Tissue removal system and method

Abstract

To provide excellent tissue removal systems and methods.SOLUTION: Components for capturing and removing tissue from mammalian bodies, systems for capturing and removing tissue from mammalian bodies, and kits for capturing and removing tissue from mammalian bodies include a tissue container that may be introduced into a body cavity and within which a tissue specimen may be placed, cut and removed from the body cavity. Methods of using these components, systems and kits are also described. The present invention provides tissue containment and removal systems. The systems include: a tissue container, a bulk tissue reducer, a motor operatively connected to a tissue cutting blade of the bulk tissue reducer, and a contact detection system. The contact detection system includes a detection circuit and a controller.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] This application claims the benefits of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 886,473, filed on 14 August 2019, naming Joseph N. Jones et al. as inventors, and titled “TISSUE REMOVAL SYSTEMS AND METHODS,” and U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 006,360, filed on 7 April 2020, naming Joseph N. Jones et al. as inventors, and also titled “TISSUE REMOVAL SYSTEMS AND METHODS,” respectively, which are incorporated herein by reference as a whole. [Background technology]

[0002] In the field of medicine, both in humans and veterinary medicine, it is often desirable, or even necessary, to remove tissue from a patient's body. Such tissue, typically in the form of a mass, tumor, or organ, may be benign, malignant, precancerous, or suspected malignant or precancerous, and can be removed through conventional surgical techniques, including incisional surgery and minimally invasive approaches.

[0003] Among minimally invasive approaches, laparoscopic procedures, in which tissue specimens are removed through small incisions using specialized tools, are well-known. Minimally invasive procedures such as laparoscopy and mini-laparectomy may also employ the use of robotically controlled tools. Procedures performed via minimally invasive approaches include those performed within the abdominal, pelvic, and thoracic cavities. Cholecystectomy, nephrectomy, colectomy, hysterectomy, myomectomy, oophorectomy, and other procedures in the gastroenterology, gynecology, and urology categories are common, as are minimally invasive arthroscopy, cystoscopy, and thoracoscopy. Various advantages cited for minimally invasive procedures include, among others, improved safety, reduced pain, a lower risk of infection, shorter recovery times, shorter hospital stays, increased patient satisfaction, and lower costs.

[0004] In many cases, the tissue specimen to be removed via minimally invasive techniques is larger than the incision used to gain access to the tissue specimen. Therefore, techniques have been developed to safely remove such specimens while maintaining the advantages of a minimally invasive approach. One such technique is necropsy, in which the tissue specimen is finely cut or processed while still inside the patient, or at skin level, or just outside the patient, so that it can be removed more easily. The earliest forms of necropsy involved scissors or a scalpel for cutting the uterus during a vaginal hysterectomy so that the specimen could be removed through the vagina. Similar manual cutting techniques may be employed when removing many types of tumors or organs through an incision within the abdomen. Later, electromechanical morcellators were developed, which can be deployed through laparoscopic ports, allowing tissue fragments to be removed through the ports.

[0005] In gynecology, hysterectomy is a common procedure, performed on approximately 500,000 women per year in the United States alone. Hysterectomy involves the removal of a woman's uterus, which may be necessary for a variety of reasons, the most common of which (over 50% of cases in the U.S.) is due to the presence of uterine fibroids. Uterine fibroids (also known as leiomyomas) are benign tumors that often tend to enlarge the specimen to the point where it cannot be removed through the vaginal opening or a minimally invasive surgical incision without the benefit of some form of sclerotomy. Such hysterectomy may be performed via conventional open surgical techniques or via minimally invasive techniques such as laparoscopy with the use of sclerotomy or bulk tissue reduction. Hysterectomy can be partial, for example, involving the removal of only the uterus, or complete, involving the removal of both the uterus and cervix. In either case, the ovaries and / or fallopian tubes may or may not be removed at the same time.

[0006] For many years, motorized uterine fibroid removal has been used in gynecological surgery to remove large uteruses from patients through small incisions, as required in minimally invasive surgery. The most common use of motorized uterine fibroid removal in gynecological surgery typically involves the shredding of large fibrous uteruses and removing them from the patient's body during laparoscopic or robot-assisted laparoscopic hysterectomy, but there are also several other uses, notably myomectomy, in which uterine fibroids are removed, but the uterus itself is preserved in the patient's body if the patient desires future conception.

[0007] Because hysterectomies with enlarged uteruses are very common, and because minimally invasive surgery offers many benefits to patients, surgeons, hospitals, and payers, the use of motorized hysterectomy has become common. However, the potential for latent cancer hidden within the uterus, which cannot be detected preoperatively and can potentially spread throughout the patient's body during hysterectomy with serious consequences, is a cause for concern. Therefore, even though most hysterectomies are associated with a uterus that does not contain any actual or suspected cancer, conventional open surgery remains prevalent, despite its additional risks, higher complication rates, longer hospital stays, and more difficult recovery. Thus, techniques and systems that provide safe removal and processing of tissue specimens, even in the presence of a potential latent malignant tumor, are desirable. [Overview of the project] [Means for solving the problem]

[0008] Such embodiments of the tissue storage and removal system may include a tissue container having a conductive layer with conductive elements, an internal volume, and an opening. The tissue storage and removal system may also include a bulk tissue reducer having a tissue cutter with tissue cutting blades configured to be conductive. A motor may be operably coupled to the tissue cutting blades of the bulk tissue reducer so as to provide driving power to the tissue cutting blades in response to operation. The tissue storage and removal system may further include a contact detection system having a detection circuit operably coupled to the tissue cutting blades and conductive elements and configured to generate a continuity signal between the tissue cutting blades and conductive elements and to measure an impedance value between the tissue cutting blades and conductive elements. A controller may be operably coupled to the motor and may be configured to interrupt the operation of the motor and tissue cutting blades whenever the impedance between the tissue cutting blades and conductive elements is at or below a predetermined impedance threshold.

[0009] Regarding several embodiments of methods for storing and accessing tissue specimens within a patient's body, a tissue container may be inserted into the patient's body cavity. Once the tissue container is positioned within the patient's body cavity, the tissue specimen may be manipulated or otherwise inserted into the internal volume of the tissue container through its opening. For such manipulation of the tissue specimen, any suitable instrument such as a gripping device, support hook, trocar, camera, and equivalent may be used, all of which may optionally be inserted into the body cavity through a small, minimally invasive incision in the patient's skin and underlying fascia. Once the tissue specimen is positioned within the internal volume of the tissue container, the entire edge of the opening of the tissue container, or a periphery positioned around the circumference of the opening, may be drawn out from within the body cavity to a position outside the patient's body, effectively storing the tissue specimen of interest within the internal volume of the tissue container and isolating the tissue specimen from the surrounding tissue of the patient's body located outside the tissue container. The distal end of a bulk tissue reducer may then be inserted into the internal volume of the tissue container. In some cases, the distal end of the bulk tissue reducer may be inserted into the internal volume of the tissue container until it is adjacent to the tissue specimen. Before, during, or after insertion of the distal end of the bulk tissue reducer into the internal volume, a continuity signal may be transmitted between the tissue cutting blade of the tissue cutter and the conductive element of the tissue container, and the impedance between the tissue cutting blade and the conductive element may be monitored using a detection circuit of a contact detection system. While the impedance between the tissue cutting blade and the conductive element is being monitored by the detection circuit, the tissue cutter of the bulk tissue reducer may be activated. The tissue cutter may then be deactivated by a deactivation signal from the detection circuit or a similar array when the monitored impedance between the tissue cutting blade and the conductive element is at or below a predetermined impedance threshold.

[0010] Some embodiments of tissue containers may include an internal volume, an opening, and a conductive layer comprising a composite fabric having conductive and non-conductive strands. Some associated embodiments of a method for storing and isolating tissue specimens within a patient's body may include the step of inserting a tissue container into the patient's body cavity, the tissue container comprising an internal volume, an opening, and a conductive layer comprising a composite fabric having conductive and non-conductive strands. The tissue specimen may then be inserted into the internal volume of the tissue container through the opening of the tissue container, the entire edge of the opening may be drawn out from within the body cavity to a position outside the patient's body.

[0011] Some embodiments of such tissue storage and removal systems may include a tissue container comprising a conductive layer, an internal volume, and an opening, which have conductive elements. The tissue storage and removal system may also include a surgical instrument comprising a conductive portion, configured for use within the internal volume of the tissue container. The system may further include a contact detection system having a detection circuit operably coupled to the conductive portion and conductive elements. The detection circuit may be configured to generate a continuity signal between the conductive portion and the conductive elements and to measure the impedance value between the conductive portion and the conductive elements. The contact detection system may also include a controller configured to activate or otherwise emit a warning signal whenever the impedance between the conductive portion and the conductive elements is at or below a predetermined impedance threshold. In some such embodiments, the surgical instrument may include a support hook having a body portion made of metal, which has conductive elements.

[0012] Some embodiments of the tissue storage and removal system may include a tissue container having a translucent wall structure and a bulk tissue reducer. The bulk tissue reducer embodiment may include a tissue cutter having a hollow structure with an inner lumen extending along its length and a tissue cutting blade positioned at the distal end of the tissue cutter. The bulk tissue reducer may also include a light energy source configured to emit light energy distally from the distal end of the tissue cutter through the inner lumen.

[0013] Some embodiments of a method for storing and removing tissue specimens from a patient's body may include the steps of inserting a tissue container into the patient's body cavity, inserting the tissue specimen into the internal volume of the tissue container through the opening of the tissue container, and withdrawing the entire edge of the opening of the tissue container from inside the body cavity to a position outside the patient's body. The method may also include the step of inserting the distal end of a bulk tissue reducer into the internal volume of the tissue container until the tissue cutting blade of the bulk tissue reducer contacts the tissue specimen. Light energy is then emitted distally from the distal end of the tissue cutter toward the tissue specimen in contact with the tissue cutting blade. Light energy leakage may then be observed between the distal end of the bulk tissue reducer and the tissue specimen. The intensity and orientation of the observed light energy leakage may be used to manipulate the alignment between the distal end of the bulk tissue reducer and the tissue specimen and to minimize the amount of light energy leakage between the distal end of the bulk tissue reducer and the tissue specimen.

[0014] Some embodiments of the tissue container deployer assembly may include a tissue container deployer having a sheath with an inner lumen and a rounded distal end including a longitudinal slit that forms a petal at the distal end of the sheath, which converges together and is configured to open in response to the application of distal axial pressure from within the inner lumen. The tissue container deployer may include a pusher rod having an extension configuration with an outer surface, which is sized to fit and translate axially within the inner lumen of the sheath and has an axial length equal to or greater than the axial length of the inner lumen of the sheath. The tissue container embodiment is positioned within the inner lumen of the sheath in a contracted state, and the tissue container includes a wall having a thin, flexible configuration, an internal volume, and an opening communicating with the internal volume.

[0015] Some embodiments of a method for deploying a tissue container may include the step of inserting the distal end of the sheath of a tissue container deployer assembly through a body opening to a desired position within the patient's internal cavity. The pusher rod of the tissue container deployer assembly is advanced axially distal to the sheath, simultaneously advancing the tissue container in its contracted state, positioned within the inner lumen of the sheath. The tissue container is thus advanced axially using the distal end of the pusher rod in contact with the proximal end of the tissue container. As the pusher rod and tissue container are advanced axially, the method also includes the step of using the distal end of the tissue container to open a flexible petal formed by a longitudinal slit within the distal end of the sheath, thereby forming a distal port in the sheath for distal discharge of the tissue container from the inner lumen of the sheath. The method further includes the step of continuing to advance the tissue container axially using the pusher rod until the tissue container is completely discharged into the patient's internal cavity through the distal port of the sheath.

[0016] Certain embodiments are described further in the following description, examples, claims, and drawings. These features of the embodiments will become more apparent from the following detailed description when interpreted in conjunction with the accompanying exemplary drawings. The present invention provides, for example, the following: (Item 1) A tissue storage and removal system, A tissue container comprising a conductive layer having a conductive element, an internal volume, and an opening, A bulk tissue reducer, the bulk tissue reducer includes a tissue cutter having a tissue cutting blade configured to be conductive, A motor operably coupled to the tissue cutting blade of the bulk tissue reducer, A contact detection system, wherein the contact detection system is A detection circuit, wherein the detection circuit is operably coupled to the tissue cutting blade and the conductive element, and is configured to generate a continuity signal between the tissue cutting blade and the conductive element, and to measure the impedance value between the tissue cutting blade and the conductive element, A controller, wherein the controller is operably coupled to the motor and is configured to interrupt the operation of the motor and the tissue cutting blade whenever the impedance between the tissue cutting blade and the conductive element is at or below a predetermined impedance threshold. A contact detection system, A tissue storage and removal system comprising: (Item 2) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 1, wherein the controller is configured to activate a warning signal whenever the impedance between the tissue cutting blade and the conductive element is at or below the predetermined impedance threshold. (Item 3) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 2, further comprising an audible signal emitter, wherein the controller is configured to activate an audible warning signal from the audible signal emitter whenever the impedance between the tissue cutting blade and the conductive element is at or below the predetermined impedance threshold. (Item 4) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 2, further comprising a visual signal emitter, wherein the controller is configured to activate a visual warning signal from the visual signal emitter each time the impedance between the tissue cutting blade and the conductive element is at or below the predetermined impedance threshold. (Item 5) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 1, wherein the contact detection system further includes a blade terminal operably coupled to the controller and the tissue cutting blade using a conductive conduit, and a container terminal operably coupled to the controller and the conductive element of the tissue container using a conductive conduit. (Item 6) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 5, wherein the conductive conduit operably coupling the blade terminal and the tissue cutting blade comprises a snap connector configured to provide a releasable electrical connection. (Item 7) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 5, wherein the conductive conduit operably coupling the container terminal and the conductive element of the tissue container comprises a snap connector configured to provide a releasable electrical connection. (Item 9) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 1, wherein the controller comprises a console printed circuit board and a motor driver operably coupled to the motor. (Item 10) ?The tissue storage and removal system according to item 9, wherein the controller further comprises a signal generator, a processor, and a memory operably coupled to the processor. (Item 11) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 1, wherein the contact detection system further comprises a power supply operably coupled to the controller. (Item 12) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 1, wherein the tissue container further comprises a second non-conductive layer disposed on an inner surface of the conductive layer. (Item 13) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 12, further comprising a third non-conductive layer disposed on the outer surface of the conductive layer, wherein the tissue container further comprises a third non-conductive layer. (Item 14) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 1, wherein the conductive layer comprises a composite fabric having non-conductive strands woven together with conductive strands having the conductive elements. (Item 15) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 1, wherein the conductive layer comprises a thin, flexible layer of a non-conductive polymer material and a pattern of conductive ink printed on its outer surface. (Item 16) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 1, wherein the conductive layer and its conductive elements are provided with a wire mesh. (Item 17) The wire mesh is made of stainless steel, in the tissue storage and removal system described in item 1. (Item 18) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 1, wherein the tissue cutter comprises an extension tube having an inner lumen extending to its length, and the tissue cutting blade comprises the sharp distal end of the extension tube. (Item 19) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 18, wherein the entire tissue cutting blade lies in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the extension tube. (Item 20) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 1, wherein the impedance threshold corresponds to a proximity value up to approximately 1 mm, indicating the separation distance between the tissue cutting blade and the conductive element. (Item 21) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 1, wherein the detection circuit is configured to generate a continuous signal comprising an alternating current having a frequency of approximately 10 kHz to approximately 30 kHz. (Item 22) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 21, wherein the detection circuit is configured to generate a continuous signal having a maximum current flow of up to approximately 10 mA. (Item 23) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 21, wherein the detection circuit is configured to generate a square wave continuity signal. (Item 24) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 1, further comprising a housing operably coupled to the tissue cutter, the bulk tissue reducer. (Item 25) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 24, further comprising a cannula fixed to the housing, having an extended hollow structure, extending over its length, and having an inner lumen positioned across the tissue cutter. (Item 26) A method for storing and accessing tissue samples from a patient's body, The steps include inserting the tissue container into the patient's body cavity, The steps include inserting the tissue specimen into the internal volume of the tissue container through the opening of the tissue container, A step of drawing out the entire edge of the opening from inside the body cavity to a position outside the patient's body, The steps include inserting the distal end of the bulk tissue reducer into the internal volume of the tissue container, The steps include transmitting a continuity signal between the tissue cutting blade of the tissue cutter and the conductive element of the tissue container, The steps include monitoring the impedance between the tissue cutting blade and the conductive element using the detection circuit of the contact detection system, The steps include: operating the tissue cutter of the bulk tissue reducer while monitoring the impedance value; The steps include: deactivating the tissue cutter when the monitored impedance between the tissue cutting blade and the conductive element is at or below a predetermined impedance threshold; Methods that include... (Item 27) The method of item 26, further comprising the step of bringing the tissue specimen into contact with the tissue cutting blade of the tissue cutter and reducing the tissue specimen using the operated tissue cutter. (Item 28) The method of item 27, further comprising the steps of attaching the distal end of a support hook to the tissue specimen and pulling the reduced portion of the tissue specimen through the inner lumen of the tissue cutter, while reducing the tissue specimen using the activated tissue cutter until at least a portion of the tissue specimen is positioned outside the bulk tissue reducer and the patient's body. (Item 29) The method according to item 26, further comprising the step of emitting an audible warning signal when the monitored impedance between the tissue cutting blade and the conductive element is at or below a predetermined impedance threshold. (Item 30) The method according to item 29, wherein the step of emitting an audible warning signal includes emitting a beep when the monitored impedance between the tissue cutting blade and the conductive element is at or below a predetermined impedance threshold. (Item 31) The method according to item 26, further comprising the step of emitting a visual warning signal when the monitored impedance between the tissue cutting blade and the conductive element is at or below a predetermined impedance threshold. (Item 32) The method according to item 31, wherein the step of emitting a visual warning signal includes emitting a light signal when the monitored impedance between the tissue cutting blade and the conductive element is at or below a predetermined impedance threshold. (Item 33) The method according to item 26, wherein the impedance threshold corresponds to a proximity value indicating the physical distance between the tissue cutting blade and the conductive element up to approximately 1 mm, and further includes the step of deactivating the tissue cutter of the bulk tissue reducer when the proximity value between the tissue cutting blade and the conductive element is approximately 1 mm. (Item 34) The method according to item 26, wherein the step of transmitting the continuity signal between the tissue cutting blade of the tissue cutter and the conductive element of the tissue container includes the step of transmitting a continuity signal comprising an alternating current having a frequency of about 10 kHz to about 30 kHz. (Item 35) The method according to item 34, wherein the step of transmitting the continuity signal between the tissue cutting blade of the tissue cutter and the conductive element of the tissue container includes the step of transmitting a continuity signal having a maximum current flow of up to about 10 mA. (Item 36) The method according to item 34, wherein the step of transmitting the continuity signal between the tissue cutting blade of the tissue cutter and the conductive element of the tissue container includes the step of transmitting a continuity signal comprising a square wave continuity signal. (Item 37) A tissue container comprising an internal volume, an opening, and a conductive layer comprising a composite fabric including conductive strands and non-conductive strands. (Item 38) The nonconductive strand is a tissue container according to item 37, comprising a polymer. (Item 39) The non-conductive strand polymer is made of polyester, polyethylene, Kevlar®, Spectra®, or nylon, as described in item 38, for the tissue container. (Item 40) The conductive strand is made of metal, and is a tissue container as described in item 37. (Item 41) The conductive strand is made of stainless steel, as described in item 40. (Item 42) The conductive and non-conductive strands are tissue containers as described in item 37, including an outer transverse dimension of approximately 0.01 mm to approximately 0.5 mm. (Item 43) The ratio of conductive strands to nonconductive strands is approximately 5% to 20%, as described in item 37 for the tissue container. (Item 44) The ratio of conductive strands to nonconductive strands is approximately 8% to 12%, as described in item 43 for the tissue container. (Item 45) The tissue container according to item 37, further comprising a second non-conductive layer disposed on the inner surface of the conductive layer. (Item 46) The tissue container according to item 45, further comprising a third non-conductive layer disposed on the outer surface of the conductive layer. (Item 47) A method for storing and isolating tissue samples from within a patient's body, The steps include inserting a tissue container into a patient's body cavity, which includes an internal volume, an opening, and a conductive layer comprising a composite fabric containing conductive strands and non-conductive strands; The steps include inserting the tissue specimen into the internal volume of the tissue container through the opening of the tissue container, A step of drawing out the entire edge of the opening from inside the body cavity to a position outside the patient's body. Methods that include... (Item 48) The method according to item 47, wherein the step of inserting the tissue container into the patient's body cavity includes inserting the tissue container, which comprises a composite fabric having conductive and non-conductive strands with a ratio of the number of conductive strands to the number of non-conductive strands of approximately 5% to approximately 20%, into the patient's body cavity. (Item 49) The method according to item 47, wherein the step of inserting the tissue container into the patient's body cavity includes inserting the tissue container, which includes a composite fabric comprising conductive strands and non-conductive strands, each having an outer transverse dimension of approximately 0.01 mm to approximately 0.5 mm, into the patient's body cavity. (Item 50) A tissue storage and removal system, A tissue container comprising a conductive layer having a conductive element, an internal volume, and an opening, A surgical instrument, wherein the surgical instrument is configured for use within the internal volume of the tissue container and includes a conductive portion, A contact detection system, wherein the contact detection system is A detection circuit, wherein the detection circuit is operably coupled to the conductive portion and the conductive element, and is configured to generate a continuity signal between the conductive portion and the conductive element, and to measure the impedance value between the conductive portion and the conductive element, A controller, wherein the controller is configured to activate a warning signal whenever the impedance between the conductive portion and the conductive element is at or below a predetermined impedance threshold. Includes a contact detection system and A tissue storage and removal system comprising: (Item 51) The surgical instrument is a tissue storage and removal system as described in item 50, comprising a support hook. (Item 52) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 51, wherein the support hook comprises a body portion made of metal, which has the conductive portion. (Item 53) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 50, further comprising an audible signal emitter, wherein the controller is configured to activate an audible warning signal from the audible signal emitter whenever the impedance between the conductive portion and the conductive element is at or below the predetermined impedance threshold. (Item 54) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 50, further comprising a visual signal emitter, wherein the controller is configured to activate a visual warning signal from the visual signal emitter whenever the impedance between the conductive portion and the conductive element is at or below the predetermined impedance threshold. (Item 55) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 50, further comprising: an instrument terminal operably coupled to the controller and the conductive portion using a conductive conduit; and a container terminal operably coupled to the controller and the conductive element of the tissue container using a conductive conduit. (Item 56) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 55, wherein the conductive conduit, which operably connects the instrument terminals and conductive portion, comprises a snap connector configured to provide a releaseable electrical connection. (Item 57) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 55, wherein the conductive conduit operably connects the container terminal and the conductive element of the tissue container, comprises a snap connector configured to provide a releaseable electrical connection. (Item 58) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 50 comprises a console printed circuit board and a warning signal driver operably coupled to a warning signal emitter. (Item 59) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 58 further comprises a signal generator, a processor, and a memory operably coupled to the processor. (Item 60) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 50, further comprising a power source operably coupled to the controller for the contact detection system. (Item 61) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 50, further comprising a second non-conductive layer disposed on the inner surface of the conductive layer, wherein the tissue container further comprises a second non-conductive layer. (Item 62) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 61, further comprising a third non-conductive layer disposed on the outer surface of the conductive layer, the tissue container further comprises a third non-conductive layer. (Item 63) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 50, wherein the conductive layer comprises a composite fabric having non-conductive strands woven together with conductive strands having the conductive elements. (Item 64) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 50, wherein the conductive layer comprises a thin, flexible layer of a non-conductive polymer material and a pattern of conductive ink printed on its outer surface. (Item 65) The conductive layer and its conductive elements are provided with a wire mesh in the tissue storage and removal system according to item 50. (Item 66) The wire mesh is made of stainless steel, as described in item 50 for the tissue storage and removal system. (Item 67) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 50, wherein the impedance threshold corresponds to a proximity value indicating the separation distance between the conductive portion and the conductive element, up to approximately 1 mm. (Item 68) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 50, wherein the detection circuit is configured to generate a continuous signal comprising an alternating current having a frequency of approximately 10 kHz to approximately 30 kHz. (Item 69) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 68, wherein the detection circuit is configured to generate a continuous signal having a maximum current flow of up to approximately 10 mA. (Item 70) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 68, wherein the detection circuit is configured to generate a square wave continuity signal. (Item 71) A tissue storage and removal system, A tissue container with a translucent wall structure, A bulk tissue reducer, wherein the bulk tissue reducer is A tissue cutter comprising a hollow structure having an inner lumen extending along its length, and a tissue cutting blade positioned at the distal end of the tissue cutter, A light energy source, wherein the light energy source is configured to emit light energy distally from the distal end of the tissue cutter through the inner lumen, and Bulk tissue reducers and A tissue storage and removal system comprising: (Item 72) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 71, wherein the light energy source is located adjacent to the proximal end of the inner lumen of the tissue cutter. (Item 73) An optical guide, wherein the optical guide is operably coupled to the light energy source, positioned within the inner lumen of the tissue cutter, and configured to transmit light energy distally from the light energy source through the optical guide so that it is emitted outward from the distal end of the tissue cutter. A tissue storage and removal system as described in item 72, further comprising: (Item 74) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 73, wherein the optical guide comprises an extended hollow structure having an inner lumen extending to its length, and a translucent polymer material configured to transmit the optical energy from the proximal end of the optical guide to the distal end of the optical guide. (Item 75) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 74, further comprising a plurality of light energy sources positioned at the proximal end of the inner lumen of the tissue cutter and operably coupled to the light guide. (Item 76) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 75, wherein the plurality of light energy sources comprises light-emitting diodes. (Item 77) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 76, wherein the light-emitting diode comprises a red light-emitting diode. (Item 78) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 73, further comprising a housing fixed to the optical guide, the tissue cutter being coupled to the housing such that the tissue cutter is able to rotate about its longitudinal axis relative to the housing. (Item 79) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 71, wherein the light source emits light energy bright enough to be visible through the translucent wall structure of the tissue container. (Item 80) The tissue storage and removal system according to item 79, wherein the translucent wall structure of the tissue container comprises a thin layer of polymer material including polyester, polyethylene, polyurethane, polypropylene, PET, PETG, aramid and paraaramid, poly(paraphenylene terephthalamide), and aliphatic or semi-aromatic polyamide. (Item 81) A method for storing and removing tissue specimens from a patient's body, The steps include inserting the tissue container into the patient's body cavity, The steps include inserting the tissue specimen into the internal volume of the tissue container through the opening of the tissue container, A step of drawing out the entire edge of the opening from inside the body cavity to a position outside the patient's body, The steps include inserting the distal end of the bulk tissue reducer into the internal volume of the tissue container until the tissue cutting blade of the bulk tissue reducer contacts the tissue specimen, The steps include: emitting light energy distally from the distal end of the tissue cutter toward the tissue specimen in contact with the tissue cutting blade; The steps include observing the leakage of light energy between the distal end of the bulk tissue reducer and the tissue sample, The steps include manipulating the alignment between the distal end of the bulk tissue reducer and the tissue sample to minimize the amount of light energy leakage between the distal end of the bulk tissue reducer and the tissue sample, and Methods that include... (Item 82) The method according to item 81, further comprising the steps of activating the tissue cutter of the bulk tissue reducer and deactivating the tissue cutter of the bulk tissue reducer in response to observation of light energy leakage between the distal end of the bulk tissue reducer and the tissue specimen. (Item 83) The method according to item 81, further comprising the steps of activating the tissue cutter of the bulk tissue reducer, bringing the tissue specimen into contact with the tissue cutting blade of the tissue cutter, and reducing the tissue specimen using the activated tissue cutter. (Item 84) The method according to item 83, further comprising the steps of attaching the distal end of a support hook to the tissue specimen and pulling the reduced portion of the tissue specimen through the inner lumen of the tissue cutter, while reducing the tissue specimen using the activated tissue cutter until at least a portion of the tissue specimen is positioned outside the bulk tissue reducer and the patient's body. (Item 85) Organization container deployer assembly, An organization container expander, wherein the organization container expander is A sheath having an inner lumen and a rounded distal end including a longitudinal slit that converges with the inner lumen, wherein the longitudinal slit has a petal formed at the distal end of the sheath which is configured to open in response to the application of distal axial pressure from within the inner lumen, A pusher rod, wherein the pusher rod is sized to fit and move axially within the inner lumen of the sheath, and has an elongated configuration with an outer surface having an axial length equal to or greater than the axial length of the inner lumen of the sheath. Includes an organization container expander, A tissue container disposed in the inner lumen of the sheath in a contracted state, wherein the tissue container comprises a wall having a thin, flexible structure, an internal volume, and an opening communicating with the internal volume. An organizational container deployer assembly equipped with the following features. (Item 86) The tissue container deployer assembly according to item 85, wherein the sheath further comprises a plurality of stabilizer ridges, each fixed to the inner lumen and extending radially inward from the inner surface of the inner lumen, each having an extension configuration with a longitudinal axis substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the sheath, and the opening of the tissue container further comprises a periphery positioned around the opening, which engages with the tissue stabilizer ridges of the sheath to prevent rotation of the tissue container within the inner lumen of the sheath, and positions the container facing a known circumferential orientation to which the opening is fixed. (Item 87) The tissue container deployer assembly according to item 86, wherein the periphery of the tissue container has an elastic configuration that releases when it is in an unrestrained state. (Item 88) The tissue container deployer assembly according to item 86, wherein the plurality of stabilizer protrusions are circumferentially oriented and uniformly spaced apart with respect to the inner lumen. (Item 89) The aforementioned sheath comprises two stabilizer protrusions, and is an organization container deployer assembly as described in item 88. (Item 90) The tissue container deployer assembly according to item 86, wherein the ballast bulge has a longitudinal length that is at least twice the lateral outer dimension of the sheath. (Item 91) The longitudinal ridge extends radially inward from the inner surface of the inner lumen, approximately 0.05 inches to approximately 0.4 inches, in the tissue container expander assembly as described in item 86. (Item 92) The tissue container deployer assembly according to item 85, further comprising a thin, flexible structure and a tether having a distal end fixed to the periphery positioned around the opening of the tissue container and a proximal end extending outward from the inner lumen of the sheath. (Item 93) The tissue container deployer assembly according to item 92, wherein the pusher rod has longitudinal grooves arranged along its outer surface with the tether positioned within the longitudinal grooves. (Item 94) The aforementioned sheath is made of polymer material, and is a tissue container deployer assembly as described in item 85. (Item 95) The polymer material of the sheath is made of ABS plastic, polycarbonate, PEEK, or PVC, as described in item 94, for the tissue container deployer assembly. (Item 96) The sheath is an tissue container deployer assembly as described in item 85, having an axial length of approximately 15 cm to approximately 35 cm. (Item 97) The inner lumen of the sheath has a transverse dimension of approximately 0.4 inches to approximately 1.5 inches, as described in item 85 of the tissue container deployer assembly. (Item 98) The sheath is a tissue container deployer assembly as described in item 85, having a wall thickness of approximately 0.02 inches to approximately 0.1 inches. (Item 99) The tissue container deployer assembly according to item 85, wherein the sheath further comprises an orientation indicator that shows the circumferential orientation of the opening of the tissue container to the user of the container deployer assembly. (Item 100) The tissue container deployer assembly according to item 99, further comprising a flange positioned on its proximal end and an orientation indicator having an arrow-shaped body fixed to the flange such that the arrow points in the direction of the opening of the tissue container to be placed inside the sheath. (Item 101) A method for deploying organizational containers, The steps include inserting the distal end of the sheath of the tissue container deployer assembly through a body opening to a desired location within the patient's internal cavity, The steps include: advancing the pusher rod of the tissue container deployer assembly axially in a distal direction relative to the sheath, and simultaneously advancing the tissue container in its contracted state, which is positioned inside the inner lumen of the sheath, using the distal end of the pusher rod that abuts against the proximal end of the tissue container; During axial advancement, the distal end of the tissue container is used to open the distal end of the sheath, thereby forming a distal port in the sheath. The steps include: continuously advancing the tissue container axially using the pusher rod until the tissue container is discharged into the patient's internal cavity through the distal port of the sheath; Methods that include... (Item 102) The method according to item 101, wherein the sheath further comprises a plurality of stabilizer ridges, each fixed to the inner lumen and extending radially inward from the inner surface of the inner lumen, each having an extension configuration with a longitudinal axis substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the sheath, and the opening of the tissue container further comprises a periphery positioned around the opening that engages with the tissue stabilizer ridges of the sheath to prevent rotation of the tissue container within the inner lumen of the sheath and positions the container with the opening facing a known circumferential orientation to which it is fixed, and the method further comprises the step of using the stabilizer ridges to stabilize the circumferential orientation of the tissue container during axial advancement of the tissue container using the pusher rod. (Item 103) The method of item 102, further comprising the step of proximal drawing out the periphery of the tissue container from the internal cavity of the patient to a location outside the patient's body through the body opening. (Item 104) The tissue container further comprises a tether fixed to the periphery of the tissue container at one end, and the step of drawing the periphery of the tissue container proximal out of the body opening from the internal cavity of the patient to a position outside the patient's body includes the step of drawing the periphery of the tissue container proximal out using the tether, according to item 103. (Item 105) The method according to item 101, wherein the step of opening the distal end of the sheath using the distal end of the tissue container includes opening a flexible petal formed by a longitudinal slit in the distal end of the sheath, thereby forming a port at the distal end of the sheath. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0017] [Figure 1] Figure 1 is an elevation view of an embodiment of a tissue storage and removal system.

[0018] [Figure 2] Figure 2 is a top view of a portion of a patient's body, showing the bulk tissue reducer and tissue container positioned within the patient's body cavity.

[0019] [Figure 3] Figure 3 is a cross-sectional elevation view of the tissue storage and removal system embodiment of Figure 1 deployed within a patient's body cavity.

[0020] [Figure 4] Figure 4 is a top view of an embodiment of the tissue storage and removal system of Figure 1, in which the distal end of the bulk tissue reducer is positioned within the internal volume of the tissue container.

[0021] [Figure 5] Figure 5 is an elevation view of the tissue storage and removal system embodiment shown in Figure 4.

[0022] [Figure 6] Figure 6 is a perspective view of an embodiment of the drive box.

[0023] [Figure 7] Figure 7 is a top view of the drive box from Figure 6 with the upper cover removed.

[0024] [Figure 8] Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of the console for the tissue storage and removal system embodiment shown in Figure 1.

[0025] [Figure 9] Figure 9 is a cross-sectional view of the tissue container from Figure 1, obtained along line 9-9 in Figure 1.

[0026] [Figure 10]Figure 10 is an enlarged view of the wall portion of the tissue container in Figure 9, indicated by the enclosed section 10-10 in Figure 9.

[0027] [Figure 11] Figure 11 is an enlarged view of the conductive layer of the tissue container wall in Figure 10, obtained along line 11-11 in Figure 10.

[0028] [Figure 12] Figure 12 shows an enlarged perspective view of the mesh embodiment.

[0029] [Figure 13] Figure 13 is a schematic diagram of a detection circuit embodiment.

[0030] [Figure 14] Figure 14 is an elevation view of an embodiment of a tissue container, which includes conductive ink placed on its surface.

[0031] [Figure 15] Figure 15 is an enlarged view of the wall portion of the tissue container in Figure 14, obtained along line 15-15 in Figure 14.

[0032] [Figure 16] Figure 16 is an exploded view of an embodiment of a bulk tissue reducer.

[0033] [Figure 17] Figure 17 is an elevation view of a bulk structure reducer embodiment in cross-section.

[0034] [Figure 18] Figure 18 is a cross-sectional view of the bulk tissue reducer of Figure 17, obtained along line 18-18 in Figure 17.

[0035] [Figure 19] Figures 19-21 illustrate the sequence of tissue storage methods within the body cavity of the patient's pelvic region. [Figure 20]Figures 19-21 illustrate the sequence of tissue storage methods within the body cavity of the patient's pelvic region. [Figure 21] Figures 19-21 illustrate the sequence of tissue storage methods within the body cavity of the patient's pelvic region.

[0036] [Figure 22] Figure 22 is an elevation view of an embodiment of a bulk tissue reducer in use, which reduces tissue samples isolated from within the internal volume of a tissue container embodiment.

[0037] [Figure 23] Figure 23 is an enlarged view of the bulk tissue reducer embodiment of Figure 17, shown by the enclosed portion 23, which illustrates the light energy source embodiment and the light guide embodiment.

[0038] [Figure 24] Figure 24 is an elevation view of a body cavity within the patient's pelvic region, showing how light energy from a light energy source in a bulk tissue reducer embodiment leaks out through a gap located between the distal end of the bulk tissue reducer and the outer surface of the tissue specimen.

[0039] [Figure 25] Figure 25 is an exploded view of the tissue cutter and housing portion of the bulk tissue reducer embodiment shown in Figure 1.

[0040] [Figure 26] Figure 26 is a perspective view of the tissue cutter shown in Figure 25.

[0041] [Figure 27] Figure 27 is a perspective view of the tissue cutter of Figure 26, with the light cone removed to expose the light energy source embodiment of the bulk tissue reducer embodiment.

[0042] [Figure 28] Figure 28 is a partially cut rear view of the housing of the bulk tissue reducer embodiment shown in Figure 1.

[0043] [Figure 29] Figure 29 is an elevation view of an embodiment of an organization container deployer assembly.

[0044] [Figure 30] Figure 30 is a cross-sectional view of the tissue container deployer assembly embodiment of Figure 29 obtained along line 30-30 of Figure 29.

[0045] [Figure 31] Figure 31 is a cross-sectional view of the tissue container deployer assembly embodiment of Figure 30 obtained along line 31-31 of Figure 30.

[0046] [Figure 32] Figure 32 is an end view of the sheath embodiment of the tissue container deployer assembly shown in Figure 29.

[0047] [Figure 33] Figures 33-35 illustrate the deployment sequence for the tissue container deployer assembly shown in Figure 29. [Figure 34] Figures 33-35 illustrate the deployment sequence for the tissue container deployer assembly shown in Figure 29. [Figure 35] Figures 33-35 illustrate the deployment sequence for the tissue container deployer assembly shown in Figure 29.

[0048] The drawings are intended to illustrate, and are not limiting, an exemplary embodiment. For clarity and ease of illustration, the drawings may not be made to a fixed scale, and in some cases, various aspects may be shown in an exaggerated or enlarged manner to facilitate understanding of a particular embodiment. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0049] Detailed explanation As discussed above, devices and methods that provide safe handling and removal of tissue specimens from a location within a patient's body, even in the presence of a potential latent malignancy, may be useful. Embodiments of certain devices and methods for storing and removing tissue specimens from within a patient's body, as well as related devices and methods, are discussed in U.S. Patent Application No. 16 / 169,884, entitled "Systems and Methods for Tissue Capture and Removal," filed October 24, 2018, and U.S. Patent Application No. 16 / 758,358, entitled "Systems and Methods for Tissue Capture and Removal," filed April 22, 2020, by S. Kim et al. (each incorporated herein by reference as a whole). Such devices and methods that function to safely remove tissue specimens from within a patient's body in a minimally invasive manner may be particularly useful. Any of the features, dimensions, or materials of tissue capture and removal systems and methods discussed in any of these incorporated references may be used in any preferred embodiment of a tissue storage and removal system embodiment or any associated device or method discussed herein.

[0050] Figures 1-3 show a tissue storage and removal system embodiment 10 configured to store and isolate a tissue specimen 15 in situ within a body cavity 18 of a patient's body 20, and to reduce or otherwise shred the tissue specimen 15 while it remains positioned within the patient's body 20 and isolated from surrounding tissue 22 within the body cavity 18, as seen in Figures 2 and 3. In some cases, the tissue storage and removal system 10 may include embodiments of devices and associated methods for removing the shredded tissue specimen 15 from a location within the patient's body 20 accessed through a body opening such as a vagina 24, as shown in Figure 3. Other body openings 24 suitable for such access may include surgically generated incisions within the patient's skin, fascia, internal organs, or equivalents, or other natural body openings including the mouth, nostrils, or anus. The shown tissue storage and removal system embodiment 10 may also include a bulk tissue reducer embodiment 30 (which may also be referred to herein as a tissue morcellator embodiment) and a tissue container embodiment 40. Figures 4 and 5 show the bulk tissue reducer 30 of the tissue storage and removal system embodiment 10 of Figure 1, with the distal end 32 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 positioned within the internal volume 42 of the tissue container 40. To facilitate the introduction of the distal end 32 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 into the internal volume 42 of the tissue container 40, an occluder 31 may be positioned within the inner lumen or bore 37 of the tissue cutter 34, as shown in Figure 1. In some cases, the occluder 31 may be substantially cylindrical in shape, with an outer lateral dimension that is a close sliding fit with the bore 37 of the tissue cutter 34, a length that is at least equal to the length of the tissue cutter 34, and a distal end 28 having a rounded, non-traumatic bullet shape that extends beyond the distal end 33 of the tissue cutter 34 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 and is configured to facilitate the introduction of the tissue cutter 34 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 and associated structures into the tissue container 40. Once the distal end 32 of the tissue cutter 34 is properly positioned within the internal volume 42 of the tissue container 40, the occluding device 31 may be withdrawn proximal to the bore 37 and removed from the bulk tissue reducer 30.

[0051] Figure 6 depicts an optional drive box 50 which may be used in several tissue storage and removal system embodiments 10 to provide rotational energy to the tissue cutter 34 of the bulk tissue reducer embodiment 30 (see Figures 3 and 5). Figure 7 depicts a drive box embodiment 50 without a top cover and illustrates internal component embodiments of the drive box embodiment 50. In some embodiments, the drive box 50 may include a motor 51, a power source 52, a circuit board 53, and a connector 54 which may be configured for operable coupling to the bulk tissue reducer 30. These components of the optional drive box embodiment 50 may also be included in a console embodiment 60 of the tissue storage and removal system embodiment 10 shown in Figures 1 and 8.

[0052] In some tissue storage and removal system embodiments 10, the tissue cutter 34 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 may operate within the internal volume 42 of the tissue container 40. Since some tissue container embodiments 40 may have a thin, flexible wall structure 44, it may be important to prevent contact between the wall 44 of the tissue container 40 and the tissue cutting blade 36 of the tissue cutter 34, which could result in damage to or puncture of the wall 44 of the tissue container 40. Therefore, some tissue storage and removal system embodiments 10 may include a contact detection system 70 which may be configured to emit a warning signal and optionally include an automatic shutoff feature for use when contact or near-contact occurs by the tissue cutting blade 36 with the wall 44 of the tissue container 40 or with some component such as its conductive element 46 as shown in Figures 9 and 10. More specifically, an embodiment of such a contact detection system 70 may be configured to either warn the user of the system when the tissue cutting blade 36 is in contact with or close to the wall 44 of the tissue container 40, or to completely cut off power to the motor 51 used to rotate or otherwise operate the tissue cutter 34 in such a situation.

[0053] Monitoring the electrical impedance 77 between the tissue cutting blade 36 and the conductive element 46 of the tissue container 40 may generally be used to determine proximity or contact between the tissue cutting blade 36 and the wall 44 of the tissue container 40, but other modalities and energy types also exist that may be used in contact detection system embodiments. For example, a time-of-flight optical sensor (not shown) may be used to detect the distance between the tissue morcellator / bulk tissue reducer 30 and the tissue container 40. In such embodiments, a light energy source (not shown) may emit light energy, such as infrared light energy, and an infrared optical sensor and associated controller (not shown) may be configured to measure the time it takes for the infrared light energy to return to the infrared optical sensor. Using the speed of light and the time taken for the infrared light energy to return, such a system embodiment may detect how close the bulk tissue reducer is to the inner surface 48 of the internal volume 42 of the tissue container 40. In such configurations, the longer the time delay, the further the wall 44 of the tissue container 40 is from the distal end of the tissue cutter 34 of the bulk tissue reducer 30. In some embodiments, multiple types of sensors may be used in conjunction with multiple types of light energy that are emitted and received.

[0054] Another method for optically detecting proximity or contact between the tissue cutting blade 36 and the conductive element 46 of the tissue container 40 may include the steps of: emitting light energy from the distal end 32 or a component of the bulk tissue reducer 30 from a light energy source (not shown), such as an emitter diode or equivalent; and measuring the amount or amplitude of the light energy returned to a phototransistor detection sensor. As the tissue cutter 34 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 approaches the inner surface 48 of the wall 44 of the tissue container 40, a larger amplitude of light energy or a larger amplitude of the feedback light energy signal may be detected by such a phototransistor type sensor, which may be configured to increase the voltage output of the phototransistor detector. Some such contact detection system embodiments 70 may be configured to emit a warning or cut off power to the motor 51 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 if the light energy feedback signal exceeds a predetermined threshold.

[0055] Optical fibers (not shown) may also be used to extend into the reach of the detector sensor and emitter diode so that the sensor can be positioned at an optimal location at the distal end 32 of the tissue cutter 34, or just inside or just outside the tissue cutter 34. The inner surface 48 of the tissue container 40 may, in some cases, be made of a reflective material to enhance the effect of the feedback light energy signal reflected by the inner surface 48 of the tissue container 40 and to assist in proximity detection of the bulk tissue reducer 30 or associated cannula 38 (shown in Figure 5) to the tissue container 40.

[0056] The reflective inner surface 48 of the tissue container 40 may also be useful for distinguishing the target tissue specimen 15 from the tissue container 40. The amount of light energy returned from the inner surface 48 of the tissue container 40 is far greater than when detecting tissue, which may allow such a contact detection system embodiment 70 to depict two different surfaces or materials. The optical proximity sensor may trigger an embodiment of the contact detection system 70 to determine whether the tissue cutter 34 is in close proximity to or in contact with a specified layer, such as the conductive layer 47 of the tissue container 40.

[0057] In some cases, an ultrasonic proximity sensor (not shown) may be used to detect sound waves and detect proximity to a conductive, acoustically sensitive, or visible layer of the wall structure 44 of a particular tissue container embodiment 40. This may also be used to trigger an embodiment of the contact detection system 70 to determine that the tissue cutter 34 is in close proximity to the wall structure 44 of the tissue container 40 or in contact with a specified layer such as the conductive layer 47 of the tissue container 40.

[0058] A capacitive sensor (not shown) may also use capacitance to detect the proximity of the tissue cutting blade 36 to the conductive elements 46 or conductive layer 47 of the tissue container 40. The capacitive sensor may include a conductive plate and use a sensed object such as the tissue cutting blade 36 or a separate plate structure as a second plate to generate a capacitor function. As one embodiment of the bulk tissue reducer 30 approaches such a capacitive sensor, the capacitance value changes, which can be used by one embodiment of the contact detection system 70 to determine the proximity to the sensor and ultimately contact with the tissue container 40. Alternatively, the capacitive sensor may be built into an embodiment of the bulk tissue reducer 30 and potentially use the tissue cutting blade 36 as its plate. When the bulk tissue reducer 30 is brought into proximity with the tissue container 40, the sensor may detect the conductive layer 47 of the tissue container 40 as a second plate of the sensing capacitor. The sensor may also be calibrated to distinguish between the metal of the bulk tissue reducer 30 or the tissue container 40 and the tissue specimen 15. This may also be used to trigger an embodiment of the contact detection system 70 to determine that the tissue cutter 34 or its tissue cutting blade 36 is in close proximity to or in contact with a specified layer of the tissue container 40.

[0059] Preventing puncture of the tissue container 40 wall 44 can also be improved by properly aligning the tissue cutting blade 36 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 with the tissue specimen 15 during use. In some cases, one embodiment of the bulk tissue reducer 30 may include a light energy source, such as a light-emitting diode or any other suitable light energy source, and an optical guide assembly for providing light energy that can travel distally along the tissue cutter 34 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 or the bore or inner lumen 37 (see Figure 5) of an adjacent structure to illuminate the tissue specimen 15. In some cases, the optical guide may be configured to avoid rotation of the tissue cutting blade 36 of the tissue cutter 34 of the bulk tissue reducer 30, which may be useful in preventing rotation of the reduced portion of the tissue specimen 15 that is positioned inside the inner lumen 37 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 as the tissue specimen 15 (or fragment thereof) is extracted.

[0060] Prior to reduction or dissection of the tissue specimen 15, it may be desirable to ensure consistent deployment of a suitable tissue container embodiment 40 around the tissue specimen 15 for storage and isolation. This process may typically be performed within the enclosed space of a body cavity 18 within the patient's body 20. In some cases, this process may be facilitated by the use of a suitable container deployer or container deployer assembly, which will be discussed in more detail below and shown in Figures 29-35. In some cases, such a container deployer assembly embodiment may be configured to perform the deployment of the tissue container 40 while maintaining some degree of control over the orientation of the tissue container 40 during deployment. Some embodiments of such container deployer assemblies may be configured to operate in a manner similar to that of a rivet gun. This type of configuration may be actuated using a spring load mechanism, compressed air, or other mechanical or electric actuator to deploy the tissue container 40 from the sheath of the tissue container deployer assembly.

[0061] Figure 3 shows an embodiment of the tissue storage and removal system 10 of Figure 1, including an embodiment of a contact detection system 70 with an automatic shutoff feature. The tissue storage and removal system 10 is shown with its bulk tissue reducer 30 distal end 32 positioned within the internal volume 42 of the tissue container 40 adjacent to a tissue specimen 15 in the pelvic cavity 18 of a patient 20. With respect to such an embodiment of the tissue storage and removal system 10, the electrical circuit may be closed when physical and electrical contact exists between the tissue cutting blade 36 and the tissue cutting blade 36, and current is flowing from one to the other, by attaching a container conduit 72 (first electrode) which electrically communicates with the conductive layer 47 or conductive element 46 of the tissue container 40 and a blade conduit 74 (second electrode). In some cases, the circuit may be completed by a controller 80, as shown in the block diagram of Figure 8, or by its detection circuit 75, as shown in Figures 8 and 13, to identify generally undesirable conditions that occur when the tissue cutting blade 36 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 comes into contact with or comes into close proximity with the wall 44 of the tissue container 40.

[0062] Such contact may, in some circumstances, result in puncture of the wall 44 of the tissue container 40. Puncture of the wall 44 of the tissue container 40 may, in some cases, invalidate the isolation of the tissue specimen 15 or a portion thereof placed within the internal volume 42 of the tissue container 40 from the peripheral tissue 22 of the patient 20. Conditions of mutual electrical contact, transmission of a continuity signal 76 as shown in Figure 13 at or above a predetermined threshold amplitude, or a measured effective impedance 77 measured between the conductive element 46 and the tissue cutting blade 36 below a predetermined threshold may be detected by its controller 80 or contact detection system 70, which may be configured to then emit a warning signal to the user, cut off power to the motor 51 coupled to the tissue cutter 34 of the bulk tissue reducer 30, or both, or initiate any other useful process upon detection. With respect to some embodiments, the conductive nature of the tissue container 40 may be achieved as a result of the inclusion of conductive elements 46 within its wall structure 44. Such conductive elements 46 may include a metal mesh layer, a conductive plastic such as PEDOT or other similar material, a conductive plastic mesh, or a plastic layer in the container structure. In addition, conductive ink 95, which includes materials such as silver, carbon, and equivalents, may be used to generate the conductive layer 47 or conductive elements 46 of the structure container 40, as shown in Figure 14. With respect to some structure container embodiments 40, the conductive layer 47 may include a woven mesh 100 as shown in Figure 10, with a composite mesh structure that includes both strands of conductive material and strands of non-conductive material. In general, the conductive layer embodiment 47 and the non-conductive layer embodiment (discussed below) of the tissue container embodiment 40 discussed herein may include any suitable biocompatible material, such as plastics including polyethylene, polyurethane, polypropylene, PET, PETG, amides and para-aramids, including, for example, poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (KEVLAR®), aliphatic or semi-aromatic polyamide (NYLON®), Spectra® fibers, rubber, thermoplastics, and others.

[0063] In some cases, typically observed as a stepwise function, the associated reduction in the measured impedance 77 and physical separation between the conductive element 46 of the tissue container 40 and the tissue cutting blade 36 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 may include a predetermined range that allows the contact detection system 70 to be sensitive enough to quickly stop the tissue cutter 34 of the bulk tissue reducer 30, but not sensitive enough to be triggered in a conductive or aqueous environment. With respect to some embodiments, a non-conductive insulating layer 102 of the tissue container 40 may be placed between the conductive layer 47 and the bulk tissue reducer 30, as shown in Figure 10. The continuity signal 76 transmitted between the tissue cutting blade 36 and the conductive element 46 of the tissue container 40, which can be used to determine the impedance value 77 between them, may include a direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC) continuity signal 76 with a frequency ranging from about 1 Hz to about 1 MHz. As shown in Figure 3, after the tissue specimen 15 has been captured and placed in the internal volume 42 of the tissue container 40, a snap connector 104 may be used to allow the container conduit 72 (first electrode) to be attached to communicate electrically with the conductive element 46 of the tissue container 40. In some cases, the container conduit 72 (first electrode) may communicate electrically at any time throughout the entire tissue specimen capture process and thus become fixed.

[0064] In some tissue storage and removal system embodiments 10, some of the various devices other than the bulk tissue reducer 30 may be electrically isolated to prevent accidental triggering of the contact detection system. For example, in the case of the bulk tissue reducer 30 used as an antenna, touching the tissue cutting blade with the metal support hook device 106 may accidentally trigger the contact detection system, whereas electrically isolating the support hook device 106 may allow interaction with the bulk tissue reducer 30 without triggering the contact detection system 70.

[0065] As discussed above, the contact detection system 70 of the tissue storage and removal system 10 may include various embodiments. In some cases, the entire bulk tissue reducer 30, or the tissue container 40, or its conductive layer 47 or conductive element 46 may be configured to function as an antenna capable of detecting changes in its shape, proximity to other metallic elements or other antennas. In addition, the conductive layer 47 of the tissue container 40, which may contain metal, may be fabricated as a printed flex circuit and a metal mesh 100. Using impedance sensing properties, proximity of an object such as a tissue cutting blade 36 to the conductive element 46 may be detected. This configuration may allow the contact detection system 70 to function so that power may be shut off and the user may be alerted not only when the tissue cutting blade 36 is in contact with the conductive layer 47 of the tissue container 40, but also when the tissue cutting blade 36 is in close proximity to its conductive layer 47 or conductive element 46. The actual proximity or physical separation between the tissue cutting blade 36 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 and the conductive element 46 of the tissue container 40, which can be used to trigger a detection event, as can be indicated by the associated effective impedance value 77, may include proximity values ​​108 as shown in Figure 5, up to about 10 mm, up to about 1 mm, about 0.001 mm to about 10 mm, more specifically about 0.01 mm to about 1 mm, and even more specifically about 0.025 mm to about 0.075 mm.

[0066] Referring to Figures 8 and 13, a contact detection system embodiment 70 is shown, which is integrated into a console printed circuit board (PCB) 82 and can be coupled to a conductive element 46 of a tissue container 40 and a tissue cutting blade 36 of a bulk tissue reducer 30. In some embodiments, detection may be performed by outputting a square wave embodiment of a continuity signal 76 having a frequency of at least about 20 kHz and a magnitude of about +3.3V to -3.3V, which telecommunicates with the tissue cutting blade 36 of the bulk tissue reducer 30. Some such continuity signal embodiments 76 may also have a voltage up to about 5V in some cases. When the tissue cutting blade 36 contacts a conductive element 46 in the wall 44 of the tissue container 40, the reduction resulting from the effective impedance 77 between them and the corresponding increase in continuity signal transmission are folded back and received in the console PCB 82 through a conductive conduit 72, such as a wire, connected between the console PCB 82 and the conductive element 46 of the tissue container 40.

[0067] In some configurations, the continuity signal 76 may be output to a conductive element 46 of the tissue container and then received through the handpiece 35 of the bulk tissue reducer 30. A sine wave, triangular wave, or other waveform may be used in some cases instead of a square wave. In some cases, a sine wave may generate less electrical noise but also fewer signals to detect. In some cases, the contact detection system 70 may be configured to generate a continuity signal 76 with a high-frequency alternating current, which may be about 20 kHz in some cases, because lower frequencies may be more likely to induce cardiac arrhythmias. In some cases, by increasing the frequency to or above about 20 kHz, the contact detection system 70 may safely transmit embodiments of the continuity signal 76 with a current of up to about 10 mA through the body 20 of a human patient. In some cases, for reference, the safe current flow limit according to the electrical safety standard IEC60601-1 may be up to about 50 μA when DC current is used. In some embodiments, the design of the detection circuit 75 shown in Figure 8 may be configured to limit the current amperage of the continuity signal 76 to a maximum of approximately 6.6 mA at a frequency of at least approximately 20 kHz or higher.

[0068] With respect to the detection circuit embodiment 75 shown in Figure 13, the impedance 77 between the conductive element 46 of the tissue container 40 and the tissue cutting blade 36, as measured by the detection circuit 75, is effectively processed and converted into a Vout signal by the detection circuit 75 at the Vout terminal 110, which generates a voltage output having an amplitude inversely correlated with the measured impedance 77. That is, the lower the measured impedance 77, the higher the Vout signal at the Vout terminal 110 generated by the detection circuit 75. Thus, in one embodiment of the contact detection system 70, when the tissue cutting blade 36 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 is positioned in the center of the internal volume 42 of the tissue container 40 and surrounded by air, a Vout signal of <50mV is measured at the Vout terminal 110 by the detection circuit 75 of the contact detection system 70, and it has been empirically found that this is essentially a Vout signal that is associated with an open circuit or a nearly infinite impedance 77 measured between the conductive element 46 of the tissue container and the tissue cutting blade 36.

[0069] When the tissue cutting blade 36 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 was in direct contact with the stainless steel conductive element 46 in the wall 44 of the tissue container 40, a Vout measurement of approximately 2.1V to approximately 2.2V was obtained at the Vout terminal 110, which indicates a Vout signal that matches the very low or near-zero impedance measured between the conductive element 46 of the tissue container 40 and the tissue cutting blade 36. When the tissue cutting blade 36 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 was installed in contact with the non-conductive inner layer 102 of the container wall 44, a measurement of approximately 500mV was obtained. This is generally interpreted to indicate that some degree of capacitive coupling exists between the conductive element 46 of the container wall 44 and the tissue cutting blade 36 of the bulk tissue reducer 30, even when electrical contact is not made with the conductive element 46 throughout the tissue container 40.

[0070] In another test, the non-conductive inner wall 44 of the tissue container 40 was rubbed to expose a portion of the conductive stainless steel mesh 100 of the conductive element 46. Tap water and saline solution were used to fill the internal volume 42 of the tissue container 40, and the tissue cutting blade 36 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 was immersed in the water. A Vout reading of approximately 1.2V to 1.6V at the Vout terminal 110 was obtained on the detection circuit embodiment 75. This reading reflects the current flow of the continuity signal 76 from the tissue cutting blade 36 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 passing through the conductive stainless steel mesh 100 of the conductive element 46 of the wall 44 of the container 40 through the saline solution. The differing readings generally suggest that the contact detection system embodiment 70 being tested can be used to distinguish between electrical contact (approximately 2.1V) between the tissue cutting blade 36 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 and the conductive element 46 of the container wall 44, and contact between the tissue cutting blade 36 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 and the tissue / saline / body fluid in the tissue container 40 with the exposed conductive element 46 (e.g., from previous contact with the blade) at approximately 1.4V.

[0071] In some embodiments, the contact detection system 70 may have four main subsystems, including a power source 112, a patient interface 114, a receiver / rectifier 116, and a signal filtering unit 118. Referring to Figure 13, in some embodiments, the power source 112 may include a power supply circuit including a positive and negative output charge pump, such as a Texas Instruments model LM27762EVM, and an evaluation module 113, which may be configured to convert a 5V input voltage into +3.3V and -3.3V outputs that can be used to supply power to the rest of the detection circuit 75 of the contact detection system 70. The detection circuit 75 may also include a signal generator 120, which may include an analog device 121, such as an analog device model DC20738-H from Analog Devices Corporation located in Norwood (MA), and may be configured to generate a square wave signal at a frequency of about 20 kHz and serve as a signal generator for the detection circuit 75. In some cases, a continuous signal in the frequency range of approximately 10 kHz to approximately 30 kHz may be generated by such an analog device. The square wave output may be used to feed into comparator 122, which is powered by the +3.3V and -3.3V rails of a charge pump, so that the output fluctuates between +3.3V and -3.3V at 20 kHz. Resistors R1 124 and R2 126 may be selected to nominally provide a threshold for switching at half the +3.3V supply. With respect to the exemplary embodiment shown, resistors 124 and 126 may each have a resistance of approximately 10 kilohms.

[0072] The patient interface portion 114 of the detection circuit may include resistors R3 128 and R4 130, which can be selected to limit the patient assist current in accordance with the requirements for body-floating (BF) type, Table 3 of IEC60601-1. In some embodiments, resistors 128 and 130 may each have a resistance of about 499 ohms. In some cases, the 100 μA limit for low-frequency AC current may be increased based on a rise in the transmitter / signal generator frequency of 20 kHz or higher. The limit for low-frequency AC current may, in some cases, be increased by two orders of magnitude to a limit of about 10 mA. In some cases, the maximum voltage between the transmission terminal or blade terminal 135, which may be coupled to the blade conduit 74, and the receiving terminal or container terminal 137, which may be coupled to the container conduit 72, may be set to about 6.6 V (i.e., the difference between a negative output of 3.3 V and a positive output of 3.3 V). The leakage current value is 6.6V, which is calculated by dividing by the series resistors, including resistors R3 128 and R4 130, i.e., i leakage =6.6V / (499+499)=6.6mA may be included. This configuration may be used to achieve compliance within safe physiological boundaries without considering resistor R5 140 to further limit the current. In some exemplary embodiments, resistor R5 140 may have a resistance of about 249 ohms. Capacitors C1 142 and C2 144 may be used to prevent DC current from flowing into the patient's body. The capacitance values ​​of capacitors C1 142 and C2 144 may also be selected to minimize droop when the square wave is either high or low. In the exemplary embodiments shown, capacitors 142 and 144 may each have a capacitance of about 10 μF.

[0073] The receiver / rectifier circuit portion 116 of the detection circuit 75 of the contact detection system 70 may include an amplifier such as an operational amplifier U1B 146, which may be configured to act as a buffer / follower 148 that simply passes the voltage from the top of resistor R5 140 to the next stage. Resistors R3 128, R4 130, R5 140, and the measured resistor 77 (Rmeas) may be configured to form a resistor divider. Amplifiers such as operational amplifiers U2A 150 and U2B 152 may be configured to form a rectifier that inverts the negative portion of the continuity signal to become positive so that it appears even more like a DC output except for the square wave edge. This rectifier may have the ability to add gain to the output of the resistor divider discussed above. For example, if the resistances for resistors R7 154, R8 156, R9 158, and R10 160 are the same value, the equation for Rmeas77 to Vout110 may be as follows: Vout=0.5 * 6.6 * (R5 / (R3+Rmeas+R4+R5)) * (R7 / R6)

[0074] In some embodiments, the resistance values ​​of resistors 154, 156, 158, and 160 may be equal to each other and approximately 2.2 kilohms. In some cases, the resistance values ​​may be selected based on use during certain conditions, such as when the nonconductive inner layer 102 of the tissue container 40 is notched and tissue exists between the bulk tissue remover 30 and the conductive element 46 exposed by the notch. In such situations, the resistance between the bulk tissue remover 30 and the conductive layer 47 of the tissue container 40 may be approximated by approximately 1 kilohm. In some situations, it may be useful to maximize the difference in Vout 110 for 0 ohms and 1 kilohm Rmeas 77, which are subject to two design considerations, including rail voltage. More specifically, high gain (larger resistance values ​​for resistors R7 154 and R6 162) can allow for a large voltage difference between 0 ohms and 1 kilohm Vout 110, but rail prevents the unlimited use of gain. In some embodiments, the resistance value for resistor 162 may be approximately 687 ohms. The operational amplifier performance at high gain may also need to be considered under such parameters. Another design consideration is noise immunity. Using a resistor R5 140 with a relatively low resistance may allow for higher gain, assuming a fixed voltage rail, but may also reduce the input voltage of the voltage divider to potential noise sources. Certain values ​​for one sensing circuit embodiment 75 may be selected as follows: Vout 110 = 2.1V at 0 ohms, Vout = 1.2V at 1 kilohm, and Vout 110 < 50mV at high Z.

[0075] Embodiments of the filter circuit of the signal filtering circuit 118 may include an amplifier such as an operational amplifier U3A 164, which can be configured as an inverting active low-pass filter with a roll-off frequency determined by resistor R12 166 and capacitor C4 168, and a gain provided by resistor R11 170 and resistor R12 166. With respect to such a filter circuit embodiment, F3db = 1 / (2 * pi * R12* The filtering value of C4) can be achieved with a gain of -R12 / R11. An amplifier such as operational amplifier U3B 172 may also be configured as an inverting active low-pass filter. It is also a function of capacitor C5 182, which may have a capacitance of about 10 nF, that F3db = 1 / (2 * pi * R14 * The filtering value of C5) can be achieved with a gain of -R_{14} / R_1, which is a function of resistor R13 174 and / or resistor R14 176, respectively. Finally, resistor R15 178 and capacitor C6 180 may be configured to form a low-pass filter with a roll-off frequency, i.e., F3db = 1 / (2 * pi * R15 * C6). For some embodiments, capacitor 180 may have a capacitance of about 10 nF. If all three filters are configured with the same resistor-capacitor (RC) values, the filters may be configured to roll off aggressively. In such a circuit embodiment, the roll-off frequency may be about 15.9 kHz. Another design consideration for aggressively setting a low cut-off frequency is delay. In one case, the delay may be approximated by about three time constants of 63 microseconds for a total delay of about 189 microseconds for this particular exemplary embodiment. For the illustrated embodiment, resistors 166, 170, 174, 176, and 178 may all have the same resistance value of about 1 kiloohm. The exemplary embodiment of the detection circuit 75 discussed above also includes a pair of diodes D1 and D2 as shown, and a capacitor C3 184 that may have a capacitance of about 100 pF. Additionally, the operational amplifier embodiments 146, 150, 152, 164, and 172, and the amplifiers of the comparator section 122 may all include the operational amplifier model OPA2192 manufactured by Texas Instruments (Dallas, Texas).

[0076] Some embodiments of the tissue storage and removal system 10 may include a tissue container 40 having a conductive layer 47 including a conductive element 46, an internal volume 42, and an opening 43. The tissue storage and removal system 10 may also include a bulk tissue reducer 30 having a tissue cutter 34 with a tissue cutting blade 36 configured to be conductive. A motor 51 may be operably coupled to the tissue cutting blade 36 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 so as to provide the tissue cutting blade 36 with a driving force, which in some cases may be a rotational driving force, depending on the operation. The tissue storage and removal system 10 may further include a contact detection system 70 having a detection circuit 75 operably coupled to the tissue cutting blade 36 and the conductive element 46, configured to generate a continuity signal 76 between the tissue cutting blade 36 and the conductive element 46 and to measure an impedance value 77 between the tissue cutting blade 36 and the conductive element 46. The controller 80 may be operably coupled to the motor 51 and may be configured to interrupt the operation of the motor 51 and the tissue cutting blade 36 operably coupled to it whenever the impedance 77 between the tissue cutting blade 36 and the conductive element 46 is at or below a predetermined impedance threshold. Once the controller 80 interrupts the operation of the motor 51 because the impedance 77 between the tissue cutting blade 36 and the conductive element 46 is at or below a predetermined impedance threshold, the controller 80 may set a latch of an interrupted power state that will remain in place despite any changes in the measured impedance value 77 following the shutdown until a reset command is issued by the user of the system 10.

[0077] In some embodiments, the controller 80 may optionally be configured to activate or otherwise emit a warning signal through the indicator 190 whenever the impedance 77 between the tissue cutting blade 36 and the conductive element 46 is at or below a predetermined impedance threshold. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to emit an audible warning signal from an audible signal emitter, in which case the indicator 190 may include a speaker. In such cases, the controller 80 may be configured to activate an audible warning signal from the audible signal emitter whenever the impedance 77 between the tissue cutting blade 36 and the conductive element 46 is at or below a predetermined impedance threshold. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to emit a visual warning signal from a visual signal emitter. In such cases, the indicator 190 of the contact detection system 70 may include a light energy source such as LED light or any other suitable source. In such a case, the controller 80 may be configured to activate a visual warning signal from the visual signal emitter of the indicator 190 whenever the impedance 77 between the tissue cutting blade 36 and the conductive element 46 is at or below a predetermined impedance threshold.

[0078] Referring to Figures 8 and 13, in some cases the contact detection system 70 may include a blade terminal 135 operably coupled to the controller 80 and the tissue cutting blade 36 using a conductive blade conduit 74, and a container terminal 137 operably coupled to the controller 80 and the conductive element 46 of the tissue container 40 using a conductive container conduit 72. In some of these embodiments, the conductive blade conduit 74 operably coupling the blade terminal 135 and the tissue cutting blade 36 may have a snap connector 105 configured to provide a releaseable electrical coupling between them. In some of these embodiments, the conductive container conduit 72 operably coupling the container terminal 137 and the conductive element 46 of the tissue container 40 may have a snap connector 104 configured to provide a releaseable electrical coupling between them. In addition to snap connectors 104 and 105, the contact detection system may also include a container connection interface 192 that communicates between the container conduit 72 and the controller 80, and a bulk tissue reducer connection interface 194 that communicates between the blade conduit 74 and the controller 80.

[0079] The controller may include a console printed circuit board 82 and a motor driver 84 operably coupled to the motor 51. The controller 80 may further include a signal generator 120, a processor 86, and a memory 88 operably coupled to the processor 86. The contact detection system 70 may also include a main power source 90 operably coupled to the controller 80 and / or any other suitable component of the contact detection system 70, as well as a cooling fan 91 which may be useful for keeping components in the console 60 at a suitable operating temperature. The motor 51 may be operably coupled to the tissue cutting blade 36 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 by a flexible shaft 56 configured to transmit rotational torque from the motor (or a suitable gear system coupled thereto) to the tissue cutter 34 of the bulk tissue reducer 30.

[0080] Referring to Figures 9 and 10, in some embodiments of the tissue storage and removal system 10, the tissue container 40 may also include a second nonconductive layer 102 disposed on the inner surface 196 of the conductive layer 47. The tissue container 40 may also include a third nonconductive layer 198 disposed on the outer surface 200 of the conductive layer 47. The conductive layer 47 disposed between the second layer 102 and the third layer 198 may include a composite fabric having nonconductive strands woven with conductive strands constituting the conductive elements 46 of the tissue container 40. In some embodiments, the conductive layer 47 disposed between the second layer 102 and the third layer 198 may also include a thin flexible layer of nonconductive polymer material with a pattern of conductive ink 95 as shown in Figure 14. The conductive ink 95 may be flexible after printing, which can produce a wall structure 44 with a flexible configuration. In such embodiments, the conductive ink 95 may be printed on the inner surface of the wall 44, on the outer surface of the wall 44, or at any other preferred location. In some embodiments, the printed pattern of the conductive ink 95 may include a pitch that ensures the tissue cutting blade 36 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 will come into contact with the conductive ink 95 prior to puncturing the thin polymer layer on which the conductive ink 95 is printed. In such tissue container embodiments, the conductive ink 95 may also serve as a conductive element 46 of the tissue container 40. In some other embodiments, the conductive layer 47 and its conductive element 46, positioned between the second layer 102 and the third layer 198, may include a wire mesh 100 made entirely from conductive strands 230, as shown in Figure 12. The conductive strands 230 of the wire mesh 100 may, in some cases, include or be made from a metal such as stainless steel.

[0081] Referring to Figures 16-18, the illustrated tissue cutter embodiment 34 includes an extension tube 202 having an inner lumen 37 extending along its length. In some embodiments, the tissue cutting blade 36 includes the sharp distal end of the extension tube 202 of the tissue cutter 34 having an angled configuration, although alternative configurations may be used. In the illustrated embodiment, the shape of the tissue cutting blade 36 is circular in cross-sectional shape, with the entire tissue cutting blade 36 lying in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 204 of the extension tube 202 of the tissue cutter 34. The extension tube 202 of the tissue cutter 34 may optionally be made from any suitable high-strength material, which may also be conductive. Metals such as nickel-titanium alloy, stainless steel, and equivalents may be used, if any. In the illustrated embodiment, the bulk tissue reducer 30 includes a housing 206 operably coupled to the tissue cutter 34 and a cannula 38 fixed to the housing 206. Such a cannula embodiment 38 may have an elongated hollow structure and include an inner lumen 39 extending along its length. As shown, the cannula 38 is positioned across the elongation tube 202 of the tissue cutter 34 with a close fit between the outer surface 208 of the elongation tube 38 and the inner surface 210 of the cannula 38. In some bulk tissue reducer embodiments, a manual activation switch 207 may be located on the housing 206 and operably coupled to the controller 80 for manually operating the motor 51 and the tissue cutter 34 of the bulk tissue reducer 30. The system 10 may also include a foot switch 209, operably coupled to the controller 80 for operating the motor 51 and the tissue cutter 34 of the bulk tissue reducer 30, as shown in Figure 8.

[0082] As discussed above with respect to the details of the exemplary detection circuit embodiment 75, the proximity value 108 of the tissue cutting blade 36 to the conductive element 46 of the tissue container 40 can be represented by various corresponding measured parameters such as impedance 77, measured current flow of the continuity signal 76, and the Vout signal from the Vout terminal 110. In some embodiments, the impedance threshold may be selected to correspond to a proximity value 108 up to about 1 mm, indicating the separation distance between the tissue cutting blade 36 and the conductive element 46. To provide a clinically safe continuity signal, in some cases the detection circuit 75 may be configured to generate a continuity signal 76 including an AC current having a frequency of about 10 kHz to about 30 kHz, more specifically about 20 kHz, a maximum current flow up to about 10 mA, a square wave continuity signal, or any preferred combination of these parameters.

[0083] In some tissue removal procedures, the tissue container 40 may be inserted into the body cavity 18 of the patient 20, as shown in Figure 19 and indicated by the arrow 220. In some embodiments, a tether 49, having its distal end fixed to the periphery 41 of the tissue container, may have its proximal end 222 remaining outside the patient's body cavity 18. In some embodiments, the tether 49 may also include a conductive conduit to serve as a container conduit 72. In such embodiments, a snap connector 104 may be operably coupled to the proximal end 222 of the tether 49.

[0084] Once the tissue container 40 is placed in the patient's body cavity 18, the tissue specimen 15 may be manipulated or otherwise inserted into the internal volume 42 of the tissue container 40 through the opening 43 of the tissue container 40, as shown in Figure 20. For such manipulation of the tissue specimen, any suitable instrument such as a gripping device 224, a camera 226, a support hook 106, a trocar (not shown), and equivalents may be used, all of which may optionally be inserted into the body cavity 18 through a small, minimally invasive incision in the patient's skin and underlying fascia. Once the tissue specimen 15 is placed in the internal volume 42 of the tissue container 40, the entire edge of the opening 43, defined by a periphery 41 positioned around the circumference of the opening 43, may be drawn proximal from within the body cavity 18 to a position outside the patient's body 20, while the tissue specimen 15 remains simultaneously within the internal volume 42 and within the patient's body cavity 18. This arrangement of the tissue specimen 15, tissue container 40, and body opening 24 effectively houses the tissue specimen 15 within the internal volume 42 of the tissue container 40, as shown in Figure 21, and isolates the tissue specimen 15 from the surrounding tissue 22 of the patient's body 20 located outside the tissue container 40. At this point, the snap connector 104 of the tether 49 may be operably coupled to the container terminal 137.

[0085] The distal end 32 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 may then be inserted into the internal volume 42 of the tissue container 40 and into the internal cavity 18 of the patient's body 20. In some cases, the distal end 32 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 may be inserted into the internal volume 42 of the tissue container 40 until it is adjacent to the tissue specimen 15, as shown in Figure 3. During, before, or after the insertion of the distal end 32 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 into the internal volume 42, a continuity signal 76 may be transmitted between the tissue cutting blade 36 of the tissue cutter 34 and the conductive element 46 of the tissue container 40, and the impedance 77 between the tissue cutting blade 36 and the conductive element 46 may be monitored using a detection circuit 75 of the contact detection system 70. While the impedance 77 between the tissue cutting blade 36 and the conductive element 46 is being monitored by the detection circuit 75, the tissue cutter 34 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 may be operated. Subsequently, the tissue cutter 34 may be deactivated by a deactivation signal from the detection circuit 75 or a similar array when the monitored impedance 77 between the tissue cutting blade 36 and the conductive element 46 is at or below a predetermined impedance threshold.

[0086] In some embodiments, in addition to deactivating the tissue cutter 34 when the monitored impedance 77 between the tissue cutting blade 36 and the conductive element 46 is at or below a predetermined impedance threshold, an audible warning signal may also be emitted by the detection circuit 75, the controller 80, or any other suitable component when the monitored impedance 77 between the tissue cutting blade 36 and the conductive element 46 is at or below a predetermined impedance threshold. In some cases, the step of emitting an audible warning signal may include the step of emitting a beep. In some embodiments, the beep may be configured to conform to the IEC 60601-1-8 specification with respect to maximum and minimum volume, frequency, or any other applicable parameters. In addition to deactivating the tissue cutter 34 when the monitored impedance 77 between the tissue cutting blade 36 and the conductive element 46 is at or below a predetermined impedance threshold, a visual warning signal may also be emitted by the system 70 when the monitored impedance 77 between the tissue cutting blade 36 and the conductive element 46 is at or below a predetermined impedance threshold. In some embodiments, the emitted visual warning signal may include an optical signal. In addition, in some continuity detection methods, the impedance threshold may be determined to correspond to a proximity value 108, which indicates the physical distance between the tissue cutting blade 36 and the conductive element 46, as shown in Figure 5. In some embodiments, this corresponding proximity value 108 may be up to about 1 mm. Thus, using this type of configuration, the tissue cutter 34 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 may be deactivated when the proximity value 108 between the tissue cutting blade 36 and the conductive element 46 is up to about 1 mm. In some cases, other proximity values ​​108 corresponding to individual impedance thresholds may include proximity values ​​108 up to approximately 10 mm, up to approximately 1 mm, approximately 0.001 mm to approximately 10 mm, more specifically, approximately 0.01 mm to approximately 1 mm, and even more specifically, approximately 0.025 mm to approximately 0.075 mm.

[0087] In some cases, prior to the deactivation of the tissue cutter 34, the tissue specimen 15 may be brought into contact with the tissue cutting blade 36 of the tissue cutter 34, and the tissue specimen 15 may be reduced using the activated tissue cutter 34, as shown in Figure 22. During such reduction of the tissue specimen 15, the distal end 107 of the support hook 106 may be fixed to the tissue specimen 15 or the reduced portion being grasped, and pulled proximal (as indicated by arrow 228) through the inner lumen 37 of the tissue cutter 34 while reducing the tissue specimen 15 using the activated tissue cutter 34. The reduced tissue specimen 15 may continue to be pulled through the inner lumen 37 of the tissue cutter 34 until at least a portion of the tissue specimen 15 is placed outside the bulk tissue reducer 30 and the patient's body 20. This process may, in some cases, continue until the entire tissue specimen 15 is removed from the internal volume 42 of the tissue container 40.

[0088] With regard to grasping a tissue specimen 15 using the distal tip of the support hook 106, in some cases the tissue 15 to be grasped may be located inside the bore 37 of the tissue cutter 34, or distally adjacent to the distal end 32 of the tissue cutter 34. More specifically, referring to the tissue storage and removal system embodiment 10 of Figures 3 and 5, a support hook embodiment 106 is shown having an axial length substantially similar to the axial length of the bulk tissue reducer 30. With regard to such an embodiment, the distal tip of the support hook 106 may extend substantially in line with the distal end 32 of the tissue cutter 34 when the distal tip of the support hook 106 is fully advanced into the bore 37 and at their maximum distal extension within the bore 37, as shown. In such a system embodiment 10, in order to grasp the tissue specimen 15 using the distal tip of the support hook 106, the tissue specimen 15 may be pressed against the distal end 32 of the tissue cutter 34 such that at least a portion of the tissue specimen 15 extends proximal to the bore 37 and can be grasped by the distal tip of the support hook 106 while still inside the bore 37, forming a “tissue meniscus” (not shown). In other cases, the support hook 106 may have an axial length that allows the distal tip of the support hook 106 to extend distally from the distal end 32 of the tissue cutter 34. In some embodiments, the support hook 106 may have an axial length that allows the distal tip of the support hook 106 to extend distally from the distal end 32 of the tissue cutter 34 by a distance of up to about 25 mm or more. In such an embodiment, a tissue specimen 15 positioned outside the bore 37 but distally adjacent to the distal end 32 of the tissue cutter 34 may still be grasped by the distal tip of the support hook 106.

[0089] In some cases, the step of transmitting a continuity signal 76 between the tissue cutting blade 36 of the tissue cutter 34 and the conductive element 46 of the tissue container 40 may include transmitting an alternating current having a frequency of about 10 kHz to about 30 kHz, more specifically about 20 kHz, a maximum current flow of up to about 10 mA, a square wave continuity signal, or any preferred combination of these or other parameters.

[0090] In some embodiments of the tissue container, a stainless steel mesh 100 may be used as a reinforcing layer of the tissue container 40, which may also serve as a conductive element 46 within the wall 44 of the tissue container 40, used to complete an electrical detection circuit 75 for a contact detection system 70, as shown in Figure 9-11. If a generally nonconductive reinforcing layer 102, which may also be used as a liquid-tight or sealing layer (polyester fabric, Kevlar® fabric, Spectra® fabric, or simply a sturdy polymer layer), is used for the tissue container 40, an additional conductive element 46 and / or conductive layer 47 may be included within the wall 44 of the tissue container 40 for use in completing a detection circuit 75 for detection by the contact detection system 70. The conductive element 46 may include conductive strands 230, which may be woven into a fabric with nonconductive strands 232 to form a composite fabric 234, which may, in some cases, serve as a conductive layer 47 of the container 40. In such composite fabric embodiments, the conductive strands 230 may form a woven, overlapping grid pattern in which adjacent and overlapping conductive strands 230 are in electrical contact with each other, such that all parts of all conductive strands have electrical continuity with each other. Thus, a continuity signal 76 transmitted to any part of any conductive strand 230 will be communicated to all parts of all other conductive strands 230 in the composite fabric 234. In these embodiments 234, a container conduit 72 can be electrically coupled to any part of the conductive strands 230 to achieve electrical continuity with all parts of all other conductive strands 230 in the composite fabric 234.

[0091] The conductive element 46 may also include one or more stretchable conductive materials that, in some cases, can be screen-printed, engraved, or pad-printed onto the surface of a polymer layer or another form of non-conductive layer of the woven container 40. The conductive element may also be manufactured in a manner similar to a flexible circuit board. As an example, the conductive ink 95, as shown in Figure 14, may be screen-printed on the inside of some container embodiments or on the outer surface of the first layer or any other suitable layer. In some container embodiments 40, the material of the conductive ink 95 may be placed in contact with a Kevlar® fabric or another polymer film layer positioned on the outer surface of the conductive ink material 95. Such multi-layer configurations may, in some cases, be laminated together.

[0092] In some cases, the conductive intermediate layer 47 of the multilayer structure container wall 44 may be made from a composite fabric 234 of strands of different materials as discussed above. Such a composite fabric 234 may, in some cases, be made from conductive metal strands including nonconductive polyester strands, polyethylene strands, and stainless steel strands, or any combination of metal strands and polymer strands. The ratio of nonconductive polymer strands 232 to conductive metal strands 230 in such a composite fabric embodiment 234 may range from about 20% to about 80%, or from about 10% to about 90%, or from about 1% to about 99%. With respect to some exemplary embodiments, the ratio of conductive metal strands 230 to nonconductive polymer strands 232 may be about 1% metal and about 99% polymer, about 10% metal and about 90% polymer, about 20% metal and about 80% polymer, about 30% metal and about 70% polymer, about 40% metal and about 60% polymer, about 50% metal and about 50% polymer, about 60% metal and about 40% polymer, about 70% metal and about 30% polymer, about 80% metal and about 20% polymer, about 90% metal and about 10% polymer, about 99% metal and about 1% polymer, or any other ratio between these ranges. With respect to some composite fabric embodiments 234, the ratio of the number of conductive strands to the number of nonconductive strands may be about 5% to about 20%, more specifically, about 8% to about 12%.

[0093] Using synthetic polymer strands 232 instead of steel / metal strands 230 can improve the flexibility of the woven composite layer 234 and potentially reduce resistance without adding weight, compared to a mesh layer made entirely from metal strands 230. Conductive fibers 232 may also be woven into mostly non-conductive material to facilitate the functionality of the contact detection system embodiment 70, including the automatic shutoff feature in the tissue storage and removal system embodiment 10 discussed herein.

[0094] Figure 14 depicts a stretchable conductive ink 95 printed on a portion of the tissue container 40. The conductive ink 95 may be used as a conductive element 46 of the tissue container 40 to detect contact with the bulk tissue reducer 30 and trigger a detection circuit 75. The conductive ink 95 may be printed in a location where it is placed between two layers 102, 198 of a non-conductive polymer material such as plastic, so that the conductive ink 95 is not exposed on the inner or outer surface of the tissue container 40.

[0095] Figure 10 shows how, in some embodiments, the intermediate layer 47 of the layered wall 44 of the tissue container 40 may be made from a composite fabric 234. The composite fabric 234 includes, or may otherwise be made from, strands 230, 232 containing materials such as polyester, polyethylene, metal, stainless steel, or any combination of metal and plastic or polymer. In some embodiments of the composite fabric 234, the ratio of polymer strands 232 to metal strands 230 in the composite fabric 234 may be about 20% to about 80% in some cases, about 10% to about 90% in other cases, or still in other cases about 1% to about 99%.

[0096] Some tissue container embodiments 40 may include an internal volume 42, an opening 43, and a conductive layer 47 comprising a composite fabric 234 having conductive strands 230 and nonconductive strands 232. In some of these tissue container embodiments 40, the nonconductive strands 232 may include polymers such as polyester, polyethylene, Kevlar®, Spectra®, or nylon. In some of these tissue container embodiments 40, the conductive strands 230 may include metals such as stainless steel, nickel-titanium alloy, or equivalents. The conductive strands 230 and nonconductive strands 232 may, in some cases, have an outer transverse dimension of about 0.01 mm to about 0.5 mm. In the case of tissue container embodiments 40 having the composite fabric 234, various ratios of nonconductive strands 232 to conductive strands 230 may be used. In some embodiments, the ratio of nonconductive strands 232 to conductive strands 230 may be about 10% to about 90%, more specifically about 20% to about 80%, and any other preferred ratio as discussed herein. Referring to Figure 9-11, in some embodiments, the structure container 40 may optionally further include a second nonconductive layer 102 disposed on the inner surface 196 of the conductive layer 47, a third nonconductive layer 198 disposed on the outer surface 200 of the conductive layer 47, or both of these additional layers.

[0097] Referring to Figure 19-21, several embodiments of a method for storing and isolating a tissue specimen 15 within a patient's body 20 using a tissue container 40 having the configuration discussed above may include the step of inserting the tissue container 40 into a body cavity 18 of the patient 20, the tissue container 40 comprising an internal volume 42, an opening 43, and a conductive layer 47 comprising a composite fabric 234 including conductive strands 230 and non-conductive strands 232. The tissue specimen 15 may then be inserted into the internal volume 42 of the tissue container 40 through the opening 43 of the tissue container 40, the entire edge of the opening 43 may be drawn out from inside the body cavity 18 to a position outside the patient's body 20.

[0098] Embodiments of the contact detection system 70 of the tissue storage and removal system embodiment 10 may also be coupled to various instruments other than the bulk tissue reducer 30 that may come into contact with or near the conductive elements 46 of the tissue container 40. Exemplary embodiments of such instruments may include a support hook 106, a non-traumatic gripping device 224, a camera 226, a Lahey support hook, a ring forceps, a speculum, a vaginal trocar, a needle, or any other object that may come into contact with the conductive layer 47 of the tissue container 40. Any of these types of instruments may be configured such that an alert may be sent to the user and / or power to the motor 51 of the tissue cutter of the bulk tissue reducer may be terminated if the conductive elements 46 of the conductive container layer 47 are contacted or near by any of these types of instruments.

[0099] Referring again to Figure 3, an optional conductive support hook conduit 236 is shown, which serves to electrically couple the support hook 106 to the contact detection system 70 and its detection circuit 75 in a manner similar to the coupling of the tissue cutting blade 36 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 to the contact detection system 70. Thus, Figure 3 also shows a contact detection system embodiment 70 which is operably coupled between a surgical instrument in the form of a support hook embodiment 106 and a conductive element 46 of a tissue container embodiment 40. Such a contact detection system embodiment 70 may therefore detect when the support hook 106 or any other suitable coupled surgical instrument penetrates the nonconductive layer 102 and comes into contact with or comes close to the conductive layer element 46 of the tissue container 40. This configuration may be used to alert the user that the tissue container 40 has been broken, violated, or is about to come into contact with the support hook 106 or any other suitably configured instrument which may be useful when placed within the internal volume 42 of the tissue container 40 during a tissue removal procedure.

[0100] Some embodiments of such a tissue storage and removal system 10 may include a tissue container 40 having a conductive layer 47 including a conductive element 46, an internal volume 42, and an opening 43. The tissue storage and removal system 10 may also include a surgical instrument, including a conductive portion 106' configured for use within the internal volume of the tissue container 40, comprising the entire instrument 106 with respect to a stainless steel support hook 106. The system 10 may further include a contact detection system 70 having a detection circuit 75 operably coupled to the conductive portion 106' and the conductive element 46 of the tissue container 40. The detection circuit 75 may be configured to generate a continuity signal 76 between the conductive portion 106' and the conductive element 46 and to measure an impedance value 77 between the conductive portion 106' and the conductive element 46. The contact detection system 70 may also include a controller 80 configured to activate and emit a warning signal whenever the impedance 77 between the conductive portion and the conductive element is at or below a predetermined impedance threshold. In some such embodiments, the surgical instrument may include a support hook 106 having a body portion made of metal, which has a conductive portion 106'.

[0101] Some such tissue storage and removal system embodiments 10 may include an audible signal emitter 190. In such embodiments, the controller 80 may be configured to activate an audible warning signal from the audible signal emitter 190 whenever the impedance 77 between the conductive portion 106' and the conductive element 46 of the tissue container 40 is at or below a predetermined impedance threshold. In addition, some such tissue storage and removal system embodiments 10 may include a visual signal emitter 190. In such embodiments, the controller 80 may be configured to activate a visual warning signal from the visual signal emitter 190 whenever the impedance 77 between the conductive portion 106' and the conductive element 46 is at or below a predetermined impedance threshold.

[0102] In some cases, the contact detection system may have an instrument terminal 238, as shown in Figure 13, which is operably coupled to the controller 80 and the conductive portion 106' using a conductive support hook conduit 236, and a container terminal 137, which is operably coupled to the controller 80 and the conductive element 46 of the tissue container 40 using a conductive conduit 72. In addition, the conductive conduit 236 operably coupling the instrument terminal 238 and the conductive portion 106' may include a snap connector 240 configured to provide a releaseable electrical coupling, and the conductive conduit operably coupling the container terminal 137 and the conductive element 46 of the tissue container 40 may include a snap connector 104 configured to provide a releaseable electrical coupling.

[0103] The contact detection system 70 for this type of tissue storage and removal system embodiment may have the same features, dimensions, and materials as the contact detection system 70 of the tissue storage and removal system embodiment 10 discussed above with respect to monitoring contact of conductive elements 46 by the bulk tissue reducer 30, as shown in Figures 8 and 13. More specifically, the controller 80 may have a console printed circuit board 82 and a motor driver 84 operably coupled to the motor 51. The controller 80 may further have a signal generator 120, a processor 86, and a memory 88 operably coupled to the processor 86. The contact detection system 70 may also include a power source 112 operably coupled to the controller 80.

[0104] In addition, with respect to these identical tissue storage and removal system embodiments 10, which monitor the impedance value 77 between a surgical instrument including a support hook 106 and a conductive element 46, the tissue container 40 may also include a second nonconductive layer 102 disposed on the inner surface 196 of the conductive layer 47, as seen in Figures 9 and 10. The tissue container 40 may also include a third nonconductive layer 198 disposed on the outer surface 200 of the conductive layer 47. The conductive layer 47 disposed between the second and third layers 102, 198 may include a composite fabric 234 having a nonconductive strand 232 woven with a conductive strand 230, which comprises a conductive element 46 for such a container embodiment 40. In some embodiments, the conductive layer 47 positioned between the second and third layers 102, 198 may also include a thin flexible layer of nonconductive polymer material with a pattern of conductive ink 95 that may have a flexible structure, which may be printed on its outer surface and may serve as a conductive element 46 of such a container embodiment 40, as seen in Figure 14. Referring again to Figure 12, in some construct container embodiments 40, the conductive layer 47 positioned between the second layer 102 and the third layer 198 and its conductive element 46 may include a wire mesh 100 in which all strands of the wire mesh 100 include conductive metal strands 230. In some cases, the wire mesh 100 may include or be made from stainless steel.

[0105] Referring to Figure 16-18, a tissue cutter embodiment 34, which can be used in conjunction with system embodiment 10 for monitoring an impedance value 77 between a surgical instrument including a support hook 106 and a conductive element 46, includes an extension tube 202 having an inner lumen 37 extending along its length. In some embodiments, the tissue cutting blade 36 includes the sharp distal end of the extension tube 202 of the tissue cutter 34 having an angled configuration, although alternative configurations may be used. In the embodiments shown, the shape of the tissue cutting blade 36 is such that the cross-sectional outer shape is circular when the entire tissue cutting blade 36 lies in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 204 of the extension tube 202 of the tissue cutter 34. The extension tube 202 of the tissue cutter 34 may be made from any suitable high-strength material, which may also be conductive as an option. Metals such as nickel-titanium alloy, stainless steel, and equivalents may be used, if available. In the illustrated embodiment, the bulk tissue reducer 30 includes a housing 206 operably coupled to a tissue cutter 34 and a cannula 38 fixed to the housing 206. The cannula embodiment 38 may have an elongated hollow structure and include an inner lumen 39 extending along its length. As shown, the cannula 38 is positioned across the elongation tube 202 of the tissue cutter 34 with a close fit between the outer surface 208 of the elongation tube 38 and the inner surface 210 of the cannula 38.

[0106] Furthermore, as discussed above with respect to details of exemplary detection circuit embodiment 75, which can be used in conjunction with system embodiment 10 to monitor the impedance value 77 between the surgical instrument, including the support hook 106, and the conductive element 46, the proximity value 108' (not shown) of the conductive portion 106' of the support hook 106 to the conductive element 46 of the tissue container 40 can be represented by various corresponding measured parameters such as impedance 77, measured current flow of the continuity signal 76, and the Vout signal from the Vout terminal 110. In some embodiments, the impedance threshold may be selected to correspond to a proximity value 108' up to about 1 mm, indicating the separation distance between the conductive portion 106' and the conductive element 46. To provide a clinically safe continuity signal, in some cases the detection circuit 75 may be configured to generate a continuity signal 76, which includes an AC current having a frequency of about 10 kHz to about 30 kHz, more specifically about 20 kHz, a maximum current flow up to about 10 mA, a square wave continuity signal, or any preferred combination of these parameters.

[0107] As briefly discussed above, during the dissection or reduction of a tissue specimen 15 within the internal volume 42 of the tissue container 40, it may be useful to maintain the alignment of the bulk tissue remover 30 with the tissue specimen 15, in some cases. To maintain such alignment, as shown in Figures 17 and 23, light energy 250 emitted from a light energy source 252, which irradiates along the bore 37 of the tissue cutter 34 of the bulk tissue remover 30, may be visible through the walls 44 of the tissue container 40, even if the tissue container 40 is partially opaque and not completely transparent. With respect to such embodiments, if the wall structure 44 of the tissue container 40 is at least semi-transparent, the visualization of light energy emitted from a gap located between the distal end 33 of the tissue cutter 34 of the bulk tissue remover 30 and the tissue specimen 15 itself may serve as an indication of some type of mismatch between the tissue cutter 34 and the tissue specimen 15.

[0108] Figures 17, 23, and 24 show how a light energy source 252 or camera 227 positioned adjacent to the edge of the bulk tissue reducer 30 itself may be used to traverse and illuminate or visualize the bore 37 of the tissue cutter 34 of the bulk tissue reducer 30. In some cases, the coupling of light energy 252 into the bore 37 or light guide 254 may be enhanced by a light cone 255, a conical structure positioned over the light energy source 252 as seen in Figure 26, which is removed in Figure 27 for illustrative purposes. The light energy source 252 or camera 227 may be positioned so as not to interfere with the extraction of the tissue sample 15 and the operation of the support hook 106 (as shown in Figure 22) used to extract the tissue sample 15 through the bore 37. Figure 24 shows how light energy 250 transmitted through the walls 44 of the tissue container 40 and observed or monitored by a camera 226 positioned inside the body cavity 18 of the patient 20 may be an indicator of whether the tissue specimen 15 intended to be reduced or shredded is in firm and complete contact with the tissue cutting blade 36 of the bulk tissue reducer 30. In some embodiments, the light energy 250 may include colored light energy, such as red light energy. Any leakage of this colored light energy 250 into the internal volume 42 of the tissue container 40 may be identified by the camera 226 through the walls 44 of the tissue container 40 as an indicator that there is no complete tissue contact between the tissue cutting blade 36 of the tissue cutter 34 and the tissue specimen 15. The tissue container 40 may be designed such that the light energy 250 is transmitted through the container 40 and its wall structure 44 is either translucent, transparent, or otherwise not completely opaque. The light energy 250 may also include white light energy, or any other type of electromagnetic energy, either within or outside the visible light energy spectrum, such as infrared, near-infrared, ultraviolet, radio waves, microwaves, or X-rays.

[0109] As shown in Figure 25-28, the light energy 250 and its light energy source 252 may be incorporated into the housing 206 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 to assist in the visualization of the tissue sample 15 through the bore 37 of the tissue cutter 34 of the bulk tissue reducer 30. In some cases, the light energy 250 may be directed along the handpiece 35 and / or housing 206 of the bulk tissue reducer 30.

[0110] Referring again to Figures 17, 23, and 24-28, some embodiments of the tissue storage and removal system 10 may include a tissue container 40 having a translucent wall structure 44 and a bulk tissue reducer 30. The bulk tissue reducer embodiment 30 may include a tissue cutter 34 having a hollow structure 37 with an inner lumen extending its length and a tissue cutting blade 36 positioned at the distal end 33 of the tissue cutter 34. The bulk tissue reducer 30 may also include a light energy source 252 configured to emit light energy 250 distally from the distal end 33 of the tissue cutter 34 through the inner lumen 37. With respect to some embodiments, the bulk tissue reducer 30 may further include a housing 206 fixed in a fixed relationship with an optional light guide 254. In general, with respect to such embodiments, the tissue cutter 34 is operably coupled to the housing 206 so as to allow rotation of the tissue cutter 34 about a longitudinal axis 204 (see Figure 16) relative to the housing 206. In some cases, the translucent wall structure 44 of the tissue container 40 may include a thin layer 102 of polymer material, including polyester, polyethylene, polyurethane, polypropylene, PET, PETG, amides and para-aramids, poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (KEVLAR®), and aliphatic or semi-aromatic polyamides (NYLON®). The wall 44 of the tissue container 40 used for this embodiment may be any other suitable material or structure, including the conductive element embodiment 46 discussed herein.

[0111] In some such system embodiments 10, the light energy source 252, which may include an LED light source 252 or equivalent, may be positioned adjacent to the proximal end of the inner lumen 37 of the tissue cutter 34 within the housing 206. In some cases, the bulk tissue reducer 30 may further include an optional optical guide 254, which is operably coupled to one or more light energy sources 252 so that at least a portion of the light energy 250 emitted from the light energy sources 252 is transmitted into the optical guide 254 and thereby transmitted or conducted. The optical guide 254 may be positioned within the inner lumen 37 of the tissue cutter 34 and may be configured to transmit the light energy 250 distally from the light energy sources 252 through the optical guide 254 to be emitted outward from the distal end of the tissue cutter 34. In some embodiments, the optical guide 254 may include an extended hollow configuration having an inner lumen 256 extending over its length. Embodiments of the optional optical guide 254 may include a translucent polymer material configured to transmit optical energy 250 from the proximal end 257 to the distal end 258 of the optical guide 254. In some cases, the translucent polymer material of the optical guide 254 may include polycarbonate. In addition, in some cases, the inner surface of the optical guide 254 may be reflective to facilitate partial or total internal reflection of optical energy 250 propagating in the inner lumen of the optical guide 254 in the distal direction. With respect to such embodiments, the optical guide 254 may be made from a non-translucent material, including a metal such as stainless steel or equivalent. As described above, the tissue cutter 34 is configured to rotate relative to the housing 206; however, the extended hollow structure of the optical guide 254 may be fixed to the housing 206 so that it remains steady relative to the housing 206 as the tissue cutter 34 rotates about its longitudinal axis 204 during the operation of the tissue cutter 34.

[0112] As discussed above, in some cases the light energy source 252 may include multiple light energy sources 252, positioned at the proximal end of the inner lumen 37 of the tissue cutter 34 and operably coupled to the light guide 254, as shown in Figure 23. Some embodiments of the multiple light energy sources 252 may include light-emitting diodes that can emit light energy at any preferred light wavelength. In some cases, the light-emitting diodes may be red light-emitting diodes configured to emit red light. Typically, the light energy source 252 would be configured to emit light energy 250 that is bright enough to be visible through the translucent wall structure 44 of the tissue container 40. Some bulk tissue reducer embodiments 30 may include one, two, three, four, five, or more such light energy sources 252.

[0113] Some embodiments of a method for storing and removing a tissue sample 15 from a patient's body 20 may include, as shown in Figures 19-21, the steps of inserting a tissue container 40 into a body cavity 18 of the patient 20, inserting the tissue sample 15 into the internal volume 42 of the tissue container through an opening 43 of the tissue container 40, and withdrawing the entire edge of the opening 43 of the tissue container 40 from inside the body cavity 18 to a position outside the patient's body 20. The method may also include the step of inserting the distal end 32 of a bulk tissue reducer 30 into the internal volume 42 of the tissue container 40 until the tissue cutting blade 36 of the tissue cutter 34 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 contacts the tissue sample 15. Light energy 250 may then be emitted from the distal end 33 of the tissue cutter 34 in a substantially distal direction toward the tissue sample 15 in contact with the tissue cutting blade 36. The light energy 250 emitted from the distal end 33 of the tissue cutter 34 is transmitted substantially distally, but the light energy 250 is emitted at various angles into the inner lumen 37 of the tissue cutter 34 and the wall structure of the hollow tubular light guide 254, and therefore, by the time the light energy 250 is emitted from the distal end 33 of the tissue cutter 34, it is emitted at a wide variety of angles, forming a very broad solid angle of emission. The leakage of light energy 250 can then be observed between the distal end 32 of the tissue cutter and the distal end 33 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 and the tissue specimen 15, as shown in Figure 24. The intensity and orientation of the light energy leakage 260 observed by the user through the camera 226 or any other suitable instrument may be used to manipulate the alignment between the distal end 32 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 and the tissue sample 15, and to minimize the amount of light energy leakage 260 between the distal end 32 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 and the tissue sample 15.

[0114] In some cases, the method may further include the step of activating the tissue cutter 34 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 and deactivating the tissue cutter 34 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 in response to the observation of optical energy leakage 260 between the distal end 32 of the bulk tissue reducer 30 and the tissue specimen 15. In some cases, the method may further include the step of activating the tissue cutter 34 of the bulk tissue reducer 30, bringing the tissue specimen 15 into contact with the tissue cutting blade 36 of the tissue cutter 34, and reducing the tissue specimen 15 using the activated tissue cutter 36. In some cases, the method may further include the step of attaching the distal end 107 of the support hook 106 to the tissue specimen 15 and pulling the reduced portion of the tissue specimen 15 through the inner lumen 37 of the tissue cutter 34 while reducing the tissue specimen 15 using the activated tissue cutter 34 until at least a portion of the tissue specimen 15 is positioned outside the bulk tissue reducer 30 and the patient's body 20, as shown in Figure 22.

[0115] As discussed above, prior to reduction or dissection of the tissue specimen 15, it may be desirable to ensure consistent deployment of a suitable tissue container embodiment 40 around the tissue specimen 15, as shown in Figures 19-21, for the purpose of containing and isolating the tissue specimen 15. This process may typically be performed within a sealed space or cavity 18 within the patient's body 20. In some cases, this process may be facilitated by the use of a suitable container deployer assembly 270 or container deployer 272. In some cases, such a container deployer assembly embodiment 270 may be configured to carry out the deployment of the tissue container 40 while maintaining some degree of control over the orientation of the tissue container 40 during deployment. Some embodiments of such a container deployer assembly 270 may be configured to operate in a manner similar to that of a rivet gun. This type of configuration may be actuated using a spring load mechanism, compressed air, or other mechanical or electric actuator to deploy the container from the sheath (not shown) of the tissue container deployer assembly.

[0116] Referring to Figures 30-31, in some cases, such a container deployer assembly 270 may include a sheath 274 having an elongated hollow structure made from a rigid polymer or other suitable material. The sheath 274 may be inserted through the skin of the patient 20 to gain access to the internal portion 18 of the patient's body 20. The sheath 274 may have a size corresponding to the size of the corresponding bulk tissue reducer 30, or to the size of a common laparoscopic trocar incision length, e.g., trocar incision lengths of about 5 mm, about 8 mm, about 10 mm, about 12 mm, or other suitable lengths. In addition, the container deployer assembly embodiment 270 may be used to insert the sheath 274 through a natural body orifice such as the rectum or vagina 24.

[0117] Figures 29-32 show a container unfolder assembly embodiment 270 for a tissue container 40, which may be configured for use in combination with many different procedures. One possible use may include the step of placing the tissue container 40 in the abdominal cavity 18 of a patient 20 for the purpose of capturing and isolating a tissue specimen 15, such as the uterus of the patient 20, for the purpose of performing a hysterectomy. The container unfolder assembly embodiment 270 shown in Figures 29-32 may generally be configured to fit into the vaginal canal 24 and to protrude either immediately before or beyond the vaginal cuff after the uterus has been removed from the vagina 24 via a vaginotomy. Such a container unfolder assembly embodiment 270 may have features to facilitate control of the orientation of the tissue container 40 during unfolding. Exemplary features that may be used to provide such control may include a stabilizer ridge (guide rail) 276, as shown in Figure 31, or other asymmetrical features that engage with the tissue container 40 and ensure that the tissue container 40 is placed at the bottom of the abdomen, which may be useful for several tissue removal procedures. In some cases, the tissue container 40 may be deployed to a position between the uterus and the bottom of the abdomen.

[0118] Figure 30 shows an embodiment of a container deployer assembly 270, which includes a pusher rod 278 that can be used to push a tissue container 40 out of the inner lumen 280 of a sheath 274 and to assist in deploying the tissue container 40 into the abdomen or other body cavity 18 of a patient 20. Referring to Figure 30, the tether 282 is shown extending from the tissue container 40 to a position where it is located outside the sheath 274. It may also be possible to position the tether 282 inside the sheath 274, as shown in Figure 30. It may also be possible to include an extension notch or groove 284 extending longitudinally along the outer surface of the pusher rod 278 so that the tether 282 fits between the pusher rod 278 and the sheath 274, in which case the inner surface 286 of the sheath 274 and the outer surface 288 of the pusher rod 278 have a tight fit between them. In some embodiments, the tether 282 may also include a conductive conduit and serve as a container conduit 72 that electrically communicates with the conductive element 46 of the container 40. Thus, the tether 282 may include a snap connector 104 which, in some cases, can be configured to be detachably and operably coupled to the container terminal 137 of the detection circuit 75.

[0119] Some embodiments of the container expander assembly 270 include a container expander 272 and a tissue container 40 placed therein and ready to be expanded. Embodiments of the container expander 272 may include a sheath 274 and a pusher rod 278 configured to slide axially within the inner lumen 280 of the sheath 274 for expanding the tissue container 40. Some sheath embodiments 274 may be molded to include a rounded, non-traumatic distal tip 290 so that they can be easily introduced into the vagina, rectum, port, or other natural orifice 24 or surgically generated orifice without trauma to surrounding tissue. Such container expander assembly 270 embodiments may have many applications, including the placement of a tissue container 40 into the abdominal cavity 18 for the purpose of capturing the uterus for hysterectomy when the uterus of a woman needs to be removed. The container deployer assembly embodiment 270 is inserted into the vagina 24 of a patient 20, as indicated by arrow 292, for the purpose of storing and removing the patient's uterus 15 in order to perform a hysterectomy, as shown in Figure 33. Figure 33 shows the sheath 274 and tissue container 40 of the container deployer assembly 270, introduced into the vagina 24 with the tissue container 40 already pre-loaded in the sheath embodiment 274. In some cases, during such a procedure, the uterus 15 may be removed from the vagina via a vaginotomy, and the sheath 274 may be inserted up to or beyond the vaginal cuff, as shown.

[0120] Once the sheath 274 and the tissue container placed within it are optimally positioned within the vagina 24, the pusher rod 278 may be pushed distally relative to the sheath 274, which may be used to effectively deploy the tissue container 40 outward from the distal end 290 of the sheath 274 and into a cavity 18 in the patient's abdomen or pelvis, as shown in Figure 34. Figure 33 shows a tether 282 extending from the tissue container 40 to an external position on the sheath 274. Also, as shown in Figure 30, if several portions of the tether 282 are positioned inside the sheath 274 and the sheath 274 and the pusher rod 278 have a tight fit between them, the pusher rod 278 may include a notch or groove 284 below the nominal outer surface 288 of the pusher rod 282 for accommodating the tether 282.

[0121] Some sheath embodiments 274 may include features shown in Figure 31 to ensure that the orientation of the tissue container 40, such as circumferential orientation, can be controlled during the deployment of the tissue container 40. Such features may include a stabilizing ridge 276 extending inward from the inner surface 286 of the inner lumen 280 of the sheath 274, as shown in Figure 31, or other symmetrical or asymmetrical features. Such features 276 may be useful to ensure that the tissue container 40 is positioned on the bottom of the abdomen when deployed through the vagina 24 for the storage and removal of the tissue specimen 15. In some cases, the tissue container 40 may be deployed between the uterus and the bottom of the abdomen. Some sheath embodiments 274 may have orientation indicators 292, such as circumferential orientation, as shown in Figures 29, 30, and 32, so that once the tissue container 40 of such embodiments is positioned in a desired location within the patient's body 20 and ready to be deployed, the user can be made aware of the orientation in which the opening 43 of the tissue container 40 will be positioned. For example, if the orientation indicator 292 points toward the ceiling of the operating room during insertion and subsequent deployment, the opening 43 of the tissue container 40 will also point toward this direction once deployed, as shown in Figure 34, in some embodiments.

[0122] In some embodiments, the tissue container 40 may be configured such that the opening 294 at the distal end 290 of the sheath 274 springs open like a hoop, but a portion of the hoop may partially unfold outward from the sheath 274 so that it remains inside the sheath 274. In such embodiments, full unfolding may be prevented by maintaining slight tension on the tether 282. In some cases, the periphery 41 of the container 40 may be attached to a rigid member (not shown) used to control the hoop or opening 43 of the periphery 41. The rigid member may be a rigid wand in both handheld and robotically controlled embodiments. The rigid member, which guides or is part of the tissue container 40, may also be constructed to be part of a container unfolder 272. In effect, an operator of an embodiment of the container unfolder 272 may have the tissue container 40 open on a rigid control wand, and the operator may work in a team with a laparoscopic surgeon to bring about the storage of a target tissue specimen 15 in the internal volume 42 of the tissue container 40.

[0123] Some embodiments of the tissue container expander assembly 270 may also include a tissue container expander 272 having a sheath 274 with a rounded distal tip 290 including a longitudinal slit 296 that forms a petal 298 at the distal tip 290 of the sheath 274, which converges together and is configured to open in response to the application of distal axial pressure from within the inner lumen 280. The tissue container expander 272 may also include a pusher rod 278 having an extension configuration with an outer surface 288 that is sized to fit and translate axially within the inner lumen 280 of the sheath 274 and has an axial length equal to or greater than the axial length of the inner lumen 280 of the sheath 274. The tissue container embodiment 40 is placed in the inner lumen 280 of the sheath 274 in a contracted state, and the tissue container 40 includes a wall 44 having a thin, flexible structure, an internal volume 42, and an opening 43 communicating with the internal volume 42.

[0124] In some cases, embodiments of the sheath 274 may further include a plurality of stabilizer ridges 276, each fixed to the inner lumen 280, extending radially inward from the inner surface 286 of the inner lumen 280, and each having an elongated configuration with a longitudinal axis substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis 300 of the sheath 274 and the pusher rod 278. In some cases, the opening 43 of the tissue container 40 includes a periphery 41 positioned around the opening 43, which engages with the tissue stabilizer ridges 276 of the sheath 274 to prevent rotation of the tissue container 40 within the inner lumen 280 of the sheath 274, and positions the tissue container 40 with the opening 43 facing a known circumferential orientation to which it is fixed. In some embodiments, the periphery 41 of the tissue container 40 may have an elastic configuration that opens when unrestrained.

[0125] In some embodiments, the ballast ridges 276 may be uniformly spaced apart with respect to the inner lumen 280 in a circumferential orientation, and the number of ballast ridges 276 may include two, three, four, or more. In some cases, the ballast ridges 276 may have a longitudinal length that is at least twice the transverse outer dimension of the sheath 274, and may extend radially inward from the inner surface 286 of the inner lumen 280 by about 0.05 inches to about 0.4 inches.

[0126] Some sheath embodiments 274 may be made from polymer materials, which may include ABS plastic, polycarbonate, PEEK, or PVC. Some sheath embodiments 274 may have an axial length of about 15 cm to about 35 cm, a transverse dimension of about 0.4 inches to about 1.5 inches, and a wall thickness of about 0.02 inches to about 0.1 inches. In some cases, such a sheath embodiment 274 may further include an orientation indicator 292, which in some situations can be used to indicate to the user of the container unfolder assembly 270 the circumferential orientation of the opening 43 of the tissue container 40. Some sheath embodiments 274 may further include a flange 302 positioned on its proximal end, together with the orientation indicator 292, which includes an arrow-shaped body fixed to the flange 302, with the arrow 304 pointing in a direction identical to the direction the opening 43 of the tissue container 40 faces when placed inside the sheath 274.

[0127] Some embodiments 270 may include a tether 282 having a thin, flexible structure and a distal end 306, as shown in Figure 35, which is fixed to a periphery 41 positioned around the opening 43 of the tissue container 40, and a proximal end 308 that extends outward from the inner lumen 280 of the sheath 274 prior to deployment. Figure 35 shows the tissue container 40 positioned in the body cavity 18 with the tether 282 fully discharged from the distal port 294 of the sheath 274 and extending from the cavity 18 to a position outside the patient's body 20. In some cases, with respect to such embodiments, the pusher rod 278 may include a longitudinal groove 284, which is positioned along the outer surface 288 of the longitudinal groove 284 with the tether 282 positioned within the longitudinal groove 284 between the outer surface of the longitudinal groove and the inner surface 286 of the sheath 274.

[0128] Several embodiments of the method for deploying the tissue container 40 may include the step of inserting the distal end 290 of the sheath 274 of the tissue container deployer assembly 270 to a desired position within the internal cavity 18 of the patient 20 through a body opening 24, as shown in Figure 33. The pusher rod 278 of the tissue container deployer assembly 270 is advanced axially distal to the sheath 274, simultaneously advancing the tissue container 40 in its contracted state, positioned within the inner lumen 280 of the sheath 274, as shown in Figure 34. The tissue container 40 is thus advanced axially using the distal end of the pusher rod 278 in contact with the proximal end of the tissue container 40. As the pusher rod 278 and the tissue container 40 are advanced axially, the method also includes the step of using the distal end 310 of the tissue container 40, which is configured in a contracted state, to open a flexible petal 298 formed by a longitudinal slit 296 in the distal end 290 of the sheath 274, thereby forming a distal port or opening 294 in the sheath 274 for distal discharge of the tissue container 40 from the inner lumen 280 of the sheath 274. The method further includes the step of continuing to advance the tissue container 40 axially using the pusher rod 278 until the tissue container 40 is completely discharged from the distal port 294 of the sheath 274 into the internal cavity 18 of the patient 20, as shown in Figure 35.

[0129] As discussed above, the sheath 274 may include a plurality of stabilizer protrusions 276, and some method embodiments include a step of using the stabilizer protrusions 276 to stabilize the circumferential orientation of the tissue container 40 during axial advancement of the tissue container 40 using the pusher rod 276. In some cases, the method may also include a step of proximal drawing out the periphery 41 of the tissue container 40 from the internal cavity 18 of the patient 20 to a position outside the patient's body 20 through the body opening 24, as shown in Figure 21. With respect to some embodiments, the method may also include a step of using a tether 282 to proximal drawing out the periphery 41 of the tissue container 40 from within the body cavity 18 of the patient 20 to a position outside the patient's body 20.

[0130] Features described herein with respect to different uses, or different characteristics, apparatus, components, or the order of their use, may be used synonymously in various ways without prejudice to the spirit of the methods and devices of this disclosure. The presence or absence of a particular step or component should not be construed as limiting the methods described herein. With regard to the detailed description above, similar reference numerals used herein may refer to similar elements that may have the same or similar dimensions, materials, and construction. It will be apparent that while certain embodiments are illustrated and described, various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the embodiments discussed. Therefore, the present invention is not intended to be limited by the aforementioned embodiments of the present invention.

[0131] Each patent, patent application, publication, and document referenced herein is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The references to the aforementioned patents, patent applications, publications, and documents do not constitute an acknowledgment that any of the foregoing is relevant prior art, nor do they constitute any acknowledgment of the content or date of these documents.

[0132] Modifications may be made to the embodiments described above without departing from the fundamental aspects of the Art. While the Art may be described in substantial detail with reference to one or more specific embodiments, changes may be made to the embodiments specifically disclosed herein, and furthermore, these modifications and improvements are within the scope and spirit of the Art. The Art preferably illustrated herein may be practiced in the absence of any elements not specifically disclosed herein. Thus, for example, in each instance herein, any of the terms “~equipped with,” “essentially consisting of,” and “~consisting of” may be substituted for the other two terms. The terms and expressions used are for illustrative purposes only, not limitation, and the use of such terms and expressions does not exclude any equivalents of any feature or part thereof shown or described, and various modifications are possible within the scope of the claimed Art. The terms “a” or “an” may refer to one or more of the elements it modifies unless it is clear from the context that one or more of the elements being described is being described. While this technology is specifically disclosed by representative embodiments and optional features, modifications and variations of the concepts disclosed herein may be made, and such modifications and variations shall be considered within the scope of this technology.

[0133] One embodiment of this technology is described in the following claims.

Claims

1. A tissue storage and removal system, Organization container and A bulk tissue reducer, wherein the bulk tissue reducer is A tissue cutter comprising a hollow structure having an inner lumen extending along its length, and a tissue cutting blade positioned at the distal end of the tissue cutter, A light energy source, wherein the light energy source is configured to emit light energy distally outward from the distal end of the tissue cutter through the inner lumen, and Bulk tissue reducers and A tissue storage and removal system comprising:

2. The tissue storage and removal system according to claim 1, wherein the light energy source is positioned adjacent to the proximal end of the inner lumen of the tissue cutter.

3. The tissue storage and removal system according to claim 2, further comprising an optical guide, the optical guide being configured to receive and transmit the optical energy from the optical energy source, and positioned within the inner lumen of the tissue cutter, and the optical guide being configured to transmit the optical energy distally from the optical energy source through the optical guide so as to be emitted outward from the distal end of the tissue cutter.

4. The tissue storage and removal system according to claim 3, wherein the optical guide comprises an extension tube having an inner lumen extending to its length, and a translucent polymer material configured to transmit the optical energy from the proximal end of the optical guide to the distal end of the optical guide.

5. The tissue storage and removal system according to claim 4, further comprising a plurality of light energy sources, the plurality of light energy sources being located at the proximal end of the inner lumen of the tissue cutter, and the light guide being configured to receive and transmit light energy from the plurality of light energy sources.

6. The tissue storage and removal system according to claim 5, wherein the plurality of light energy sources include light-emitting diodes.

7. The tissue storage and removal system according to claim 6, wherein the light-emitting diode comprises a red light-emitting diode.

8. The tissue storage and removal system according to claim 3, wherein the bulk tissue reducer further comprises a housing fixed to the optical guide, and the tissue cutter is coupled to the housing such that it allows the tissue cutter to rotate about its longitudinal axis relative to the housing.

9. The tissue storage and removal system according to claim 1, wherein the tissue container has a translucent wall structure.

10. The tissue storage and removal system according to claim 9, wherein the translucent wall structure of the tissue container comprises a thin layer of polymer material including polyester, polyethylene, polyurethane, polypropylene, PET, PETG, aramid and paraaramid, poly(paraphenylene terephthalamide), and aliphatic or semi-aromatic polyamide.

11. The tissue storage and removal system according to claim 2, further comprising a plurality of light energy sources positioned at the proximal end of the inner lumen of the tissue cutter.

12. The tissue storage and removal system according to claim 11, wherein the plurality of light energy sources include light-emitting diodes.

13. The tissue storage and removal system according to claim 12, wherein the light-emitting diode comprises a red light-emitting diode.

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