chains contains a transmembrane domain that anchors the alpha / beta chain to the cell surface and an extracellular domain that carries antigen and interacts with TCR and / or CD4 expressed on T cells.

[0062] Both the alpha and beta chains of MHC class II are encoded by the HLA gene complex. The HLA complex is located in the 6p21.3 region of the short arm of human chromosome 6 and contains more than 220 genes of diverse functions. The HLA gene complex contains many variants with more than 20,000 HLA alleles and related alleles, including more than 250 MHC class II alpha chain alleles and more than 5,000 MHC class II beta chain alleles, encoding thousands of MHC class II proteins, as known in the art (see, e.g., hla.alleles.org, last visited May 20, 2019, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). For example, one such HLA-DP allele, DP4, is the most frequently found allele in many ethnic groups. Each alpha and beta chain is usually expressed as a proprotein, which further contains a cleaved signal peptide. Any number of naturally occurring signal peptides may be used to facilitate expression and localization of the alpha and beta chains disclosed herein. One such example is SEQ ID NO:9.

[0063] Three loci in the HLA complex encode MHC class II proteins: HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DR. HLA-DO and HLA-DM encode proteins that associate with MHC class II molecules and support their organization and function. Representative HLA-DQ sequences are shown in Table 1. [Table 1-1] [Table 1-2] [Table 1-3]

[0064] When MHC class II molecules form a complex with an antigenic peptide, the 10-30 amino acid-long antigenic peptide binds to the peptide-binding groove and is presented extracellularly to CD4+ cells. Both the alpha and beta chains fold into two separate domains: alpha 1 and alpha 2 for the alpha polypeptide and beta 1 and beta 2 for the beta polypeptide. The constant residues L114, V116, V143, L158, and M160, which are recognized and bound by CD4, are located in the beta 2 domain of the beta polypeptide. The open peptide-binding groove, which holds the antigen to be presented, is located between the alpha 1 and beta 1 domains. Upon interaction with CD4+ T cells, the MHC class II complex interacts with the T cell receptor (TCR) expressed on the surface of the T cell. In addition, the beta chain of the MHC class II molecule interacts only slightly with CD4 expressed on the surface of the T cell (K). D >2mM). The standard CD4 amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 10) is shown in Table 2 (UniProt - P01730). [Table 2]

[0065] The term "T cell receptor" (TCR) as used herein refers to a heteromeric cell surface receptor that can specifically interact with a target antigen. As used herein, the term "TCR" includes, but is not limited to, naturally occurring and non-naturally occurring TCRs, full-length TCRs and their antigen-binding portions, chimeric TCRs, TCR fusion constructs, and synthetic TCRs. In humans, TCRs are expressed on the surface of T cells and are responsible for T cell recognition and targeting of antigen-presenting cells. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present fragments of foreign proteins (antigens) complexed with major histocompatibility complexes (MHC class I or MHC class II, also referred to herein as those complexed with HLA molecules, e.g., HLA class II molecules). The TCR recognizes and binds to the peptide:HLA complex, recruiting CD8 (in the case of MHC class I molecules) or CD4 (in the case of MHC class II molecules) expressed on the T cell, thereby activating the TCR. The activated TCR initiates downstream signaling and immune responses, including the destruction of the APC.

[0066] Generally, a TCR may comprise two chains, an alpha chain and a beta chain (or less commonly, a gamma chain and a delta chain), interconnected by disulfide bonds. Each chain comprises a variable domain (an alpha chain variable domain and a beta chain variable domain) and a constant region (an alpha chain constant region and a beta chain constant region). The variable domains are located distal to the cell membrane, and the variable domains interact with antigen. The constant regions are located proximal to the cell membrane. A TCR may further comprise a transmembrane region and a short cytoplasmic tail. As used herein, the term "constant region" encompasses the transmembrane region and cytoplasmic tail, if present, as well as the conventional "constant region."

[0067] Variable domains can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability called complementarity-determining regions (CDRs), flanked by more conserved regions called framework regions (FRs). Each alpha and beta chain variable domain contains three CDRs and four FRs (FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, and FR4). Each variable domain contains a binding domain that interacts with an antigen. Although all three CDRs of each chain are involved in antigen binding, CDR3 is considered to be the primary antigen-binding region, and CDR1 and CDR2 are thought to primarily recognize HLA molecules.

[0068] Unless explicitly stated, and unless the context dictates otherwise, the term "TCR" also includes antigen-binding fragments or portions of any TCR disclosed herein, including monovalent and bivalent fragments or portions, and single-chain TCRs. The term "TCR" is not limited to naturally occurring TCRs bound to the surface of T cells. As used herein, the term "TCR" also refers to a TCR described herein expressed on the surface of a cell other than a T cell (e.g., a cell that naturally expresses or is modified to express CD4 as described herein), or a TCR described herein free from the cell membrane (e.g., an isolated TCR or a soluble TCR).

[0069] "Antigen-binding molecule," "portion of a TCR," or "TCR fragment" refers to any portion of a TCR that is smaller than the entire TCR. An antigen-binding molecule may include the CDRs of an antigen.

[0070] "Antigen" refers to any molecule, e.g., a peptide, that can elicit an immune response or be bound by a TCR. As used herein, "epitope" refers to a portion of a polypeptide that can elicit an immune response or be bound by a TCR. The immune response may include antibody production, activation of specific immunologically competent cells, or both. Those skilled in the art will readily understand that virtually any macromolecule, including any protein or peptide, can function as an antigen. Antigens and / or epitopes can be endogenously expressed, i.e., expressed by genomic DNA, or recombinantly expressed. Antigens and / or epitopes may be specific to a particular tissue, such as diseased cells, e.g., cancer cells, or may be ubiquitously expressed. Furthermore, fragments of larger molecules can function as antigens. In one embodiment, the antigen is a tumor antigen. An epitope can be present in a longer polypeptide (e.g., in a protein), or it can exist as a fragment of a longer polypeptide. In some embodiments, the epitope forms a complex with a major histocompatibility complex (MHC, also referred to herein as complexing with an HLA molecule, eg, an HLA class I molecule).

[0071] The term "autologous" refers to any material derived from the same individual that is subsequently reintroduced. For example, autologous T cell therapy involves administering T cells isolated from the same subject to a subject. The term "allogeneic" refers to any material derived from one individual that is then introduced into another individual of the same species. For example, allogeneic T cell transplantation involves administering T cells obtained from a donor other than the subject to a subject.

[0072] "Cancer" refers to a broad group of diseases characterized by the unchecked growth of abnormal cells in the body. Uncontrolled cell division and growth leads to the formation of malignant tumors that infiltrate neighboring tissues and may metastasize to distant parts of the body through the lymphatic system or bloodstream. "Cancer" or "cancerous tissue" can include tumors. Examples of cancers that can be treated by the methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to, cancers of the immune system, including lymphomas, leukemias, and other white blood cell malignancies. In some embodiments, the methods of the present invention can be used to reduce the size of tumors derived from, for example, melanoma, bone cancer, pancreatic cancer, skin cancer, head and neck cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, rectal cancer, stomach cancer, uterine cancer, lung cancer, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), esophageal cancer, small intestine cancer, urethral cancer, chronic or acute leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (including non-T-cell ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), bladder cancer, kidney or ureter cancer, renal pelvis cancer, glioma, squamous cell carcinoma, and combinations of the above cancers. Certain cancers may respond to chemotherapy or radiation therapy, or the cancer may be refractory. Refractory cancer refers to cancer that cannot be corrected by surgical intervention, and the cancer does not respond to chemotherapy or radiation therapy from the beginning or becomes unresponsive over time.

[0073] As used herein, the term "progression-free survival", which may be abbreviated as PFS, refers to the time from the date of treatment to the date of disease progression or death from any cause according to the revised IWG response criteria for malignant lymphoma.

[0074] The term "overall survival," sometimes abbreviated as OS, is defined as the time from the date of treatment to the date of death.

[0075] As used herein, the term "infection" refers to some type of invasion of one or more tissues of the body by a foreign substance. The term "infection" includes, but is not limited to, infection by viruses (including viroids and prions), bacteria, fungi, parasites, and any combination thereof.

[0076] The term "lymphocyte" as used herein includes natural killer (NK) cells, T cells, or B cells. NK cells are a type of cytotoxic (cytotoxic) lymphocyte and a major component of the innate immune system. NK cells eliminate tumor- and virus-infected cells. They function through the process of apoptosis, or programmed cell death. They were called "natural killers" because they do not require activation to kill cells. T cells play a major role in cell-mediated immunity (without the involvement of antibodies). T cell receptors (TCRs) distinguish T cells from other lymphocyte types. The thymus, a specialized organ of the immune system, is primarily responsible for the maturation of T cells. There are six types of T cells: helper T cells (e.g., CD4+ cells), cytotoxic T cells (TCs, also known as cytotoxic T lymphocytes, CTLs, T killer cells, cytolytic T cells, CD8+ T cells, or killer T cells), memory T cells ((i) stem memory T cells such as naive cells), and (ii) naive T cells. SCM The cells are CD45RO-, CCR7+, CD45RA+, CD62L+ (L-selectin), CD27+, CD28+, and IL-7Rα+, but they express large amounts of CD95, IL-2Rβ, CXCR3, and LFA-1, and exhibit numerous functional attributes characteristic of memory cells. (ii) Central memory T CM The cells express L-selectin and CCR7, they secrete IL-2 but not IFNγ or IL-4, and (iii) effector memory T EM These include T cells (which do not express L-selectin or CCR7 but produce effector cytokines such as IFNγ and IL-4), regulatory T cells (Tregs, suppressor T cells, or CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells), natural killer T cells (NKT), and gamma-delta T cells. B cells, on the other hand, play a major role in humoral immunity (involving antibodies). B cells produce antibodies and antigens, act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and transform into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction. In mammals, immature B cells are formed in the bone marrow, hence their name.

[0077] When used herein with respect to a nucleotide or amino acid sequence, the terms "modified" and "mutated" refer to a change in the sequence compared to a wild-type sequence or a specific reference sequence. The terms "modified" and "mutated," unless otherwise specified, do not require a process step to create the modified or mutated sequence (e.g., a modified beta chain sequence). Rather, these terms indicate that there is a change in the modified or mutated sequence compared to a reference sequence, e.g., a wild-type sequence. For example, a DQ beta chain containing a substitution mutation at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO: 1 does not require that the wild-type DQ beta chain be physically altered to arrive at the recited DQ beta chain, but rather, when properly sequenced, the recited DQ beta chain contains an amino acid residue at the recited position (residue 114) that differs from the amino acid residue at the corresponding position in the wild-type or reference DQ beta chain.

[0078] As used herein, the term "any amino acid" refers to any known amino acid. An amino acid is an organic compound containing (i) an amine (-NH) functional group, (ii) a carboxyl (-COOH) functional group, and (iii) a side chain (R group), where the side chain is unique to each amino acid. This includes, but is not limited to, any naturally occurring amino acid and any modifications and variants thereof. There are approximately 500 naturally occurring amino acids, 20 of which are encoded by the genetic code. Amino acids with positively charged side chains include arginine (Arg; R), histidine (His, H), and lysine (Lys; K). Amino acids with negatively charged side chains include aspartic acid (Asp; D) and glutamic acid (Glu; E). Amino acids with polar, uncharged side chains include serine (Ser; S), threonine (Thr; T), glutamine (Gln; Q), and asparagine (Asn; N). Amino acids with hydrophobic side chains include alanine (Ala; A), isoleucine (Ile; I), leucine (Leu; L), methionine (Met; M), phenylalanine (Phe; F), valine (Val; V), tryptophan (Trp; W), and tyrosine (Tyr; Y). Tryptophan (Trp; W), tyrosine (Tyr; Y), and methionine (Met; M) may also be classified as polar and / or amphipathic, in that these amino acids are often found on the surface of proteins or lipid membranes. Additional amino acids include cysteine ​​(Cys; C), selenocysteine ​​(Sec; U), glycine (Gly; G), and proline (Pro; P).

[0079] As used herein, "corresponding to position" is used as a means of identifying a specific amino acid residue, for example, a specific amino acid position in a polynucleotide, or a specific nucleic acid, for example, a specific nucleic acid position in a polypeptide. The position can be determined by appropriately aligning the sequence of interest with a reference sequence. Those skilled in the art will readily understand how to align sequences to determine relative positions. For example, various alignment tools are available online, including, but not limited to, "Clustal Omega Multiple Sequence Alignment," available at www.ebi.ac.uk (last visited: May 25, 2019).

[0080] The terms "genetically modified" or "engineered" refer to methods of modifying the genome of a cell, including, but not limited to, deleting coding or non-coding regions or portions thereof, or inserting coding regions or portions thereof. In some embodiments, the modified cells are lymphocytes, e.g., T cells, or modified cells expressing CD4, which can be obtained from a patient or a donor. The cells can be modified to express an exogenous construct, such as a T cell receptor (TCR) disclosed herein, that is integrated into the genome of the cell. In some embodiments, the cells are modified to express CD4.

[0081] "Immune response" refers to the actions of cells of the immune system (e.g., T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells, dendritic cells, and neutrophils) and soluble macromolecules (including antibodies (Abs), cytokines, and complement) produced by any of these cells or the liver that result in the elimination of invading pathogens from the vertebrate body and / or the selective targeting, binding, damage, and destruction of pathogen-infected cells or tissues, cancer cells or other abnormal cells, or, in the case of autoimmunity or pathological inflammation, normal human cells or tissues.

[0082] The term "immunotherapy" refers to the treatment of a subject suffering from a disease or at risk of suffering from or recurring with a disease by methods involving inducing, enhancing, suppressing, or otherwise modifying the immune response. Examples of immunotherapy include, but are not limited to, T cell therapy. T cell therapy includes adoptive T cell therapy, tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) immunotherapy, autologous cell therapy, engineered autologous cell therapy (eACT), and allogeneic T cell transplantation.

[0083] Cells used in the immunotherapies described herein can be derived from sources known in the art. For example, T cells can be differentiated in vitro from a hematopoietic stem cell population, or T cells can be obtained from a subject. T cells can be obtained, for example, from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, bone marrow, lymph node tissue, umbilical cord blood, thymus tissue, tissue from a site of infection, ascites, pleural effusion, spleen tissue, and tumors. Furthermore, T cells can be obtained from one or more T cell lines available in the art. T cells can also be obtained from a unit of blood drawn from a subject using any number of techniques known to those skilled in the art, such as FICOLL™ separation and / or apheresis. Additional methods for isolating T cells for T cell therapy are disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2013 / 0287748, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Immunotherapy can also include administering modified cells to a subject, wherein the modified cells express CD4 and TCR as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the modified cells are not T cells.

[0084] As used herein, a "patient" includes any human suffering from cancer (e.g., lymphoma or leukemia). The terms "subject" and "patient" are used interchangeably herein.

[0085] The terms "peptide," "polypeptide," and "protein" are used interchangeably and refer to compounds composed of amino acid residues covalently linked by peptide bonds. A protein or peptide must contain at least two amino acids, and there is no limit to the maximum number of amino acids that a protein or peptide sequence may contain. A polypeptide includes any peptide or protein containing two or more amino acids joined to each other by peptide bonds. As used herein, the term refers to both short chains, commonly referred to in the art as peptides, oligopeptides, and oligomers, as well as longer chains, of which there are many varieties, commonly referred to in the art as proteins. "Polypeptides" include, for example, biologically active fragments, substantially homologous polypeptides, oligopeptides, homodimers, heterodimers, variants of polypeptides, modified polypeptides, derivatives, analogs, and fusion proteins, among others. The polypeptide may be a natural peptide, a recombinant peptide, a synthetic peptide, or a combination thereof.

[0086] As used herein, "stimulation" refers to a primary response induced by the binding of a stimulatory molecule to its cognate ligand, mediating a signal transduction event. A "stimulatory molecule" is a molecule on a T cell, e.g., a T cell receptor (TCR) / CD4 complex, that specifically binds to a cognate stimulatory ligand present on an antigen-presenting cell. A "stimulatory ligand" is a ligand that, when present on an antigen-presenting cell (e.g., an aAPC, a dendritic cell, a B cell, etc.), specifically binds to a stimulatory molecule on a T cell, thereby mediating a primary response by the T cell, including, but not limited to, activation, initiation of an immune response, proliferation, etc. Stimulatory ligands include, but are not limited to, MHC class II molecules bearing peptides, anti-CD4 antibodies, anti-CD28 antibodies, anti-CD2 antibodies, and anti-CD3 antibodies.

[0087] "Treatment" or "treating" a subject refers to any type of intervention or process performed on a subject, or the administration of an active agent to a subject, for the purpose of reversing, alleviating, ameliorating, inhibiting, slowing, or preventing the onset, progression, development, symptom severity, or recurrence of a symptom, complication, or condition, or biochemical manifestations associated with a disease. In one embodiment, "treatment" or "treating" includes partial remission. In another embodiment, "treatment" or "treating" includes complete remission.

[0088] The use of the alternative (e.g., "or") should be understood to mean either one, both, or any combination thereof of the alternatives. As used herein, the indefinite article "a" or "an" should be understood to refer to "one or more" of the listed or shown components.

[0089] The terms "about" or "essentially comprising" refer to a value or composition that is within an acceptable error range of a particular value or composition as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which depends in part on how the value or composition is measured or determined, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system. For example, "about" or "essentially comprising" can mean within one standard deviation or more than one standard deviation, per practice in the art. Alternatively, "about" or "essentially comprising" can mean a range of up to 10% (i.e., ±10%). For example, about 3 mg can include any number between 2.7 mg and 3.3 mg (for 10%). Furthermore, particularly with respect to biological systems or processes, the term can mean a value up to an order of magnitude or up to five times greater. When a particular value or composition is provided in this application and claims, unless otherwise specified, the meaning of "about" or "essentially comprising" should be assumed to be within an acceptable error range of that particular value or composition.

[0090] As used herein, any concentration range, percentage range, ratio range, or integer range should be understood to include any integer value within the recited range, and, where appropriate, fractions thereof (such as 1 / 10 and 1 / 100 of an integer), unless otherwise specified.

[0091] Various aspects of the invention are described in further detail in the following subsections.

[0092] II. Compositions of the Present Disclosure The present disclosure relates to HLA class II molecules with enhanced CD4 binding. Certain embodiments of the present disclosure relate to HLA class II molecules comprising a beta chain, wherein the beta chain comprises one or more mutations. In certain embodiments, the one or more mutations in the beta chain enhance the affinity of the beta chain for CD4. In certain embodiments, the beta chain is an HLA-DQ ("DQ") beta chain.

[0093] II.A. MHC class II molecules The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system (human major histocompatibility complex [MHC]) is an important part of the immune system and is controlled by genes on chromosome 6. It encodes cell surface molecules specialized for presenting antigenic peptides to the T cell receptor (TCR) on T cells. (See Overview of the Immune System.) MHC molecules that present antigens (Ags) are divided into two major classes: class I MHC molecules and class II MHC molecules.

[0094] MHC class II molecules are present as transmembrane glycoproteins on the surface of professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Intact class II molecules are composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain. Three loci in the HLA complex encode MHC class II proteins: HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DR. T cells expressing CD4 molecules react with MHC class II molecules. These lymphocytes often have effector and helper functions, activating responses to eliminate autologous cells infected with intracellular pathogens or destroy extracellular parasites, and providing support to other T cells, such as CD8 T cells. Because only professional APCs express MHC class II molecules, only these cells present antigens to CD4 T cells (CD4 binds to the non-polymorphic portions of the alpha2 and beta2 domains of the alpha and beta chains of MHC class II molecules, respectively).

[0095] In some embodiments, the HLA class II alpha and beta chains are selected from HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DR alleles. In certain embodiments, the HLA class II beta chain is an HLA-DQ allele. In certain embodiments, the HLA class II alpha chain is an HLA-DQ allele.

[0096] Many HLA-DQ alleles are known in the art, and any known alleles can be used in the present disclosure. Examples of HLA-DQ alpha and beta chain alleles are shown in Table 1. An updated list of HLA alleles is available at hla.alleles.org / (last visited July 10, 2019).

[0097] II.A.1. MHC class II beta chain In certain embodiments, the HLA class II molecule comprises a DQ beta chain, wherein the DQ beta chain comprises an amino acid other than leucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO:1. Any amino acid other than leucine may be present at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO:1. In some embodiments, the amino acid other than leucine is an amino acid comprising a hydrophobic side chain. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than leucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO:1 is an amino acid selected from alanine, valine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than leucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO:1 is alanine. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than leucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO:1 is valine. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than leucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO:1 is isoleucine. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than leucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO:1 is methionine. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than leucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is phenylalanine. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than leucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is tyrosine. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than leucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is tryptophan.

[0098] In some embodiments, the non-leucine amino acid at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is made up of two or more amino acids, e.g., two, three, four, five, or more amino acids. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more amino acids comprises a hydrophobic side chain. In certain embodiments, the non-leucine amino acid at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is made up of a series of amino acids, e.g., at least two, at least three, at least four, or at least five, where each amino acid in the series comprises a hydrophobic side chain.

[0099] In certain embodiments, the HLA class II molecule comprises a DQ beta chain, wherein the DQ beta chain comprises an amino acid other than valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1. Any amino acid other than valine may be present at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the amino acid other than valine is an amino acid comprising a hydrophobic side chain. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is an amino acid selected from alanine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is alanine. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is isoleucine. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is leucine. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is methionine. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is phenylalanine. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is tyrosine. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is tryptophan.

[0100] In some embodiments, the non-valine amino acid residue at position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is made up of two or more amino acids, e.g., two, three, four, five, or more amino acids. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more amino acids comprises a hydrophobic side chain. In certain embodiments, the non-valine amino acid residue at position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is made up of a series of amino acids, e.g., at least two, at least three, at least four, or at least five, where each amino acid in the series comprises a hydrophobic side chain.

[0101] In certain embodiments, the HLA class II molecule comprises a DQ beta chain, wherein the DQ beta chain comprises an amino acid other than asparagine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO: 1. Any amino acid other than asparagine may be present at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the amino acid other than asparagine is an amino acid comprising a polar uncharged side chain. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than asparagine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is an amino acid selected from serine, threonine, and glutamine. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than asparagine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is serine. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than asparagine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is threonine. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than asparagine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is glutamine.

[0102] In some embodiments, the non-asparagine amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is made up of two or more amino acids, e.g., two, three, four, five, or more amino acids. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more amino acids comprises a polar, uncharged side chain. In certain embodiments, the non-asparagine amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is made up of a series of amino acids, e.g., at least two, at least three, at least four, or at least five, where each amino acid in the series comprises a polar, uncharged side chain.

[0103] In certain embodiments, the HLA class II molecule comprises a DQ beta chain, wherein the DQ beta chain comprises an amino acid other than isoleucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO: 1. Any amino acid other than isoleucine may be present at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the amino acid other than isoleucine is an amino acid comprising a hydrophobic side chain. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than isoleucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is an amino acid selected from alanine, valine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than isoleucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is alanine. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than isoleucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is valine. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than isoleucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is leucine. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than isoleucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is methionine. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than isoleucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is phenylalanine. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than isoleucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is tyrosine. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than isoleucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is tryptophan.

[0104] In some embodiments, the non-isoleucine amino acid residue at position 116 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is made up of two or more amino acids, e.g., two, three, four, five, or more amino acids. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more amino acids comprises a hydrophobic side chain. In certain embodiments, the non-isoleucine amino acid residue at position 116 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is made up of a series of amino acids, e.g., at least two, at least three, at least four, or at least five, where each amino acid in the series comprises a hydrophobic side chain.

[0105] In certain embodiments, the HLA class II molecule comprises a DQ beta chain, wherein the DQ beta chain comprises an amino acid other than serine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO: 1. Any amino acid other than serine may be present at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the amino acid other than serine is an amino acid comprising a charged side chain. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than serine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is an amino acid selected from arginine, histidine, and lysine. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than serine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is arginine. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than serine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is histidine. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than serine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is lysine.

[0106] In some embodiments, the amino acids other than the serine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO: 1 are made up of two or more amino acids, e.g., two, three, four, five, or more amino acids. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more amino acids comprises a charged side chain. In certain embodiments, the amino acids other than the serine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO: 1 are made up of a series of amino acids, e.g., at least two, at least three, at least four, or at least five, where each amino acid in the series comprises a charged side chain.

[0107] In certain embodiments, the HLA class II molecule comprises a DQ beta chain, wherein the DQ beta chain comprises an amino acid other than proline at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO:1. Any amino acid other than proline may be present at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO:1. In some embodiments, the amino acid other than proline is an amino acid comprising a polar uncharged side chain. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than proline at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO:1 is an amino acid selected from serine, threonine, asparagine, and glutamine. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than proline at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO:1 is serine. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than proline at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO:1 is threonine. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than proline at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO:1 is asparagine. In certain embodiments, the amino acid other than proline at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO:1 is glutamine.

[0108] In some embodiments, the non-proline amino acid at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is made up of two or more amino acids, e.g., two, three, four, five, or more amino acids. In some embodiments, at least one of the two or more amino acids comprises a polar, uncharged side chain. In certain embodiments, the non-proline amino acid at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is made up of a series of amino acids, e.g., at least two, at least three, at least four, or at least five, where each amino acid in the series comprises a polar, uncharged side chain.

[0109] In certain embodiments of the present disclosure, the MHC class II molecule comprises a DQ beta chain that comprises two or more substitution mutations compared to wild-type DQ beta chain.In certain embodiments, the DQ beta chain comprises at least two mutations, at least three mutations, at least four mutations, at least five mutations, at least six mutations, at least seven mutations, at least eight mutations, at least nine mutations, or at least ten mutations compared to wild-type DQ beta chain.

[0110] In certain embodiments, the DQ beta chain comprises an amino acid other than leucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO: 1 and an amino acid other than valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments, the DQ beta chain comprises an amino acid other than leucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO: 1, an amino acid other than valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1, and at least three of the following: (i) an amino acid other than asparagine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO: 1, (ii) an amino acid other than isoleucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO: 1, (iii) an amino acid other than serine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO: 1, and (iv) an amino acid other than proline at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

[0111] In some embodiments, the DQ beta chain comprises (i) an amino acid other than leucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO:1, (ii) an amino acid other than valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO:1, (iii) an amino acid other than asparagine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO:1, (iv) an amino acid other than isoleucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO:1, (v) an amino acid other than serine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO:1, and (vi) an amino acid other than proline at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO:1.

[0112] In some embodiments, (i) an amino acid other than leucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO:1, (ii) an amino acid other than valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO:1, or each of the amino acid other than leucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO:1 and the amino acid other than valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO:1 is an amino acid comprising a hydrophobic side chain.

[0113] In some embodiments, (i) the amino acid other than leucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO:1 is selected from alanine, valine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, (ii) the amino acid other than valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO:1 is selected from alanine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, and (iii) the amino acid other than asparagine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO:1 is selected from serine, suc ... (iv) the amino acids other than isoleucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO: 1 are selected from alanine, valine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; (v) the amino acids other than serine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO: 1 are selected from arginine, histidine, and lysine; and (vi) the amino acids other than proline at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO: 1 are selected from serine, threonine, asparagine, and glutamine.

[0114] In some embodiments, (i) the amino acid other than leucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO:1 is tryptophan, and (ii) the amino acid other than valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO:1 is selected from alanine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. In some embodiments, (i) the amino acid other than leucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO:1 is selected from alanine, valine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, and (ii) the amino acid other than valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO:1 is methionine. In some embodiments, (i) the amino acid other than leucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO:1 is tryptophan, and (ii) the amino acid other than valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO:1 is methionine. In some embodiments, (i) the amino acid other than leucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO:1 is tryptophan, (ii) the amino acid other than valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO:1 is methionine, (iii) the amino acid other than asparagine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO:1 is glutamine, (iv) the amino acid other than isoleucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO:1 is valine, (v) the amino acid other than serine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO:1 is histidine, and (vi) the amino acid other than proline at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO:1 is glutamine.

[0115] In certain embodiments, the DQ beta chains described herein have a higher affinity for CD4 protein compared to a reference HLA class II molecule. In some embodiments, the reference HLA class II molecule is an HLA class II molecule having a wild-type DQ beta chain. In some embodiments, the reference HLA class II molecule is an HLA class II molecule having a DQ beta chain containing (i) a leucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO: 1, and / or (ii) a valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the reference HLA class II molecule is an HLA class II molecule having a DQ beta chain containing (i) a leucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO: 1, (ii) a valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1, (iii) an asparagine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO: 1, (iv) an isoleucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO: 1, (v) a serine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or (vi) a proline at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

[0116] In some embodiments, the enhanced affinity for CD4 is at least about 1.5-fold, at least about 2-fold, at least about 3-fold, at least about 4-fold, at least about 5-fold, at least about 6-fold, at least about 7-fold, at least about 8-fold, at least about 9-fold, at least about 10-fold, at least about 15-fold, at least about 20-fold, at least about 25-fold, at least about 30-fold, at least about 35-fold, at least about 40-fold, at least about 45-fold, at least about 50-fold, at least about 75-fold, at least about 100-fold, at least about 200-fold, at least about 300-fold, at least about 400-fold, at least about 500-fold, at least about 1000-fold, at least about 1500-fold, at least about 2000-fold, at least about 2500-fold, at least about 3000-fold, at least about 3500-fold, at least about 4000-fold, at least about 4500-fold, or at least about 4000-fold greater than the affinity of a reference HLA class II molecule for CD4.

[0117] In some embodiments, the enhanced affinity for CD4 is at least about 1.5 times to at least about 5000 times, 1.5 times to at least about 4000 times, 1.5 times to at least about 3000 times, 1.5 times to at least about 2000 times, 1.5 times to at least about 1000 times, 10 times to at least about 5000 times, 10 times to at least about 4000 times, 10 times to at least about 3000 times, 10 times to at least about 2000 times, 10 times to at least about 1000 times, 10 times to at least about 900 times, 10 times to at least about 800 times, 10 times to at least about 700 times, 10 times to at least about 600 times, 10 times at least about 500 times, 10 times to at least about 400 times, 10 times to at least about 300 times, 10 times to at least about 200 times, 10 times to at least about 100 times, 100 times to at least about 5000 times, 100 times to at least about 4000 times, 100 times to at least about 3000 times, 100 times to at least about 2000 times, 100 times to at least about 1000 times, 100 times to at least about 900 times, 100 times to at least about 800 times, 100 times to at least about 700 times, 100 times to at least about 600 times, 100 times to at least about 500 times, 100 times to at least about 400 times, 100 times to at least about 300 times, or 100 times to at least about 200 times higher.

[0118] In certain embodiments, the DQ beta chain comprises an allele selected from HLA-DQB1*02, HLA-DQB1*03, HLA-DQB1*04, HLA-DQB1*05, and HLA-DQB1*06 alleles. In certain embodiments, the DQ beta chain comprises an HLA-DQB1*05 allele. In certain embodiments, the DQ beta chain comprises an HLA-DQB1*05:01 allele.

[0119] In certain embodiments, the DQ beta chain is DQB1*02:01:01, DQB1*02:01:02, DQB1*02:01:03, DQB1*02:01:04, DQB1*02:01:05, DQB1*02:01:06, DQB1*02:01:07, DQB1*02:01:08, DQB1*02:01:09, DQB1*02:01:10, DQB1*02:01:11, DQB1*02:01:12, DQB1*02:01:13, DQB1*02:01:14, DQB1*02:01:15, DQB1*02:01:16, DQB1*02:01:17, DQB1*02:01:18, DQB1*02:01:19, DQB1*02:01:20, DQB1*02:01:21, DQB1*02:01:22, DQB1*02:01:23, DQB1*02:01:24, DQB1*02:01:25, DQB1*02:01:26, DQB1*02:01:27, DQB1*02:01:28, DQB1*02:01:29, DQB1*02:01:30, DQB1*02:01:31, DQB1*02:02:01:01, DQB1*02:02:01:02, DQB1*02:02:01:03, DQB1*02:02:01:04, DQB1*02:02:02, DQB1*02:02:03, DQB1*02:02:04, DQB1*02:02:05, DQB1*02:02:06, DQB1*02:02:07, DQB1*02:02:08, DQB1*02:02:09, DQB1*02:03:01, DQB1*02:03:02, DQB1*02:04, DQB1*02:05, DQB1*02:06, DQB1*02:07:01, DQB1*02:07:02, DQB1*02:08, DQB1*02:09, DQB1*02:10, DQB1*02:100, DQB1*02:101, DQB1*02:102, DQB1*02:103, DQB1*02:104, DQB1*02:105, DQB1*02:106, DQB1*02:107, DQB1*02:108, DQB1*02:109, DQB1*02:11, DQB1*02:110, DQB1*02:111, DQB1*02:112, DQB1*02:113, DQB1*02:114, DQB1*02:115, DQB1*02:116, DQB1*02:117, DQB1*02:118,DQB1*02:119、DQB1*02:12、DQB1*02:120、DQB1*02:121、DQB1*02:122、DQB1*02:123、DQB1*02:124、DQB1*02:125、DQB1*02:126、DQB1*02:127、DQB1*02:128、DQB1*02:129N、DQB1*02:13、DQB1*02:130、DQB1*02:131、DQB1*02:132N、DQB1*02:133、DQB1*02:134N、DQB1*02:135、DQB1*02:136、DQB1*02: 137、DQB1*02:138、DQB1*02:139、DQB1*02:140、DQB1*02:141、DQB1*02:142、DQB1*02:14:01、DQB1*02:14:02、DQB1*02:15、DQB1*02:16、DQB1*02:17、DQB1*02:18N、DQB1*02:19、DQB1*02:20N、DQB1*02:21、DQB1*02:22、DQB1*02:23、DQB1*02:24、DQB1*02:25、DQB1*02:26、DQB1*02:27、DQB1*02:28、D QB1*02:29、DQB1*02:30、DQB1*02:31、DQB1*02:32、DQB1*02:33、DQB1*02:34、DQB1*02:35、DQB1*02:36、DQB1*02:37、DQB1*02:38、DQB1*02:39、DQB1*02:40、DQB1*02:41、DQB1*02:42、DQB1*02:43、DQB1*02:44、DQB1*02:45、DQB1*02:46、DQB1*02:47、DQB1*02:48、DQB1*02:49、DQB1*02:50、DQB1*02: 51、DQB1*02:52、DQB1*02:53Q、DQB1*02:54、DQB1*02:55、DQB1*02:56、DQB1*02:57、DQB1*02:58N、DQB1*02:59、DQB1*02:60、DQB1*02:61、DQB1*02:62、DQB1*02:63、DQB1*02:64、DQB1*02:65、DQB1*02:66、DQB1*02:67NX、DQB1*02:68、DQB1*02:69、DQB1*02:70、DQB1*02:71、DQB1*02:72、DQB1*02:73、DQB1*02:74、DQB1*02:75、DQB1*02:76、DQB1*02:77、DQB1*02:78、DQB1*02:79、DQB1*02:80、DQB1*02:81、DQB1*02:82、DQB1*02:83、DQB1*02:84、DQB1*02:85、DQB1*02:86、DQB1*02:87、DQB1*02:88、DQB1*02:89:01、DQB1*02:89:02、DQB1*02:90、DQB1*02:91、DQB1*02:92、DQB1*02:93、DQB1*02:94 ,DQB1*02:95,DQB1*02:96N,DQB1*02:97,DQB1*02:98,DQB1*02:99,DQB1*03:01:01:01,DQB1*03:01:01:02,DQB1*03:01:01:03,DQB1*03:01:01:04,DQB1*03:01:01:05,DQB1*03:01:01:06,DQB1*03:01:01:07,DQB1*03:01:01:08,DQB1*03:01:01:09,DQB1*03:01:01:10,DQB1*03:01:01:11,DQB1 *03:01:01:12、DQB1*03:01:01:14、DQB1*03:01:01:15、DQB1*03:01:01:16、DQB1*03:01:01:17、DQB1*03:01:01:18、DQB1*03:01:01:19、DQB1*03:01:01:20、DQB1*03:01:02、DQB1*03:01:03、DQB1*03:01:04、DQB1*03:01:05、DQB1*03:01:06、DQB1*03:01:07、DQB1*03:01:08、DQB1*03:01:09、DQB1 *03:01:10、DQB1*03:01:11、DQB1*03:01:12、DQB1*03:01:13、DQB1*03:01:14、DQB1*03:01:15、DQB1*03:01:16、DQB1*03:01:17、DQB1*03:01:18、DQB1*03:01:19、DQB1*03:01:20、DQB1*03:01:21、DQB1*03:01:22、DQB1*03:01:23、DQB1*03:01:24、DQB1*03:01:25、DQB1*03:01:26、DQB1*03:01:27、DQB1*03:01:28、DQB1*03:01:29、DQB1*03:01:30、DQB1*03:01:31、DQB1*03:01:32、DQB1*03:01:33、DQB1*03:01:34、DQB1*03:01:35、DQB1*03:01:36、DQB1*03:01:37、DQB1*03:01:38、DQB1*03:01:39、DQB1*03:01:40、DQB1*03:01:41、DQB1*03:01:42、DQB1*03:01:43、DQB1*03:01:44、DQB1*03:0 1:45、DQB1*03:01:46、DQB1*03:02:01:01、DQB1*03:02:01:02、DQB1*03:02:01:03、DQB1*03:02:01:04、DQB1*03:02:01:05、DQB1*03:02:01:06、DQB1*03:02:01:07、DQB1*03:02:01:08、DQB1*03:02:02、DQB1*03:02:03、DQB1*03:02:04、DQB1*03:02:05、DQB1*03:02:06、DQB1*03:02:07、DQB1*03:0 2:08、DQB1*03:02:09、DQB1*03:02:10、DQB1*03:02:11、DQB1*03:02:12、DQB1*03:02:13、DQB1*03:02:14、DQB1*03:02:15、DQB1*03:02:16、DQB1*03:02:17、DQB1*03:02:18、DQB1*03:02:19、DQB1*03:02:20、DQB1*03:02:21、DQB1*03:02:22、DQB1*03:02:23、DQB1*03:02:24、DQB1*03:02:25、DQB1* 03:02:26、DQB1*03:02:27、DQB1*03:02:28、DQB1*03:02:29、DQB1*03:02:30、DQB1*03:03:02:01、DQB1*03:03:02:02、DQB1*03:03:02:03、DQB1*03:03:02:04、DQB1*03:03:02:05、DQB1*03:03:03、DQB1*03:03:04、DQB1*03:03:05、DQB1*03:03:06、DQB1*03:03:07、DQB1*03:03:08、DQB1*03:03:09、DQB1*03:03:10、DQB1*03:03:11、DQB1*03:03:12、DQB1*03:03:13、DQB1*03:03:14、DQB1*03:03:15、DQB1*03:03:16、DQB1*03:03:17、DQB1*03:03:18、DQB1*03:03:19、DQB1*03:03:20、DQB1*03:03:21、DQB1*03:04:01、DQB1*03:04:02、DQB1*03:04:03、DQB1*03:04:04、DQB1*03:05:01、DQB1*03:05 :02、DQB1*03:05:03、DQB1*03:05:04、DQB1*03:06、DQB1*03:07、DQB1*03:08、DQB1*03:09、DQB1*03:100、DQB1*03:101、DQB1*03:102、DQB1*03:103、DQB1*03:104、DQB1*03:105、DQB1*03:106、DQB1*03:107、DQB1*03:108、DQB1*03:109、DQB1*03:10:01、DQB1*03:10:02:01、DQB1*03:10:02:02、DQB1* 03:11、DQB1*03:110、DQB1*03:111、DQB1*03:112、DQB1*03:113、DQB1*03:114、DQB1*03:115、DQB1*03:116、DQB1*03:117、DQB1*03:118N、DQB1*03:119、DQB1*03:12、DQB1*03:120、DQB1*03:121、DQB1*03:122、DQB1*03:123、DQB1*03:124、DQB1*03:125、DQB1*03:126、DQB1*03:127、DQB1*03:128、DQ B1*03:129、DQB1*03:13、DQB1*03:130、DQB1*03:131、DQB1*03:132、DQB1*03:133、DQB1*03:134、DQB1*03:135、DQB1*03:136、DQB1*03:137、DQB1*03:138、DQB1*03:139、DQB1*03:140、DQB1*03:141、DQB1*03:142、DQB1*03:143、DQB1*03:144、DQB1*03:145、DQB1*03:146、DQB1*03:147、DQB1*03:148、DQB1*03:149、DQB1*03:14:01、DQB1*03:14:02、DQB1*03:15、DQB1*03:150、DQB1*03:151、DQB1*03:152、DQB1*03:153、DQB1*03:154、DQB1*03:155、DQB1*03:156、DQB1*03:157、DQB1*0、 3:158、DQB1*03:159、DQB1*03:16、DQB1*03:160、DQB1*03:161、DQB1*03:162、DQB1*03:163、DQB1*03:164、DQB1*03:165、DQB1*03:166、DQB1*03:167、DQB1*03:168、DQB1*03:169、DQB1*03:170、DQB1*03:171、DQB1*03:172、DQB1*03:173、DQB1*03:174、DQB1*03:175、DQB1*03:176、DQB1*03:177、DQB 1*03:178、DQB1*03:179、DQB1*03:17:01、DQB1*03:17:02、DQB1*03:18、DQB1*03:180、DQB1*03:181、DQB1*03:182、DQB1*03:183、DQB1*03:184、DQB1*03:185、DQB1*03:186、DQB1*03:187、DQB1*03:188、DQB1*03:189、DQB1*03:190、DQB1*03:191、DQB1*03:192、DQB1*03:193、DQB1*03:194、DQB1*03:1 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,DQB1*06:110,DQB1*06:111,DQB1*06:112N,DQB1*06:113,DQB1*06:114,DQB1*06:115,DQB1*06:116,DQB1*06:117,DQB1*06:118:01,DQB1*06:118:02,DQB1*06:118:03,DQB1*06:119,DQB1*06:11:01,DQB1*06:11:02,DQB1*06:11:03,DQB1*06:11:04,DQB1*06:12,DQB1*06:120,DQB1*06:121,DQB1 *06:122、DQB1*06:123、DQB1*06:124、DQB1*06:125、DQB1*06:126、DQB1*06:127、DQB1*06:128、DQB1*06:129、DQB1*06:130、DQB1*06:131、DQB1*06:132、DQB1*06:133、DQB1*06:134、DQB1*06:135、DQB1*06:136、DQB1*06:137、DQB1*06:138、DQB1*06:139、DQB1*06:13:01、DQB1*06:13:02、DQB1*06:13 :03、DQB1*06:140、DQB1*06:141、DQB1*06:142、DQB1*06:143、DQB1*06:144N、DQB1*06:145、DQB1*06:146:01、DQB1*06:146:02、DQB1*06:147、DQB1*06:148、DQB1*06:149、DQB1*06:14:01、DQB1*06:14:02、DQB1*06:14:03、DQB1*06:150、DQB1*06:151、DQB1*06:152、DQB1*06:153:01、DQB1*06:153:02、DQB1*06:154、DQB1*06:155、DQB1*06:156、DQB1*06:157、DQB1*06:158N、DQB1*06:159、DQB1*06:15:01、DQB1*06:15:02、DQB1*06:16、DQB1*06:160、DQB1*06:161、DQB1*06:162、DQB1*06:163、DQB1*06:164、DQB1*06:165、DQB1*06:166、DQB1*06:167、DQB1*06:168、DQB1*06:169、DQB1*06:17、DQB1*0 6:170、DQB1*06:171、DQB1*06:172、DQB1*06:173、DQB1*06:174、DQB1*06:175、DQB1*06:176、DQB1*06:177、DQB1*06:178、DQB1*06:179N、DQB1*06:180、DQB1*06:181、DQB1*06:182、DQB1*06:183、DQB1*06:184、DQB1*06:185、DQB1*06:186、DQB1*06:187、DQB1*06:188、DQB1*06:189、DQB1*06:18:01、 DQB1*06:18:02、DQB1*06:190:01、DQB1*06:190:02、DQB1*06:191、DQB1*06:192、DQB1*06:193N、DQB1*06:194、DQB1*06:195、DQB1*06:196、DQB1*06:197、DQB1*06:198、DQB1*06:199、DQB1*06:19:01、DQB1*06:19:02、DQB1*06:20、DQB1*06:200、DQB1*06:201、DQB1*06:202、DQB1*06:203、DQB1*06:2 04、DQB1*06:205、DQB1*06:206:01、DQB1*06:206:02、DQB1*06:207、DQB1*06:208、DQB1*06:209、DQB1*06:21、DQB1*06:210、DQB1*06:211、DQB1*06:212、DQB1*06:213、DQB1*06:214、DQB1*06:215、DQB1*06:216N、DQB1*06:217、DQB1*06:218、DQB1*06:219、DQB1*06:221、DQB1*06:222、DQB1*06:223、DQB1*06:224、DQB1*06:225、DQB1*06:226、DQB1*06:227、DQB1*06:228、DQB1*06:229、DQB1*06:22:01、DQB1*06:22:02、DQB1*06:22:03、DQB1*06:23、DQB1*06:230、DQB1*06:231、DQB1*06:232、DQB1*06:233、DQB1*06:234、DQB1*06:235、DQB1*06:236、DQB1*06:237、DQB1*06:238、DQB1*06:239、DQB1 *06:24、DQB1*06:240、DQB1*06:241、DQB1*06:242、DQB1*06:243、DQB1*06:244、DQB1*06:245、DQB1*06:246、DQB1*06:247、DQB1*06:248、DQB1*06:249、DQB1*06:25、DQB1*06:250、DQB1*06:251、DQB1*06:252N、DQB1*06:253、DQB1*06:254、DQB1*06:255、DQB1*06:256、DQB1*06:257、DQB1*06:258、DQ B1*06:259、DQB1*06:260、DQB1*06:261、DQB1*06:262、DQB1*06:263、DQB1*06:264、DQB1*06:265、DQB1*06:266、DQB1*06:267、DQB1*06:268、DQB1*06:269、DQB1*06:26N、DQB1*06:270:01、DQB1*06:270:02、DQB1*06:271、DQB1*06:272、DQB1*06:273、DQB1*06:274、DQB1*06:275、DQB1*06:276、DQB1* 06:277、DQB1*06:278、DQB1*06:279、DQB1*06:27:01、DQB1*06:27:02、DQB1*06:28、DQB1*06:280、DQB1*06:281、DQB1*06:282、DQB1*06:283、DQB1*06:284、DQB1*06:285、DQB1*06:286、DQB1*06:287、DQB1*06:288、DQB1*06:289、DQB1*06:29、DQB1*06:290、DQB1*06:291、DQB1*06:292、DQB1*06:293、DQB1*06:294、DQB1*06:295、DQB1*06:296、DQB1*06:297、DQB1*06:298、DQB1*06:299、DQB1*06:30、DQB1*06:300、DQB1*06:301、DQB1*06:302、DQB1*06:303N、DQB1*06:304N、DQB1*06:305、DQB1*06:306N、DQB1*06:307、DQB1*06:308N、DQB1*06:309、DQB1*06:31、DQB1*06:310、DQB1*06:311、DQB1*0 6:312、DQB1*06:313、DQB1*06:314、DQB1*06:315、DQB1*06:316、DQB1*06:317N、DQB1*06:318、DQB1*06:319、DQB1*06:320、DQB1*06:321、DQB1*06:322、DQB1*06:323、DQB1*06:324、DQB1*06:325、DQB1*06:326、DQB1*06:32:01、DQB1*06:32:02、DQB1*06:33、DQB1*06:34、DQB1*06:35、DQB1*06:36、DQ B1*06:37、DQB1*06:38、DQB1*06:39、DQB1*06:40、DQB1*06:41、DQB1*06:42、DQB1*06:43、DQB1*06:44、DQB1*06:45、DQB1*06:46、DQB1*06:47、DQB1* 06:48:01、DQB1*06:48:02、DQB1*06:49、DQB1*06:50、DQB1*06:51:01、DQB 1*06:51:02、DQB1*06:52、DQB1*06:53:01、DQB1*06:53:02、DQB1*06:54N、D QB1*06:55、DQB1*06:56、DQB1*06:57、DQB1*06:58、DQB1*06:59、DQB1*06:60、DQB1*06:61、DQB1*06:62、DQB1*06:63、DQB1*06:64、DQB1*06:65、DQB1*06:66、DQB1*06:67、DQB1*06:68、DQB1*06:69:01、DQB1*06:69:02、DQB1*06:70、DQB1*06:71、DQB1*06:72、DQB1*06:73、DQB1*06:74、DQB1*06:75NX、DQB1*06:76, DQB1*06:77N, DQB1*06:78, DQB1*06:79:01, DQB1*06:79:02, DQB1*06:80, DQB1*06:81, DQB1*0 6:82, DQB1*06:83, DQB1*06:84, DQB1*06:85, DQB1*06:86, DQB1*06:87, DQB1*06:88, DQB1*06:89, DQB1*06:9 DQB1*06:96:01, DQB1*06:96:02, DQB1*06:97, DQB1*06:98, DQB1*06:99:01, DQB1*06:99:02, and any combination thereof.

[0120] In certain embodiments, the MHC class II molecule comprises a DQ beta chain comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or about 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:3, wherein the DQ beta chain comprises a tryptophan at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO:1, and the DQ beta chain comprises a methionine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO:1. In certain embodiments, the MHC class II molecule comprises a DQ beta chain comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or about 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:3, wherein the DQ beta chain comprises (i) a tryptophan at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO:1, (ii) a methionine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO:1, (iii) a glutamine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO:1, (iv) a valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO:1, (v) a histidine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO:1, and (vi) a glutamine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO:1. In certain embodiments, the MHC class II molecule comprises a DQ beta chain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3.

[0121] II.A.2. MHC class II alpha chain In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the MHC class II molecule further comprises an alpha chain. In some embodiments, the alpha chain is a wild-type alpha chain. In some embodiments, the alpha chain is a DQ alpha chain. Any DQ alpha chain may be used in the compositions and methods of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the DQ alpha chain comprises an HLA-DQA1*01, HLA-DQA1*02, HLA-DQA1*03, HLA-DQA1*04, HLA-DQA1*05, or HLA-DQA1*06 allele. In certain embodiments, the DQ alpha chain comprises an HLA-DQA1*01 allele. In certain embodiments, the DQ alpha chain comprises an HLA-DQA1*02 allele. In certain embodiments, the DQ alpha chain comprises an HLA-DQA1*03 allele. In certain embodiments, the DQ alpha chain comprises an HLA-DQA1*04 allele. In certain embodiments, the DQ alpha chain comprises the HLA-DQA1*05 allele. In certain embodiments, the DQ alpha chain comprises the HLA-DQA1*06 allele.

[0122] In certain embodiments, the DQ alpha chain is DQA1*01:01:01:01, DQA1*01:01:01:02, DQA1*01:01:01:03, DQA1*01:01:01:05, DQA1*01:01:01:06, DQA1*01:01:02, DQA1*01:01:03, DQA1*01:01:04, DQA1*01:01:05, DQA1*01:02:01:01, DQA1*01:02:01:02, DQA1*01:02:01:03, DQA1*01:02:01:04, DQA1*01:02:01:05, DQA1*01:02:01:06, DQA1*01:02:01:07, DQA1*01:02:01:08, DQA1*01:02:01:09, DQA1*01:02:01:10, DQA1*01:02:01:11, DQA1*01:02:01:12, DQA1*01:02:02:01, DQA1*01:02:02:02, DQA1*01:02:02:03, DQA1*01:02:02:04, DQA1*01:02:03, DQA1*01:02:04, DQA1*01:03:01:01, DQA1*01:03:01:02, DQA1*01:03:01:03, DQA1*01:03:01:04, DQA1*01:03:01:05, DQA1*01:03:01:06, DQA1*01:03:01:07, DQA1*01:03:01:08, DQA1*01:03:01:09, DQA1*01:04:01:01, DQA1*01:04:01:02, DQA1*01:04:01:03, DQA1*01:04:01:04, DQA1*01:04:02, DQA1*01:05:01, DQA1*01:05:02, DQA1*01:06, DQA1*01:07Q, DQA1*01:08, DQA1*01:09, DQA1*01:10, DQA1*01:11, DQA1*01:12, DQA1*01:13, DQA1*01:14, DQA1*01:15N, DQA1*01:16N, DQA1*01:17, DQA1*01:18, DQA1*01:19, DQA1*01:20, DQA1*01:21, DQA1*01:22, DQA1*01:23, DQA1*01:24, DQA1*01:25, DQA1*01:26, DQA1*02:01:01:01, DQA1*02:01:01:02,DQA1*02:01:02、DQA1*02:02N、DQA1*02:03、DQA1*03:01:01、DQA1*03:01:03、DQA1*03:02:01:01、DQA1*03:02:01:02、DQA1*03:03:01:01、DQA1*03:03:01:02、DQA1*03:03:01:03、DQA1*03:03:01:04、DQA1*03:03:01:05、DQA1*03:03:01:06、DQA1*03:03:01:07、DQA1*03:03:02、DQA1*03:03:04、DQA1*03:03:01:05、DQA1*03:03:01:06、DQA1*03:03:01:07、DQA1*03:03:02、DQA1*03:03:04、DQA1*03:03:01:08 *03:05、DQA1*03:06、DQA1*03:07、DQA1*04:01:01:01、DQA1*04:01:01:02、DQA1*04:01:01:03、DQA1*04:01:01:04、DQA1*04:01:01:05、DQA1*04:01:01:06、DQA1*04:01:01:07、DQA1*04:01:01:08、DQA1*04:01:02:01、DQA1*04:01:02:02、DQA1*04:01:03、DQA1*04:02、DQA1*04:03N、DQA1*04:04、D QA1*04:05、DQA1*05:01:01:01、DQA1*05:01:01:02、DQA1*05:01:01:03、DQA1*05:01:01:04、DQA1*05:01:02、DQA1*05:01:04、DQA1*05:01:05、DQA1*05:01:06、DQA1*05:02、DQA1*05:03:01:01、DQA1*05:03:01:02、DQA1*05:04、DQA1*05:05:01:01、DQA1*05:05:01:02、DQA1*05:05:01:03、DQA1*05 :05:01:04、DQA1*05:05:01:05、DQA1*05:05:01:06、DQA1*05:05:01:07、DQA1*05:05:01:08、DQA1*05:05:01:09、DQA1*05:05:01:10、DQA1*05:05:01:11、DQA1*05:05:01:12、DQA1*05:05:01:13、DQA1*05:05:01:14、DQA1*05:05:01:15、DQA1*05:05:01:16、DQA1*05:05:01:17、DQA1*05:05:01:18、DQA1*05:05:01:19, DQA1*05:05:01:20, DQA1*05:06:01:01, DQA1*05:06:01:02, DQ A1*05:07, DQA1*05:08, DQA1*05:09, DQA1*05:10, DQA1*05:11, DQA1*05:12, DQA1*05 :13, DQA1*05:14, DQA1*05:15N, DQA1*06:01:01:01, DQA1*06:01:01:02, DQA1*06:01:01:03, DQA1*06:01:01:04, DQA1*06:01:02, DQA1*06:02, and any combination thereof.

[0123] II.A.3. Signal peptides In some embodiments, the DQ beta chain and / or the DQ alpha chain further comprise a signal peptide. Any signal peptide known in the art may be used in the compositions and methods disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the DQ beta chain signal peptide is the same as the DQ alpha signal peptide. In some embodiments, the DQ beta chain signal peptide is different from the DQ alpha signal peptide.

[0124] In some embodiments, the signal peptide is derived from a native signal peptide. In some embodiments, the signal peptide is derived from a naturally occurring DQ beta chain signal peptide. In some embodiments, the signal peptide comprises a naturally occurring DQ beta chain signal peptide. In some embodiments, the signal peptide is derived from a naturally occurring DQ alpha chain signal peptide. In some embodiments, the signal peptide comprises a naturally occurring DQ alpha chain signal peptide. In some embodiments, the signal peptide is derived from a fibroin light chain (FibL) signal peptide. In some embodiments, the signal peptide comprises SEQ ID NO:9. In some embodiments, the signal peptide is synthetic.

[0125] II.A.4. Transmembrane domains In some embodiments, the DQ beta chain and / or the DQ alpha chain further comprise a transmembrane domain. The transmembrane domain may be of any length and of any origin. In some embodiments, the transmembrane domain is at least about 1 to at least about 50 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the transmembrane domain is derived from a naturally occurring transmembrane domain. In some embodiments, the transmembrane domain comprises a naturally occurring transmembrane domain. In some embodiments, the transmembrane domain is derived from a naturally occurring HLA transmembrane domain. In some embodiments, the transmembrane domain comprises a naturally occurring HLA transmembrane domain. In some embodiments, the transmembrane domain is derived from a naturally occurring DQ beta chain transmembrane domain. In some embodiments, the transmembrane domain comprises a naturally occurring DQ beta chain transmembrane domain. In some embodiments, the transmembrane domain is derived from a naturally occurring DQ alpha chain transmembrane domain. In some embodiments, the transmembrane domain comprises a naturally occurring DQ alpha chain transmembrane domain.

[0126] II.A.5. Leucine zipper In some embodiments, the DQ beta chain and / or DQ alpha chain further comprises one or more leucine zipper (LZip) sequences. Any LZip sequence known in the art may be used in the compositions and methods disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the DQ beta chain and / or DQ alpha chain comprises an acidic LZip (αLZip), a basic LZip (βLZip), or both. In some embodiments, one or more LZip sequences are derived from a naturally occurring LZip sequence. In some embodiments, one or more LZip sequences comprise a naturally occurring LZip sequence. In some embodiments, one or more LZip sequences are synthetic. In certain embodiments, one or more LZip sequences comprise the LZip sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4 (Table 1).

[0127] II.A.6. Linkers In some embodiments, the DQ beta chain and / or DQ alpha chain useful in the present disclosure further comprises a linker. Any linker known in the art may be used in the compositions and methods disclosed herein. In certain embodiments, the linker comprises a Gly / Ser linker. In some embodiments, the linker comprises an amino acid sequence selected from GlySer, Gly2Ser, Gly3Ser, and Gly4Ser. In some embodiments, the linker is located at the N-terminus of the extracellular domain of the DQ alpha chain or DQ beta chain. In some embodiments, the linker is located at the C-terminus of the extracellular domain of the DQ alpha chain or DQ beta chain. In some embodiments, the linker is located between the extracellular domain and the transmembrane domain of the DQ alpha chain or DQ beta chain. In some embodiments, the linker is located between the extracellular domain of the DQ alpha chain or DQ beta chain and one or more LZip sequences. In some embodiments, the linker is located between the extracellular domain of the DQ alpha chain or DQ beta chain and the signal peptide.

[0128] Linkers of any length may be used in the compositions and methods disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the linker is at least one amino acid in length. In some embodiments, the linker is at least about 1 to at least about 100, at least about 1 to at least about 90, at least about 1 to at least about 80, at least about 1 to at least about 70, at least about 1 to at least about 60, at least about 1 to at least about 50, at least about 1 to at least about 40, at least about 1 to at least about 30, at least about 1 to at least about 20, at least about 1 to at least about 15, at least about 1 to at least about 14, at least about 1 to at least about 13, at least about 1 to at least about 12, at least about 1 to at least about 11, at least about 1 to at least about 10, at least about 1 to at least about 9, at least about 1 to at least about 8, at least about 1 to at least about 7, at least about 1 to at least about 6, at least about 1 to at least about 5, at least about 1 to at least about 4, or at least about 1 to at least about 3 amino acids in length.

[0129] In some embodiments, the linker is at least about 1, at least about 2, at least about 3, at least about 4, at least about 5, at least about 6, at least about 7, at least about 8, at least about 9, at least about 10, at least about 11, at least about 12, at least about 13, at least about 14, at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 30, at least about 40, at least about 50, at least about 60, at least about 70, at least about 80, at least about 90, or at least about 100 amino acids in length. In certain embodiments, the linker is about 3 amino acids in length. In certain embodiments, the linker is about 4 amino acids in length. In certain embodiments, the linker is about 5 amino acids in length.

[0130] II.B. Cells In certain embodiments of the present disclosure, the MHC class II molecule of the present disclosure is linked or bound to the membrane of a cell. In certain embodiments, the beta chain of the MHC class II molecule is linked or bound to the membrane of a cell. In certain embodiments, the alpha chain of the MHC class II molecule is linked or bound to the membrane of a cell. In certain embodiments, the alpha and beta chains of the MHC class II molecule are linked or bound to the membrane of a cell.

[0131] Certain embodiments of the present disclosure relate to cells comprising the MHC class II molecules disclosed herein. Any cells may be used in the compositions described herein. In certain embodiments, the cells are mammalian cells. In some embodiments, the cells are insect cells. In some embodiments, the cells are derived from healthy cells, such as healthy fibroblasts. In some embodiments, the cells are derived from tumor cells. Non-limiting examples of cells useful in the present disclosure include K562 cells, T2 cells, HEK293 cells, HEK293T cells, A375 cells, SK-MEL-28 cells, Me275 cells, COS cells, fibroblasts, tumor cells, or any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the cells are any cells disclosed in Hasan et al., Adv. Genet. Eng. 4(3):130 (2015), the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0132] In certain embodiments, the cell is a professional APC. In certain embodiments, the cell is a macrophage, a B cell, a dendritic cell, or any combination thereof.

[0133] In certain embodiments, the cells lack endogenous expression of one or more MHC class II alleles. In some embodiments, the cells lack endogenous expression of HLA-DQ alleles. In some embodiments, the cells lack endogenous expression of HLA-DQ alpha chain alleles. In some embodiments, the cells lack endogenous expression of HLA-DQ beta chain alleles.

[0134] II.C. Soluble MHC class II molecules In certain embodiments, the MHC class II molecule is not bound to a cell membrane, for example, the MHC class II molecule is in a soluble form. As used herein, a soluble MHC class II molecule includes any MHC class II molecule or a portion thereof described herein, and is not bound to a cell membrane. In certain embodiments, the MHC class II molecule or a portion thereof is not bound to any membrane. In some embodiments, the MHC class II molecule or a portion thereof is bound to an inert particle. In some embodiments, the MHC class II molecule or a portion thereof is bound to the membrane of an extracellular vesicle. In some embodiments, the MHC class II molecule is bound to an artificial membrane or an artificial surface, for example, the surface of an array plate.

[0135] Any inert particle known in the art may be used in the compositions and methods of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the inert particle is a bead. In some embodiments, the bead is a glass bead, a latex bead, a metal bead, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the inert particle is a nanoparticle (NP). Any NP known in the art may be used in the compositions and methods of the present disclosure. In certain embodiments, the nanoparticle is selected from PEGylated iron oxide, chitosan, dextran, gelatin, alginate, liposomes, starch, branched polymers, carbon-based carriers, polylactic acid, poly(cyano)acrylate, polyethyleinemine, block copolymers, polycaprolactone, SPIONS, USPIONS, Cd / Zn-selenide, or silica nanoparticles. In certain embodiments, the nanoparticle is a PEGylated iron oxide nanoparticle. Non-limiting examples of nanoparticles useful in the compositions and methods disclosed herein include those described in De Jong and Borm, Int. J. Nanomedicine 3(2):133-49 (2008), and Umeshappa et al., Nat. Commun. 10(1):2150 (May 14, 2019), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0136] In some embodiments, the MHC class II molecule comprises a fragment of a full-length MHC class II molecule, wherein one or more amino acids of the transmembrane domain of the alpha chain and / or the transmembrane domain of the beta chain are deleted. In some embodiments, the MHC class II molecule comprises the extracellular domain of the alpha chain (e.g., as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6) and / or the extracellular domain of the beta chain (e.g., as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 or 3). In certain embodiments, the MHC class II molecule comprises a DQ alpha chain comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:6. In some embodiments, the MHC class II molecule comprises a DQ alpha chain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:6.

[0137] In certain embodiments, the MHC class II molecule comprises a DQ beta chain comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the MHC class II molecule comprises a DQ beta chain comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments, the MHC class II molecule comprises a DQ beta chain comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the MHC class II molecule comprises a DQ beta chain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, the MHC class II molecule comprises a DQ beta chain comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the MHC class II molecule comprises a DQ beta chain comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain embodiments, the MHC class II molecule comprises a DQ beta chain comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the MHC class II molecule comprises a DQ beta chain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5.

[0138] II.D. Nucleic Acid Molecules and Vectors Certain aspects of the present disclosure relate to nucleic acid molecules encoding the MHC class II molecules disclosed herein. In some aspects, the nucleic acid molecule encodes the MHC class II beta chain disclosed herein. In certain aspects, the nucleic acid molecule encoding the MHC class II beta chain comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.

[0139] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encodes an MHC class II alpha chain disclosed herein. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding the MHC class II alpha chain comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:7.

[0140] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encodes both an MHC class II alpha chain as disclosed herein and an MHC class II beta chain as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the sequence encoding the MHC class II alpha chain is under the control of the same promoter as the sequence encoding the MHC class II beta chain. In some embodiments, the sequence encoding the MHC class II alpha chain is under the control of a first promoter and the sequence encoding the MHC class II beta chain is under the control of a second promoter.

[0141] In some aspects, the present disclosure relates to a first nucleic acid molecule encoding an MHC class II beta chain as disclosed herein, and a second nucleic acid molecule encoding an MHC class II alpha chain as disclosed herein.

[0142] Certain aspects of the present disclosure relate to a vector or set of vectors comprising a nucleic acid molecule disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the vector is a viral vector. In some embodiments, the vector is a viral particle or virus. In some embodiments, the vector is a mammalian vector. In some embodiments, the vector is a bacterial vector.

[0143] In certain embodiments, the vector is a retroviral vector. In some embodiments, the vector is an adenoviral vector, a lentivirus, a Sendai virus, a baculoviral vector, an Epstein-Barr virus vector, a papovavirus vector, a cowpox virus vector, a herpes simplex virus vector, or an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector. In certain embodiments, the vector is an AAV vector. In some embodiments, the vector is a lentivirus. In certain embodiments, the vector is an adenoviral vector. In some embodiments, the vector is a Sendai virus. In some embodiments, the vector is a hybrid vector. For examples of hybrid vectors that can be used in the present disclosure, see Huang and Kamihira, Biotechnol. Adv. 31(2):208-23 (2103), the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0144] III. Methods of the Disclosure Certain aspects of the present disclosure relate to methods of treating a disease or condition in a subject. hi some aspects, the present disclosure relates to methods of enhancing an immune response in a subject in need thereof.

[0145] III.A. Tumor Treatment Methods Certain aspects of the present disclosure relate to a method of treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an HLA class II molecule disclosed herein, a nucleic acid molecule disclosed herein, a vector disclosed herein, or a cell disclosed herein.

[0146] In some embodiments, the cancer is melanoma, bone cancer, kidney cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, cutaneous or intraocular malignant melanoma, pancreatic cancer, skin cancer, head and neck cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, rectal cancer, anal cancer, gastric cancer, testicular cancer, uterine cancer, fallopian tube cancer, endometrial cancer, cervical cancer, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMBC), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma (FL), transformed follicular lymphoma, splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL), esophageal cancer, small intestine cancer, endocrine system cancer, thyroid cancer, parathyroid cancer, adrenal gland cancer, soft tissue cancer, The cancer is selected from sarcoma, urethral cancer, penile cancer, chronic or acute leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (including non-T-cell ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), childhood solid tumors, lymphocytic lymphoma, bladder cancer, kidney or ureter cancer, renal pelvis cancer, central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms, primary CNS lymphoma, tumor angiogenesis, spinal axis tumors, brainstem glioma, pituitary adenoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, epidermoid carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, T-cell lymphoma, environmentally induced cancers including those due to asbestos, other B-cell malignancies, and combinations of cancers. In some embodiments, the cancer is melanoma.

[0147] In some embodiments, the cancer is recurrent. In some embodiments, the cancer is refractory. In some embodiments, the cancer is progressive. In some embodiments, the cancer is metastatic.

[0148] In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein treat cancer in a subject. In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein reduce the severity of one or more symptoms of cancer. In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein reduce the size or number of tumors resulting from cancer. In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein extend the overall survival of a subject compared to a subject not provided with a method disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein extend the progression-free survival of a subject compared to a subject not provided with a method disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein result in a partial response in a subject. In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein result in a complete response in a subject.

[0149] Certain aspects of the present disclosure relate to methods of treating an infection in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an HLA class II molecule disclosed herein, a nucleic acid molecule disclosed herein, a vector disclosed herein, or a cell disclosed herein. Non-limiting examples of infections that can be treated using the compositions and methods disclosed herein include infections caused by viruses (including viroids and prions), bacteria, fungi, parasites, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the virus is herpesvirus, HIV, papovavirus, measles virus, rubella virus, human papillomavirus (HPV), human T-lymphotropic virus 1, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, influenza virus, norovirus, and any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the bacterium is selected from Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and E. coli. In some embodiments, the bacterial infection is selected from brucellosis, Campylobacter infection, cat scratch disease, cholera, Escherichia coli, gonorrhea, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Legionella infection, meningococcal infection, whooping cough, plague, Pseudomonas infection, Salmonella infection, shigellosis, typhoid fever, tularemia, splenic ulcers, diphtheria, enterococcal infection, erysipelothricosis, listeriosis, nocardiosis, pneumococcal infection, staphylococcal infection, streptococcal infection, and any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the parasitic infection is selected from pinworm, trichomoniasis, toxoplasmosis, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, malaria, hookworm, ringworm, tapeworm, fluke, and any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the fungal infection is selected from Candida, Malassezia furfur, dermatophytes (e.g., Epidermophyton, Microsporum, and Trichophyton), or any combination thereof.

[0150] In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein include treating cancer or an infection in a subject in need thereof, the methods comprising administering to the subject a cell described herein, wherein the cell comprises an MHC class II molecule disclosed herein, a nucleic acid molecule disclosed herein, a vector disclosed herein, or any combination thereof.

[0151] In some embodiments, the cells are obtained from the subject. In some embodiments, the cells are obtained from a donor other than the subject.

[0152] III.B. Methods for Enriching Target Populations of T Cells Certain embodiments of the present disclosure relate to methods for enriching a target population of T cells obtained from a human subject. In some embodiments, the method comprises contacting the T cells with an HLA class II molecule disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises contacting the T cells with a cell, e.g., an APC, disclosed herein. In some embodiments, after contacting, the enriched population of T cells comprises a greater number of T cells capable of binding to HLA class II molecules compared to the number of T cells capable of binding to HLA class II molecules before contacting.

[0153] Some embodiments of the present disclosure relate to methods for selecting T cells capable of targeting diseased cells, e.g., tumor cells. In some embodiments, the methods include contacting a population of in vitro isolated T cells with a complex comprising an MHC class II molecule disclosed herein and a fragment of a polypeptide, e.g., an antigen expressed on diseased cells, e.g., a tumor-expressed polypeptide, e.g., an epitope. In some embodiments, the T cells are obtained from a human subject.

[0154] The T cells obtained from the human subject can be any T cells disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the T cells obtained from the human subject are tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs).

[0155] In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering the enriched T cells to a human subject. In some embodiments, the subject is pre-conditioned prior to receiving the T cells as described herein.

[0156] Any of the various aspects, embodiments and options described herein can be combined in any and all variations.

[0157] All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

[0158] Having generally described the present disclosure, a further understanding can be obtained by reference to the examples provided herein, which are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to be limiting. [Example]

[0159] Example 1 - Method cell Peripheral mononuclear cells were obtained by density gradient centrifugation (Ficoll-Paque PLUS, GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Marlborough, MA). The K562 cell line is an erythroleukemia cell line deficient in HLA class I / II expression. A375 is a melanoma cell line. HEK293T cells and A375 cells were grown in DMEM (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) supplemented with 10% FBS and 50 μg / ml gentamicin. K562 and Jurkat76 cell lines were cultured in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% FBS and 50 μg / ml gentamicin.

[0160] peptide Synthetic peptides were purchased from Genscript (Piscataway, NJ) and dissolved in DMSO at 50 μg / ml.

[0161] antibody Flow cytometry analysis was performed using PE-conjugated anti-class II antibodies (9-49(I3), Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA; Tu39), APC-Cy7-conjugated anti-CD4 (RPA-T4, Biolegend, San Diego, CA), and PE-conjugated anti-His tag (AD1.1.10, Abcam, Cambridge, MA). Dead cells were sorted using the LIVE / DEAD Fixable Near-IR Dead Cell Stain Kit 465 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA). Stained cells were analyzed using a Canto II or LSRFortessa X-20 (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ). Cell sorting was performed using a FACS Aria II (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ). Data analysis was performed using FlowJo software (Tree Star, Ashland, OR).

[0162] TCR transduction of primary T cells CD3 + T cells and CD4 + T cells were isolated using a Pan T Cell Isolation Kit (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany) and CD4 +The T cells were purified using a T Cell Isolation Kit (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany). Purified T cells were stimulated with aAPC / mOKT3 irradiated at 200 Gy at an E:T ratio of 20:1. Starting the following day, activated T cells were retrovirally transduced with the cloned TCR gene by centrifugation at 1,000 × g for 1 hour at 32°C or by using Retronectin-coated plates (Takara Bio, Shiga, Japan) for 3 consecutive days. The following day, 100 IU / ml IL-2 and 10 ng / ml IL-15 were added to the TCR-transduced T cells. The culture medium was replenished every 2–3 days.

[0163] Staining with soluble CD4 The soluble CD4 (sCD4) gene was generated by fusing the human CD4 extracellular domain with a 6xHis tag via a GS linker. The sCD4 gene was retrovirally transduced into HEK293T cells, and the culture supernatant containing sCD4 monomers was collected. The sCD4 was dimerized with a PE-labeled anti-6xHis tag mAb (AD1.1.10, Abcam, Cambridge, MA) and used. HLA class II-expressing K562 cells were stained with dimerized sCD4 in the presence of goat serum at room temperature for 30 minutes. Surface HLA class II expression on K562-derived cells expressing various class II genes individually is shown in Figures 3A–3Q.

[0164] Formation of HLA class II monomers and dimers The extracellular domain of the wild-type class II α gene was fused to an acidic leucine zipper via a GGGS linker, followed by a 6xHis tag via a GS linker (see SEQ ID NO: 8). The extracellular domain of the mutated class II β gene (see SEQ ID NO: 3) was linked to a basic leucine zipper via a GGGS linker (see SEQ ID NO: 4). HEK293T cells and A375 cells were transfected with the α and β genes using a 293GPG cell-based retroviral system and cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 50 μg / ml gentamicin. DQ5 dimer staining revealed soluble DQ5. L114W / V143M+4reps HEK293T and A375 cells stably secreting the protein (i.e., with N110Q / I116V / S118H / P146N substitutions (4 reps) in addition to L114W / V143M) were grown to confluence, and the medium was harvested after 48 hours. The supernatant containing soluble HLA class II was then mixed with 100 μg / ml of the peptide of interest for 20–24 hours at 37°C for in vitro peptide exchange. Monomers without peptide exchange were used as controls. The concentration of the monomers was measured by specific ELISA using nickel-coated plates (XPressBio, Frederick, MD) and an anti-His tag biotinylated mAb (AD1.1.10, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN). Soluble HLA class II monomers were dimerized with PE-conjugated anti-His mAb (AD1.1.10, Abcam, Cambridge, MA) at a molar ratio of 2:1 for 1.5 hours at 4°C for staining.

[0165] HLA class II dimer staining Primary T cells transduced with exogenous TCR genes were pretreated with 50 nM dasatinib (LC Laboratories, Woburn, MA) for 30 min at 37°C and stained with 5–15 μg / ml class II dimers for 4–5 h at room temperature. After washing, cell surface molecules were counterstained with APC-Cy7-conjugated anti-CD4 mAb.

[0166] statistical analysis Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 6.0 software (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA). An unpaired two-tailed Student's t-test was used for two-sample comparison. No statistical methods were used to predetermine sample size. Researchers were aware of allocation during the experiment or evaluation of results. The experiment was not randomized.

[0167] Example 2 - DQ molecules with enhanced CD4 binding ability We generated affinity-enhanced DQ molecules by introducing the L114W / V143M mutations to determine whether these substitutions could improve binding of HLA-DQ molecules such as DQ5 (DQA1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) to CD4. DQB1*05:01 encodes four different amino acids at positions 110, 116, 118, and 146 in addition to 114 and 143. Therefore, we generated DQ5 with L114W / V143M and N110Q / I116V / S118H / P146N substitutions (4 reps). L114W / V143M+4reps K562 cells expressing DQ5 were generated (Figure 1A), and the cells were stained with sCD4. L114W / V143M+4reps K562 cells expressing DQ5 enhance CD4 binding but not DQ5. L114W / V143M , DQ5 4reps It was demonstrated that neither DQ5 nor wild-type DQ5 enhanced CD4 binding (Figures 1B-1C). Importantly, a variant of DQ5 with a single amino acid inversion at one of the four positions L114W / V143M+4reps A series of K562 cells expressing the mutants individually lacked the enhanced CD4 binding capacity (Figure 1D). These results suggest that four additional substitutions, N110Q, I116V, S118H, and P146N, are important for the efficacy of the L114W / V143M mutation in the observed enhanced DQ5:CD4 binding.

[0168] DQ β chains such as DQB1*02:01, 04:02, and 06:01 encode different amino acids at positions 110, 118, and 146, except for position 116 (Figure 1E). Unlike DQB1*05:01, DQB1*02:01, 04:02, and 06:01 encode Val at position 116, as does DQB1*04:01, which encodes Val at position 114. L114W / V143M+3reps , DQ4 L114W / V143M+3reps , and DQ6 L114W / V143M+3reps All of the mutants had N110Q, S118H, and P146N substitutions (3 reps) along with L114W / V143M in the β-chain and exhibited enhanced CD4 binding activity (Fig. 1F).

[0169] Example 3 - Affinity matured DQ dimers that specifically and robustly stain cognate TCRs The ability of affinity matured DQ dimers with the mutations described in Example 2 to bind antigen-specific CD4 + The ability to distinguish T cells was assessed. L114W / V143M+4reps and DQ6 L114W / V143M+3reps The dimers successfully stained the DQ5-restricted DDX3Y-specific TCR (E6) and the DQ6-restricted influenza virus-specific TCR (DM2), respectively (Figures 2A-2B).

[0170] For the identification of affinity-matured class II molecules, this example details several mutations in the β chain, but not the α chain, since the β chain interacts more directly with CD4 than the α chain. It is possible that additional mutations in the α and / or β chains may further enhance the binding of class II to CD4. However, the use of soluble class II molecules with excess CD4-binding capacity may be necessary to further enhance the binding of CD4. + This can lead to non-specific staining of T cells, which can have deleterious effects.

[0171] In conclusion, CD4 + T cells play a key role in the development of autoimmune diseases and in the defense against pathogenic infections and cancer. The novel HLA class II multimer technology described herein allows for the synthesis of HLA class II-restricted CD4 T cells across HLA-DQ alleles.+ This can better facilitate the study of T cell responses.

[0172] Example 4 Wild-type DQ5 and DQ5 L114W / V143M dimer (Table 3), as well as DQ5 L114W / V143M+4reps Generate dimers and TCR-transduced CD4 + We compared their staining on T cells. Wild-type DQ5 dimers stained E6-transduced CD4 + No T cells were detected. DQ5 L114W / V143M The dimer is DQ5 L114W / V143M+4reps E6-transduced CD4 compared to dimers + showed only weak staining of T cells, but DQ5 L114W / V143M+4reps showed strong staining (Figures 4A-4L). L114W / V143M+4reps To verify dimer staining, we performed GPC3 138-157 The DQ5-restricted TCR gene specific for β-glucanase was amplified in vitro in a peptide-specific manner. + CD4 + Cloned from T cells. Human CD4 + When clonotypically rearranged in TCR-deficient T cells, the TCR is expressed as the cognate DQ5 L114W / V143M+4reps The dimer stained normally and functioned in a DQ5-restricted and antigen-specific manner (Figures 5A-5G). [Table 3]

[0173] method cell Peripheral mononuclear cells were obtained by density gradient centrifugation. K562-based artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) expressing various HLA class II genes individually as single HLA alleles related to CD80 and CD83 have been previously reported (Butler, MO et al., PLoS One 7, e30229 (2012)). The Jurkat76 cell line is a T-cell leukemia cell line lacking endogenous TCR, CD4, and CD8 expression (see Heemskerk, MH et al., Blood 102, 3530-3540 (2003)). Jurkat76 / CD4 cells were generated by retroviral transduction of the human CD4 gene. A375 cells are a melanoma cell line. HEK293T and A375 cells were grown in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 50 μg / ml gentamicin. Jurkat76 cell line was cultured in RPMI1640 supplemented with 10% FBS and 50 μg / ml gentamicin.

[0174] peptide

[0175] The synthetic peptides were dissolved in DMSO at 50 μg / ml.

[0176] gene The novel TCR genes were cloned by 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) PCR and sequenced as described above (see, e.g., Nakatsugawa, M. et al., Sci Rep 6, 23821 (2016); Nakatsugawa, M. et al., J Immunol 194, 3487-3500 (2015); and Ochi, T. et al., Cancer Immunol Res 3, 1070-1081 (2015), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). All genes were cloned into the pMX retroviral vector and transduced into cell lines using 293GPG and PG13 cell-based retroviral systems (see, e.g., Hirano, N. et al., Blood 107, 1528-1536 (2006); Butler, MO et al., Clin Cancer Res 13, 1857-1867 (2007); Hirano, N. et al., Clin Cancer Res 12, 2967-2975 (2006); each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

[0177] antibody Flow cytometry analysis used APC-Cy7-conjugated anti-CD4 (RPA-T4, Biolegend, San Diego, CA; see Wooldridge, L. et al., Eur J Immunol 36, 1847-1855 (2006)) and PE-conjugated anti-His tag (AD1.1.10, ABCAM, Cambridge, MA) antibodies. Dead cells were sorted using the LIVE / DEAD Fixable Aqua Dead Cell Stain Kit. Stained cells were analyzed using a FACSCanto II or LSRFortessa X-20. Cell sorting was performed using a FACSAria II. Data analysis was performed using FlowJo software (version 9.9.6).

[0178] Formation of HLA class II monomers and dimers A375 cells were transfected with the α and β genes using a 293GPG cell-based retroviral system (see, e.g., Hirano, N. et al., Blood 107, 1528-1536 (2006); Butler, MO et al., Clin Cancer Res 13, 1857-1867 (2007); and Hirano, N. et al., Blood 108, 2662-2668 (2006), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), and cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 50 μg / ml gentamicin. After 48 hours, the conditioned medium was collected and concentrated by filtration (molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) 10 kDa). The supernatant containing soluble HLA class II was then mixed with 100 μg / ml of the peptide of interest for 20–24 h at 37°C for in vitro peptide exchange. The concentration of the monomer was measured by specific ELISA using nickel-coated plates and an anti-His tag biotinylated mAb. For staining, the soluble HLA class II monomer was dimerized with a PE-conjugated anti-Hism Ab at a 2:1 molar ratio for 1.5 h at 4°C.

[0179] DQ5 restricted antigen specific CD4 + T cell stimulation CD4 + T cells were purified and then treated with 10 μg / ml GPC3 138-157 After 48 hours, 10 IU / ml of IL-2 and 10 ng / ml of IL-15 were administered to CD4 + The T cells were then added to the culture medium supplemented with IL-2 (10 IU / ml) and IL-15 (10 ng / ml) every 2–3 days. After 2 weeks, the T cells were transferred to DQ5 L114W / V143M+4reps The cells were subjected to dimer staining.

[0180] HLA class II dimer staining Primary CD4 transduced with antigen-specific TCR genes +T cells and Jurkat76 / CD4 T cells were pretreated with 50 nM dasatinib for 30 min at 37°C and stained with 5–15 μg / ml class II dimers for 4–5 h at room temperature. After washing, cell surface molecules were counterstained with APC-Cy7-conjugated anti-CD4 mAb.

[0181] ELISPOT assay Cytokine ELISPOT assays were performed as previously reported (see, e.g., Yamashita, Y. et al., Nat Commun 8, 15244 (2017), and Anczurowski, M. et al., Sci Rep 8, 4804 (2018)), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). The present invention provides, for example, the following items. (Item 1) An HLA class II molecule comprising a DQ beta chain, wherein the DQ beta chain comprises an amino acid other than leucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO:1. (Item 2) An HLA class II molecule comprising a DQ beta chain, wherein the DQ beta chain comprises a substitution mutation at an amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO: 1, and the substitution mutation is due to an amino acid other than leucine. (Item 3) 3. The HLA class II molecule according to item 1 or 2, wherein the DQ beta chain further comprises an amino acid other than valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1. (Item 4) An HLA class II molecule comprising a DQ beta chain, wherein the DQ beta chain comprises an amino acid other than valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO:1. (Item 5) An HLA class II molecule comprising a DQ beta chain, wherein the DQ beta chain comprises a substitution mutation at an amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1, and the substitution mutation is due to an amino acid other than valine. (Item 6) 6. The HLA class II molecule according to item 4 or 5, wherein the DQ beta chain further comprises an amino acid other than leucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO: 1. (Item 7) 7. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 1 to 6, wherein the DQ beta chain further comprises an amino acid other than asparagine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO:1. (Item 8) 8. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 1 to 7, wherein the DQ beta chain further comprises an amino acid other than isoleucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO:1. (Item 9) 9. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 1 to 8, wherein the DQ beta chain further comprises an amino acid other than serine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO:1. (Item 10) 10. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 1 to 9, wherein the DQ beta chain further comprises an amino acid other than proline at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO:1. (Item 11) The DQ beta chain is (i) an amino acid other than asparagine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO: 1; (ii) an amino acid other than isoleucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO: 1; (iii) an amino acid other than serine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO: 1; and (iv) The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 1 to 10, further comprising at least three amino acids other than proline at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO: 1. (Item 12) The DQ beta chain is (i) an amino acid other than asparagine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO: 1; (ii) an amino acid other than isoleucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO: 1; (iii) an amino acid other than serine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO: 1, and (iv) The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 1 to 11, further comprising an amino acid other than proline at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO: 1. (Item 13) 13. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 1 to 3 and 6 to 12, wherein the amino acid other than leucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has a hydrophobic side chain. (Item 14) 14. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 1 to 3 and 6 to 13, wherein the amino acid other than leucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from the group consisting of alanine, valine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. (Item 15) 15. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 1 to 3 and 6 to 14, wherein the amino acid other than leucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is tryptophan. (Item 16) 16. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 4 to 15, wherein the amino acid other than valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a hydrophobic side chain. (Item 17) 17. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 4 to 16, wherein the amino acid other than valine in the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from alanine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. (Item 18) 18. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 4 to 17, wherein the amino acid other than valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is methionine. (Item 19) 19. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 7 to 18, wherein the beta chain of the MHC class II molecule contains an amino acid other than asparagine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO:1. (Item 20) 20. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 7 to 19, wherein the amino acid other than asparagine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from serine, threonine, and glutamine. (Item 21) 21. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 7 to 20, wherein the amino acid other than asparagine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is glutamine. (Item 22) 22. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 8 to 21, wherein the beta chain of the MHC class II molecule contains an amino acid other than isoleucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO:1. (Item 23) 23. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 8 to 22, wherein the amino acid other than isoleucine in the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from alanine, valine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. (Item 24) 24. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 8 to 23, wherein the amino acid other than isoleucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is valine. (Item 25) 25. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 9 to 24, wherein the beta chain of the MHC class II molecule contains an amino acid other than serine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO:1. (Item 26) 26. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 9 to 25, wherein the amino acid other than serine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from arginine, histidine, and lysine. (Item 27) 27. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 9 to 26, wherein the amino acid other than serine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is histidine. (Item 28) 28. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 10 to 27, wherein the beta chain of the MHC class II molecule contains an amino acid other than proline at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO:1. (Item 29) 29. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 10 to 28, wherein the amino acid other than proline at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from serine, threonine, asparagine, and glutamine. (Item 30) 30. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 10 to 29, wherein the amino acid other than proline at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is glutamine. (Item 31) 31. The HLA class II molecule of any one of items 1 to 30, wherein the DQ beta chain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 4, and 5. (Item 32) 14. The HLA according to any one of items 1 to 13, wherein the DQ beta chain comprises a tryptophan at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO: 1 and a methionine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1. (Item 33) The beta chain of the MHC class II molecule (a) tryptophan at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO: 1; (b) a methionine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1, and (c) (i) glutamine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO: 1; (ii) a valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO: 1; (iii) histidine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO: 1, and (iv) the HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 1 to 32, comprising at least one of glutamine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO: 1. (Item 34) The beta chain of the MHC class II molecule (a) tryptophan at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO: 1; (b) a methionine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1, and (c) (i) glutamine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO: 1; (ii) a valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO: 1; (iii) histidine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO: 1, and (iv) glutamine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO: 1. (Item 35) The beta chain of the MHC class II molecule (a) tryptophan at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO: 1; (b) a methionine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1, and (c) (i) glutamine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO: 1; (ii) a valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO: 1; (iii) histidine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO: 1, and (iv) glutamine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO: 1. (Item 36) The beta chain of the MHC class II molecule (a) tryptophan at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO: 1; (b) a methionine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1; (c) glutamine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 110 of SEQ ID NO: 1; (d) valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 116 of SEQ ID NO: 1; (e) histidine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 118 of SEQ ID NO: 1, and (f) The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 1 to 35, which contains glutamine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 146 of SEQ ID NO: 1. (Item 37) 37. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 1 to 36, wherein the DQ beta chain comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3. (Item 38) 38. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 1 to 37, wherein the DQ beta chain comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4. (Item 39) 39. The HLA class II molecule of any one of items 1 to 38, wherein the beta chain of the HLA class II molecule comprises a DQ2, DQ3, DQ4, DQ5, or DQ6 allele. (Item 40) 39. The HLA class II molecule of any one of items 1 to 38, wherein the beta chain of the MHC class II molecule comprises an HLA-DQB1*02, HLA-DQB1*03, HLA-DQB1*04, HLA-DQB1*05, or HLA-DQB1*06 allele. (Item 41) 41. The HLA class II molecule of any one of items 1 to 40, further comprising a DQ alpha chain. (Item 42) 42. The HLA class II molecule of item 41, wherein the alpha chain of the MHC class II molecule comprises an HLA-DQA1*01, HLA-DQA1*02, HLA-DQA1*03, HLA-DQA1*04, HLA-DQA1*05 or HLA-DQA1*06 allele. (Item 43) 43. The HLA class II molecule of item 41 or 42, wherein the DQ alpha chain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6 or 8. (Item 44) 44. The HLA class II molecule of item 43, wherein the DQ alpha chain comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 or 8. (Item 45) 45. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 1 to 44, wherein the DQ beta chain has a higher affinity for the CD4 protein compared to a reference HLA class II molecule, and the reference HLA class II molecule comprises a DQ beta chain comprising (i) a leucine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 114 of SEQ ID NO: 1, and / or (ii) a valine at the amino acid residue corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1. (Item 46) 46. ​​The HLA class II molecule of item 45, wherein the affinity is at least about 1.5-fold, at least about 2-fold, at least about 3-fold, at least about 4-fold, at least about 5-fold, at least about 6-fold, at least about 7-fold, at least about 8-fold, at least about 9-fold, at least about 10-fold, at least about 15-fold, at least about 20-fold, at least about 25-fold, at least about 30-fold, at least about 35-fold, at least about 40-fold, at least about 45-fold, at least about 50-fold, at least about 75-fold, at least about 100-fold, at least about 200-fold, at least about 300-fold, at least about 400-fold, at least about 500-fold, or at least about 1000-fold higher. (Item 47) 47. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 1 to 46, wherein the DQ beta chain is bound to the membrane of a cell. (Item 48) 47. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 1 to 46, wherein the DQ beta chain is not bound to a membrane of a cell. (Item 49) 47. The HLA class II molecule of any one of items 1 to 46, wherein the DQ beta chain comprises the extracellular domain of a full-length DQ alpha chain. (Item 50) 50. The HLA class II molecule of item 49, wherein the DQ beta chain does not comprise the transmembrane domain of a full-length DQ beta chain. (Item 51) 51. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 41 to 50, wherein the DQ alpha chain is bound to the membrane of a cell. (Item 52) 51. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 41 to 50, wherein the DQ alpha chain is not bound to a membrane of a cell. (Item 53) 51. The HLA class II molecule of any one of items 41 to 50, wherein the DQ alpha chain comprises the extracellular domain of a full-length DQ alpha chain. (Item 54) 54. The HLA class II molecule of item 53, wherein the DQ alpha chain does not contain the transmembrane domain of the full-length DQ alpha chain. (Item 55) 55. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 48 to 54, wherein the DQ beta chain is linked or bound to an inert particle. (Item 56) 56. The HLA class II molecule according to item 55, wherein the inert particles are beads. (Item 57) 56. The HLA class II molecule according to item 55, wherein the inert particles are nanoparticles. (Item 58) 58. The HLA class II molecule according to item 57, wherein the nanoparticles are selected from PEGylated iron oxide, chitosan, dextran, gelatin, alginate, liposomes, starch, branched polymers, carbon-based carriers, polylactic acid, poly(cyano)acrylate, polyethyleinemine, block copolymers, polycaprolactone, SPIONS, USPIONS, Cd / Zn-selenide, or silica nanoparticles. (Item 59) 59. The HLA class II molecule according to item 57 or 58, wherein the nanoparticles are PEGylated iron oxide nanoparticles. (Item 60) 60. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 1 to 59, wherein the DQ beta chain comprises a signal peptide. (Item 61) 61. The HLA class II molecule of any one of items 41 to 60, wherein the DQ alpha chain comprises a signal peptide. (Item 62) 62. The HLA class II molecule of item 60 or 61, wherein the signal peptide comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:9. (Item 63) 63. A nucleic acid molecule encoding the DQ beta chain according to any one of items 1 to 62. (Item 64) 64. The nucleic acid molecule according to item 63, further encoding a DQ alpha chain according to any one of items 41 to 63. (Item 65) 65. The nucleic acid molecule of item 63 or 64, comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:2. (Item 66) 66. A vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule according to any one of Items 63 to 65. (Item 67) 67. A cell comprising the HLA class II molecule of any one of items 1 to 62, the nucleic acid molecule of any one of items 63 to 65, or the vector of item 66. (Item 68) 68. The cell of item 67, which is a mammalian cell or an insect cell. (Item 69) 69. The cell of item 67 or 68, selected from K562 cells, T2, HEK293, HEK293T, A375, SK-MEL-28, Me275, COS, fibroblasts, tumor cells, or any combination thereof. (Item 70) 70. The cell of any one of items 67 to 69, which lacks endogenous MHC class II DQ beta chain expression. (Item 71) 71. The cell of any one of items 67 to 70, which lacks endogenous MHC class II DQ alpha chain expression. (Item 72) 72. A method for identifying a T cell receptor capable of binding to an epitope of an MHC class II complex, comprising pulsing the cells according to any one of items 67 to 71 with one or more peptides comprising said epitope, and pulsing one or more CD4 + stimulating T cells with the APCs. (Item 73) 63. A method of treating a disease or condition in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an MHC class II molecule according to any one of items 1 to 62. (Item 74) 74. The method of item 73, wherein the disease or condition is cancer or an infection. (Item 75) 75. The method of item 74, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of melanoma, bone cancer, pancreatic cancer, skin cancer, head and neck cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, rectal cancer, gastric cancer, uterine cancer, lung cancer, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), esophageal cancer, small intestine cancer, urethral cancer, chronic or acute leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (including non-T-cell ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), bladder cancer, kidney or ureter cancer, renal pelvis cancer, glioma, squamous cell carcinoma, and combinations of the above cancers. (Item 76) 76. The method of item 74 or 75, wherein the cancer is recurrent or refractory. (Item 77) 77. The method of any one of items 74 to 76, wherein the cancer is locally aggressive. (Item 78) 78. The method of any one of items 74 to 77, wherein the cancer is progressive. (Item 79) 79. The method of any one of items 74 to 78, wherein the cancer is metastatic. (Item 80) K less than approximately 100 μM D 63. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 1 to 62, which binds to CD4 at (Item 81) K less than approximately 10 μM D 63. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 1 to 62, which binds to CD4 at (Item 82) K below approximately 8.9 μM D 63. The HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 1 to 62, which binds to CD4 at (Item 83) A complex comprising an HLA class II molecule according to any one of items 1 to 62 and 80 to 82, and a peptide, wherein the peptide is DDX3Y 171-190 , H.A. 255-270 , GPC3 138-157 or any combination thereof.

Claims

1. An HLA class II molecule comprising an extracellular domain of a DQ beta chain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:

3.

2. The HLA class II molecule of claim 1, wherein the extracellular domain of the DQ beta chain comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:

4.

3. 3. The HLA class II molecule of claim 1 or 2, further comprising a DQ alpha chain.

4. The HLA class II molecule of claim 3, wherein the DQ alpha chain comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:

6.

5. The HLA class II molecule of claim 3 , wherein the DQ alpha chain comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:

8. (a) the DQ beta chain is bound to a membrane of a cell; (b) the DQ beta chain comprises the extracellular domain of a full-length DQ alpha chain; (c) the DQ beta chain is linked or bound to an inert particle; (d) the DQ beta chain comprises a signal peptide; (e) the HLA class II molecule further comprises a DQ alpha chain bound to the membrane of the cell; or (f) any combination of (a) to (e); The HLA class II molecule according to any one of claims 1 to 5.

7. A complex comprising an HLA class II molecule according to any one of claims 1 to 6 and a peptide, wherein the peptide is DDX3Y １７１－１９０ , H.A. ２５５－２７０ , GPC3 １３８－１５７ or any combination thereof.

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