Salts used in electrolyte compositions or as electrode additives

Abstract

To provide compounds for use as electrode additives or as salts in electrolyte compositions.SOLUTION: This disclosure relates to compounds for use as electrode additives or as salts in electrolyte compositions, and methods of preparing the compounds. Most of the compounds are anions of imidazoles with sulfonyl or carbonyl groups, or anions of other nitrogen-containing groups conjugated with various heterocyclic groups or sulfonyl groups. Also described are several electrochemical cells comprising the compounds as electrode additives or as salts in electrolyte compositions.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] Related applications This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 477,161, filed on 27 March 2017. The contents of this U.S. Provisional Application are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

[0002] Technical field The technical field generally relates to salts used in electrolyte compositions or as additives to electrode materials, and methods for preparing them. The technical field also relates to electrolyte compositions and electrode materials containing such salts, as well as batteries containing them. [Background technology]

[0003] Battery electrolytes, which are either liquid, gel, or solid, generally consist of one or more lithium salts dissolved in a solvent and / or solvating polymer. Additives may be added to improve the properties of the electrolyte, such as its stability. Some of these salts may be included in the electrode material to improve the ionic conductivity of the material. Among the commonly used salts, LiPF6 (lithium hexafluorophosphate) has interesting properties, but decomposes in the presence of water to form hydrofluoric acid (HF). This HF that is formed can lead to the dissolution of the cathode material.

[0004] Other salts have also been developed, including LiFSI, LiTFSI, and LiTDI. These salts also have their own drawbacks. For example, TFSI - Anions are highly reactive and often cause corrosion of aluminum current collectors even at low voltages. Both LiFSI and LiTFSI are not recommended for high-voltage applications and are expensive. LiTDI is more stable than the other two but is highly hygroscopic and has challenges with conductivity and solubility.

[0005] Therefore, for example, it is highly desirable to develop new salts for use in electrolyte compositions or as additives to electrode materials that have one or more of the following advantages compared to currently used salts: improved ionic conductivity, lower production costs, improved solubility in electrolyte solvents, and / or formation of a more conductive SEI. Summary of the Invention Means for Solving the Problems

[0006] Abstract According to one aspect, the present specification describes compounds, such as salts, used in electrolyte compositions and / or as additives to electrode materials. In one embodiment, the compound has the formula I:

Chemical formula

[0007] In one embodiment, R 3 NHSO2R 4 In another embodiment, R 3 NHSO2OR 4 For example, R 4 C is substituted with at least one of fluorine and alkoxy. 1~6 Alkyl or R 4 is a C6 aryl substituted with at least one fluorine atom. In another embodiment, R 3 It is a complex algebra. In another embodiment, R 1 and R 2 At least one of them is CN or R 1 and R 2 Both are CN.

[0008] In further embodiments, the compound of formula I is [ka] A compound selected from or a tautomer of the same compound.

[0009] According to another embodiment, the compound is of formula II: [ka] (In the formula, R 5 C is replaced as needed. 1~6 Selected from alkyl and optionally substituted C6 aryls, R 6 C is replaced as needed. 1~6 Selected from alkyl and optionally substituted C6 aryls, (M n+ ) 1 / n (where is a metal cation, M is a metal and n is 1 or 2, for example M is an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, for example M is Li, Na, or K, or M is Li and n is 1) It is either as defined in [the relevant definition] or a tautomer thereof.

[0010] In one embodiment, R 5 is unsubstituted C 1~6 It is an alkyl group. In another embodiment, R 5 fluorinated C 1~6 It is an alkyl group. In further embodiments, R 6 fluorinated C 1~6 It is an alkyl group. In yet another embodiment, R 6 is a fluorinated C6 aryl group. In yet another embodiment, R 5 and R 6 At least one of these is a C6 aryl group which is optionally substituted (for example, a C6 aryl group which is substituted with one or more fluorine atoms). In other embodiments, the compound is of formula II, and R 6 When R is trifluoromethyl 5 This assumes that the substance is something other than methyl or trifluoromethyl.

[0011] In further embodiments, the compound of formula II is [ka] A compound selected from or a tautomer of the same compound.

[0012] According to further embodiments, the compound is given by formula III: [ka] (In the formula, R 7 This consists of a fluorine atom and, if necessary, substituted C 1~6 Selected from alkyl, L 1 C is covalently bonded, or substituted as needed. 1~6 A linker selected from alkyl and optionally substituted C6 aryls, (M n+ ) 1 / n(where is a metal cation, M is a metal and n is 1 or 2, for example M is an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, for example M is Li, Na, or K, or M is Li and n is 1) It is either as defined in [the relevant definition] or a tautomer thereof.

[0013] In one embodiment, R 7 is a fluorine atom. In another embodiment, R 7 is fluorine-substituted C 1~6 Selected from alkyl groups. In further embodiments, L 1 Is it a covalent bond, or L 1 This is a linker selected from C6 aryl groups, which are substituted as needed.

[0014] In further embodiments, the compound of formula III is [ka] A compound selected from or a tautomer of the same compound.

[0015] According to another embodiment, the compound is of formula IV: [ka] (In the formula, X 1 is a carbon or nitrogen atom, X 1 When R is a carbon atom, 8 and R 9 These are F, CN, or C, which are substituted independently as needed. 1~6 It is alkyl, or X 1 When R is a nitrogen atom, 8 It does not exist, and R 9 The SO2 alkyl group is substituted as needed, or the C group is substituted as needed. 1~6 It is alkyl, (M n+ ) 1 / nA is a metal cation, M is a metal and n is 1 or 2, for example M is an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, for example M is Li, Na, or K, or M is Li and n is 1. m is an integer selected from 0 or 1. It is either as defined in [the relevant definition] or a tautomer thereof.

[0016] In one embodiment, X 1 R is a carbon atom. In one embodiment, R 8 and R 9 They are different. Or, R 8 and R 9 In another embodiment, R 8 and R 9 At least one of them is CN, or C which is replaced as needed. 1~6 It is alkyl. In one embodiment, R 8 and R 9 Both are CN, or C which is replaced as needed. 1~6 Alkyl or R 8 and R 9 Both are CN, or R 8 and R 9 Both are fluorine-substituted C 1~6 It is alkyl. In another embodiment, X 1 X is a nitrogen atom. For example, X 1 is a nitrogen atom, R 9 m is a fluorine-substituted SO2 alkyl (e.g., SO2CF3). In another embodiment, m is 0. In yet another embodiment, m is 1.

[0017] In further embodiments, the compound of formula IV is [ka] A compound selected from or a tautomer of the same compound.

[0018] According to yet another embodiment, the compound is of formula V: [ka] (wherein, R 1 , R 2 , R 8 , R 9 , X 1 , M, and n are as previously defined or R 8 and R 9 do not exist and X 1 is an oxygen atom) is as defined by or is a tautomer thereof.

[0019] In one embodiment, at least one of R 1 and R 2 is CN. For example, R 1 and R 2 are both CN. In another embodiment, X 1 is a carbon atom. For example, X 1 is a carbon atom, R 8 and R 9 are both CN or optionally substituted C 1~6 alkyl, or X 1 is a carbon atom, R 8 and R 9 are both CN, or X 1 is a carbon atom, R 8 and R 9 are both fluorine-substituted C 1~6 alkyl. In another embodiment, X 1 is a nitrogen atom. For example, X 1 is a nitrogen atom and R 9 is fluorine-substituted SO2 alkyl (e.g., SO2CF3).

[0020] In a further embodiment, the compound of formula V is

Chemical formula

[0021] In one embodiment, a compound is described that is a compound according to any one of the embodiments described above, wherein M is Li and n is 1. In another embodiment, the compound is a disalt (for example, a dianion that forms a salt with two alkali metal anions, where applicable) as defined herein. For example, compounds of formulas I, IV, and V, the compound may contain a further anion on the second nitrogen atom. For example, compounds E1 to E4, and for example, compound E2: [ka] These may form disalts such as the following.

[0022] Any free form of any of the salts referred to herein is further considered.

[0023] In another aspect, the technology of the present invention relates to an electrode material comprising a compound as defined herein as an additive and at least one electrochemically active material.

[0024] In another aspect, the present invention relates to an electrolyte composition comprising a compound described herein. For example, the electrolyte composition further comprises a compatible solvent. In another example, the electrolyte composition further comprises a compatible solvating polymer.

[0025] In further embodiments, an electrochemical cell is also envisioned, comprising an electrolyte, an electrode, and a counter electrode, wherein at least one of the electrode or the counter electrode comprises an electrode material comprising a compound defined herein as an additive and at least one electrochemically active material. Alternatively, an electrochemical cell is envisioned comprising an electrolyte composition, an electrode, and a counter electrode, comprising a compound defined herein. In one embodiment, the electrochemical cell contains a compound defined herein in the electrolyte composition and in at least one electrode material. In one embodiment, the electrochemical cell is included in a battery, an electrochromic device, or a capacitor. For example, the battery is a lithium or lithium-ion battery. In other examples, the battery is a sodium or potassium battery.

[0026] In another embodiment, the use of the electrochemical cells defined herein in electric vehicles or hybrid vehicles or in ubiquitous IT devices is described.

[0027] Other features and advantages of the technology of the present invention will be better understood by reading the following description herein. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0028] Detailed explanation This specification describes compounds (e.g., salts) intended for use as electrode material additives or as components of electrolyte compositions. The compounds described are one of formulas I through V as defined herein. Illustrative compounds are also described and should not be construed as limiting the broader range of formulas.

[0029] Therefore, the compound is given by formula I: [ka] (In the formula, R 1 and R 2The alkyl group is independently selected from H, F, CN, NO2, and optionally substituted alkyl groups, preferably CN. R 3 NHSO2R 4 NHSO2OR 4 SO2NHSO2R 4 SO2NHSO2OR 4 , or selected from a heterogene that has been substituted as needed, R 4 Fluorine, and C which is substituted as needed. 1~6 Selected from alkyls and C6 aryls which are substituted as needed, (M n+ ) 1 / n (where is a metal cation, M is a metal and n is 1 or 2, for example M is an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, for example M is Li, Na, or K, or M is Li and n is 1) It may be as defined, or it may be a tautomer thereof.

[0030] For example, R 3 NHSO2R 4 is or R 3 NHSO2OR 4 For example, R 3 NHSO2R 4 or NHSO2OR 4 And R 4 C is substituted with at least one of fluorine and alkoxy. 1~6 Alkyl or R 4 is a C6 aryl substituted with at least one fluorine atom. In another example, R 3 is C 5~6 Heterocyclic compounds (e.g., non-aromatic carbon atoms linked through nitrogen atoms, such as maleimide) 5~6 It is a complex algebra. In another embodiment, R 1 and R 2 At least one of them is CN or R 1 and R 2 Both are CN.

[0031] Examples of compounds of formula I include, but are not limited to, compounds A1 to A5 as defined above, or their tautomers.

[0032] The compound is, Formula II: [ka] (In the formula, R 5 C is replaced as needed. 1~6 Selected from alkyls and C6 aryls which are substituted as needed, R 6 C is replaced as needed. 1~6 Selected from alkyls and C6 aryls which are substituted as needed, (M n+ ) 1 / n (where is a metal cation, M is a metal and n is 1 or 2, for example M is an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, for example M is Li, Na, or K, or M is Li and n is 1) It may be defined as in [the relevant definition], or it may be a tautomer thereof.

[0033] For example, R 5 is non-substituted C 1~6 It is an alkyl group (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl, etc.) or R 5 fluorinated C 1~6 It is an alkyl group (for example, trifluoromethyl). Another example is R 6 fluorinated C 1~6 It is an alkyl group (e.g., trifluoromethyl) or R 6 R is a fluorinated C6 aryl group (e.g., pentafluorophenyl). Another example is a compound of formula II, where R 5 and R 6 The compound includes a C6 aryl group in which at least one of the C6 aryl groups is substituted as needed. In other examples, the compound is of formula II, and R 6 When R is trifluoromethyl5 This assumes that the substance is something other than methyl or trifluoromethyl.

[0034] Examples of compounds of formula II include, but are not limited to, compounds B1 to B4 as defined herein, or their tautomers. For example, the compound is compound B3 or B4 as defined herein, or its tautomer.

[0035] The compound is given by formula III: [ka] (In the formula, R 7 This consists of a fluorine atom and, if necessary, substituted C 1~6 Selected from alkyl groups, L 1 C is covalently bonded, or substituted as needed. 1~6 A linker selected from alkyl and optionally substituted C6 aryls, (M n+ ) 1 / n (where is a metal cation, M is a metal and n is 1 or 2, for example M is an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, for example M is Li, Na, or K, or M is Li and n is 1) It may be as defined, or it may be a tautomer thereof.

[0036] For example, R 7 is a fluorine atom, or R 7 is fluorine-substituted C 1~6 Selected from alkyl groups. According to some examples, L 1 It is a covalent bond. According to other examples, L 1 This is a linker selected from C6 aryl groups, which are substituted as needed.

[0037] Examples of compounds of formula III include, but are not limited to, compounds C1 to C4 as defined herein, or their tautomers.

[0038] The compound is, Formula IV: [ka] (In the formula, X 1 is a carbon or nitrogen atom, X 1 When R is a carbon atom, 8 and R 9 These are F, CN, or C, which are substituted independently as needed. 1~6 It is alkyl, or X 1 When R is a nitrogen atom, 8 It does not exist, and R 9 The SO2 alkyl group is substituted as needed, or the C group is substituted as needed. 1~6 It is alkyl, (M n+ ) 1 / n A is a metal cation, M is a metal and n is 1 or 2, for example M is an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, for example M is Li, Na, or K, or M is Li and n is 1. m is an integer selected from 0 or 1. It may be further defined as in, or it may be a tautomer thereof.

[0039] In some examples, X 1 X is a carbon atom. 1 When R is a carbon atom, 8 and R 9 They may be the same or different. For example, X 1 R is a carbon atom, 8 and R 9 At least one of them is CN, or C which is replaced as needed. 1~6 It is alkyl. For example, X 1 R is a carbon atom, 8 and R 9 Both are CN, or C which is replaced as needed. 1~6 Alkyl or R8 and R 9 Both are CN, or R 8 and R 9 Both are fluorine-substituted C 1~6 It is alkyl. According to other examples, X 1 X is a nitrogen atom. For example, X 1 is a nitrogen atom, R 8 It does not exist, and R 9 m is a fluorine-substituted SO2 alkyl group (e.g., SO2CF3). In one example, m is 0. In another example, m is 1.

[0040] Examples of compounds of formula IV include, but are not limited to, compounds D1 to D6 as defined herein, or their tautomers.

[0041] The compound is, formula V: [ka] (In the formula, R 1 , R 2 , R 8 , R 9 , X 1 , M, and n are as previously defined, or R 8 and R 9 It does not exist, X 1 (This is an oxygen atom.) It may be further defined as in, or it may be a tautomer thereof.

[0042] For example, R 1 and R 2 At least one of them is CN or R 1 and R 2 Both are CN. In some examples, X 1 X is a carbon atom. For example, X 1 R is a carbon atom, 8 and R 9 Both are CN, or C which is replaced as needed. 1~6 It is alkyl, or X 1 R is a carbon atom, 8 and R9 Both are CN, or X 1 R is a carbon atom, 8 and R 9 Both are fluorine-substituted C 1~6 It is alkyl. In other examples, X 1 X is a nitrogen atom. For example, X 1 is a nitrogen atom, R 9 This is a fluorine-substituted SO2 alkyl group (e.g., SO2CF3).

[0043] Examples of compounds of formula V include, but are not limited to, compounds E1 to E4 as defined herein, or their tautomers.

[0044] In one example, the compound is as defined by any one of formulas I through V, where M is Li and n is 1. In another embodiment, the compound is as defined herein and is a disalt (e.g., a dianion that forms a salt with two alkali metal anions, where applicable). For example, the compounds of formulas I, IV, and V, the compound may contain a further anion on the second nitrogen atom. Free forms of any of the salts referred to herein are further contemplated.

[0045] As used herein, the term “alkyl” refers to saturated hydrocarbons having 1 to 16 carbon atoms, including linear or branched alkyl groups. Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, and isobutyl. When an alkyl group is positioned between two functional groups, the term alkyl also encompasses alkylene groups, such as methylene, ethylene, and propylene. n The term "alkyl" refers to an alkyl group having a number of carbon atoms ranging from 1 to a specified "n".

[0046] As used herein, the term "alkoxy" refers to an alkyl group to which an oxygen atom is bonded. Typical alkoxy groups include groups having 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, such as methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, and tert-butoxy. Examples of alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, isopropyloxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentoxy, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, chloromethoxy, dichloromethoxy, and trichloromethoxy groups. The term alkoxy includes both unsubstituted and substituted alkoxy groups, as well as alkyloxy halogenated groups.

[0047] The term "aryl" refers to an aromatic group having 4n+2π (pi) electrons (where n is an integer from 1 to 3) conjugated in a monocyclic or polycyclic system (condensed or uncondensed) and having 6 to 14 ring atoms. A polycyclic system contains at least one aromatic ring. Aryls can be directly bonded or linked via C1-C3 alkyl groups (also called arylalkyl or aralkyl). Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, benzyl, phenethyl, 1-phenylethyl, tolyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, indenyl, benzocyclooctenyl, benzocycloheptenyl, azlenyl, acenaphthirenyl, fluorenyl, phenantrenyl, and anthracenyl. The term aryl includes both unsubstituted and substituted aryl groups. n The term "aryl" is derived from the 6, indicated by "n". This refers to an aryl group that has a certain number of carbon atoms in its ring structure.

[0048] The terms "heterocyclic" or "heterocyclic formula" include heterocycloalkyl and heteroaryl groups. Examples of heterocyclics include, but are not limited to, acridinyl, azosinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranil, benzothiofuranil, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzotetrazolyl, benzoisoxazolyl, benzoisothiazolyl, benzimidazolinyl, carbazolyl, 4αH-carbazolyl, carborinyl, chromanil, chromenyl, sinnolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, 2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiadinyl, dihydroflo[ 2,3-b]Tetrahydrofuran, furanil, flazanil, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinil, imidazolyl, 1H-indazolyl, indolenyl, indolinyl, indolidinyl, indolyl, 3H-indolyl, isobenzofuranil, isochromanil, isoindazolyl, isoindolinyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, morpholinil, naphthilidinyl, octahydroisoquinolinyl, oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-Ox Sadiazolyl, 1,2,4-Oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-Oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-Oxadiazolyl, Oxazolidinyl, Oxazolyl, Oxazolidinyl, Pyrimidinyl, Phenanthrolinyl, Phenanthrolinyl, Phenadinyl, Phenothiazinyl, Phenoxathiinyl, Phenoxadinyl, Phthalazinyl, Piperadinyl, Piperidinyl, Piperidonyl, 4-Piperidonyl, Piperonyl, Pteridinyl, Prinyl, Pyrazinyl, Pyrazolidinyl, Pyrazolinyl, Pyrazolyl, Pyridazinil, pyridoxazole, pyridoimidazole, pyridothiazole, pyridinil, pyridyl, pyrimidinil, pyrrolidinil, pyrrolinil, 2H-pyrrolyl, pyrrrolyl, quinazolinil, quinolinil, 4H-quinolidinil, quinoxalinil, quinuclidinil, tetrahydrofuranil, tetrahydroisoquinolinil, tetrahydroquinolinil, tetrazolyl, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiadinil, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,This includes 4-thiadiazolyl, thianthrenyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, thienothiazolyl, thienoxazolyl, thienoimidazolyl, thiophenyl, triazinyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,5-triazolyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl, and xanthenyl, among others. The term heterocyclic includes both unsubstituted and substituted heterocyclic groups.

[0049] The term "substituted" refers to a group that is substituted at one or more positions with substituents such as cyano, halogen, nitro, trifluoromethyl, lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, lower alkoxy, aryloxy, benzyloxy, benzyl, sulfonyl, sulfonate, sulfonamide, phosphonato, phosphinato, and oxo, when relating to any of the aforementioned groups. Any of the above substituents may be further substituted, if acceptable, for example, if the group contains an alkyl group, alkoxy group, aryl group, or others.

[0050] Electrode materials are also described, comprising compounds as defined herein as additives, and at least one electrochemically active material. The electrochemically active material may be a material used in the negative electrode, or it may be a material used in the positive electrode. Examples of electrochemically active materials include, but are not limited to, titanates and lithium titanates (e.g., TiO2, Li2TiO3, Li4Ti5O2). 12 H2Ti5O 11 Lithium oxides (H2Ti4O9, or combinations thereof), lithium and metal phosphates (e.g., LiM'PO4 (wherein M' is Fe, Ni, Mn, Co, or combinations thereof)), vanadium oxides (e.g., LiV3O8, V2O5, and LiV2O5, etc.), as well as other lithium and metal oxides, such as LiMn2O4, LiM''O2 (where M'' is Mn, Co, Ni, or combinations thereof), Li(NiM''' )O2(M''' is Mn, Co, Al, Fe, Cr, Ti, and Zr, or a combination thereof), or a combination thereof. For example, the active material is selected from lithium iron phosphate (LFP), lithium iron manganese phosphate (LMFP), lithium titanate (LTO), graphite, and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC). The particles may be newly formed or from a commercially available source in the form of microparticles or nanoparticles, and may further include a carbon coating.

[0051] The electrode material may optionally contain additional components such as conductive materials, inorganic particles, glass or ceramic particles. Examples of conductive materials include carbon black, Ketjen® black, acetylene black, graphite, graphene, carbon fibers, nanofibers (e.g., VGCF), or nanotubes, or combinations thereof. The electrode material may further contain a binder. Examples of binders include water-soluble binders such as SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber), NBR (butadiene acrylonitrile rubber), HNBR (hydrogenated NBR), CHR (epichlorohydrin rubber), and ACM (acrylate rubber), as well as cellulosic binders (e.g., carboxyalkylcellulose, hydroxyalkylcellulose, and combinations thereof), or any combination of two or more of these. For example, carboxyalkylcellulose may be carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) or carboxyethylcellulose. Hydroxypropylcellulose is an example of hydroxyalkylcellulose. Other examples of binders include fluorine-containing polymer binders such as PVDF and PTFE, as well as ion-conductive polymer binders such as block copolymers composed of at least one lithium-ion solvable segment and at least one crosslinkable segment.

[0052] In another aspect, the present invention relates to an electrolyte composition comprising a compound described herein. The electrolyte may be a liquid, gel, or solid polymer electrolyte, and in the case of a lithium or lithium-ion electrochemical cell, the electrolyte is permeable to lithium ions. For example, the electrolyte composition further comprises a compatible solvent. In another example, the electrolyte composition further comprises a compatible solvating polymer.

[0053] For example, the electrolyte is prepared by dissolving one or more compounds of the present invention in a suitable electrolyte solvent or a solvating polymer for the preparation of a polymer electrolyte. For use in lithium and lithium-ion batteries, the compounds as lithium salts can be dissolved at appropriate concentrations, for example, between 0.05 and 3 mol / liter. For other types of batteries, other salts of the compounds of the present invention should be dissolved, such as a sodium salt for sodium batteries and a magnesium salt for magnesium batteries.

[0054] Non-limiting examples of electrolyte solvents include organic solvents, such as ethers, carbonate esters, cyclic carbonate esters, aliphatic carboxylic acid esters, aromatic carboxylic acid esters, phosphate esters, sulfite esters, nitriles, amides, alcohols, sulfoxides, sulfolanes, nitromethane, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, 1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1,H)-pyrimidinone, 3-methyl-2-oxazolidinone, or mixtures thereof. In certain examples, the solvent may be an aqueous solvent, i.e., water, or a mixture containing water.

[0055] Examples of solvents include dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, γ-butyrolactone, glycyle, diglyme, triglycyle, tetraglycyle, sulfolane, tetraethylsulfamide, acetonitrile, pyronitrile, propionitrile, methoxypropionitrile, dimethylaminopropionitrile, butyronitrile, isobutyronitrile, valeronitrile, pivalonitrile, isovaleronitrile, glutaronitrile, methoxyglutalonitrile, 2-methylglutalonitrile, 3-methylglutalo This includes nitriles, adiponitriles, malononitriles, and combinations thereof. Various additives may be included in the electrolyte composition to improve its properties.

[0056] Non-limiting examples of polymers used in electrolytes (e.g., gels or solids) include poly(ethylene oxide) and its copolymers and block copolymers, poly(propylene oxide) and its copolymers and block copolymers, poly(dimethylsiloxane) and its copolymers and block copolymers, poly(alkylene carbonate) and their copolymers and block copolymers, poly(alkylene sulfone) and its copolymers and block copolymers, poly(alkylene sulfamide) and its copolymers and block copolymers, polyurethane and their copolymers and block copolymers, poly(vinyl alcohol) and its copolymers and block copolymers, and combinations thereof. Furthermore, branched or crosslinked solvated polymers may also be included. Various additives may be included in the polymer electrolyte composition to improve its properties.

[0057] The electrochemical cells described herein include an electrolyte, an electrode, and a counter electrode, wherein at least one of the electrode or counter electrode includes an electrode material comprising a compound as defined herein as an additive, and at least one electrochemically active material as defined above. Alternatively, an electrochemical cell is intended to include an electrolyte composition containing a compound as defined herein, an electrode, and a counter electrode. In one embodiment, the electrochemical cell contains a compound as defined herein in the electrolyte composition and in at least one electrode material. In one embodiment, the electrochemical cell is included in a battery, an electrochromic device, or a capacitor. For example, the battery is a lithium or lithium-ion battery. In another example, the battery is a sodium or potassium battery.

[0058] In another embodiment, the use of the electrochemical cell defined herein in an electric vehicle or hybrid vehicle, or in a ubiquitous IT device, is described. [Examples]

[0059] The following non-limiting embodiments are illustrative and should not be construed as further limiting the scope of this application.

[0060] (Example 1) Preparation of the compound of formula I a) Compound A1 [ka] 2-amino-1H-imidazole-4,5-dicarbonitrate (1.1 equivalents), trifluorosulfonyl chloride (1 equivalent), lithium carbonate (2 equivalents), and N'N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) (0.25 equivalents) were introduced into a Schlenk flask. The solids were degassed by a vacuum-N2 cycle. Dry acetone (1M) was added, the suspension was vigorously stirred, and heated overnight under reflux. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. Distilled water was added, and the solution was extracted using dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were washed with water and acidic water, dried using MgSO4, and filtered. The solution was filtered through Celite® to remove inorganic residues. The organic solution was concentrated under reduced pressure until dry. The solid residue was filtered using silica gel chromatography with hexane / ethyl acetate (1 / 1) as the eluent. The solution was purified by tography. A crystalline yellow solid was isolated after evaporation. This yellow solid was then dissolved in water, and lithium hydroxide monohydrate was added until a slight excess of base was detected using pH paper. The solution was concentrated by vacuum distillation until dry. The solid was suspended in diethyl carbonate (DEC) and stirred overnight at room temperature. The solution was passed through Celite®, and the clear solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and dried in a vacuum furnace for 24 hours.

[0061] b) Compound A2 [ka] 2,4,6-Trichloro-[1,3,5]-triazine (1 equivalent) was added to a solution of sulfonic acid (1 equivalent) in dry acetone at room temperature, followed by the dropwise addition of trimethylamine (1 equivalent). The solution was vigorously stirred and heated overnight at 90°C. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and under nitrogen, 2-amino-1H-imidazole-4,5-dicarbonitrate (1.2 equivalents), DMAP (0.25 equivalents), and lithium carbonate (2 equivalents) were added. The mixture was vigorously stirred and heated at 90°C for 2 days. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. Distilled water was added, and the solution was extracted using dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were washed with water and acidic water, dried using MgSO4, and filtered. The solution was filtered through Celite® to remove inorganic residues. The organic solution was concentrated under reduced pressure until dry. The solid residue was purified by silica gel chromatography using hexane / ethyl acetate (1 / 1) as the eluent. A crystalline yellow solid was isolated. The yellow solid was then dissolved in water, and lithium hydroxide monohydrate was added using pH paper until a slight excess of base was detected. The solution was concentrated by vacuum distillation until dry. The solid was suspended in diethyl carbonate (DEC) and stirred overnight at room temperature. The solution was passed through Celite®, and the clear solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and dried in a vacuum furnace for 24 hours.

[0062] c) Compound A3 [ka] 2-amino-1H-imidazole-4,5-dicarbonitrate (1.1 equivalents), pentafluorosulfonyl chloride (1 equivalent), lithium carbonate (2 equivalents), and N'N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) (0.25 equivalents) were introduced into a Schlenk flask. The solids were degassed by a vacuum-N2 cycle. Dry acetone (1M) was added, the suspension was vigorously stirred, and heated under reflux. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. Distilled water was added, and the solution was extracted using dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were washed with water and acidic water, dried using MgSO4, and filtered. The solution was then processed using Celite®. The solution was filtered to remove inorganic residues. The organic solution was concentrated under reduced pressure until dry. The solid residue was purified by silica gel chromatography using hexane / ethyl acetate (1 / 1) as the eluent. A crystalline yellow solid was isolated. The yellow solid was then dissolved in water, and lithium hydroxide monohydrate was added using pH paper until a slight excess of base was detected. The solution was concentrated by vacuum distillation until dry. The solid was suspended in diethyl carbonate (DEC) and stirred overnight at room temperature. The solution was passed through Celite®, and the clear solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and dried in a vacuum furnace for 24 hours.

[0063] d) Compound A4 [ka] Step 1: A solution of 2-methoxyethane-1-ol in THF was added dropwise to a solution of sulfuryl chloride (1.2 equivalents) in THF at -75°C. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature. The solution was concentrated under reduced pressure until dry. The resulting colorless oil was used without purification. [ka]

[0064] Step 2: 2-amino-1H-imidazole-4,5-dicarbonitrate (1.1 equivalents), 2-methoxyethane-1-sulfonyl chloride (1 equivalent), lithium carbonate (2 equivalents), and N'N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) (0.25 equivalents) were introduced into a Schlenk flask. The solids were degassed by a vacuum-N2 cycle. Dry acetone (1M) was added, the suspension was vigorously stirred, and heated overnight under reflux. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. Distilled water was added, and the resulting solution was extracted using dichloromethane. The organic layers were combined, washed with water and acidic water, dried over MgSO4, and filtered. The resulting organic solution was concentrated under reduced pressure until dry. The resulting brown oil was purified by silica gel chromatography. A yellow oil was isolated. The resulting compound was converted to its lithium salt by dissolving it in water and adding lithium hydroxide. The solution was concentrated by vacuum distillation until dry. The solid was suspended in diethyl carbonate (DEC) and stirred overnight at room temperature. The solution was passed through Celite®, and the clear solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and dried in a vacuum furnace for 24 hours.

[0065] e) Compound A5 [ka] 2-amino-1H-imidazole-4,5-dicarbonitrate and maleic anhydride were dissolved in 1,4-dioxane. The solution was heated at 150°C for 10 hours by microwave activation. The mixture was precipitated in cold diethyl ether and filtered. The yellowish filtrate was evaporated to isolate a pale yellow, highly hygroscopic solid. The solid was then dissolved in water. Lithium oxide monohydrate was added using pH paper until a slight excess of base was detected. The solution was concentrated by vacuum distillation until dry. The solid was suspended in diethyl carbonate (DEC) and stirred overnight at room temperature. The solution was passed through Celite®, and the clear solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and dried in a vacuum furnace for 24 hours.

[0066] (Example 2) Preparation of the compound of formula II a) Compound B1 [ka] Acetamide (1.1 equivalents), trifluorosulfonyl chloride (1 equivalent), lithium carbonate (2 equivalents), and N'N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) (0.25 equivalents) were introduced into a Schlenk flask. The solids were degassed by a vacuum-N2 cycle. Dry acetone (1M) was added, the suspension was vigorously stirred, and heated overnight under reflux. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. Distilled water was added, and the solution was extracted using dichloromethane. The combined organic phase was washed with water, dried over MgSO4, and filtered. The organic solution was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The crude oil was then dissolved in water, and lithium hydroxide monohydrate was added until a slight excess of base was detected using pH paper. The solution was concentrated by vacuum distillation until dry. The solid was suspended in diethyl carbonate (DEC) and stirred overnight at room temperature. The solution was passed through Celite®, the clear solution was concentrated under reduced pressure, and dried in a vacuum furnace for 24 hours.

[0067] b) Compound B2 [ka] Trifluoroacetamide (1.1 equivalents), trifluorosulfate Honyl chloride (1 equivalent), lithium carbonate (2 equivalents), and N'N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) (0.25 equivalents) were introduced into a Schlenk flask. The solids were degassed by a vacuum-N2 cycle. Dry acetone (1M) was added, the suspension was vigorously stirred, and heated overnight under reflux. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. Distilled water was added, and the solution was extracted using dichloromethane. The organic layers were combined, washed with water, dried over MgSO4, and filtered. The organic solution was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The crude oil was then dissolved in water, and lithium hydroxide monohydrate was added until a slight excess of base was detected using pH paper. The solution was concentrated by vacuum distillation until dry. The solid was suspended in diethyl carbonate (DEC) and stirred overnight at room temperature. The solution was passed through Celite®, the clear solution was concentrated under reduced pressure, and dried in a vacuum furnace for 24 hours.

[0068] c) Compound B3 [ka] Acetamide (1.1 equivalents), pentafluorobenzenesulfonyl chloride (1 equivalent) Lithium carbonate (2 equivalents) and N'N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) (0.25 equivalents) were introduced into a Schlenk flask. The solids were degassed by a vacuum-N2 cycle. Dry acetone (1M) was added, the suspension was vigorously stirred, and heated overnight under reflux. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, distilled water was added, and the solution was extracted using dichloromethane. The organic layers were combined, washed with water, dried over MgSO4, and filtered. The crude solid was then dissolved in water, and lithium hydroxide monohydrate was added until a slight excess of base was detected using pH paper. The solution was concentrated by vacuum distillation until dry. The solid was suspended in diethyl carbonate (DEC) and stirred overnight at room temperature. The solution was passed through Celite®, the clear solution was concentrated under reduced pressure, and dried in a vacuum furnace for 24 hours.

[0069] d) Compound B4 [ka] Trifluoroacetamide (1.1 equivalents), pentafluoro One equivalent of sensen sulfonyl chloride, two equivalents of lithium carbonate, and 0.25 equivalents of N'N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) were introduced into a Schlenk flask. The solids were degassed by a vacuum-N2 cycle. Dry acetone (1M) was added, the suspension was vigorously stirred, and heated overnight under reflux. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, distilled water was added, and the solution was extracted using dichloromethane. The organic layers were combined, washed with water, dried over MgSO4, and filtered. The crude solid was then dissolved in water, and lithium hydroxide monohydrate was added until a slight excess of base was detected using pH paper. The solution was concentrated by vacuum distillation until dry. The solid was suspended in diethyl carbonate (DEC) and stirred overnight at room temperature. The solution was passed over Celite®, the clear solution was concentrated under reduced pressure, and dried in a vacuum furnace for 24 hours.

[0070] (Example 3) Preparation of the compound of formula III Compound C1 [ka] Step 1: Sulfanilamide, lithium carbonate (1 equivalent), and 4-nitrophenyltrifluoromethanesulfonate were mixed and ground using a mortar and pestle. The molten mixture was stirred at 180°C for 1 hour under nitrogen. Deionized water was added to the hot mixture with vigorous stirring. Insoluble suspended solids were removed by filtration. Water was removed under reduced pressure. The solid was washed with cold THF and ethyl acetate, and the white solid was filtered. The yellow filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure, and the yellow solid was dried overnight under vacuum at 40°C. [ka]

[0071] Step 2: The solid THF solution from Step 1 was added to the maleic anhydride solution in 1,4-dioxane, and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. The corresponding carboxylic acid The solid was isolated as a white substance by filtration and dried under vacuum at 60°C for 4 hours. [ka]

[0072] Step 3: The acetic anhydride solution of the carboxylic acid and sodium acetate from Step 2 was heated at 70°C for 3 hours. The solution was then poured into excess diethyl ether to complete the precipitation. The resulting precipitate was isolated by filtration and dried overnight under vacuum at 60°C.

[0073] (Example 4) Preparation of compounds of formulas IV and V a) Compound E2 (free form) [ka] A solution of diaminomaleonitrile (1.0 g, 4.625 mmol) and anhydrous dimethylformamide (10 mL) is added to an inert reactor. Compound 2-[bis(methylthio)methylene]malononitrile (DM3) (0.787 g, 4.625 mmol) is added, and the mixture is stirred at 120°C for 16 hours. The solvent and volatile compounds are removed under vacuum. The resulting product is purified by silica gel chromatography using a mixture of ethyl acetate and hexane as the eluent.

[0074] b) Compound D3 (free form) [ka] A solution of compound DM3 (0.500 g, 2.94 mmol) in methanol (50 mL) is placed in an inert reactor (pressure-resistant cylinder). Ammonia (0.500 g, 29.4 mmol) is added, and the reaction mixture is stirred at 70°C for 16 hours. The solvent and volatile compounds are removed under vacuum. The resulting compound (DM3-NH2) is used without further purification.

[0075] A solution of compound DM3-NH2 (0.500 g, 4.63 mmol) in THF (50 mL) is introduced into an inert reactor. Oxalyl chloride (0.587 g, 4.63 mmol) is added, and the reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The solvent and volatile compounds are removed under vacuum. The product is purified by recrystallization in alcohol.

[0076] c) Compound E4 (free form) [ka] A solution of diaminomaleonitrile (8.0 g, 74.0 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (250 mL) is introduced into an inert reactor, and the solution is degassed. Phosgene (7.32 g, 74.0 mmol) is added, and the mixture is stirred for 1 hour. Then ethanethiol (14.9 g, 148.0 mmol) is added, and the mixture is stirred for a further 16 hours. The solvent and volatile compounds are removed under vacuum. Acetone (100 mL) and 5 drops of 12 M HCl are added, and the mixture is heated at 120 °C for 16 hours until a complete color change from orange to grayish-white is observed. The product is a grayish-white powder.

[0077] (Example 5) Electrical conductivity of selected salts Conductivity measurements were performed using a biological conductivity meter (model MCS-10) employing a platinum cell (type HTCC: parallel plates of platinum coated with platinum black on a glass holder). The salts were dried overnight in a vacuum furnace at 70°C before use, and PC / EMC / DMC (4 / 3 / 3) or distilled water was used as the solvent. A solution of LiCl (in water) or LiPF6 (in PC / EMC / DMC) was used as a reference. [Table 1] * It exists in the form of a dilithium salt.

[0078] Numerous modifications can be made to any of the embodiments described above without departing from the scope of the present invention. Any references, patents, or scientific documents referenced herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

[0079] According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, for example, the following is provided: (Section 1) Formula I: [ka] [In the formula, R 1 and R 2 It is independently selected from H, F, CN, NO2, and optionally substituted alkyl, preferably CN. R 3 NHSO2R 4 NHSO2OR 4 SO2NHSO2R 4 SO2NHSO2 Ure 4 , or selected from a heterogene that has been substituted as needed, R 4 Fluorine, and C which is substituted as needed. 1~6 Selected from alkyls and C6 aryls which are substituted as needed, (M n+ ) 1 / n [where M is a metal cation, M is a metal and n is 1 or 2, for example M is an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, for example M is Li, Na, or K, or M is Li and n is 1] A compound defined by or its tautomers. (Section 2) R 3 NHSO2R 4 The compound described in item 1 above. (Section 3) R 3 NHSO2OR 4 The compound described in item 1 above. (Section 4) R 4 However, C is substituted with at least one of fluorine and alkoxy. 1~6 A compound described in item 2 or 3 above, which is alkyl. (Section 5) R 4 The compound according to item 2 or 3 above, wherein the compound is a C6 aryl substituted with at least one fluorine atom. (Section 6) R 3 The compound described in item 1 above, wherein the compound is a heterocycle. (Section 7) R 1 and R 2 A compound according to any one of items 1 to 6 above, wherein at least one of them is CN. (Section 8) R 1 and R 2 The compound described in item 7 above, wherein both are CN. (Section 9) The aforementioned compound [ka] A compound or tautomer of the compound described in item 1 above, selected from the above. (Section 10) Formula II: [ka] [In the formula, R 5 C is replaced as needed. 1~6 Selected from alkyl and optionally substituted C6 aryls, R 6 C is replaced as needed. 1~6 Selected from alkyl and optionally substituted C6 aryls, (M n+ ) 1 / n[where M is a metal cation, M is a metal and n is 1 or 2, for example M is an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, for example M is Li, Na, or K, or M is Li and n is 1] A compound defined by or its tautomers. (Section 11) R 5 However, non-substituted C 1~6 A compound described in item 10 above, which is an alkyl group. (Section 12) R 5 However, fluorinated C 1~6 A compound described in item 10 above, which is an alkyl group. (Section 13) R 6 However, fluorinated C 1~6 A compound that is an alkyl group, as described in any one of items 10 to 12 above. (Section 14) R 6 The compound is a fluorinated C6 aryl group, as described in any one of items 10 to 12 above. (Section 15) The aforementioned compound [ka] A compound or tautomer of the compound described in item 10 above, selected from the above. (Section 16) The aforementioned compound [ka] A compound selected from the compounds described in item 15 above. (Section 17) Formula III: [ka] [In the formula, R 7 This consists of a fluorine atom and, if necessary, substituted C 1~6 Selected from alkyl, L 1 C is covalently bonded, or substituted as needed. 1~6A linker selected from alkyl and optionally substituted C6 aryl, (M n+ ) 1 / n is a metal cation, M is a metal and n is 1 or 2, for example M is an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, for example M is Li, Na, or K, or M is Li and n is 1] and a compound defined by or a tautomer thereof. (Item 18) R 7 is a fluorine atom, the compound according to Item 17 above. (Item 19) R 7 is a fluorine-substituted C 1~6 alkyl group selected from, the compound according to Item 17 above. (Item 20) L 1 is a covalent bond, the compound according to any one of Items 17 to 19 above. <00​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​8 does not exist, and R 9 is optionally substituted SO2 alkyl or optionally substituted C 1~6 alkyl, (M n+ ) 1 / n is a metal cation, M is a metal and n is 1 or 2, for example M is an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, for example M is Li, Na, or K, or M is Li and n is 1, m is an integer selected from 0 or 1) A compound defined by or its tautomer. (Item 24) X 1 is a carbon atom, the compound according to Item 23 above. (Item 25)[[ID=2​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​ A compound according to any one of items 23 to 30 above, wherein m is 0. (Section 32) A compound according to any one of items 23 to 30 above, wherein m is 1. (Section 33) The aforementioned compound [ka] A compound or tautomer of the compound described in item 23 above, selected from the above. (Section 34) Formula V: [ka] [In the formula, R 1 , R 2 , R 8 , R 9 , X 1 , M, and n are as previously defined, or R 8 and R 9 It does not exist, X 1 [is an oxygen atom] A compound defined by or its tautomers. (Section 35) R 1 and R 2 The compound described in item 34 above, wherein at least one of them is CN. (Section 36) R 1 and R 2 The compound described in item 35 above, wherein both are CN. (Section 37) X 1 A compound according to any one of items 34 to 36 above, wherein one of the elements is a carbon atom. (Section 38) R 8 and R 9 At least one of them is CN or C which is replaced as needed. 1~6 A compound described in item 37 above, which is alkyl. (Section 39) R 8 and R 9both are CN or C optionally substituted with 1~6 alkyl, the compound according to item 37 above. (item 40) R 8 and R 9 both are CN, the compound according to item 37 above. (item 41) R 8 and R 9 both are fluorine-substituted C 1~6 alkyl, the compound according to item 37 above. (item 42) X 1 is a nitrogen atom, the compound according to any one of items 34 to 36 above. (item 43) R 9 is fluorine-substituted SO2 alkyl (e.g., SO2CF3), the compound according to item 42 above. (item 44) M is Li and n is 1, the compound according to any one of items 1 to 43 above. (item 45) the compound is

Chemical formula

Claims

1. Formula V: 【Chemistry 1】 [In the formula, R １ and R ２ These are independently H, F, CN, NO ２ , and selected from alkyl groups which are substituted as needed, X １ is a carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen atom, X １ When R is a carbon atom, ８ and R ９ These are F, CN, or C which are substituted independently as needed. １～６ It is alkyl, or X １ When X is a nitrogen atom, R ８ does not exist, and R ９ is an optionally substituted SO ２ alkyl or an optionally substituted C １～６ alkyl, or X １ When R is an oxygen atom, ８ and R ９ It does not exist, and (M ｎ＋ ) １／ｎ [where M is a metal cation, and n is 1] A compound as defined by or its disalt and / or tautomer.

2. R １ and R ２ The compound according to claim 1, wherein at least one of them is CN.

3. R １ and R ２ The compound according to claim 2, wherein both are CN.

4. X １ The compound according to claim 1, wherein is a carbon atom.

5. R ８ and R ９ At least one of them is CN or, if necessary, replaced by C １～６ The compound according to claim 4, wherein it is alkyl.

6. R ８ and R ９ Both are CN or C which is replaced as needed. １～６ The compound according to claim 5, wherein it is alkyl.

7. R ８ and R ９ The compound according to claim 5, wherein both are CN.

8. R ８ and R ９ Both are fluorine-substituted C １～６ The compound according to claim 5, wherein it is alkyl.

9. X １ The compound according to claim 1, wherein is a nitrogen atom.

10. R ９ However, fluorine-substituted SO ２ The compound according to claim 9, wherein it is alkyl.

11. R ９ However, SO ２ CF ３ The compound according to claim 10.

12. The aforementioned compound 【Chemistry 15】 A compound according to claim 1, or its disalt and / or tautomer, selected from the above.

13. An electrode material comprising a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 12 as an additive, and at least one electrochemically active material.

14. An electrolyte composition comprising the compound described in any one of claims 1 to 12.

15. The electrolyte composition according to claim 14, further comprising a compatible solvent.

16. The electrolyte composition according to claim 15, wherein the miscible solvent is an organic solvent.

17. The electrolyte composition according to claim 15, wherein the miscible solvent is an aqueous solvent.

18. The electrolyte composition according to claim 14, further comprising a compatible solvating polymer.

19. An electrochemical cell comprising an electrolyte, an electrode, and a counter electrode, wherein at least one of the electrode or the counter electrode comprises the electrode material described in claim 13.

20. An electrochemical cell comprising an electrolyte, an electrode, and a counter electrode, the electrolyte composition according to claim 14.

21. The electrochemical cell according to claim 19, wherein the electrochemical cell is a battery, an electrochromic device, or a capacitor.

22. The electrochemical cell according to claim 20, wherein the electrochemical cell is a battery, an electrochromic device, or a capacitor.

23. The electrochemical cell according to claim 21, wherein the battery is a lithium or lithium-ion battery.

24. The electrochemical cell according to claim 22, wherein the battery is a lithium or lithium-ion battery.

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