Relay reselection
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/099941
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-06-13
- Publication Date
- 2024-12-19
Smart Images

Figure CN2023099941_19122024_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
RELAY RESELECTIONFIELD
[0001] Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the field of communication, and in particular, to a terminal device, a network device, methods, apparatuses and a computer readable storage medium for relay reselection.BACKGROUND
[0002] With the development of 5G network, demands for mission critical national security and public safety services has emerged. Currently, requirements of more general new radio (NR) proximity services (ProSe) is discussed. For ProSe, there is an inherent need to provide reliable out-of-coverage services, support communications among emergency rescue personnel, and quickly connect out-of-coverage areas to infrastructure nodes. To meet the requirements of ProSe, the capabilities of the Rel-16 NR PC5 interface is extended by enabling user equipment (UE) -based relaying via sidelink.
[0003] UE-based relaying can be useful in both partial (spotty) coverage and out-of-coverage situations end further coverage extension by establishing multi-hop (Rel-18) communication paths and utilizing user to user (U2U) or user to network (U2N) relaying situations. However, some new solutions are required in network control, resource allocation, end-to-end quality of service (QoS) management and UE relay discovery and selection.SUMMARY
[0004] In general, example embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution for relay reselection.
[0005] In a first aspect, there is provided an apparatus. The apparatus comprises at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to: determine, at a first user device acting as a relay node for a relayed user device, a fading area using information on at least one of an angle of departure (AOD) , an angle of arrival (AOA) a power of a signal received from a network node; determine at least one user device locating on the fading area using a signal received from the at least one user device; generate a list comprising the at least one user device locating on the fading area, the list indicating the at least one user device as a non-preferred candidate for a relay node of the relayed user device; and transmit the list to the network node.
[0006] In a second aspect, there is provided an apparatus. The apparatus comprises at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to: receive, at a network node from a first user device acting as a relay node for a relayed user device, a list comprising at least one user device locating on a fading area; and select a second user device to act as a new relay node for the relayed user device based on the list comprising at least one user device and a relay candidate list of the relayed user device received from the relayed user device, wherein the second user device is out of the fading area.
[0007] In a third aspect, there is provided a method. The method comprises determining, at a first user device acting as a relay node for a relayed user device, a fading area using information on at least one of an angle of departure (AOD) , an angle of arrival (AOA) a power of a signal received from a network node; determining at least one user device locating on the fading area using a signal received from the at least one user device; generating a list comprising the at least one user device locating on the fading area, the list indicating the at least one user device as a non-preferred candidate for a relay node of the relayed user device; and transmitting the list to the network node.
[0008] In a fourth aspect, there is provided a method. The method comprises receiving, at a network node from a first user device acting as a relay node for a relayed user device, a list comprising at least one user device locating on a fading area; and selecting a second user device to act as a new relay node for the relayed user device based on the list comprising at least one user device and a relay candidate list of the relayed user device received from the relayed user device, wherein the second user device is out of the fading area.
[0009] In a fifth aspect, there is provided an apparatus. The apparatus comprises means for determining, at a first user device acting as a relay node for a relayed user device, a fading area using information on at least one of an angle of departure (AOD) , an angle of arrival (AOA) , a power of a signal received from a network node; means for determining at least one user device locating on the fading area using a signal received from the at least one user device; means for generating a list comprising the at least one user device locating on the fading area, the list indicating the at least one user device as a non-preferred candidate for a relay node of the relayed user device; and means for transmitting the list to the network node.
[0010] In a sixth aspect, there is provided an apparatus. The apparatus comprises means for receiving, at a network node from a first user device acting as a relay node for a relayed user device, a list comprising at least one user device locating on a fading area; and means for selecting a second user device to act as a new relay node for the relayed user device based on the list comprising at least one user device and a relay candidate list of the relayed user device received from the relayed user device, wherein the second user device is out of the fading area.
[0011] In a seventh aspect, there is provided a non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions for causing an apparatus to perform at least the method according to any one of the above third to fourth aspect.
[0012] In an eighth aspect, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions, which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus at least to: determine, at a first user device acting as a relay node for a relayed user device, a fading area using information on at least one of an angle of departure (AOD) , an angle of arrival (AOA) , a power of a signal received from a network node; determine at least one user device locating on the fading area using a signal received from the at least one user device; generate a list comprising the at least one user device locating on the fading area, the list indicating the at least one user device as a non-preferred candidate for a relay node of the relayed user device; and transmit the list to the network node.
[0013] In a ninth aspect, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions, which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus at least to: receive, at a network node from a first user device acting as a relay node for a relayed user device, a list comprising at least one user device locating on a fading area; and select a second user device to act as a new relay node for the relayed user device based on the list comprising at least one user device and a relay candidate list of the relayed user device received from the relayed user device, wherein the second user device is out of the fading area.
[0014] In a tenth aspect, there is provided an apparatus. The apparatus comprises determining circuitry configured to determine, at a first user device acting as a relay node for a relayed user device, a fading area using information on at least one of an angle of departure (AOD) , an angle of arrival (AOA) , a power of a signal received from a network node; determining circuitry configured to determine at least one user device locating on the fading area using a signal received from the at least one user device; generating circuitry configured to generate a list comprising the at least one user device locating on the fading area, the list indicating the at least one user device as a non-preferred candidate for a relay node of the relayed user device; and transmitting circuitry configured to transmit the list to the network node.
[0015] In an eleventh aspect, there is provided an apparatus. The apparatus comprises receiving circuitry configured to receive, at a network node from a first user device acting as a relay node for a relayed user device, a new list comprising at least one user device locating on a fading area; and selecting circuitry configured to select a second user device to act as a relay node for the relayed user device based on the list comprising at least one user device and a relay candidate list of the relayed user device received from the relayed user device, wherein the second user device is out of the fading area.
[0016] It is to be understood that the summary section is not intended to identify key or essential features of embodiments of the present disclosure, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Other features of the present disclosure will become easily comprehensible through the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0017] Some example embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0018] Fig. 1A illustrates an example network environment in which example embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented;
[0019] Fig. 1B illustrates a base station (BS) and UE sensing scenario related to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0020] Fig. 1C illustrates a U2N relay reselection scenario related to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0021] Fig. 2 illustrates an example signaling chart illustrating an example process according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0022] Fig. 3 illustrates an example scenario of signal transmission according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0023] Fig. 4 illustrates an exemplary U2N relay reselection scenario according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0024] Fig. 5 illustrates an example process according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0025] Fig. 6 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at a first user device according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0026] Fig. 7 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at a network node according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0027] Fig. 8 illustrates a simplified block diagram of an apparatus that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0028] Fig. 9 illustrates a block diagram of an example computer readable medium in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0029] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar element.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0030] Principles of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some example embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. The disclosure described herein can be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0031] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0032] References in the present disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0033] It shall be understood that although the terms “first” and “second” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.
[0034] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof. As used herein, “at least one of the following: <a list of two or more elements> ” and “at least one of <a list of two or more elements> ” and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements are joined by “and” or “or” , mean at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all the elements.
[0035] As used in this application, the term “circuitry” may refer to one or more or all of the following:
[0036] (a) hardware-only circuit implementations (such as implementations in only analog and / or digital circuitry) and
[0037] (b) combinations of hardware circuits and software, such as (as applicable) :
[0038] (i) a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuit (s) with software / firmware and
[0039] (ii) any portions of hardware processor (s) with software (including digital signal processor (s) ) , software, and memory (ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a mobile phone or server, to perform various functions) and
[0040] (c) hardware circuit (s) and or processor (s) , such as a microprocessor (s) or a portion of a microprocessor (s) that requires software (e.g., firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation.
[0041] This definition of circuitry applies to all uses of this term in this application, including in any claims. As a further example, as used in this application, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors) or portion of a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware. The term circuitry also covers, for example and if applicable to the particular claim element, a baseband integrated circuit or processor integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in server, a cellular network device, or other computing or network device.
[0042] As used herein, the term “communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) , Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) and so on. Furthermore, the communications between a terminal device and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including, but not limited to, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the fifth generation (5G) communication protocols, and / or beyond. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will of course also be future type communication technologies and systems with which the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned system.
[0043] As used herein, the term “network node” refers to a node in a communication network via which a user device accesses the network and receives services therefrom. The network node may refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP) , for example, a node B (NodeB or NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a NR NB (also referred to as a gNB) , a Remote Radio Unit (RRU) , a radio header (RH) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a relay, a low power node such as a femto, a pico, and so forth, depending on the applied terminology and technology.
[0044] The term “user device” refers to any end device that may be capable of wireless communication. By way of example rather than limitation, a user device may also be referred to as a communication device, user equipment (UE) , a Subscriber Station (SS) , a Portable Subscriber Station, a Mobile Station (MS) , or an Access Terminal (AT) . The user device may include, but not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop phones, a tablet, a wearable user device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , portable computers, desktop computer, image capture user devices such as digital cameras, gaming terminal devices, music storage and playback appliances, vehicle-mounted wireless terminal devices, wireless endpoints, mobile stations, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , USB dongles, smart devices, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE) , an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD) , a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery) , an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts) , a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. In the following description, the terms “user device” , “terminal device” , “communication device” , “terminal” , “user equipment” and “UE” may be used interchangeably.
[0045] Fig. 1A illustrates an example network environment 100A in which example embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented. The environment 100A, which may be a part of a communication network, comprises user devices and network nodes.
[0046] As illustrated in Fig. 1A, the communication network 100A may comprise a first user device 110 (hereinafter may also be referred to as user equipment 110 or a UE 110) and a network node 120 (hereinafter may also be referred to as network device 120 or a gNB 120) . The network node 120 may manage a cell 101. The user device 110 and the network node 120 may communicate data and control information to each other in the coverage of the cell. A link from the network node 120 to the user device 110 is referred to as a downlink (DL) , while a link from the user device 110 to the network node 120 is referred to as an uplink (UL) . The communication network 100A may further comprise a relayed user device 130. The relayed user device 130 may be outside the coverage or in-coverage of the cell 101, and the relayed user device 130 selects the first user device 110 as U2N relay node to setup a U2N relay connection with the network node 120. In some literature and standard specifications, the relayed user device 130 is called a remote (user) device or remote UE.
[0047] It is to be understood that the number of network nodes and user devices is only for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any limitations. The environment 100A may include any suitable number of network nodes and user devices adapted for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. Although not shown, it would be appreciated that one or more user devices may be located in the environment 100A.
[0048] The communications in the communication network 100A may conform to any suitable standards including, but not limited to, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) , LTE, LTE-Evolution, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , GSM EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN) , Machine Type Communication (MTC) and the like. Furthermore, the communications may be performed according to any generation communication protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Examples of the communication protocols include, but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the fifth generation (5G) communication protocols.
[0049] Currently, demands for mission critical national security and public safety services has emerged, and requirements of more general NR ProSe is discussed. For ProSe, there is an inherent need to provide reliable out-of-coverage services, support communications among emergency rescue personnel, and quickly connect out-of-coverage areas to infrastructure nodes. To meet the requirements of ProSe, the capabilities of the Rel-16 NR PC5 interface is extended by enabling UE-based relaying via sidelink. UE-based relaying can be useful in both partial (spotty) coverage and out-of-coverage situations end further coverage extension by establishing multi-hop (Rel-18) communication paths and utilizing U2U or U2N relaying situations. Some new solutions are required in network control, resource allocation, end-to-end QoS management and UE relay discovery and selection.
[0050] In study items of R18, mechanisms are specified to enhance service continuity for single-hop Layer-2 U2N relay for an intra-gNB indirect-to-indirect path switching scenario (i.e., “relayed UE to relay UE A to gNB X” to “relayed UE to relay UE B to gNB X” ) . For the intra-gNB indirect-to-indirect path switching scenario, NR-based sensing is widely used. In NR-based sensing, the UE and BS sense for stationary and moving objects around UE-using time-difference-of arrival (TDOA) , angle-of-arrival (AOA) , angle-of-departure (AOD) measurements, received signal strength indicator (RSSI) etc. Fig. 1B illustrates a BS and UE sensing scenario related to some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 1B, the BS and UE sense target objects, such as target 1 and target K. The UEs may capture the sensing data and transmit communicate signals to the BS so that the network is aware of the sensing information of the targets.
[0051] Fig. 1C illustrates a U2N relay reselection scenario related to some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 1C, the scenario 100C comprises a gNB X 140, a relay UE A 150, a UE B 160, a UE C 170, and a relayed UE 180. The gNB X 140 communicates with the relay UE A 150, the UE B 160, and the UE C 170 in the coverage of the gNB X 140, and the relayed UE 180 is out-of-coverage. The scenario 100C further comprise an obstacle in the coverage. The relay UE A 150 and the UE C 170 connects gNB X 140 on a NLOS direct path and locate close to each other, the UE B 160 connects gNB X 140 on a LOS direct path and a little far away from the relayed UE 180, the relay UE A 150 and the UE C 170.
[0052] One key of a good relay selection or reselection is to find a relay UE with direct path toward the destination node with LOS transmission, due to the radio signal attenuation is mainly caused by diffraction in NLOS transmission. The signal attenuation directly leads to the degradation of signal quality, which affects user data throughput. In network optimization, it is important to set the appropriate transmission power according to various signal attenuation introduced by obstacles on site.
[0053] To establish a sidelink relay, the relayed UE 180 may perform a relay selection procedure during which the relayed UE 180 scans for available relay UEs and then selects one of the available relay UEs e.g., the relay UE A 150 providing best sidelink signal (reference signal received power (RSRP) , reference signal received quality (RSRQ) ) or less sidelink pathloss, as a relay point between the relayed UE 180 and another relayed endpoint (e.g., gNB X 140 or a UE, a cell, etc. ) .
[0054] According to the relay selection procedure, the relayed UE 180 may need to evaluate relay quality based on radio signal measurements. For basic relay selection and reselection for both UE-to-Network relay and UE-to-UE relay, radio measurements at PC5 interface are considered part of relay (re) selection criteria. The relayed UE 180 is expected to use (at least) “radio signal strength measurements of sidelink discovery messages (SD-RSRP) ” to evaluate whether the PC5 link quality of a relay UE satisfies relay selection and reselection criteria. The relayed UE 180 may also use sidelink reference signal received power (SL-RSRP) measurements on the sidelink unicast link to evaluate whether PC5 link quality with a relay UE satisfies relay reselection criteria. Radio link measurements on the second hop is also necessary for final relay (re) selection decision (this is Uu RSRP measurements between a U2N relay and gNB or PC5 SL / SD-RSRP between the U2U relay and target end UE) . However, this is not available at the relayed UE 180.
[0055] After being connected to the 5G ProSe U2N relay, the relayed UE 180 keeps performing the measurements of the signal strength of PC5 unicast link with the 5G ProSe U2N relay for relay reselection. If the relay UE A 150 no longer fulfills the lower layer criteria, e.g., leave away the relayed UE 180, relay reselection is triggered, the relayed UE 180 is triggered to report the candidate relay UE list including the corresponding SL-RSRP / SD-RSRP to the gNB X 140. The gNB X 140 will then make the relay reselection. As UE C 170 provide better sidelink signal quality or pathloss for UE-to-Network relay than UE B 160 according to the reported SL-RSRP / SD-RSRP, the gNB X 130 will select UE C 160 as a new relay node, especially if UE C 170 and UE B 160 are in RRC_Idle or RRC_Inactive state and the gNB X 140 doesn’t have the Uu link quality information of UE C 170 and UE B 160. However, the UE C 170 connects gNB X 140 on a NLOS direct path. The NLOS path cerates diffractive propagation attenuation, which might lead worse channel quality and less throughput for the indirect path of the relayed UE 180 or the same Uu downlink throughput may be maintained as the LOS link, but with higher transmit (Tx) power on Uu uplink which will increase ground noise to the serving cell.
[0056] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a solution is provided for relay reselection. In one aspect of the solution of the present disclosure, a first user device acting as a relay node for a relayed user device determines a fading area using information on at least one of an AOD, an AOA, a power of a signal received from a network node. Using a signal received from the at least one user device, the first user device determines at least one user device locating on the fading area. Then the first user device generates a list comprising the at least one user device locating on the fading area, the list indicating the at least one user device as a non-preferred candidate for a relay node of the relayed user device. After that, the first user device transmits the list to the network node. As such, in embodiments of the present disclosure, the first user device may facilitate the network node on selection of a relay node by directly measuring signals and determine an area during communication with network without external sensor assistance. Further, the at least one user device located in the area may be detected and indicated as the non-preferred candidate for a relay node. Therefore, the selection of the at least one user device as the relay node may be avoided and the quality of relay communication may be improved. Also, efficiency in the relay reselection may be improved because the at least one user device located in the fading area can be detected early and excluded from the relay selection.
[0057] Some example embodiments of the present disclosure for relay reselection will be described below with reference to Figs. 2-9. Fig. 2 illustrates a signaling chart illustrating an example process 200 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the process 200 will be described with reference to Fig. 1A. The process 200 may involve the first user device 110 and the network node 120. The first user device 110 is selected as a relay node to setup a U2N relay connection between a relayed user device and the network node 120. The relayed user device may be out of the coverage of the network node 120 or in coverage of the network node 120. It would be appreciated that although the process 200 has been described in the communication environment 100A of Fig. 1A, this process may be likewise applied to other communication scenarios with similar issues.
[0058] In the process 200, the first user device 110 determines 203 a fading area using information on at least one of an AOD, an AOA, a power of a signal received from a network node. In other words, the first user device 110 calculates the fading area based on AOD, AOA, power of a signal transmitted by a network node, or any combination of two or more of the above-mentioned items. In some embodiments, the fading area may comprise a NLOS area between the first user device 110 and the network node 120.
[0059] In some embodiments, the first user device 110 may transmit a request for the information for determining the fading area to the network node 120. In response to the request, the first user device 110 may receive at least one of the signal and at least part of the information from the network node 120. In some embodiments, the network node 120 may transmit the information to the first user device after receiving a request for information on at least one of an AOD, an AOA, or a power of a signal transmitted by the network node 120 from the first user device 110.
[0060] In some embodiments, in order to transmit the request, in case a communication metric of the first user device 110 is below a threshold, the first user device 110 may determine whether the first user device 110 communicates with the network node 120 on a NLOS path. If the first user device 110 communicates with the network node 120 on the NLOS path, the first user device 110 may transmit the request to the network node 120. In some embodiments, the communication metric may comprise data rate, signal to noise ratio, a decoding metric, or any combination of two or more of the above-mentioned items.
[0061] For example, the data rate of Uu interface drops below a threshold, the first user device 110 checks the current path of Uu interface via some LOS / NLOS identification methods. If the path of Uu interface is detected as a NLOS path, the first user device 110 may request network node 120 to provide downlink Tx power, AoD and / or AoA of the network node 120 while performing downlink transmission, for subsequent passive sensing needs. In cases of the downlink Tx power and the AoD that are related to the signal transmitted by the network node 120, the network node 120 may provide an information on these to the first user device. The first user device may then calculate the path loss on the basis of the Tx power. The first user device may further measure an AoA of the signal received from the network node and calculate the LOS / NLOS on the basis of the AoD and the measured AoA. In a case of the AoA as the requested information, the network node may measure the AoA of an uplink signal received from the first user device and send the measured AoA to the first user device. The first user device may then calculate the LOS / NLOS on the basis of the received AoA and a recorded AoD of the uplink signal.
[0062] In some embodiments, the threshold may be pre-configured at the first user device 110. In some embodiments, the threshold may be received from the network node 120 via system information (SI) or a radio resource control (RRC) message. For example, a Uu throughput downgrade threshold may be preconfigured on the first user device 110 or signaled to the first user device 110 by the serving cell from the network node 120. In some embodiments, the network node 120 may transmit a threshold to the first user device 110 via SI or a RRC message, and the threshold is used for determining whether the first user device communicates with the network node 120 on a NLOS path.
[0063] In some embodiments, the request may be transmitted via a medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC CE) or a RRC message, and the information may be received via DCI scheduling downlink transmission or a RRC message from the network node 120 to the first user device 110. For example, the first user device 110 may request the network node 120 to provide the downlink Tx power and AoD / AoA via MAC CE. Upon receiving the request of downlink Tx power and AoD / AoA, the network node 120 signals Tx power and AoD / AoA (vertical and horizontal) of the network node 120 with corresponding downlink resource to the first user device 110 in DCI.
[0064] In some embodiments, in order to determine the fading area, the first user device 110 may determine a distance between the first user device 110 and an obstacle associated with the NLOS area based on the information. Then the first user device 110 may determine the fading area based on the distance and an AOA at the first user device 110. In some embodiments, in order to determine the distance, the first user device 110 may determine a path loss based on power of a signal received by the first user device 110 and the power of a signal transmitted by the network node 120. Based on the path loss, an AOA at the first user device 110, and an AOA or an AOD at the network node 120, the first user device 110 may determine a height or a width of the obstacle. Based on the AOA at the first user device 110 and the height or the width of the obstacle, the first user device 110 may determine the distance.
[0065] In an example, the first user device 110 measures received signal power “PRX” and calculates the path loss “J (v) ” by misusing it with downlink Tx power “PTX_DCI” included in the signaled DCI from the network node: J(v) = PTX_DCI –PRX (1)
[0066] wherein J (v) is a function of ν, and all the geometrical parameters are combined together in a single dimensionless parameter normally denoted by ν which may assume a variety of equivalent forms according to the geometrical parameters selected. J (v) is given by:
[0067] wherein C (v) and S (v) are the real part and the imaginary part of the complex Fresnel integral F (v) , For ν greater than -0.78, an approximate value can be obtained from the expression:
[0068] Based on the received signal power “PRX” and the downlink Tx power “PTX_DCI” , the value of path loss “J (v) ” is determined. Based on the value of path loss “J (v) ” and the expression (3) , the value of ν is derived.
[0069] In addition, ν is given by:
[0070] wherein λ is the wavelength of the signal transmitted between the first user device 110 and the network node 120; h is the height of the obstacle, w is the width of the obstacle; θ is equal to the AoA of the first user device 110 plus the AoD or AoA of the network node 120, and the AoD or AoA of the network node 120 is included in DCI transmitted by the network node 120. Fig. 3 illustrates an example scenario of signal transmission according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 3, there is an obstacle between the first user device 110 and the network node 120. The AoA of the first user device 110 is α1, the DoA or AoA of the network node 120 is α2, and the θ= α1 + α2.
[0071] Based on the value of ν, the wavelength of the signal, and the expression (4) , the first user device 110 may calculate height “h” of an obstacle using the AoA of the first user device 110 in vertical, and calculate obstacle width “w” using the AoA of the first user device 110 in horizon.
[0072] Finally, the distance D between the first user device 110 and the obstacle can be calculated via the formula: D = h / tan (the AoA of the first user device 110 in vertical) ; or D =w / tan (the AoA of the first user device 110 in horizon) (6)
[0073] Based on the distance D, the first user device 110 determines a triangular NLOS or a fading area using calculated D and UE AoA in horizon.
[0074] Reference is made back to Fig. 2, the first user device 110 determines 205 at least one user device locating on the fading area using a signal received from the at least one user device. In some embodiments, the signal received from the at least one user device comprises a sidelink signal, a signal of a radar sensor, a dedicated short range communication (DSRC) signal, or any combination of two or more of the above-mentioned items. For example, the first user device 110 may check the AoA of sidelink signal, DSRC signals or use radar sensor (or current positioning method) to check if other relay UEs in its proximity locates in the determined NLOS area.
[0075] Continuing with reference to Fig. 2, the first user device 110 generates 207 a list comprising the user devices locating on the area. The list indicating the at least one user device as a non-preferred candidate for a relay node of the relayed user device. For example, the list may be a non-preferable list of relay user devices for the relayed user device. The non-preferable list may comprise a subset of the user devices locating on the area. In some embodiments, in order to generate the list, the first user device 110 may receive a relay candidate list of the relayed user device. Based on determining that the at least one user device is included in the relay candidate list, the first user device 110 may generate the list to include the at least one user device as said non-preferred candidate for a relay node of the relayed user device. For example, the first user device 110 serving the relayed user device may limit its check on relay candidate user devices of the relayed user device based on a report of the relay candidate user devices received from the relayed user device. The first user device 110 may determine a non-preferable list of other relay user devices or relay candidate user devices of the relayed user device that are in the calculated NLOS triangular area based on AoA of sidelink signal received from the other relay user devices or candidate relay user devices of the relayed user device.
[0076] The first user device 110 transmits 209 the list 210 to the network node 120. For example, the first user device 110 reports the determined non-preferable list of relay user device candidates to the network node 120. The determined non-preferable list may be used for selecting a second user device to act as a new relay node, and the second user device is out of the determined fading area.
[0077] On the other side of the communication, the network node 120 receives 211 the list 210 from the first user device 110. Based on the list comprising at least one user device and a relay candidate list of the relayed user device received from the relayed user device, the network node 120 selects a second user device to act as a new relay node for the relayed user device. In other words, the network node 120 selects a new relay user device for the relayed user device with the list and the relay candidate list.
[0078] In some embodiments, in order to select the user device, the network node 120 may select a user device which is included in the relay candidate list and excluded from the list comprising at least one user device locating on the fading area as the second user device. For example, the network node 120 selects the new relay user device based on the relay candidate list received from the relayed user device and the non-preferable list of the relay user device candidates from the current serving relay user device of the relayed user device. In some embodiments, the network node 120 may transmit an indication of the second user device to the relayed user device.
[0079] Unlike to radar-like active sensing, the process 200 proposes an obstacle ranging method by directly measuring Uu signal and calculate a fading area during UE network communication without external sensor assistance. The fading area indicates the potential fading geolocation of communication channels. Reselecting the U2N relay candidate user device that locates out of the fading area as the U2N relay node will help to improve relay UE direct path signal quality and throughput, reduce serving cell ground noise by lower relay UE Tx power needs in LOS transmission and save relay UE power.
[0080] Fig. 4 illustrates an exemplary U2N relay reselection scenario according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The scenario 400 may comprise a gNB X 401, a relay UE A 402, a UE B 403, a UE C 404, a UE D 405 and a relayed UE 406. The gNB X 401 communicates with the relay UE A 402, the UE B 403, the UE C 404 and the UE D 405 in the coverage of the gNB X 401, and the relayed UE 406 is out-of-coverage. The relay UE A 402, the UE C 404 and the UE D 405 connects gNB X 401 on a NLOS direct path and locate close to each other, the UE B 403 connects gNB X 401 on a LOS direct path.
[0081] At 410, the Uu NLOS area or the fading area is identified via passive sensing. At 420, the relay UE A 402 reports a determined non-preferable list of relay UE candidates including the UE C 404 and the UE D 405. At 430, the gNB X 401 signals the relayed UE 406 a new relay UE: the UE B 403.
[0082] Fig. 5 illustrates an example process according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The process 500 may involve a relayed UE 501, a relay UE A 502, a UE B / C 403, and a gNB X 504. It is understood that the process 500 can be considered as a more specific example of the process 200 in Fig. 2. Thus, the relay UE A 502 in Fig. 5 may be an example of the first user device 110 in Fig. 1A or Fig. 2 and the gNB X 504 in Fig. 5 may be an example of the network node 120 in Fig. 1A or Fig. 2.
[0083] In process 500, at 507, in UE camping, the relay UE A 502 and the UE C communicate with the gNB X 504 on a NLOS path, UE B communicates with the gNB X 504 on a LOS path. The relay UE A 502, UE B and the UE C may serve as relay nodes for the relayed UE 501.
[0084] At 509, a PC5 establishment is preformed between the relay UE A 502 and the relayed UE 501. At 511, the gNB X 504 select the relay UE A 502 as the UE-to-Network relay node for the relayed UE 501, and the relayed UE 501 reports a relay candidate list to gNB X 504. The candidate list includes UE B and UE C.
[0085] At 513, a throughput of Uu interface has degraded, and a NLOS detection is performed by the relay UE A 502. A throughput degradation threshold of the Uu interface is preconfigured on the relay UE A 502. The relay UE A 502 may receive the threshold in SI or RRC message from a serving cell, too. When throughput degrade and data rate of the Uu interface is below the threshold, the relay UE A 502 starts to check if current Uu interface is on LOS or NLOS path.
[0086] At 515, upon confirming communicate network on NLOS path, the relay UE A 502 send to the gNB X 504 a Tx power and gNB DoA / AoA query on transmit (Tx) power and downlink DoA and / or uplink AoA of the gNB X 504. The Tx power and gNB DoA / AoA query is transmitted via MAC CE.
[0087] At 517, upon receiving the Tx power and gNB DoA / AoA query, the gNB X 504 transmits UE time-frequency resource that will use for downlink transmission, corresponding Tx power and downlink DoA and / or uplink AoA in downlink (DL) DCI.
[0088] At 519, passive sensing is performed by the relay UE A 502 to calculate a NLOS fading area. Upon receiving DCI includes gNB Tx power and DoA / AoA, the relay UE A 502 calculates the distance between UE and the obstacle, then determines e.g., a triangular NLOS fading area with the ranging results (, e.g., the calculated distance and the measured AoA in horizon while receive downlink data) .
[0089] At 521, the relay UE A 502 determines that the UE C locates in the calculated NLOS fading area. Based on the calculated NLOS fading area and e.g. horizontal or vertical AoA of sidelink signal received from the relay UE C in proximity, the relay UE determines that the UE C is within the NLOS fading area.
[0090] At 525, the relay UE A 502 reports a non-preferable list of relay UE candidates to the gNB X 504. The non-preferable list includes UE C, since UE C locates in the NLOS fading area.
[0091] At 527, the gNB X 504 selects a new relay UE (UE B) based on a relay candidate list (UE B and UE C) received from the relayed UE 501 and the non-preferable list. At 529, the gNB X 504 signals the relayed UE 501 a new relay UE, i.e., the UE B.
[0092] In process 500, a so-called passive sensing is proposed. The NLOS fading area is calculated based on radiowave propagation measurement diffracted from the obstacle, when Uu throughput of a first user device serving as a relay UE downgrade to a preconfigured threshold and a NLOS transmission is detected. The network node selects UE B which locate out of the identified fading area as new relay user device, and inform the relayed user device to switch UE-to-Network relay path (from the relay UE A to the UE B) . Direct use of Uu signals for obstacle ranging means enabling a passive radar function on UE without any sensor assistance, which can identify the fading area of communication channels and avoid data rate degradation or high serving cell ground noise caused by reselecting relay nodes in the fading area. The passive sensing is advantageous in terms of power consumption, for example.
[0093] Fig. 6 shows a flowchart of an example method 600 implemented at a user device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 600 will be described from the perspective of the first user device 110 with reference to Fig. 1A.
[0094] At block 610, the first user device 110 determines a fading area using information on at least one of an AOD, an AOA, a power of a signal received from a network node. In some embodiments, the fading area may comprise a NLOS area between the first user device 110 and the network node. In some embodiments, the first user device 110 may transmit a request for the information for determining the fading area to the network node. In response to the request, the first user device 110 may receive at least one of the signal and at least part of the information from the network node 120.
[0095] In some embodiments, in order to transmit the request, if a communication metric of the first user device 110 is below a threshold, the first user device 110 may determine whether the first user device 110 communicates with the network node on a NLOS path. In case the first user device 110 communicates with the network node on the NLOS path, the first user device 110 may transmit the request to the network node. In some embodiments, the communication metric may comprise data rate, signal to noise ratio, a decoding metric, or any combination of two or more of the above-mentioned items.
[0096] In some embodiments, the threshold may be pre-configured at the first user device 110. In some embodiments, the threshold may be received from the network node via SI or a RRC message. In some embodiments, the request may be transmitted via a MAC CE or a RRC message, and the information may be received via DCI scheduling downlink transmission or a RRC message from the network node to the first user device 110.
[0097] In some embodiments, in order to determine the fading area, the first user device 110 may determine a distance between the first user device and an obstacle associated with the NLOS area based on the information. Then the first user device 110 may determine the fading area based on the distance and an AOA at the first user device 110.
[0098] In some embodiments, in order to determine the distance, the first user device 110 may determine a path loss based on power of a signal received by the first user device 110 and the power of a signal transmitted by the network node 120. Based on the path loss, an AOA at the first user device, and an AOA or an AOD at the network node 120, the first user device 110 may determine a height or a width of the obstacle. Based on the AOA at the first user device and the height or the width of the obstacle, the first user device 110 may determine the distance.
[0099] At block 620, the first user device 110 determines at least one user device locating on the fading area using a signal received from the at least one user device. In some embodiments, the signal received from the at least one user device comprises a sidelink signal, a signal of a radar sensor, a dedicated short range communication (DSRC) signal, or any combination of two or more of the above-mentioned items.
[0100] At block 630, the first user device 110 generates a list comprising the user devices locating on the area. The list indicating the at least one user device as a non-preferred candidate for a relay node of the relayed user device. In some embodiments, in order to generate the list, the first user device 110 may receive a relay candidate list of the relayed user device. Based on determining that the at least one user device is included in the relay candidate list, the first user device 110 may generate the list to include the at least one user device as said non-preferred candidate for a relay node of the relayed user device. At block 640, the first user device 110 transmits the list to the network node.
[0101] Fig. 7 shows a flowchart of an example method 700 implemented at a network node in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 700 will be described from the perspective of the network node 120 with reference to Fig. 1A.
[0102] At block 710, the network node 120 receives a list comprising at least one user device locating on a fading area from a first user device. The first user device acts as a relay node for a relayed user device. At block 720, based on the list comprising at least one user device and a relay candidate list of the relayed user device received from the relayed user device, the network node 120 selects a second user device to act as a new relay node for the relayed user device.
[0103] In some embodiments, in order to select the second user device, the network node 120 may select a user device which is included in the relay candidate list and excluded from the list comprising at least one user device locating on the fading area as the second user device.
[0104] In some embodiments, based on receiving a request for information on at least one of an AOD, an AOA and, a power of a signal transmitted by the network node from the first user device, the network node 120 may transmit the information to the first user device. In some embodiments, the network node 120 may transmit an indication of the second user device to the relayed user device.
[0105] In some embodiments, the network node 120 may transmit a threshold via SI or a RRC message to the first user device. The threshold is used for determining whether the first user device communicates with the network node on a NLOS path. In some embodiments, the request may be received via a MAC CE or a RRC message, and the information may be transmitted via DCI scheduling downlink transmission or a RRC message from the network node to the first user device.
[0106] In some embodiments, an apparatus capable of performing any of the method 600 (for example, the first user device 110) is provided. The apparatus may comprise means for performing the respective steps of the method 600. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0107] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for determining, at a first user device acting as a relay node for a relayed user device, a fading area using information on at least one of an angle of departure (AOD) , an angle of arrival (AOA) a power of a signal received from a network node; means for determining at least one user device locating on the fading area using a signal received from the at least one user device; means for generating a list comprising the at least one user device locating on the fading area, the list indicating the at least one user device as a non-preferred candidate for a relay node of the relayed user device; and means for transmitting the list to the network node.
[0108] In some embodiments, the fading area may comprise a non-line-of-sight (NLOS) area between the first user device and the network node. In some embodiments, the means for determining the fading area may comprise means for determining, based on the information, a distance between the first user device and an obstacle associated with the NLOS area; and means for determining the fading area based on the distance and an AOA at the first user device.
[0109] In some embodiments, the means for determining the distance may comprise means for determining a path loss based on power of a signal received by the first user device and the power of the signal transmitted by the network node; means for determining a height or a width of the obstacle based on the path loss, an AOA at the first user device, and an AOA or an AOD at the network node; and means for determining the distance based on the AOA at the first user device and the height or the width of the obstacle.
[0110] In some embodiments, the signal received from the at least one user device may comprise a sidelink signal, a signal of a radar sensor, a dedicated short range communication (DSRC) signal, or any combination of two or more of the above-mentioned items.
[0111] In some embodiments, the means for generating the list may comprise means for receiving a relay candidate list of the relayed user device; and means for based on determining that the at least one user device is included in the relay candidate list, generating the list to include the at least one user device as said non-preferred candidate for a relay node of the relayed user device.
[0112] In some embodiments, the apparatus may comprise means for transmitting, to the network node, a request for the information for determining the fading area; and means for receiving, in response to the request, at least one of the signal and at least part of the information from the network node.
[0113] In some embodiments, the means for transmitting the request may comprise means for based on determining that a communication metric of the first user device is below a threshold, determining whether the first user device communicates with the network node on a NLOS path; and means for transmitting the request based on determining that the first user device communicates with the network node on the NLOS path.
[0114] In some embodiments, the communication metric may comprise data rate, signal to noise ratio, a decoding metric, or any combination of two or more of the above-mentioned items.
[0115] In some embodiments, the threshold may be pre-configured at the first user device. In some embodiments, the threshold may be received from the network node via SI or a RRC message.
[0116] In some embodiments, the request may be transmitted via a MAC CE or a RRC message. In some embodiments, the information may be received via DCI scheduling downlink transmission or a RRC message from the network node to the first user device.
[0117] In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises means for performing other steps in some embodiments of the method 600. In some embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the apparatus.
[0118] In some embodiments, an apparatus capable of performing any of the method 700 (for example, the network node 120) is provided. The apparatus may comprise means for performing the respective steps of the method 700. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0119] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for receiving, at a network node from a first user device acting as a relay node for a relayed user device, a list comprising at least one user device locating on a fading area; and means for selecting a second user device to act as a new relay node for the relayed user device based on the list comprising at least one user device and a relay candidate list of the relayed user device received from the relayed user device, wherein the second user device is out of the fading area.
[0120] In some embodiments, the means for selecting the second user device may comprise means for selecting a user device which is included in the relay candidate list and excluded from the list comprising at least one user device locating on the fading area as the second user device.
[0121] In some embodiments, the apparatus may comprise means for based on receiving, from the first user device, a request for information on at least one of an AOD, an AOA , a power of a signal transmitted by the network node, transmitting the information to the first user device.
[0122] In some embodiments, the apparatus may comprise means for transmitting, to the relayed user device, an indication of the second user device. In some embodiments, the apparatus may comprise means for transmitting, to the first user device, a threshold via SI or a RRC message, wherein the threshold is used for determining whether the first user device communicates with the network node on a NLOS path.
[0123] In some embodiments, the request may be received via a MAC CE or a RRC message. In some embodiments, the information may be transmitted via DCI scheduling downlink transmission or a RRC message from the network node to the first user device.
[0124] In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises means for performing other steps in some embodiments of the method 700. In some embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the apparatus.
[0125] Fig. 8 is a simplified block diagram of a device 800 that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. The device 800 may be provided to implement the communication device, for example the first user device 110 and the network node 120 as shown in Fig. 1A. As shown, the device 800 includes one or more processors 810, and one or more communication modules 840 coupled to the processor 810. The device 800 may further include one or more memories 820 coupled to the processor 810.
[0126] The communication modules 840 may be for bidirectional communications. The communication modules 840 has at least one antenna to facilitate communication. The communication interface may represent any interface that is necessary for communication with other network elements.
[0127] The processor 810 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network and may include one or more of the following: general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. The device 800 may have multiple processors, such as an application specific integrated circuit chip that is slaved in time to a clock which synchronizes the main processor.
[0128] The memory 820 may include one or more non-volatile memories and one or more volatile memories. Examples of the non-volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a Read Only Memory (ROM) 824, an electrically programmable read only memory (EPROM) , a flash memory, a hard disk, a compact disc (CD) , a digital video disk (DVD) , and other magnetic storage and / or optical storage. Examples of the volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a random access memory (RAM) 822 and other volatile memories that will not last in the power-down duration.
[0129] A computer program 830 includes computer executable instructions that are executed by the associated processor 810. The program 830 may be stored in the ROM 824. The processor 810 may perform any suitable actions and processing by loading the program 830 into the RAM 822.
[0130] The embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented by means of the program 830 so that the device 800 may perform any process of the disclosure as discussed with reference to Figs. 2 to 7. The embodiments of the present disclosure may also be implemented by hardware or by a combination of software and hardware.
[0131] In some embodiments, the program 830 may be tangibly contained in a computer readable medium which may be included in the device 800 (such as in the memory 820) or other storage devices that are accessible by the device 800. The device 800 may load the program 830 from the computer readable medium to the RAM 822 for execution. The computer readable medium may include any types of tangible non-volatile storage, such as ROM, EPROM, a flash memory, a hard disk, CD, DVD, and the like. Fig. 9 shows an example of the computer readable medium 900 in form of CD or DVD. The computer readable medium has the program 830 stored thereon.
[0132] Generally, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device. While various aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other pictorial representations, it is to be understood that the block, apparatus, system, technique or method described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
[0133] The present disclosure also provides at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions, such as those included in program modules, being executed in a device on a target real or virtual processor, to carry out the method 600 or 700 as described above with reference to Fig. 6-Fig. 7. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, or the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or split between program modules as desired in various embodiments. Machine-executable instructions for program modules may be executed within a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, program modules may be located in both local and remote storage media.
[0134] Program code for carrying out methods of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. These program codes may be provided to a processor or controller of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that the program codes, when executed by the processor or controller, cause the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may execute entirely on a machine, partly on the machine, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the machine and partly on a remote machine or entirely on the remote machine or server.
[0135] In the context of the present disclosure, the computer program codes or related data may be carried by any suitable carrier to enable the device, apparatus or processor to perform various processes and operations as described above. Examples of the carrier include a signal, computer readable medium, and the like.
[0136] The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable medium may include but not limited to an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of the computer readable storage medium would include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory) , an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. The term “non-transitory, ” as used herein, is a limitation of the medium itself (i.e., tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (e.g., RAM vs. ROM) .
[0137] Further, while operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, while several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the present disclosure, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
[0138] Although the present disclosure has been described in languages specific to structural features and / or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the present disclosure defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
Claims
1.An apparatus comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to:determine, at a first user device acting as a relay node for a relayed user device, a fading area using information on at least one of an angle of departure (AOD) , an angle of arrival (AOA) a power of a signal received from a network node;determine at least one user device locating on the fading area using a signal received from the at least one user device;generate a list comprising the at least one user device locating on the fading area, the list indicating the at least one user device as a non-preferred candidate for a relay node of the relayed user device; andtransmit the list to the network node.2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the fading area comprises a non-line-of-sight (NLOS) area between the first user device and the network node.3.The apparatus of claim 1 or 2, wherein the apparatus is caused to determine the fading area by:determining, based on the information, a distance between the first user device and an obstacle associated with the NLOS area; anddetermining the fading area based on the distance and an AOA at the first user device.4.The apparatus of any of claims 1-3, wherein the signal received from the at least one user device comprises:a sidelink signal;a signal of a radar sensor; and / ora dedicated short range communication (DSRC) signal.5.The apparatus of any of claims 1-4, wherein the apparatus is caused to generate the list by:receiving a relay candidate list of the relayed user device; andbased on determining that the at least one user device is included in the relay candidate list , generating the list to include the at least one user device as said non-preferred candidate for a relay node of the relayed user device.6.The apparatus of any of claims 1-5, wherein the apparatus is further caused to:transmit, to the network node, a request for the information for determining the area; andreceive, in response to the request, at least one of the signal and at least part of the information from the network node.7.The apparatus of any of claims 1-6, wherein the request is transmitted via a medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC CE) or a RRC message, and the information is received via downlink control information (DCI) scheduling downlink transmission or a RRC message from the network node to the first user device.8.An apparatus comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to:receive, at a network node from a first user device acting as a relay node for a relayed user device, a list comprising at least one user device locating on a fading area; andselect a second user device to act as a new relay node for the relayed user device based on the list comprising at least one user device and a relay candidate list of the relayed user device received from the relayed user device, wherein the second user device is out of the fading area.9.The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the apparatus is caused to select the second user device by:selecting a user device which is included in the relay candidate list and excluded from the list comprising at least one user device locating on the fading area as the second user device.10.The apparatus of claim 8 or 9, wherein the apparatus is further caused to:based on receiving, from the first user device, a request for information on at least one of an angle of departure (AOD) , an angle of arrival (AOA) , a power of a signal transmitted by the network node, transmit the information to the first user device.11.The apparatus of any of claims 8-10, wherein the apparatus is further caused to:transmit, to the relayed user device, an indication of the second user device.12.The apparatus of any of claims 8-11, wherein the apparatus is further caused to:transmit, to the first user device, a threshold via system information (SI) or a radio resource control (RRC) message, wherein the threshold is used for determining whether the first user device communicates with the network node on a NLOS path.13.The apparatus of any of claims 8-12, wherein the request is received via a medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC CE) or a RRC message, and the information is transmitted via downlink control information (DCI) scheduling downlink transmission or a RRC message from the network node to the first user device.14.A method comprising:determining, at a first user device acting as a relay node for a relayed user device, a fading area using information on at least one of an angle of departure (AOD) , an angle of arrival (AOA) , a power of a signal received from a network node;determining at least one user device locating on the fading area using a signal received from the at least one user device;generating a list comprising the at least one user device locating on the fading area, the list indicating the at least one user device as a non-preferred candidate for a relay node of the relayed user device; andtransmitting the list to the network node.15.The method of claim 14, wherein the fading area comprises a non-line-of-sight (NLOS) area between the first user device and the network node.16.The method of claim 14 or 15, wherein the determining the fading area comprises:determining, based on the information, a distance between the first user device and an obstacle associated with the NLOS area; anddetermining the fading area based on the distance and an AOA at the first user device.17.The method of any of claims 14-16, wherein the signal received from the at least one user device comprises:a sidelink signal;a signal of a radar sensor; and / ora dedicated short range communication (DSRC) signal.18.The method of any of claims 14-17, wherein the generating the list comprises:receiving a relay candidate list of the relayed user device; andbased on determining that the at least one user device is included in the relay candidate list, generating the list to include the at least one user device as said non-preferred candidate for a relay node of the relayed user device.19.The method of any of claims 14-18, further comprising:transmitting, to the network node, a request for the information for determining the area; andreceiving, in response to the request, at least one of the signal and at least part of the information from the network node.20.The method of any of claims 14-19, wherein the request is transmitted via a medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC CE) or a RRC message, and the information is received via downlink control information (DCI) scheduling downlink transmission or a RRC message from the network node to the first user device.21.A method comprising:receiving, at a network node from a first user device acting as a relay node for a relayed user device, a list comprising at least one user device locating on a fading area; andselecting a second user device to act as a new relay node for the relayed user device based on the list comprising at least one user device and a relay candidate list of the relayed user device received from the relayed user device, wherein the second user device is out of the fading area.22.The method of claim 21, wherein the selecting the second user device by:selecting a user device which is included in the relay candidate list and excluded from the list comprising at least one user device locating on the fading area as the second user device.23.The method of claim 21 or 22, further comprising:based on receiving, from the first user device, a request for information on at least one of an angle of departure (AOD) , an angle of arrival (AOA) , a power of a signal transmitted by the network node, transmitting the information to the first user device.24.The method of any of claims 21-23, further comprising:transmitting, to the relayed user device, an indication of the second user device.25.The method of any of claims 21-24, further comprising:transmitting, to the first user device, a threshold via system information (SI) or a radio resource control (RRC) message, wherein the threshold is used for determining whether the first user device communicates with the network node on a NLOS path.26.The method of any of claims 21-25, wherein the request is received via a medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC CE) or a RRC message, and the information is transmitted via downlink control information (DCI) scheduling downlink transmission or a RRC message from the network node to the first user device.27.An apparatus, comprising means for performing the method according to any of claims 14-20 or 21-26.
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