Isoparaffin kerosene composition

Abstract

Jet boiling range compositions comprising at least a portion of an isoparaffin blend component are provided along with methods for making such blend components. The highly isoparaffinic nature of the blend components may allow the isoparaffinic blend components to be used in combination with both conventional / mineral jet fuel boiling range fractions as well as non-traditional feeds (such as Fischer-Tropsch fractions) to form jet fuel fractions and / or jet fuel blend component fractions.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] This disclosure relates to kerosene or jet boiling point range compositions having a high isoparaffin content, and to methods for forming fuel compositions or fuel blend compositions prepared from such kerosene or jet boiling point range compositions. [Background technology]

[0002] The aviation industry is increasingly seeking sustainable sources of jet fuel to reduce the carbon intensity of the fuel consumed during flight. The aviation industry currently contributes 2-3% of global CO2 emissions, a figure expected to increase with the projected growth of the aviation sector over the next 30 years. Many sustainable aviation fuel routes are approved for use in commercial aviation. Raw materials used in these routes include plant / animal fats, waste (e.g., municipal solid waste and forestry waste), and bio-derived alcohols such as ethanol and / or isobutanol. However, there is a growing recognition that commercial aviation will require large quantities of non-biological fuels to meet increasing demand.

[0003] Current Fischer-Tropsch (FT) technology enables the production of jet fuel from synthesis gas that can be derived from captured CO2 and H2. However, FT technology is costly, and the products from the FT reaction require additional cracking and hydrogen isomerization to produce suitable aviation fuel. The required cracking reduces the yield of jet fuel from FT. Therefore, new high-yield technologies are needed to convert CO2 and H2 into aviation fuel to improve the availability of low-carbon strength fuels for the aviation sector.

[0004] U.S. Patent No. 7,692,049 describes a method for oligomerizing olefins (including C3-C8 olefins) to produce olefins and alkanes containing a high proportion of branched olefins and alkanes. 20Compositions resulting from this method, including hydrocarbons, are described. Blends of one of these compositions in 25% by weight with conventional jet fuels are also described. Sources of C3-C8 olefins include the conversion of methanol to olefins and the formation of olefins via steam cracking.

[0005] U.S. Patents No. 8,318,994 and No. 7,667,086 also describe methods for oligomerizing olefins, and corresponding compositions comprising branched olefins and alkanes formed via the oligomerization method.

[0006] The technical paper by Gulder et al. in the SAE Technical Paper Series (892073) is: 1 This paper describes a methodology for determining the amount of hydrogen bonded to carbon atoms at various positions within a hydrocarbon-like sample by performing 1H NMR and analyzing the resulting spectrum. The paper is titled "A Rapid Cetane Number Prediction Method for Petroleum Liquids and Pure Hydrocarbons Using Proton NMR." [Overview of the project]

[0007] In various embodiments, blended jet boiling range compositions are provided. The composition may include an isoparaffin blend component and one or more additional components such as a mineral jet boiling range fraction and / or a synthetic jet boiling range fraction. The isoparaffin blend component may consist of 80% by weight or more of isoparaffin, 5.0% by weight or less of olefin, and 5.0% by weight or less of C 19+ The composition may contain hydrocarbons. In some embodiments, the resulting composition may have a T10 distillation point of 205°C or lower and / or a final boiling point of 300°C or lower.

[0008] In some embodiments, the composition contains 1.0% by weight or more, or 1.5% by weight or more, or 2.0% by weight or more of C 17 -C 18It may contain hydrocarbons. In some embodiments, the composition may contain 10% by weight or more of C9 hydrocarbons. In some embodiments, the composition may have a flash point of 50°C or higher and / or a freezing point of -40°C or lower. In some embodiments, the isoparaffin blend components and / or compositions may contain an atypical distribution type of hydrogen in the hydrocarbons of the isoparaffin blend components and / or compositions. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0009] [Figure 1] This document provides compositional information regarding the blend of isoparaffin blend components with conventional jet fuel. [Figure 2] This section provides compositional information on a blend of isoparaffin blend components, distinct from conventional jet fuel. [Figure 3] The results of 1H NMR characterization of iso-olefin and isoparaffin blend components are shown. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0010] In various embodiments, kerosene boiling point range and / or jet boiling point range compositions comprising at least a portion of isoparaffin blend components are provided along with methods for producing such blend components. The high isoparaffinic properties of the blend components allow the isoparaffin blend components to be used in combination with both conventional / mineral jet fuel boiling point range fractions and non-conventional feeds (such as Fischer-Tropsch fractions) to form jet fuel fractions and / or jet fuel blend component fractions. Optionally, a portion of the isoparaffin blend product may correspond to isoolefins rather than isoparaffins. Optionally, isoolefin blend components may be formed instead of, or in addition to, isoparaffin blend components.

[0011] One of the obstacles to reducing the use of aviation fuel derived from mineral fractions is simply the scarcity of available supplies. One option to overcome this obstacle is to synthesize kerosene / jet boiling range compounds from feedstocks other than mineral fractions. The synthesis of kerosene / jet boiling range components by oligomerization of olefins can provide such a route. For example, the olefin used for oligomerization may be formed by the conversion of methanol to olefins. In this option, the problem of producing non-mineral jet boiling range compounds is converted into the problem of producing non-mineral methanol for the subsequent conversion. (More generally, the olefin for oligomerization can be obtained from any convenient source of olefins, such as olefins formed by pyrolysis, including the pyrolysis of bio-derived feedstocks.) Forming jet fuel or jet fuel blend components from bio-derived feedstocks containing jet boiling range compounds (or higher boiling range compounds converted to the jet boiling range) is another example of a route for "synthesizing" jet boiling range compounds.

[0012] With regard to forming jet fuel or jet fuel blend components by synthesizing jet boiling point range compounds from methanol feedstocks, various options for producing such methanol are available. One option may be to use methanol of biodegradable origin. Another option may be to synthesize methanol from CO2 and H2. For example, CO2 can be CO2 isolated from air or another process, while H2 can be H2 formed by renewable methods such as the electrolysis of water by solar power. Since methanol is a readily synthesized feedstock, the methanol source (and therefore the source of the resulting olefins) can be modified over time to select the option that provides the best overall benefit.

[0013] In addition to enabling the production of non-mineral kerosene / jet boiling range compounds, the synthesis method for forming high isoparaffin blend components can offer various other advantages. For example, in some embodiments, the isoparaffinic nature of the blend components can 17 and / or C 18 enable incorporation into jet fuel of hydrocarbons. The boiling points of C 17 and C 18 n-paraffins exceed the final boiling point generally required for jet fuel under standards such as ASTM D1655. However, C 17 or C 18 paraffins (i.e., isoparaffins) containing at least one branch point can have a boiling point below 300 °C. Since the blend components have a relatively low content of n-paraffins, blend components having up to 15 wt% of C 17 and / or C 18 compounds can be added to potential jet fuel while achieving a final boiling point of 300 °C or less in accordance with ASTM D86.

[0014] As another example, in some embodiments, the isoparaffinic properties of a blend component can provide beneficial cold flow characteristics. While n-paraffins typically have relatively high values ​​for properties such as cloud point or freezing point, various types of isoparaffins generally have much lower values ​​(i.e., cloud point and / or freezing point corresponding to lower temperatures). The beneficial cold flow characteristics of an isoparaffin blend component can be used to offset another kerosene / jet boiling point range fraction that may have less desirable properties. For example, the Fischer-Tropsch fraction may tend to consist mainly of n-paraffins and therefore may tend to have relatively undesirable cold flow characteristics. Blending an isoparaffin blend component with the Fischer-Tropsch fraction can result in a blended synthetic fuel / fuel blend component that incorporates a significant portion of the Fischer-Tropsch fraction while still having sufficient cold flow performance to meet one or more types of jet fuel standards. Similarly, some synthetic aviation fuel fractions as defined in ASTM 7566 (such as bio-derived aviation fuels) may have relatively high freezing point temperatures. Blending isoparaffin blend components with such synthetic aviation fuel fractions can potentially improve the freezing point (and / or other cold flow properties) of the resulting jet fuel, while substantially retaining the bio-derived properties of the aviation fuel, depending on the source of the oligomerized olefins used to form the isoparaffin blend components.

[0015] As yet another example, isoparaffin blend components can have a relatively high energy content (per weight). As a result, isoparaffin blend components can be desirable blend components for blending with various other fractions, including sustainable aviation fuel fractions, as well as various types of difficult fractions that may have lower specific energy and / or less desirable cold flow characteristics.

[0016] In addition to the above, it has been further discovered that hydrocarbons in isoparaffin blend components can have unexpected types of carbon atom distributions, such as an unusual distribution of hydrogen on CH3 groups relative to hydrogen on CH2 groups. This makes it possible to form blends with similarly unexpected types of carbon atom distributions in the resulting blends.

[0017] definition All numerical values ​​in the detailed descriptions and claims herein are modified by the terms “approximately” or “about” to account for experimental errors and variations that a person skilled in the art would expect.

[0018] In this study, a jet fuel or jet fuel blend component containing at least a portion of a synthesized jet fuel boiling point range compound (i.e., a jet fuel boiling point range compound not derived from the processing of mineral sources) is defined as a synthetic jet fuel or a synthetic jet fuel blend component.

[0019] In this consideration, when methanol is used as a raw material for forming olefins, methanol obtained by processing bio-derived raw materials and / or methanol obtained by fermentation of raw materials may be referred to as “sustainable” methanol.

[0020] Current commercial standards for jet fuel typically specify a variety of properties. Examples of characteristic specifications and / or typical properties for commercial jet fuel include total acidity of 0.1 mg KOH / g or less, or 0.015 mg KOH / g or less, sulfur content of 3000 wppm or less, maximum freezing point of -40°C or -47°C, viscosity at -20°C of 8.0 cSt or less, flash point of at least 38°C, initial boiling point of 140°C or higher, T10 distillation point of 205°C or lower, and / or final boiling point of 300°C or lower. Another example of a characteristic specification is the specification for the maximum deposit thickness on the surface of the heater tube and / or the maximum pressure increase during the thermal stability test at 260°C (according to ASTM D3241), such as the maximum deposit thickness of 85 nm and / or the maximum pressure increase of 25 mm Hg. Yet another example of a characteristic specification may be the water separation index, such as a water separation index of 85 or higher when measured according to ASTM D3948. The water separation index provides an indicator of the amount of surfactant present in a jet fuel boiling point range sample. Petroleum fractions having a suitable boiling point range and meeting various commercial standards requirements can be tested (according to ASTM D3241, etc.) and certified for use as jet fuel. In some embodiments, kerosene boiling point range fractions can correspond to jet fuel fractions that meet the jet fuel standards under ASTM D1655. This may include a thermal stability breakpoint of 260°C or above, or 275°C or above, as defined by ASTM D3241.

[0021] Unless otherwise specified, the distillation point and boiling point may be determined according to ASTM D86. Note that other methods for evaluating boiling point characteristics may be provided in the examples. Values ​​produced by such other methods are considered to represent the values ​​that would be obtained under ASTM D86.

[0022] In this study, the jet fuel boiling point range or kerosene boiling point range is defined as 140°C to 300°C. The jet fuel boiling point range fraction or kerosene boiling point range fraction is defined as a fraction having a T10 distillation point of 140°C to 205°C and a final boiling point of 300°C or less. It should be noted that the jet fuel boiling point range fraction may sometimes have a flash point of 38°C or higher, but the kerosene boiling point range fraction does not necessarily have such a requirement.

[0023] In this discussion, a hydrogenated fraction refers to a hydrocarbon fraction and / or hydrocarbon fraction exposed to a catalyst having hydrogenation activity in the presence of hydrogen at a temperature of 200°C or higher and at a hydrogen pressure of 300 kPa-a or higher. Examples of hydrogenated fractions include hydrogenated distillate fractions (i.e., hydrogenated fractions having the distillate boiling point range), hydrogenated kerosene fractions (i.e., hydrogenated fractions having the kerosene boiling point range), and hydrogenated diesel fractions (i.e., hydrogenated fractions having the diesel boiling point range). It should be noted that hydrogenated fractions derived from biosources such as hydrogenated vegetable oils can correspond to hydrogenated distillate fractions, hydrogenated kerosene fractions, and / or hydrogenated diesel fractions, depending on the boiling point range of the hydrogenated fraction.

[0024] Various methods can be used to characterize the properties of kerosene / jet boiling point range fractions and / or blends of such fractions with other components in order to form kerosene / jet boiling point range fuels. 15℃ (kg / m³ 3The density of the blend at ) can be determined according to ASTM D4052. Sulfur (in wppm or wt%) can be determined according to ASTM D2622, and nitrogen (in wppm or wt%) can be determined according to D4629. The kinematic viscosity (cSt) at either -20°C or -40°C can be determined according to ASTM D445. The pour point can be determined according to ASTM D5949. The cloud point can be determined according to D5773. The freezing point can be determined according to D5972. The flash point can be determined according to ASTM D56. The cetane number can be determined according to ASTM D613. The aromatic content can be determined according to ASTM D1319.

[0025] In this study, the content of n-paraffins, isoparaffins, cycloparaffins, aromatics, and / or olefins may be determined according to test method UOP 990. Regarding aromatics, ASTM D1319 is used for samples with an aromatic content of 5.0% by weight or more. The aromatic content determined according to UOP 990 should only be used for characterizing aromatic content between 1.0% by weight and 5.0% by weight, which corresponds to aromatic content that is not suitable for characterization according to ASTM D1319. It should be noted that even lower aromatic content may potentially be determined by other methods, such as UV-Vis spectroscopy.

[0026] As described above, UOP 990 can be used to determine the paraffin, naphthene, and aromatic content. Note that in some cases of the paraffin, n-paraffin, and isoparaffin content described below, the content was determined using gas chromatography according to the linear paraffin method. The n-paraffin peak from a hydrocarbon sample in gas chromatography is well known. The n-paraffin peak can be incorporated separately to determine the n-paraffin content of the sample using gas chromatography. Peaks in the GC spectrum between n-paraffin peaks can be assigned as isoparaffins with the same number of carbon atoms as the lower peaks, so that the total amount of paraffin with a given number of carbon atoms can be determined. The isoparaffin content for a given number of carbon atoms can be determined by subtracting the n-paraffin content from the total paraffin content. The values ​​specified herein determined by the linear paraffin method are considered to represent the values ​​that would be obtained according to UOP 990.

[0027] As described above, UOP 990 can be used to determine paraffin, naphthene, and aromatic content. For some paraffin, naphthene, and / or aromatic content described herein, supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) was used. The SFC characterization values ​​are considered to represent those that would be obtained according to UOP 990. For SFC characterization, the characterization was performed using a commercial supercritical fluid chromatography system, and the methodology represents an extension of the methodology described in ASTM D5186 to allow for separate characterization of paraffin and naphthene. The extension of the ASTM D5186 methodology was made possible by using an additional separation column to allow for the degradation of naphthene and paraffin. The system included a high-pressure pump for delivering the supercritical carbon dioxide mobile phase, a temperature-controlled column oven, an autosampler with a high-pressure liquid injection valve for delivering sample material to the mobile phase, a flame ionization detector, a mobile phase splitter (low dead-volume tee), a back pressure regulator for maintaining CO2 in a supercritical state, and a computer and data system for controlling the components and recording data signals. For analysis, approximately 75 milligrams of sample were diluted in 2 milliliters of toluene and packed into a standard septum-capped autosampler vial. The sample was introduced via a high-pressure sampling valve. SFC separation was performed using multiple commercial silica-packed columns connected in series (with pore sizes of 5 microns, 60 or 30 angstroms) (ID of 250 mm, 2 mm or 4 mm in length). The column temperature was typically maintained at 35°C or 40°C. For analysis, the column head pressure was typically 250 bar. The liquid CO2 flow rate was typically 0.3 ml / min for a 2 mm ID column or 2.0 ml / min for a 4 mm ID column. The SFC FID signal was incorporated into the paraffinic and naphthenic regions. In addition to characterizing aromatics according to ASTM D5186, samples were analyzed for total paraffinic and total naphthenic splits using supercritical fluid chromatography.Various standards using typical molecular types can be used to calibrate paraffin / naphthene splits for quantification.

[0028] The carbon number distribution (CND) is obtained by injecting a suitable sample of an olefin-containing reactor product into a hydrogenation GC. The hydrogenation GC is fitted with a zone containing Pt / Al2O3 or another suitable hydrogenation catalyst, under conditions such that the olefin material is nearly or completely saturated with hydrogen co-supplied to the hydrogenation zone along with the sample before entering the GC column. Therefore, the actual GC measurement is not a direct measurement of the olefin species, but a measurement of the corresponding saturated molecule. This provides a more accurate measurement of the carbon number by reducing the volatility / retention time dispersion that would be observed among various olefin species.

[0029] Regardless of the specific GC protocol (amount of sample injected, specific column and detector, type and rate of carrier gas, split level, and other details well known to those skilled in the art), carbon number is distinguished by the GC retention time of normal linear paraffins. Typically, when performing this analytical method, the selected protocol is calibrated by supplying a calibration standard containing all normal linear paraffins of the desired carbon number, or C5-C20. An imperfect but fairly accurate and useful approximation is made that any given carbon number of normal linear paraffin isomer has the lowest volatility and therefore the highest retention time of all corresponding carbon number isomers. Thus, for example, the C8 isomer has a retention time that passes through the peak at n-octane and includes it, excluding the peak at n-heptane, and then immediately follows; the C9 isomer has a retention time that passes through the peak at n-nonane and includes it, excluding the peak at n-heptane, and then immediately follows. The disadvantage is C n+1 Certain highly branched paraffins are normal linear C nThis means that the retention time may overlap. For a moderate branching level of the molecule produced by the process of the present invention, this is a small error, estimated to be less than about 5% for any given number of carbon atoms.

[0030] An exemplary GC protocol involves using an Agilent® 8190 GC instrument adapted to the aforementioned hydrogenation zone under appropriate conditions, feeding saturated material into a 100m × 250mm × 0.5mm Agilent® DB-1 column with dimensions of approximately 40°C and a temperature that rises to approximately 265°C at a rate of approximately 1.5–3.5°C / min, along with a hydrogen, nitrogen, or helium carrier gas, an FID detector, and a typical run lasting approximately 80 minutes.

[0031] In this discussion, the term “paraffin” refers to a saturated hydrocarbon chain. Therefore, a paraffin is an alkane that does not contain a ring structure. Paraffins may be linear or branched and are considered acyclic compounds. “Paraffin” is intended to encompass all structural isomers of paraffins. The term “n-paraffin” has the expected definition of a linear alkane (without branching or rings in the carbon chain). The term “isoparaffin” is used herein to refer to any alkane that contains one or more branches in the carbon chain but does not contain any ring structure.

[0032] In this discussion, the term "iso-olefin" is similar to "isoparaffin," but refers to an alkene rather than an alkane. Therefore, iso-olefins are defined as alkenes that contain at least one branch in their carbon chain but do not have a ring structure.

[0033] In this discussion, the term "naphthene" refers to cycloalkanes (also known as cycloparaffins). Therefore, naphthenes correspond to saturated ring structures. The term naphthene encompasses monocyclic and polycyclic naphthenes. Polycyclic naphthenes may have two or more rings, for example, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, and ten rings. The rings may be condensed and / or crosslinked. Naphthenes can also contain various side chains, such as one or more alkyl side chains of one to ten carbon atoms.

[0034] In this discussion, the term "saturated" refers to all linear, branched, and cyclic paraffins. Therefore, saturated paraffins correspond to combinations of paraffins and naphthenes.

[0035] In this discussion, the term "aromatic ring" refers to a ring structure in which (i) at least four of the atoms bonded in the ring structure are carbon atoms, and (ii) all of the carbon atoms bonded in the ring structure are aromatic carbon atoms. Therefore, an aromatic ring corresponds to an unsaturated ring structure. Aromatic carbons are, for example, 13 This can be identified using 1C nuclear magnetic resonance. Aromatic rings that have atoms attached to the ring (e.g., one or more heteroatoms, one or more carbon atoms, etc.) but are not part of the ring structure fall within the scope of the term “aromatic ring.” Furthermore, it should be noted that ring structures containing one or more heteroatoms (e.g., sulfur, nitrogen, or oxygen) can correspond to “aromatic rings” if the ring structure otherwise falls within the definition of an “aromatic ring.”

[0036] In this discussion, the term “non-aromatic ring” refers to four or more carbon atoms bonded in at least one ring structure, where at least one of the four or more carbon atoms in the ring structure is not an aromatic carbon atom. Non-aromatic rings that have atoms attached to the ring (e.g., one or more heteroatoms, one or more carbon atoms, etc.) but are not part of the ring structure fall within the scope of the term “non-aromatic ring.”

[0037] In this discussion, the term "aromatic" refers to all compounds containing at least one aromatic ring. Such compounds containing at least one aromatic ring include compounds having one or more hydrocarbon substituents. It should be noted that compounds containing at least one aromatic ring and at least one non-aromatic ring fall within the definition of "aromatic."

[0038] It should be noted that some hydrocarbons present in the feed or product may fall outside the definitions of paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics. For example, any alkene that is not part of an aromatic compound would fall outside the definitions above. Similarly, non-aromatic compounds containing heteroatoms such as sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen are not included in the definitions of paraffins or naphthenes.

[0039] Isoparaffin Blend Components In various embodiments, isoparaffin blend components can be used to form blended products that correspond to jet fuel and / or jet fuel blend components. Optionally, isoolefin blend components may be used instead of, or in addition to, isoparaffin blend components.

[0040] In this consideration, for a fraction to be either an isoparaffin blend component or an iso-olefin blend component, it contains 50% or more by weight, or 60% or more by weight, or 70% or more by weight, or 80% or more by weight of a combined isoparaffin and isoolefin, for example, a fraction substantially composed of isoparaffin and isoolefin at most (i.e., less than 8.0% by weight, or less than 5.0% by weight, or less than 3.0% by weight, or less than 1.0% by weight, for example, at least zero of other types of hydrocarbons / compounds). In addition to the above, an isoparaffin blend component refers to a fraction containing less than 5.0% by weight of isoolefin and 80% or more by weight, or 85% or more by weight, or 90% or more by weight of isoparaffin (relative to the weight of the fraction), for example, a fraction having substantially all of the fraction corresponding to isoparaffin at most. The iso-olefin blend component refers to a fraction that satisfies the requirement of a) the combined amount of iso-olefin and isoparaffin, and b) contains 5.0% or more by weight, or 25% or more by weight, or 50% or more by weight, or 70% or more by weight of iso-olefin, for example, having substantially all of the fraction corresponding to iso-olefin at most.

[0041] In various embodiments, the isoparaffin blend components and / or iso-olefin blend components may have one or more of the following properties. In some embodiments, 80% or more by weight of the blend components, or 90% or more by weight of the blend components, or 94% or more by weight of the blend components, are C9-C 20 It consists of isoolefins, isoparaffins, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the blend components in amounts of 2.0% to 25% by weight, or 2.0% to 15% by weight, or 5.0% to 25% by weight, or 5.0% to 15% by weight, or 2.0% to 10% by weight, consist of C9 hydrocarbons. In some embodiments, the blend components in amounts of 1.0% to 15% by weight, or 2.5% to 15% by weight, consist of C 17+It is composed of hydrocarbons. In some embodiments, the blend components are present in amounts of 1.0% to 15% by weight, or 2.5% to 15% by weight, or 1.0% to 10% by weight, or 2.5% to 10% by weight. 17 and / or C 18 It is composed of hydrocarbons. In some embodiments, the blend components are 5.0% by weight or less, or 3.0% by weight or less, or 1.0% by weight or less of C 19+ It may contain hydrocarbons, for example, at least C 19+ The hydrocarbon content is substantially zero. In some embodiments, the blend components are 5.0% by weight or less, or 3.0% by weight or less, or 1.0% by weight or less, or 0.5% by weight or less, for example, at least 0.1% by weight, or even lower (i.e., substantially C 8- (Content not specified) C 8- It may contain hydrocarbons. In some embodiments, the blend components are 0.730 g / cm³ at 15°C. 3 ~0.775g / cm 3 It has a specific gravity of .

[0042] In some embodiments, the blend components are based on the weight of the blend components, with 60% to 90% C by weight. 11 ~C 18 It may contain isoparaffins. Additionally or alternatively, the blend components may contain 50% to 75% by weight of C based on the weight of the blend components. 12 ~C 16 It may contain isoparaffins. This is particularly advantageous for the flexible use of the composition as aviation fuel or diesel fuel.

[0043] In various embodiments, the blend components may contain reduced or minimized amounts of aromatics. This can correspond to containing 5.0% by weight or less, or 3.0% by weight or less, or 1.0% by weight or less, or 0.5% by weight or less, or 0.1% by weight or less of aromatics, for example, substantially no aromatic content.

[0044] In various embodiments, the blend components may have flash points of 38°C or higher, or 40°C or higher, or 45°C or higher, or 50°C or higher, for example, up to 60°C, or optionally even higher. Additionally or alternatively, when tested alone (i.e., before blending with another fraction), the blend components may have jet fuel thermal oxidation test (JFTOT) breakpoint results of 260°C or higher, or 270°C or higher, or 280°C or higher, for example, up to 320°C, or optionally even higher.

[0045] In some embodiments, the blend components may have an electrical conductivity of 10 pS / m or less (according to ASTM test method D2624) before the addition of any additives, and may, for example, have virtually no electrical conductivity at all. It should be noted that the isoparaffin blend components described herein have a good response to conductive additives. After the addition of conventional additives for conductivity, the isoparaffin blend components may have a conductivity of 50 pS / m to 600 pS / m.

[0046] An example of a preferred process for producing isoparaffin blend components is described in U.S. Patent No. 7,692,049, which is incorporated herein by reference for the limited purpose of describing a method for producing isoparaffin blend components. Briefly, a feed containing at least one C3-C8 olefin is filtered on a molecular sieve catalyst at a rate of 10% by weight or less of C3-C8 olefins, such that a) the recycled feed weight to fresh feed weight ratio is about 0.5-2.0 and b) the difference between the highest and lowest temperatures in the reactor is 40°F (22°C) or less. 10+ Blend components can be produced by oligomerizing an olefin recycling stream containing non-n-olefins. The oligomerized product is then separated into an iso-olefin stream and at least one light olefin stream. At least a portion of the light olefin stream is then recycled back into the oligomerization process. In various embodiments, the iso-olefin stream can be exposed to hydrogenation conditions to produce an isoparaffin stream.

[0047] The fresh feed to the oligomerization process may contain, in any proportion, any single C3-C8 olefin or any mixture thereof. Particularly preferred feeds include a mixture of propylene and butylene having at least 5% by weight, e.g., at least 10% by weight, e.g., at least 20% by weight, e.g., at least 30% by weight or at least 40% by weight of a C4 olefin. A mixture of C3-C5 olefins having at least 40% by weight of a C4 olefin and at least 10% by weight of a C5 olefin is also useful.

[0048] In one embodiment, olefin feedstocks are obtained by converting oxygen-containing compounds such as methanol to olefins via, for example, a silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO) catalyst according to the methods of U.S. Patent Nos. 4,677,243 and 6,673,978, or an aluminosilicate catalyst according to the methods of WO04 / 18089, WO04 / 16572, EP 0 882 692, and U.S. Patent No. 4,025,575. Alternatively, olefin feedstocks can be obtained by catalytic cracking of relatively heavy petroleum fractions, or by thermal decomposition of various hydrocarbon streams ranging from ethane to naphtha and heavy fuel oil in a mixture with steam in a well-understood process known as “steam cracking.”

[0049] In various embodiments, the feedstock for the oligomerization process also contains less than 10% by weight of C. 10 + Contains an olefin recycling stream that contains a non-n-olefin and / or has a final boiling point of 170°C or lower. In some embodiments, the olefin recycling stream contains 30% by weight or less, or 10% by weight or less of C 9+It may contain olefins and / or have a final boiling point of 140°C or less. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the olefin recycling stream contains 30% by weight or less, or 5.0% by weight or less, C4 hydrocarbons (and thus roughly corresponds to the debutanization stream). The amount of olefin recycling stream supplied to the oligomerization process is such that the recycled feed weight to fresh feed weight ratio is about 0.5 to about 2.0. More specifically, the mass ratio of the olefin recycling stream to the fresh olefin raw material may be at least 0.7 or at least 0.9, but is generally 1.8 or less, or 1.5 or less, or 1.3 or less.

[0050] Furthermore, the raw materials, recycled materials, or both may contain other materials, such as inert diluents, such as saturated hydrocarbons, or other hydrocarbon species, such as aromatics or dienes.

[0051] The catalyst used in the oligomerization process may include any crystalline molecular sieve that is active in the olefin oligomerization reaction. In one embodiment, the catalyst includes a molecular sieve with a medium pore size having a constraint index of about 1 to about 12. The constraint index and methods for determining it are described in U.S. Patent No. 4,016,218, which is incorporated herein by reference. Examples of suitable medium pore size molecular sieves include those having 10-membered ring pore openings, including TON framework types (e.g., ZSM-22, ISI-1, Theta-1, Nu-10, and KZ-2), MTT framework types (e.g., ZSM-23 and KZ-1), MFI structure types (e.g., ZSM-5), MFS framework types (e.g., ZSM-57), MEL framework types (e.g., ZSM-11), MTW framework types (e.g., ZSM-12), EUO framework types (e.g., EU-1), and members of the ferrielite family (e.g., ZSM-35). In one preferred embodiment, the molecular sieve catalyst comprises ZSM-5.

[0052] Other suitable molecular sieves include those with 12-membered pore openings, such as ZSM-18, zeolite beta, faujasite, zeolite L, mordenite, and members of the MCM-22 family of molecular sieves (including, for example, MCM-22, PSH-3, SSZ-25, ERB-1, ITQ-1, ITQ-2, MCM-36, MCM-49, and MCM-56).

[0053] In one embodiment, the crystalline aluminosilicate molecular sieve has an average (d) of 0.15 microns or less. 50 ) has a crystal size. Furthermore, the molecular sieve is preferably selected to have an alpha value of about 100 to about 600, conveniently about 200 to about 400, or about 250 to about 350. The alpha value of the molecular sieve is an approximate indicator of its catalytic cracking activity compared to a standard silica-alumina catalyst test (which has an alpha value of 1). The alpha test is described in U.S. Patent No. 3,354,078, Journal of Catalysis, Vol. 4, p. 527 (1965), Vol. 6, p. 278 (1966), and Vol. 61, p. 395 (1980), each of which is incorporated herein by reference with respect to its description. The experimental conditions for the tests used herein include a constant temperature of 538°C and a variable flow rate, which is described in detail in Journal of Catalysis, Vol. 61, p. 395. Conveniently, a crystalline aluminosilicate molecular sieve having a silica-to-alumina molar ratio of approximately 20 to 300, for example, approximately 20 to 150, for example, approximately 45 to 90.

[0054] The molecular sieves may be supported or unsupported, for example, in powder form, or they may be used as extruded materials with a suitable binder. When a binder is used, the binder is preferably a metal oxide such as alumina, and the oligomerization catalyst is present in an amount such that it contains about 2 to about 80% by weight of molecular sieves.

[0055] The oligomerization reaction involves obtaining the desired low level of C in the reaction product. 17To ensure oligomerization, this should be carried out with a sufficiently high WHSV of the fresh feed to the reactor. This can correspond to a WHSV (space velocity per second) of 1.5 or higher, based on the weight of the fresh feed versus the weight of the molecular sieve on a catalyst basis. With regard to the combined fresh olefin feed to the reactor and recycling, the WHSV can be 2.3 or higher, again in this case based on the amount of molecular sieve in the oligomerizing catalyst.

[0056] The oligomerization process can be carried out over a wide range of temperatures, but generally, the temperature within the oligomerization reaction zone should be approximately 150°F to 350°C. However, in order to obtain the desired level of C4 olefin conversion at a given WHSV and point in the reaction cycle, it is important to ensure that the temperature across the reaction zone is maintained relatively constant. Therefore, as discussed above, the difference between the highest and lowest temperatures within the reactor should be maintained below 40°F (22°C).

[0057] The oligomerization process can be carried out over a wide range of olefin partial pressures, but higher olefin partial pressures are preferred because lower pressures tend to promote cyclization and cracking reactions, which are thermodynamically undesirable for a desirable oligomerization reaction. Typical olefin partial pressures of the combined olefin feed as the total packing amount into the reactor and the olefins in the light olefin / recycle stream include at least 400 psig (2860 kPa).

[0058] When synthesized, the resulting oligomerized product can correspond to iso-olefin blend components. Iso-olefin blend components can be converted to isoparaffin blend components by any convenient olefin saturation process, such as a mild hydrogenation process. Mild hydrogenation generally converts iso-olefins to isoparaffins by reducing the size or minimizing the amount of carbon chains in the fraction. In addition to converting iso-olefins to isoparaffins, hydrogenation of kerosene fractions can be used to remove sulfur, nitrogen, saturated olefins, saturated aromatics, and / or for other purposes.

[0059] During hydrogenation, the feedstock, which consists partially or entirely of a jet fuel boiling point range fraction, is processed in a hydrogenation (or other hydrogenation) reactor including one or more hydrogenation tables or beds. Optionally, the reaction conditions in the hydrogenation table may be suitable for reducing the sulfur content of the feedstream, for example, conditions suitable for reducing the sulfur content of the feedstream to 500 wppm or less, or 100 wppm or less, or 10 wppm or less, for example, at least 0.5 wppm, or possibly even lower. The reaction conditions last from 0.1 to 20.0 hours. -1 The LHSV may include a hydrogen partial pressure of approximately 50 psig (0.34 MPag) to approximately 3000 psig (20.7 MPag), a process gas containing at least approximately 50% hydrogen, and a temperature of approximately 450°F (232°C) to approximately 800°F (427°C). Preferably, the reaction conditions are 0.3 to 5 hours. -1 This includes LHSV, hydrogen partial pressures of approximately 100 psig (0.69 MPag) to approximately 1000 psig (6.9 MPag), and temperatures of approximately 700°F (371°C) to approximately 750°F (399°C).

[0060] Optionally, hydrogenation reactors operating at relatively low total pressure values, such as approximately 200 psig (1.4 MPag) to approximately 800 psig (5.5 MPag), may be used. For example, the pressure on the stage inside the hydrogenation reactor may be at least approximately 200 psig (1.4 MPag), or at least approximately 300 psig (2.1 MPag), or at least approximately 400 psig (2.8 MPag), or at least approximately 450 psig (3.1 MPag). The pressure on the stage inside the hydrogenation reactor may be approximately 800 psig (5.5 MPag) or less, or approximately 700 psig (4.8 MPag) or less, or approximately 600 psig (4.1 MPa) or less.

[0061] The catalyst for the hydrogenation stage may be a conventional hydrogenation catalyst, for example, a catalyst composed of Group VIB and / or Group VIII metals on a support. Suitable metals include cobalt, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, or combinations thereof. Preferred combinations of metals include nickel and molybdenum, or nickel, cobalt, and molybdenum. Suitable supports include silica, silica-alumina, alumina, and titanium.

[0062] In one embodiment, the amount of process gas delivered to the hydrogenation table can be based on the hydrogen consumption at the table. The process gas rate of the hydrogenation table may be about 2 to about 5 times the amount of hydrogen consumed per barrel of fresh feed at the table. A typical hydrogenation table has a rate of about 50 SCF / B (8.4 m³), ​​depending on various factors including the properties of the feed being hydrogenated. 3 / m 3 )~Approx. 1000SCF / B(168.5m 3 / m 3 It can consume ) hydrogen. Therefore, the processing gas rate is approximately 100 SCF / B (16.9 m). 3 / m 3 )~Approx. 5000SCF / B(842m 3 / m 3) may be. Preferably, the processing gas rate may be about 4 to 5 times the amount of hydrogen consumed. Note that the processing gas rate mentioned above refers to the rate of the hydrogen flow. If hydrogen is delivered as part of a gas flow having less than 100% hydrogen, the processing gas rate for the overall gas flow may be proportionally higher.

[0063] Blended jet / kerosene boiling point range product Isoparaffin blend components can be blended with one or more other fractions to form kerosone / jet boiling range products. Examples of fractions that can be blended with isoparaffin blend components include, but are not limited to, conventional jet fractions, mineral naphtha and / or jet and / or diesel boiling range fractions, and various types of synthetic naphtha, jet and / or diesel boiling range fractions, such as sustainable aviation fuel fractions and / or Fischer-Tropsch fractions. Other difficult fractions in which at least a portion of the fraction corresponds to the jet / kerosine boiling range component can also be blended with isoparaffin blend components.

[0064] In various embodiments, the blended product may contain 1.0% or more by volume, or 10% or more by volume, or 30% or more by volume, or 50% or more by volume, or 65% or more by volume, or 75% or more by volume, for example, up to 99% by volume, or optionally even higher amounts of isoparaffin blend components. In some embodiments, such a blended product may contain 1.0% to 20% by volume, or 1.0% to 15% by volume, or 5.0% to 20% by volume, or 5.0% to 15% by volume, or 10% to 20% by volume of isoparaffin blend components. In other embodiments, such blended components may include isoparaffin blend components in amounts of 30% to 99% by volume, or 30% to 95% by volume, or 30% to 80% by volume, or 30% to 60% by volume, or 30% to 45% by volume, or 50% to 99% by volume, or 50% to 95% by volume, or 50% to 80% by volume, or 70% to 99% by volume.

[0065] In some embodiments, the resulting blended product is C 17 + may be hydrocarbons. In some embodiments, the resulting blended product is 0.1% to 15% by weight of C 17 and / or C 18 It may be a hydrocarbon. For example, the resulting blended product may contain 0.1% or more by weight, or 1.0% or more by weight, or 1.5% or more by weight, or 2.0% or more by weight, or 4.0% or more by weight, or 6.0% or more by weight, or 10% or more by weight, for example, up to 15% by weight of C 17 -C 18 It may contain hydrocarbons. In some embodiments, the resulting blended product contains 5.0% by weight or less, or 3.0% by weight or less, or 1.0% by weight or less, or 0.1% by weight or less of C 19+ It may contain hydrocarbons, for example, at least C 19+ It contains virtually no hydrocarbons.

[0066] In some embodiments, the resulting blended product may have an unexpectedly high content of C9 hydrocarbons. In such embodiments, the resulting blended product may contain 5.0% or more by weight, or 10% or more by weight, or 15% or more by weight, for example, up to 25% by weight, or optionally even higher amounts of C9 hydrocarbons.

[0067] In various embodiments, the resulting blended product has a concentration of 0.775 g / cm³ at 15°C. 3 ~0.840 g / cm³ 3It can have a specific gravity of . Additionally or alternatively, the resulting blended product may have a flash point of 38°C or higher, or 40°C or higher, or 45°C or higher, or 50°C or higher, for example, up to 60°C, or optionally even higher. Additionally or alternatively, the blended components may further additionally or alternatively result in a jet fuel thermal oxidation test (JFTOT) breakpoint of 260°C or higher, or 270°C or higher, or 280°C or higher, for example, up to 320°C, or optionally even higher. Additionally or alternatively, the resulting blended product may have a freezing point of -40°C or lower, or -47°C or lower, or -50°C or lower, for example, a minimum of -70°C, or optionally even lower.

[0068] In some embodiments, the resulting blended product contains 1.0% by weight or more of C. 17+ Despite containing hydrocarbons, it can have a final boiling point of 300°C or lower.

[0069] In various embodiments, the resulting blended product may contain reduced or minimized amounts of aromatics. This can correspond to containing aromatics at 20% by weight or less, or 15% by weight or less, or 10% by weight or less, or 5.0% by weight or less, or 3.0% by weight or less, or 1.0% by weight or less, or 0.5% by weight or less, or 0.1% by weight or less, for example, substantially no aromatic content. Additionally or alternatively, the sulfur content may be 2000 wppm or less, or 1000 wppm or less, or 500 wppm or less, or 250 wppm or less, or 100 wppm or less, or 10 wppm or less, for example, as low as 0.5 wppm, or even lower in some cases.

[0070] In some embodiments, the resulting blended product may include at least a portion of one or more conventional jet fuels. Conventional jet fuel is defined herein as a fraction already qualified as jet fuel under at least one of ASTM D1655, UK Ministry of Defence Standard 91-091, and Canadian General Standards Board 3.23. In such embodiments, the resulting blended product may include conventional jet fuel fractions in amounts of 1.0% to 99% by volume, or 1.0% to 90% by volume, or 1.0% to 70% by volume, or 1.0% to 50% by volume, or 1.0% to 30% by volume, or 1.0% to 10% by volume, or 10% to 70% by volume, or 10% to 50% by volume, or 10% to 30% by volume, or 30% to 70% by volume. Therefore, the resulting blended product may, in some embodiments, contain 50% or less by volume, or 30% or less by volume, or 10% or less by volume, for example, at least 1.0% by volume, or possibly even lower, of conventional jet fuel fractions.

[0071] In some embodiments, the resulting blended product may contain at least a portion of one or more mineral kerosene / jet boiling point range fractions. In such embodiments, the resulting blended product may contain jet / kerosene boiling point range fractions in amounts of 1.0% to 99% by volume, or 1.0% to 90% by volume, or 1.0% to 70% by volume, or 1.0% to 50% by volume, or 1.0% to 30% by volume, or 1.0% to 10% by volume, or 10% to 70% by volume, or 10% to 50% by volume, or 10% to 30% by volume, or 30% to 70% by volume. Thus, in some embodiments, the resulting blended product may contain jet / kerosene boiling point range fractions of 50% or less by volume, or 30% or less by volume, or 10% or less by volume, for example, as low as 1.0% by volume, or possibly even lower.

[0072] In some embodiments, the resulting blended product may optionally contain at least a portion of one or more synthetic jet boiling point range fractions as defined in ASTM D7566. In such embodiments, the resulting blended product may contain synthetic jet boiling point range fractions in the ranges of 1.0 vol% to 99 vol%, or 1.0 vol% to 90 vol%, or 1.0 vol% to 70 vol%, or 1.0 vol% to 50 vol%, or 1.0 vol% to 30 vol%, or 1.0 vol% to 10 vol%, or 10 vol% to 70 vol%, or 10 vol% to 50 vol%, or 10 vol% to 30 vol%, or 30 vol% to 70 vol%. Thus, in some embodiments, the resulting blended product may contain synthetic jet boiling point range fractions of 50 vol% or less, or 30 vol% or less, or 10 vol% or less, for example, as low as 1.0 vol%, or possibly even lower.

[0073] It should be noted that isoparaffin blend components and / or iso-olefin blend components may be blended with multiple different types of fractions. For example, in some embodiments, the blended product may include two or more (or three or more) conventional jet fuel fractions, mineral jet boiling point range fractions, and synthetic fractions. Examples of synthetic fractions include bio-derived fractions, sustainable aviation fuels, and / or Fischer-Tropsch fractions.

[0074] In some embodiments, after blending the constituent components together to form a kerosene / jet fuel boiling point range fraction, it may be desirable to further process the kerosene / jet fuel boiling point range fraction for any convenient reason. Examples of further processing methods may include, but are not limited to, hydrate treatment, clay treatment, acid and / or caustic treatment, mercaptan oxidation, salt drying, and hydrogenation.

[0075] Distribution of carbon atom types in the constituent components of an isoparaffin blend and the resulting blend In some embodiments, isoparaffin blend components may be formed according to the synthesis methods described herein, and iso-olefin blend components may be formed via olefin oligomerization, which is then exposed to hydrogenation conditions to substantially saturate the olefins, thereby obtaining the isoparaffin blend components. When isoparaffin blend components are formed according to this method, the distribution of carbon atom types within the hydrocarbons of the blend components differs from fractions containing isoparaffins formed by other methods, such as isomerization of n-paraffin feedstocks. This difference in carbon atom types is 1 1H NMR and 13 It can be characterized using various types of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis, including 13C NMR.

[0076] In this study, the analysis of hydrogen atom types in hydrocarbon-like samples is performed according to the methodology described in the technical paper by Gulder et al. in the SAE Technical Paper Series (892073), titled "A Rapid Cetane Number Prediction Method for Petroleum Liquids and Pure Hydrocarbons Using Proton NMR."

[0077] In short, 1Using 1H NMR, the amount of hydrogen in a sample bonded to various types of carbon atoms can be roughly characterized. Under the analytical conditions used herein, hydrogen is classified into six categories. "Ha" hydrogen corresponds to hydrogen atoms bonded to aromatic rings. "Hα" hydrogen corresponds to hydrogen bonded to carbon atoms in the "alpha" position relative to the aromatic ring. "Ho" hydrogen corresponds to hydrogen bonded to carbon atoms forming part of an olefin bond. "Hc1" hydrogen corresponds to hydrogen that is part of a CH or CH2 group that is "beta" relative to the aromatic ring, and hydrogen that is part of a naphthene CH group or paraffin CH group. Note that, based on the above definitions, hydrogen originating from a CH or CH2 group in the "alpha" position relative to the aromatic ring would be included in "Hα" and not as part of "Hc1". "Hc2" hydrogen corresponds to hydrogen on paraffin CH2 groups, naphthene CH2 groups, CH2 groups in the "gamma" position or further away from the aromatic ring, and hydrogen that is part of a CH3 group in the "beta" position relative to the aromatic ring. "Hd" hydrogen corresponds to hydrogen that is part of a paraffin CH3 group, as well as hydrogen that is in the "gamma" position or part of a CH3 group further away from the aromatic ring. Based on these definitions, 1 The ratios of various types of hydrogen in the 1H NMR spectrum can be characterized. Specifically, by integrating the peak areas corresponding to each type of hydrogen, it is possible to determine the ratio of one type of hydrogen to another. As an example, 1 Using 1H NMR, the ratio of Hd hydrogen to Hc2 hydrogen (or roughly the ratio of hydrogen in the CH3 group to hydrogen in the CH2 group) can be determined.

[0078] In various embodiments, the isoparaffin blend components have an Hd hydrogen to Hc2 hydrogen ratio of 1.01-1.35, or 1.01-1.25, or 1.01-1.15, or 1.10-1.35, or 1.10-1.25, or 0.95-1.25, or 0.95-1.15. 1It can have an Hd hydrogen to Hc2 hydrogen ratio of 0.50-2.30, or 0.60-2.30, or 0.75-2.30, or 0.91-2.30, or 0.91-2.00, or 0.91-1.80, or 0.91-1.50, or 0.91-1.15, or 1.01-2.30, or 1.01-2.00, or 1.01-1.80, or 1.01-1.50, or 1.01-1.15, or 1.36-2.30, or 1.36-2.00, or 1.36-1.80, or 1.70-2.30. 1 The resulting blend may have the following characteristics (as determined based on 1H NMR): Note that the Hd hydrogen to Hc2 hydrogen ratio may vary depending on the type of fraction being blended with the isoparaffin blend components. Directionally, blending isoparaffin blend components with mineral fractions and / or n-paraffin fractions tends to produce blends with a lower Hd hydrogen to Hc2 hydrogen ratio. For example, blending isoparaffin blend components with mineral jet boiling point range fractions, mineral distillate boiling point range fractions, or Fischer-Tropsch fractions and / or fractions with a high n-paraffin content tends to result in blends with a lower Hd hydrogen to Hc2 hydrogen ratio. In contrast, blending isoparaffin blend components with fractions that have been highly isomerized by a catalytic dewaxing / isomerization process tends to result in blends with a higher Hd hydrogen to Hc2 hydrogen ratio.

[0079] In addition to characterizing hydrogen in all samples, 13 Using ¹¹C NMR, the ¹¹C of various samples is analyzed. 12 The quaternary carbon content of the fraction was characterized. For this type of measurement, gas chromatography was used to characterize the C content present in the sample. 12 The compound can be separated from the remaining hydrocarbons. 12A simple method that can be used to form fractions is normal paraffin (or linear paraffin) gas chromatography. That is, in the case of a suitable gas chromatograph with a separation column of appropriate resolution, a normal paraffin of a given number of carbon atoms is assumed to show a peak, and beyond that peak, species can be assumed to include the number of carbon atoms of the next higher number of carbon atoms in the normal paraffin peak. For example, all peaks for material eluting between the n-decane and n-undecane peaks are C 11 It is assumed to be a species.

[0080] Next, the obtained C 12 The fraction is, 13 The C NMR spectrum of the isoparaffin blend components prepared according to the method described herein can be used for characterization. 12 It was discovered that the fraction may have an unexpectedly low quaternary carbon content compared to the fraction prepared by catalytic isomerization of n-paraffin. In such embodiments, the C of the isoparaffin blend components 12 The quaternary carbon content of the fraction is C 12 The carbon content in the fraction may be 1.5% or less, or 1.4% or less, or 1.3% or less, for example, at least 1.0%, or possibly even lower. [Examples]

[0081] Example 1 - Carbon chain length distribution in the components of an isoparaffin blend One of the unusual characteristics of the isoparaffin blend components described herein is that, while the isoparaffin blend components form a blend having a final boiling point of 300°C or less when measured according to ASTM D86, C 17+It can contain a significant portion of hydrocarbons. To illustrate this, several different samples of isoparaffin blend components were formed using the synthesis method described herein. Table 1 shows the volume percentages of hydrocarbon chain lengths in the resulting isoparaffin blend components. The samples are referred to as IPB 1, 2, and 3 (for isoparaffin blend components). For comparison, the hydrocarbon chain length distribution in a representative JET A-1 sample is also shown. [Table 1]

[0082] As shown in Table 1, a typical JET A-1 sample contains less than 2.0% by weight of C. 17 -C 18 Contains constituent components, C 19 The constituent component is C 20 It does not contain any constituent components. In contrast, each component of the isoparaffin blend contains more than 3.0% by weight of C. 17 -C 18 Hydrocarbons, and more than 4.5% by weight of C 17+ Contains hydrocarbons.

[0083] C in the components of isoparaffin blend 17+ An increase in hydrocarbon concentration in the blend contains some of the isoparaffin blend components. 17+ This can result in a corresponding increase in hydrocarbons. Tables 2-4 show the weight percentages of hydrocarbons of various chain lengths that would be incorporated into blended products containing 70 vol% (Table 2), 50 vol% (Table 3), or 30 vol% (Table 4) of the constituent components. [Table 2] [Table 3] [Table 4]

[0084] As shown in Tables 2 to 4, blends containing 70 volume% of isoparaffin blend components can contain C 17 -C 18 hydrocarbons at 2.0 wt% or more, or 2.5 wt% or more, for example up to 3.0 wt%. In the case of a 50% blend, the isoparaffin blend component can contribute C 17 -C 18 hydrocarbons at 1.6 wt% or more, for example up to 2.2 wt%. Based on the typical C 17 -C 18 content in a conventional jet fuel of about 1.8 wt%, it is clear that the isoparaffin blend components described herein can potentially incorporate a higher weight percentage of C 17 -C 18 hydrocarbons into the potential blended jet fuel product.

[0085] Example 2 - Blend with Conventional Jet Fuel The isoparaffin blend components corresponding to IPB 1 and IPB 2 of Example 1 were used in combination with a conventional jet fuel (JET A-1 or JP-5) to form a blended jet boiling range product. Even in the case of blends having 50 volume% or more, or 70 volume% or more of isoparaffin blend components, the resulting blended jet boiling range product still met the specifications of the corresponding type of jet fuel.

[0086] Figure 1 shows the results of characterization of a conventional JET A-1 sample, an IPB 1 sample, a blend formed from 30 vol% IPB 1 and 70 vol% JET A-1, and a blend formed from 70 vol% IPB 1 and 30 vol% JET A-1. As shown in Figure 1, IPB 1 alone does not meet all of the standard requirements for JET A-1 jet fuel. However, blending 70 vol% IPB 1 with 30 vol% conventional JET A-1 yielded a blended product that met all of the JET A-1 requirements shown in Figure 1. Note that the minimum aromatic content that can be characterized according to UOP 990 is 1.0 wt%. In Figure 1, the reported aromatic content for the IPB 1 sample was determined by alternative methods, including UV-Vis spectroscopy.

[0087] As described in Example 1, a blend containing 70% by volume of IPB 1 contains at least 2.0% by volume of C, even without considering the contribution from JET A-1. 17 -C 18 It contained hydrocarbons. Blends containing 70 vol% IPB 1 also provided a higher JFTOT breakpoint temperature and a higher smoke point. Combined with the generally beneficial cold flow properties of the isoparaffin blend components, Figure 1 shows the values ​​of the isoparaffin blend components described herein that may bring substandard jet fuel samples back to specifications.

[0088] Similar characterization was performed on the JET A-1 sample, IPB 2, a blend of 30 vol% IPB 2 with 70 vol% JET A-1, and a blend of 70 vol% IPB 2 with 30 vol% JET A-1. The results from the characterization of these blend products are shown in Figure 2. Similar to Figure 1, blending isoparaffin blend components at 50 vol% or more, or 70 vol% or more, with a conventional jet fuel sample yields a blend product that satisfies all the necessary criteria shown in Figure 2.

[0089] Example 3 - Components of an isoparaffin blend as a lubricity improver In embodiments where the resulting blended product contains at least 10 vol% of mineral jet boiling point range fractions and 40 vol% or more (or 50 vol% or more) of isoparaffin blend components, it has been found that the resulting blended product can have unexpectedly improved lubricity. Lubricity can be measured based on the wear mark diameter determined according to ASTM D5001. For example, such a blended product may contain 10 vol% to 50 vol%, or 10 vol% to 60 vol%, or 20 vol% to 50 vol%, or 20 vol% to 60 vol% of mineral jet boiling point range fractions. Such a blended product may also contain 40 vol% to 90 vol%, or 50 vol% to 90 vol%, or 40 vol% to 80 vol%, or 50 vol% to 80 vol% of isoparaffin blend components.

[0090] The unexpected nature of the lubricity improvement when 50% or more by volume of isoparaffin blend components are added to mineral jet boiling point range fractions can be understood by comparing the lubricity behavior of the blends shown in Table 5. Table 5 shows the results of testing various jet boiling point range fractions under the ASTM D5001 method to determine the wear mark diameter. In Table 5, the first two samples correspond to pure samples of JET A-1 and JP-5. The remaining samples are blends of isoparaffin blend components (either IPB-1 or IPB-2) with JET A-1 or JP-5. Conventionally, it is expected that adding high paraffin blend components to mineral jet boiling point range fractions will result in less favorable lubricity performance. For comparison, it should be noted that some jet fuel standards have a maximum wear mark diameter of 0.85 mm or less under ASTM D5001. [Table 5]

[0091] As shown in Table 5, adding isoparaffin blend components to conventional jet fuel yields wear mark diameters under ASTM D5001 that are equal to or smaller than those achieved by conventional jet fuel alone. This is an unexpected result based on the properties of the isoparaffin blend components. It should be noted that in the case of hydrocarbon fuels, lubricity is typically related to the heteroatom content of a given fuel, with higher heteroatom content orientedly resulting in better lubricity (such as reduced wear mark diameter). Heteroatom content (sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen) is very low. Therefore, for mineral jet fractions with typical sulfur / nitrogen content, isoparaffin blend components are expected to have orientedly insufficient lubricity. Unexpectedly, isoparaffin blend components with low heteroatom content can improve the lubricity of mineral jet fuel. Without being bound by any particular theory, the blend results shown in Table 5 suggest that several other aspects of the isoparaffin blend components, such as isoparaffinity, may contribute to good lubricity performance. Furthermore, it should be noted that when blending a larger amount of isoparaffin blend components with the JET A-1 sample (e.g., 50% or more by volume of isoparaffin blend components), the abrasion mark diameter of the blended composition is reduced by more than 10% compared to the abrasion mark diameter of the mineral jet boiling point range fraction alone.

[0092] Example 4 - Blend components 1 H NMR analysis Isoparaffin blend component IPB-1 was formed according to the method described herein, and iso-olefin blend components were formed by olefin oligomerization. Subsequently, a portion of the iso-olefin blend components was exposed to hydrogenation conditions to saturate that portion, thus forming an IPB-1 sample. Furthermore, mixtures corresponding to 30% by weight of iso-olefin blend components / 70% by weight of isoparaffin blend components and 70% by weight of iso-olefin blend components / 30% by weight of isoparaffin blend components were formed.

[0093] The iso-olefin blend component, the isoparaffin blend component, and the two mixtures were 1 characterized using 1H NMR, 1 and the ratio of Hd hydrogens to Hc2 hydrogens was characterized as determined from the 1H NMR results. Figure 3 shows 1 the results from the 1H NMR analysis. In Figure 3, the first column of data corresponds to data for an isoparaffin blend component (IPB-1 - column A) that is substantially completely saturated. The second and third columns show mixtures corresponding to 70 wt% isoparaffin (column B) and 30 wt% isoparaffin (column C), and the last column corresponds to data for an iso-olefin blend component (column D) made from the oligomerization process. As shown in Figure 3, the isoparaffin blend component had a ratio of Hd hydrogens to Hc2 hydrogens of 1.19.

[0094] To compare with the values shown in Figure 3, various other types of fractions were also 1 characterized using 1H NMR to determine the ratio of Hd hydrogens to Hc2 hydrogens. Table 6 shows the values obtained for these various other types of fractions. When a range is given, this indicates that multiple different samples were characterized and that the range corresponds to the minimum and maximum values. [Table 6]

[0095] As shown in Table 6, liquids with a high n-paraffin content tend to have a ratio of Hd hydrogens to Hc2 hydrogens that is well below 1.00. Commercial fuel products generally have a ratio of less than 1.00, although high isoparaffin content / low aromatic content diesel can approach 1.00. Fluids containing a high content of naphthenes have a ratio of Hd hydrogens to Hc2 hydrogens of greater than 2.30. Similarly, fractions with a high isoparaffin content formed by catalytic isomerization have a ratio of greater than 2.30.

[0096] Example 5 - Quaternary Carbon Content The IPB-1 sample was separated using gas chromatography, and C 12 A fraction was formed. The resulting C 12 The fraction, 13 The quaternary carbon content in the sample was determined by analysis using 1C NMR. For comparison, 1C 12 Fractions were also formed from samples derived from other conventional purification processes. Table 7 shows C 12 The results from the analysis of the fractions are shown below. [Table 7]

[0097] As shown in Table 7, C of IPB-1 12 The quaternary carbon content of the fraction was substantially lower than that of the other fractions. For both comparative samples, C 12 The fraction contained more than 1.60% quaternary carbon relative to the total number of carbon atoms in the sample, while C derived from the isoparaffin blend components. 12 The fraction has a quaternary carbon content of 1.60% or less, or 1.50% or less, or 1.40% or less, for example, a minimum of 1.20%, or possibly even lower.

[0098] Additional Embodiments Embodiment 1. A blended jet boiling point range composition comprising 80% by weight or more of isoparaffin, 5.0% by weight or less of olefin, and 5.0% by weight or less of C 19+ The composition comprises 30% to 99% by volume of isoparaffin blend components containing hydrocarbons and 1.0% to 70% by volume of mineral jet boiling point range fractions, wherein the composition has a T10 distillation point of 205°C or lower, a final boiling point of 300°C or lower, a freezing point of -40°C or lower, and 2.0% by weight or more of C 17 -C 18 A blended jet boiling point range composition containing hydrocarbons.

[0099] Embodiment 2. A blended jet boiling point range composition comprising 80% by weight or more of isoparaffin, 5.0% by weight or less of olefin, and 5.0% by weight or less of C 19+A blended jet boiling point range composition comprising 1.0% to 99% by volume of isoparaffin blend components containing hydrocarbons and 1.0% to 99% by volume of mineral jet boiling point range fractions, wherein the composition has a T10 distillation point of 205°C or lower, a final boiling point of 300°C or lower, a freezing point of -40°C or lower, and i) 10% by weight or more of C9 hydrocarbons, ii) a flash point of 50°C or higher, or iii) a combination of i) and ii).

[0100] Embodiment 3. The composition according to Embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the mineral jet boiling point range fraction contains conventional jet fuel or kerosene components.

[0101] Embodiment 4. The composition according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 3, wherein the composition comprises 50% to 99% by volume of an isoparaffin blend component.

[0102] Embodiment 5. The composition according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 3, wherein the composition comprises 30% to 95% by volume of an isoparaffin blend component.

[0103] Embodiment 6. The composition according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 3, wherein the composition comprises 50% to 90% by volume of an isoparaffin blend component and 10% to 50% by weight of a mineral jet boiling point range fraction.

[0104] Embodiment 7. The composition according to Embodiment 6, wherein the composition yields an abrasion mark diameter under the ASTM D5001 procedure that is smaller than the abrasion mark diameter produced by a mineral jet boiling point range fraction under the ASTM D5001 procedure.

[0105] Embodiment 8. The composition according to Embodiment 7, wherein the abrasion mark diameter produced by the composition is 10% or more smaller than the abrasion mark diameter produced by the mineral jet boiling point range fraction.

[0106] Embodiment 9. The composition according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the composition comprises an Hd hydrogen to Hc2 hydrogen ratio of 1.01 to 2.00.

[0107] Embodiment 10. The composition according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the composition comprises an Hd hydrogen to Hc2 hydrogen ratio of 1.01 to 1.35, and the composition optionally comprises 40% to 70% by volume of an isoparaffin blend component.

[0108] Embodiment 11. The composition according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 10, wherein the isoparaffin blend component contains 1.0% by weight or less of aromatic compounds, or the composition contains 20% by weight or less of aromatic compounds, or a combination thereof.

[0109] Embodiment 12. The composition according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 11, wherein the isoparaffin blend component comprises 8.0% by weight or less, or 5.0% by weight or less, of compounds other than isoparaffins and isoolefins.

[0110] Embodiment 13. The composition contains 0.1% to 1.0% by weight of C 19+ A composition according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 12, comprising a hydrocarbon.

[0111] Embodiment 14. The composition according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 13, wherein the composition comprises a fuel that meets the standards for jet fuel according to at least one of ASTM D1655, UK Ministry of Defence Standard 91-091, and Canadian General Standards Board 3.23.

[0112] Embodiment 15. The composition contains 3.0% by weight or less of C 8- A composition according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 14, comprising a compound.

[0113] Embodiment 16. The composition according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 15, wherein the isoparaffin blend components include a T10 distillation point of 205°C or lower, a final boiling point of 300°C or lower, and a freezing point of -40°C or lower.

[0114] Embodiment 17. C in the components of an isoparaffin blend12 Hydrocarbons are C, a component of isoparaffin blends. 12 A composition according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 16, comprising 1.5% or less of quaternary carbon relative to the total number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon.

[0115] Embodiment 18. A blended jet boiling point range composition comprising 1.0% to 20% by volume of isoparaffin blend components and 80% to 99% by volume of mineral jet boiling point range fractions, wherein the isoparaffin blend components consist of 80% or more by weight of isoparaffin, 5.0% or less by weight of olefin, and 5.0% or less by weight of C 19+ A blended jet boiling point range composition containing hydrocarbons, wherein the composition includes a T10 distillation point of 205°C or lower, a final boiling point of 300°C or lower, and a freezing point of -40°C or lower.

[0116] Embodiment 19. The composition according to Embodiment 18, wherein the blended jet boiling point range composition comprises 1.0% to 10% by weight of an isoparaffin blend component.

[0117] Embodiment 20. The composition according to Embodiment 18, wherein the blended jet boiling range composition comprises 5.0% to 15% by weight of isoparaffin blend components.

[0118] Embodiment 21. The composition according to any one of Embodiments 18 to 20, wherein the composition comprises an Hd hydrogen to Hc2 hydrogen ratio of 0.9 to 1.1.

[0119] Embodiment 22. The composition according to any one of Embodiments 18 to 21, wherein the isoparaffin blend component contains 1.0% by weight or less of aromatic compounds.

[0120] Embodiment 23. The composition according to any one of Embodiments 18 to 22, wherein the isoparaffin blend component comprises 5.0% by weight or less of a compound different from isoparaffin and iso-olefin.

[0121] Embodiment 24. The composition contains 0.1% to 1.0% by weight of C19+ A composition according to any one of embodiments 18 to 23, comprising a hydrocarbon.

[0122] Embodiment 25. The composition according to any one of Embodiments 18 to 24, wherein the composition comprises a fuel that meets the standards for jet fuel according to at least one of ASTM D1655, UK Ministry of Defence Standard 91-091, and Canadian General Standards Board 3.23.

[0123] Embodiment 26. The composition contains 3.0% by weight or less of C 8- A composition according to any one of embodiments 18 to 25, comprising a compound.

[0124] Embodiment 27. The composition according to any one of Embodiments 18 to 26, wherein the isoparaffin blend components include a T10 distillation point of 205°C or lower, a final boiling point of 300°C or lower, and a freezing point of -40°C or lower.

[0125] Embodiment 28. C in the components of an isoparaffin blend 12 Hydrocarbons are C, a component of isoparaffin blends. 12 A composition according to any one of Embodiments 18 to 27, comprising 1.5% or less of quaternary carbon relative to the total number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon.

[0126] Embodiment 29. A blended jet boiling point range composition comprising 80% or more by volume of isoparaffin, less than 5.0% by volume of olefin, and 5.0% or less by volume of C 19+The blended jet boiling point composition comprises 1.0% to 99% by volume of isoparaffin blend components containing hydrocarbons and 1.0% to 99% by volume of a synthetic jet boiling point range fraction, wherein the synthetic jet boiling point range fraction contains less than 80% by weight of isoparaffin, b) having an Hd hydrogen to Hc2 hydrogen ratio of 1.6 or more, c) having an Hd hydrogen to Hc2 hydrogen ratio of 1.0 or less, d) a combination of a) and b), or e) a combination of a) and c), and the blended jet boiling point range composition includes a T10 distillation point of 205°C or less, a final boiling point of 300°C or less, a freezing point of -40°C or less, and 1.0% by weight or more of C 17 -C 18 A blended jet boiling point range composition containing hydrocarbons.

[0127] Embodiment 30. A blended jet boiling point range composition comprising 80% by weight or more of isoparaffin, less than 5.0% by weight of olefin, and 5.0% by weight or less of C 19+ A blended jet boiling point composition comprising 1.0% to 99% by volume of isoparaffin blend components containing hydrocarbons and 1.0% to 99% by volume of a synthetic jet boiling point range fraction, wherein the synthetic jet boiling point range fraction contains less than 80% by weight of isoparaffin, b) having an Hd hydrogen to Hc2 hydrogen ratio of 1.6 or more, c) having an Hd hydrogen to Hc2 hydrogen ratio of 1.0 or less, d) a combination of a) and b), or e) a combination of a) and c), wherein the blended jet boiling point range composition includes a T10 distillation point of 205°C or less, a final boiling point of 300°C or less, a freezing point of -40°C or less, and i) 10% by weight or more of C9 hydrocarbons, ii) a flash point of 50°C or more, or iii) a combination of i) and ii).

[0128] Embodiment 31. The composition according to Embodiment 30, wherein the composition comprises 1.0% to 30% by volume of an isoparaffin blend component.

[0129] Embodiment 32. The composition comprises 30% to 99% by volume of isoparaffin blend components, and the composition optionally contains 1.5% by weight or more of C 17 -C 18A composition according to any one of embodiments 29 to 31, comprising a hydrocarbon.

[0130] Embodiment 33. The composition according to any one of Embodiments 29 to 32, wherein the synthetic jet boiling point range fraction comprises a bio-derived fraction, a Fischer-Tropsch fraction, or a combination thereof.

[0131] Embodiment 34. The composition according to any one of Embodiments 29 to 33, wherein the synthesized jet boiling range fraction includes a jet boiling range fraction derived from an unconventional source.

[0132] Embodiment 35. The composition according to any one of Embodiments 29 to 34, wherein the composition comprises 10% by volume or more of an isoparaffin blend component, 10% by volume or more of a synthetic jet boiling point range fraction, or a combination thereof.

[0133] Embodiment 36. The composition according to any one of Embodiments 29 to 35, wherein the composition further comprises 1.0% by weight or more of conventional jet fuel, mineral jet boiling point range fraction, or a combination thereof.

[0134] Embodiment 37. The composition according to any one of Embodiments 29 to 36, wherein the composition comprises an Hd hydrogen to Hc2 hydrogen ratio of 1.10 to 2.20.

[0135] Embodiment 38. The composition according to any one of Embodiments 29 to 36, wherein the composition comprises an Hd hydrogen to Hc2 hydrogen ratio of 0.50 to 1.0.

[0136] Embodiment 39. The composition according to any one of Embodiments 29 to 38, wherein the isoparaffin blend component contains 1.0% by volume or less of aromatic compounds, or the composition contains 20% by weight or less of aromatic compounds, or a combination thereof.

[0137] Embodiment 40. The composition contains 0.1% to 1.0% by weight of C 19+ A composition according to any one of embodiments 29 to 39, comprising a hydrocarbon.

[0138] Embodiment 41. The composition according to any one of Embodiments 29 to 40, wherein the isoparaffin blend component comprises 5.0% by weight or less of a compound different from isoparaffin and isoolefin.

[0139] Embodiment 42. The composition according to any one of Embodiments 29 to 41, wherein the composition comprises a fuel that meets the standards for jet fuel according to at least one of ASTM D1655, UK Ministry of Defence Standard 91-091, and Canadian General Standards Board 3.23.

[0140] Embodiment 43. The composition contains 3.0% by weight or less of C 8- A composition according to any one of embodiments 29 to 42, comprising a compound.

[0141] Embodiment 44. The composition according to any one of Embodiments 29 to 43, wherein the isoparaffin blend components include a T10 distillation point of 205°C or lower, a final boiling point of 300°C or lower, and a freezing point of -40°C or lower.

[0142] While the present invention is described and illustrated with reference to specific embodiments, those skilled in the art will understand that the invention is adapted to variations not necessarily illustrated herein. For this reason, for the purpose of determining the true scope of the invention, it is necessary to refer only to the appended claims.

Claims

1. A blended jet boiling point range composition, Isoparaffins of 80% by volume or more, olefins of 5.0% by volume or less, and C of 5.0% by volume or less １９＋ An isoparaffin blend component containing hydrocarbons in an amount of 1.0% to 99% by volume, wherein the isoparaffin blend component has an Hd hydrogen to HCl hydrogen ratio of 1.01 to 1.

35.

1. A synthetic jet boiling point range fraction comprising 1.0% to 99% by volume, The aforementioned synthetic jet boiling point range fraction contains a) less than 80% by weight of isoparaffin, and b) 1.6 or more Hd hydrogen to HCl ratio. ２ c) Hd hydrogen to Hc ratio of 1.0 or less ２ The combination of d) a) and b) or e) a) and c) has a hydrogen ratio. The blended jet boiling point range composition has a T10 distillation point of 205°C or lower, a final boiling point of 300°C or lower, a freezing point of -40°C or lower, and 1.0% by weight or more of C １７ -C １８ A blended jet boiling point range composition containing hydrocarbons.

2. A blended jet boiling point range composition, 80% by weight or more isoparaffin, 5.0% by weight or less olefin, and 5.0% by weight or less C １９＋ An isoparaffin blend component containing hydrocarbons in an amount of 1.0% to 99% by volume, wherein the isoparaffin blend component has an Hd hydrogen to HCl hydrogen ratio of 1.01 to 1.

35.

1. A synthetic jet boiling point range fraction comprising 1.0% to 99% by volume, The aforementioned synthetic jet boiling point range fraction contains a) less than 80% by weight of isoparaffin, and b) 1.6 or more Hd hydrogen to HCl ratio. ２ c) Hd hydrogen to Hc ratio of 1.0 or less ２ The combination of d) a) and b) or e) a) and c) has a hydrogen ratio. The blended jet boiling point range composition includes a T10 distillation point of 205°C or less, a final boiling point of 300°C or less, and a freezing point of -40°C or less, and i) 10% by weight or more of C ９ hydrocarbons, ii) a flash point of 50°C or more, or iii) a combination of i) and ii), a blended jet boiling point range composition.

3. The composition according to claim 2, wherein the composition comprises 1.0% to 30% by volume of the isoparaffin blend component.

4. The composition comprises 30% to 99% by volume of the isoparaffin blend components, and the composition optionally contains 1.5% by weight or more of C. １７ -C １８ A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, comprising a hydrocarbon.

5. The composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the synthetic jet boiling range fraction comprises a bio-derived fraction, a Fischer-Tropsch fraction, a jet boiling range fraction from an unconventional source, or a combination thereof.

6. The composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the composition comprises 10% by volume or more of the isoparaffin blend component, 10% by volume or more of the synthetic jet boiling point range fraction, or a combination thereof.

7. The composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the composition further comprises 1.0% by weight or more of conventional jet fuel, mineral jet boiling point range fraction, or a combination thereof.

8. The composition has a ratio of 1.10 to 2.20 Hd hydrogen to Hc ２ The composition contains a hydrogen ratio of 0.50 to 1.0 Hd hydrogen to Hc ２ The composition according to claim 1 or 2, comprising the ratio of hydrogen.

9. The composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the isoparaffin blend component contains 1.0% by volume or less of aromatic compounds, or the composition contains 20% by weight or less of aromatic compounds, or a combination thereof.

10. The composition contains 0.1% to 1.0% by weight of C １９＋ The composition according to claim 1 or 2, comprising a hydrocarbon.

11. i) The composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the isoparaffin blend components comprise 8.0% by weight or less of compounds other than isoparaffin and isoolefin, ii) The isoparaffin blend components comprise a T10 distillation point of 205°C or lower, a final boiling point of 300°C or lower, and a freezing point of -40°C or lower, or iii) a combination of i) and ii).

12. The composition contains 3.0% by weight or less of C ８－ A composition according to claim 1 or 2, comprising a compound.

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