Modulators of NMDA receptors and related products and methods
The introduction of compounds with structure (I) as positive allosteric modulators of NMDA receptors addresses the deficiencies of current modulators, offering enhanced therapeutic efficacy and reduced side effects for neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/US2024/034782
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-08-02
- Filing Date
- 2024-06-20
- Publication Date
- 2025-01-23
AI Technical Summary
Current compounds modulating NMDA receptors have significant deficiencies and have not been successful in clinical evaluation for various neurological and psychiatric disorders, necessitating the development of more effective compounds with reduced adverse side effects.
The development of specific compounds with structure (I) or its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, isomers, hydrates, solvates, or isotopes, which act as positive allosteric modulators of NMDA receptors, offering enhanced therapeutic activity with minimized side effects.
These compounds effectively modulate NMDA receptor activity, providing optimal therapeutic benefits for neurological and psychiatric conditions while reducing the potential for adverse side effects, thus addressing the limitations of existing modulators.
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Figure US2024034782_23012025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
[0001] MODULATORS OF NMDA RECEPTORS AND RELATED PRODUCTS AND METHODS BACKGROUND Reference to an Electronic Sequence Listing The contents of the electronic sequence listing (151123_41401WO_SeqListing.xml; Size: 16,725 bytes; and Date of Creation: June 14, 2024) is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.. Technical Field The invention relates to compounds that act as modulators of NMDA receptors, to products containing the same, as well as to methods of their use and preparation. Description of the Related Art N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors (also referred to as NMDA receptors or NMDARs) are ligand‐gated ion channels that contribute to excitatory neurotransmission in the nervous system. Glutamate is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of vertebrates and, once released into the synaptic cleft, mediates fast neurotransmission by acting on NMDARs (along with other families of ionotropic glutamate receptors). NMDARs are heterotetrameric assemblies typically composed of two glycine‐binding subunits (GluN1) and two glutamate‐binding (GluN2) subunits, of which there are four subtypes (GluN2A, GluN2B, GluN2C and GluN2D). The GluN1 protein is an obligate subunit derived from the GRIN1 gene and expressed ubiquitously throughout the nervous system, whereas the GluN2A, GluN2B, GluN2C and GluN2D subunits are expressed from the GRIN2A, GRIN2B, GRIN2C and GRIN2D genes, respectively, and are differentially expressed throughout the nervous system and contribute to their functional diversity. The expression of GluN2B and 2D subunits is high during embryonic development and their expression becomes more restricted following the postnatal period, whereas the GluN2A and 2C subunits increase in expression postnatally. The adult brain relies predominantly upon GluN2A and GluN2B subunits, which assemble as diheteromeric GluN1 / GluN2A and GluN1 / GluN2B receptors, or as triheteromeric GluN1 / GluN2A / GluN2B receptors. Human NMDAR genes are highly intolerant to variations, and mutations in Grin2a and Grin2b (the genes encoding the GluN2A and GluN2B subunits, respectively), are a major cause of neurodevelopment disorders associated with a variety of conditions, including childhood epilepsy and cognitive impairments. Grin2A gene mutations have been found in humans with neurological disorders that have features similar to epilepsy‐aphasia spectrum disorders. Some individuals with mutations in chromosome 16 that delete the Grin2A gene (as well as other nearby genes) also have unusual facial features. More recently, large studies of schizophrenia patients reported both common and rare variant genetic associations at the GRIN2A locus with risk for schizophrenia (Singh, T., Poterba, T., Curtis, D. et al. Rare coding variants in ten genes confer substantial risk for schizophrenia. Nature 604, 509–516 (2022)). In view of its biological importance, modulation of NMDARs is being investigated as a potential therapeutic target for neurological and psychiatric conditions. Further, modulation of NMDAR activity is linked with a neuroprotective role, as well as to neurodegenerative diseases. To this end, any number of compounds which modulate NMDARs have been proposed. Such compounds, however, have significant deficiencies and have not been successful in clinical evaluation for a range of disorders. Accordingly, there is a need in the art for compounds that modulate NMDARs. Such compounds will allow for optimal therapeutic activity with reduced potential for adverse side effects and / or enhanced pharmaceutical properties compared to existing compounds directed to this target. The present invention fulfills these needs and provides other advantages as evident from the following description. BRIEF SUMMARY In an embodiment, a compound is provided having structure (I): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein Ra, R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 are as defined herein. In another embodiment, pharmaceutical compositions are provided comprising a carrier or excipient and a compound having structure (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof. In a further embodiment, a method is provided for treating a NMDAR‐dependent condition by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of structure (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same. In some embodiments, the NMDAR‐dependent condition is a neurological or psychiatric condition. In some embodiments, NMDAR activity is linked with a neuroprotective role, as well as to neurodegenerative diseases. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions As used herein, the following terms have the meaning defined below, unless the context indicates otherwise. “Modulating” the NMDA receptor means that the compound interacts with NMDAR in a manner such that the compound acts to increase the current mediated by the NMDAR, by binding to a site or location on the receptor that is anywhere other than the binding sites of the endogenous orthosteric agonists glutamate and glycine. Therefore the compounds described herein can also be categorized as positive allosteric modulators (PAM). “NMDA receptor or NMDAR(s)” refers to the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor(s) (e.g. NCBI Reference Sequence: NM_000833.5 for GRIN2A / GluN2A) are ligand‐gated ion channels that contribute to excitatory neurotransmission in the nervous system. Glutamate is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of vertebrates and, once released into the synaptic cleft, mediates fast neurotransmission by acting on NMDARs (along with other families of ionotropic glutamate receptors). NMDARs are heterotetrameric assemblies typically composed of two glycine‐binding subunits (GluN1) and two glutamate‐binding (GluN2) subunits, of which there are four subtypes (GluN2A, GluN2B, GluN2C and GluN2D). The binding sites of glutamate and glycine are formed by sets of protein residues that come together in 3‐dimensional space to form the orthosteric binding sites, which are by definition the binding sites of the endogenous agonists. The GluN1 protein is an obligate subunit derived from the GRIN1 gene and expressed ubiquitously throughout the nervous system, whereas the GluN2A, GluN2B, GluN2C and GluN2D subunits are expressed from the GRIN2A, GRIN2B, GRIN2C and GRIN2D genes, respectively, and are differentially expressed throughout the nervous system and contribute to their functional diversity. The expression of GluN2B and 2D subunits is high during embryonic development and their expression becomes more restricted following the postnatal period, whereas the GluN2A and 2C subunits increase in expression postnatally. The adult brain relies predominantly upon GluN2A and GluN2B subunits, which assemble as diheteromeric GluN1 / GluN2A and GluN1 / GluN2B receptors, or as triheteromeric GluN1 / GluN2A / GluN2B receptors. “Effective amount” refers to a quantity of a specified agent sufficient to achieve a desired effect in a subject being treated with that agent. Ideally, an effective amount of an agent is an amount sufficient to inhibit or treat the disease without causing substantial toxicity in the subject. The effective amount of an agent will be dependent on the subject being treated, the severity of the affliction, and the manner of administration of the pharmaceutical composition. Methods of determining an effective amount of the disclosed compound sufficient to achieve a desired effect in a subject will be understood by those of skill in the art in light of this disclosure. In the following description, certain specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments of the invention. However, one skilled in the art will understand that the invention may be practiced without these details. Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the present specification and claims, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, such as, “comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense, that is as “including, but not limited to”. Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which this invention belongs. As used in the specification and claims, the singular form “a”, “an” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. “Alkyl” means a saturated or unsaturated straight chain or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, in some embodiments from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, in some embodiments from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and in some embodiments from 1 to 3 carbon atoms. Examples of saturated straight chain alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n‐propyl, n‐butyl, n‐pentyl‐, n‐hexyl, n‐ heptyl, and n‐octyl groups. Examples of branched alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, isopropyl, iso‐butyl, sec‐butyl, t‐butyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, and 2,2‐dimethylpropyl groups. An unsaturated alkyl includes alkenyl and alkynyl as defined below. “Alkenyl” means a straight chain or branched alkenyl group having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, in some embodiments from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, in some embodiments from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, and in some embodiments from 2 to 3 carbon atoms. Alkenyl groups are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon‐carbon double bond. Examples of alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, vinyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, and hexenyl. “Alkynyl” means a straight chain or branched alkynyl group having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, in some embodiments from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, in some embodiments from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, and in some embodiments from 2 to 3 carbon atoms. Alkynyl groups are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon‐carbon triple bond. Examples of alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, and hexynyl. “Halo” or “halogen” refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. “Hydroxyl” or “hydroxy” refers to −OH. “Cyano” refers to −CN. “Oxo” refers to the =O substituent. “Carboxy” or “carboxyl” refers to –CO2H. “Amino” or “aminyl” refers to –NH2, ‐NHalkyl or N(alkyl)2, wherein alkyl is as defined above. Examples of amino or aminyl include, but are not limited to – NH2 , ‐NHCH3, –N(CH3)2, and the like. “Aminylalkyl” refers to an amino or aminyl as described above joined by way of an alkyl as described above (i.e., ‐alkyl‐aminyl). Examples of aminylalkyl include, but are not limited to, , and the like. “Cyanoalkyl” refers to CN as described above joined by way of an alkyl as described above (i.e., ‐alkyl‐CN). Examples of cyanoalkyl include, but are not limited to, “Haloalkyl” refers to alkyl as defined above with one or more hydrogen atoms replaced with halogen. Examples of haloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, −CF3, −CHF2, and the like. “Hydroxylalkyl” refers to a hydroxyl as described above joined by way of an alkyl as described above (i.e., ‐alkyl‐OH). Examples of hydroxylalkyl include, but are not limited to, , the like. “Alkoxy" refers to alkyl as defined above joined by way of an oxygen atom (i.e., −O−alkyl). Examples of alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, n‐propoxy, n‐butoxy, isopropoxy, sec‐butoxy, tert‐butoxy, and the like. "Haloalkoxy" refers to haloalkyl as defined above joined by way of an oxygen atom (i.e., −O−haloalkyl). Examples of haloalkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, −OCF3, and the like. “Alkoxyalkyl” refers to alkoxy as described above joined by way of an alkyl as described above (i.e., ‐alkyl‐alkoxy). Examples of alkoxyalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, , and the like. Alkoxyalkyl also includes “Alkoxyalkenyl,” which refers to alkoxy as described above joined by way of an alkenyl as described above (i.e., ‐alkenyl‐alkoxy). Examples of alkoxyalkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, , and the like. “Alkylcarbonyl” refers to alkyl as described above joined by way of a carbonyl (i.e., ‐C(O)‐ alkyl). Examples of alkylcarbonyl groups include, but are not limited to, , and the like. “Aminylcarbonyl” refers to aminyl as described above joined by way of a carbonyl (i.e., ‐ C(O)‐aminyl). Examples of aminylcarbonyl groups include, but are not limited to, , , and the like. “Alkylsulfonyl” refers to alkyl as described above joined by way of a sulfonyl (i.e., ‐S(O)2‐ alkyl). Examples of alkylsulfonyl groups include, but are not limited to, , and the like. “Aminylsulfonyl” refers to aminyl as described above joined by way of a sulfonyl (i.e., ‐ S(O)2‐aminyl). Examples of aminylsulfonyl groups include, but are not limited to, , , and the like. “Alkylsulfonylaminyl” refers to alkylsulfonyl as described above joined by way of an aminyl (i.e., ‐aminyl‐S(O)2‐alkyl). Examples of alkylsulfonylaminyl groups include, but are not limited to, the like. “Carbocyclyl” or “carbocycle” refers to a ring moiety containing 3 or more ring members, wherein the ring members are composed of carbon atoms. A carbocyclyl group also includes fused, bridged bicyclic, and spirocyclic ring systems. In some embodiments, carbocyclyl includes 3 to 8 ring members. In some embodiments, carbocyclyl includes 3 to 6 ring members. In some embodiments, carbocyclyl includes 3 to 5 ring members. Carbocyclyl includes saturated compounds such as cycloalkyl moieties, aromatic or aryl compounds such as phenyl moieties, and intermediate partially unsaturated compounds also denoted as alicyclic compounds. “Cycloalkyl” refers to non‐aromatic ring moieties containing 3 or more ring members. In some embodiments, cycloalkyl includes 3 to 8 ring members. In some embodiments, cycloalkyl includes 3 to 6 ring members. In some embodiments, cycloalkyl includes 3 to 5 ring members. For example, cycloalkyl includes cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and the like. “Cycloalkylalkyl” refers to a cycloalkyl as described above joined by way of an alkyl as described above (i.e., ‐alkyl‐cycloalkyl). Examples of cycloalkylalkyl include, but are not limited to, the like. “Aryl” refers to a hydrocarbon ring moiety comprising hydrogen, 6 to 18 carbon atoms and at least one aromatic ring. For purposes of this invention, the aryl moiety is a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused or bridged ring systems. Aryl radicals include, but are not limited to, aryl radicals derived from aceanthrylene, acenaphthylene, acephenanthrylene, anthracene, azulene, benzene, chrysene, fluoranthene, fluorene, as‐indacene, s indacene, indane, indene, naphthalene, phenalene, phenanthrene, pleiadene, pyrene, and triphenylene. The terms "aryl" and "aryl groups" include fused rings wherein at least one ring, but not necessarily all rings, are aromatic, such as fused aromatic‐aliphatic ring systems (e.g., indanyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, and the like). In one embodiment, aryl is phenyl or naphthyl, and in another embodiment aryl is phenyl. “Arylalkyl” refers to an aryl group as described above jointed by way of an alkyl as like. “Heterocycle” or “heterocyclyl” or “heterocyclic ring” refers to aromatic and non‐ aromatic ring moieties containing 3 or more ring members, of which one or more is a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, N, O, S, or P. In some embodiments, heterocyclyl include 3 to 20 ring members, whereas other such groups have 3 to 15 ring members. At least one ring contains a heteroatom, but every ring in a polycyclic system need not contain a heteroatom. For example, a dioxolanyl ring and a benzdioxolanyl ring system (methylenedioxyphenyl ring system) are both heterocyclyl groups within the meaning herein. Heterocyclyl groups also include fused ring species including those having fused aromatic and non‐aromatic groups. A heterocyclyl group also includes polycyclic ring systems containing a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, quinuclidyl, and also includes heterocyclyl groups that have substituents, including but not limited to alkyl, halo, amino, hydroxy, cyano, carboxy, nitro, thio, or alkoxy groups, bonded to one of the ring members. A heterocyclyl group also includes fused, bridged bicyclic, and spirocyclic ring systems containing a heteroatom. Examples of heterocyclic spirocyclic ring systems include, but are not limited to, 2‐oxa‐7‐azaspiro[3.5]nonanyl, 2‐azaspiro[3.3]heptanyl, 7‐oxa‐2‐ azaspiro[3.5]nonanyl, 2,7‐diazaspiro[3.5]nonanyl, or 6‐azaspiro[2.5]octanyl. A heterocyclyl group as defined herein can be a heteroaryl group or a partially or completely saturated cyclic group including at least one ring heteroatom. Heterocyclyl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidinyl, furanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, oxetanyl, dioxolanyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, thiophenyl, benzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, indolyl, dihydroindolyl, azaindolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, azabenzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, isoxazolopyridinyl, thianaphthalenyl, purinyl, xanthinyl, adeninyl, guaninyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, and quinazolinyl groups. In one embodiment, heterocyclyl includes heteroaryl. “Heterocyclylalkyl” refers to a heterocyclyl group as described above joined by way of an alkyl as described above (i.e., ‐alkyl‐heterocyclyl). "Heteroaryl" refers to aromatic ring moieties containing 5 or more ring members, of which, one or more is a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and phosphorous. In some embodiments, “Heteroaryl” refers to a 5 to 14 membered ring system radical comprising hydrogen atoms, one to thirteen carbon atoms, one to six heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and at least one aromatic ring. For purposes of this invention, the heteroaryl radical may be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused or bridged ring systems; and the nitrogen, carbon or sulfur atoms in the heteroaryl radical may be optionally oxidized; the nitrogen atom may be optionally quaternized. Examples include, but are not limited to, azepinyl, acridinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzindolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzofuranyl, benzooxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzo[b][1,4]dioxepinyl, 1,4 benzodioxanyl, benzonaphthofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxinyl, benzopyranyl, benzopyranonyl, benzofuranyl, benzofuranonyl, benzothienyl (benzothiophenyl), benzotriazolyl, benzo[4,6]imidazo[1,2 a]pyridinyl, carbazolyl, cinnolinyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl, furanyl, furanonyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, isoindolyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, isoquinolyl, indolizinyl, isoxazolyl, naphthyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, 2 oxoazepinyl, oxazolyl, oxiranyl, 1‐oxidopyridinyl, 1 oxidopyrimidinyl, 1‐ oxidopyrazinyl, 1‐oxidopyridazinyl, 1 phenyl 1H pyrrolyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolinyl, quinuclidinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, triazinyl, and thiophenyl (i.e. thienyl). The terms "heteroaryl" and "heteroaryl groups" include fused ring compounds such as wherein at least one ring, but not necessarily all rings, are aromatic, including tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, indolyl, and 2,3‐dihydro indolyl. “Heteroarylalkyl” refers to a heteroaryl as described above joined by way of an alkyl as described above (i.e., ‐alkyl‐heteroaryl). Examples of heteroarylalkyl include, but are not limited to, the like. Unless otherwise specified, any of the above groups may be substituted with one or more substituents. The term “substituted” used herein means any of the above groups (e.g., alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, and / or hydroxylalkyl, and the like) wherein at least one hydrogen atom is replaced by a bond to a non‐hydrogen atoms such as, but not limited to: a halogen atom such as F, Cl, Br, and I; an oxygen atom in groups such as hydroxyl groups, alkoxy groups, and ester groups; a sulfur atom in groups such as thiol groups, thioalkyl groups, sulfone groups, sulfonyl groups, and sulfoxide groups; a nitrogen atom in groups such as amines, amides, alkylamines, dialkylamines, arylamines, alkylarylamines, diarylamines, N‐oxides, imides, and enamines; a silicon atom in groups such as trialkylsilyl groups, dialkylarylsilyl groups, alkyldiarylsilyl groups, and triarylsilyl groups; and other heteroatoms in various other groups. “Substituted” also means any of the above groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a higher‐order bond (e.g., a double‐ or triple‐bond) to a heteroatom such as oxygen in oxo, carbonyl, carboxyl, and ester groups; and nitrogen in groups such as imines, oximes, hydrazones, and nitriles. For example, “substituted” includes any of the above groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with ‐NRgRh, ‐NRgC(=O)Rh, ‐NRgC(=O)NRgRh, ‐NRgC(=O)ORh, ‐NRgSO2Rh, ‐OC(=O)NRgRh, ‐ORg, ‐SRg, ‐SORg, ‐S O2Rg, ‐OSO2Rg, ‐SO2ORg, =NSO2Rg, and ‐SO2NRgRh. “Substituted also means any of the above groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with ‐C(=O)Rg, ‐C(=O)ORg, ‐C(=O)NRgRh, ‐CH2SO2Rg, ‐CH2SO2NRgRh. In the foregoing, Rg and Rh are the same or different and independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylaminyl, thioalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, and / or heteroarylalkyl. “Substituted” further means any of the above groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a bond to an aminyl, cyano, hydroxyl, imino, nitro, oxo, thioxo, halo, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylaminyl, thioalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, and / or heteroarylalkyl group. In addition, each of the foregoing substituents may also be optionally substituted with one or more of the above substituents. “Isomer” is used herein to encompass all chiral, diastereomeric or racemic forms of a structure (also referred to as a stereoisomer, as opposed to a structural or positional isomer), unless a particular stereochemistry or isomeric form is specifically indicated. Such compounds can be enriched or resolved optical isomers at any or all asymmetric atoms as are apparent from the depictions, at any degree of enrichment. Both racemic and diastereomeric mixtures, as well as the individual optical isomers can be synthesized so as to be substantially free of their enantiomeric or diastereomeric partners, and these are all within the scope of certain embodiments of the invention. The isomers resulting from the presence of a chiral center comprise a pair of nonsuperimposable‐isomers that are called “enantiomers.” Single enantiomers of a pure compound are optically active (i.e., they are capable of rotating the plane of plane polarized light and designated R or S). “Isolated optical isomer” means a compound which has been substantially purified from the corresponding optical isomer(s) of the same formula. For example, the isolated isomer may be at least about 80%, at least 80% or at least 85% pure by weight. In other embodiments, the isolated isomer is at least 90% pure or at least 98% pure, or at least 99% pure by weight. “Substantially enantiomerically or diastereomerically” pure means a level of enantiomeric or diastereomeric enrichment of one enantiomer with respect to the other enantiomer or diastereomer of at least about 80%, and more specifically in excess of 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, 99.5% or 99.9%. The terms “racemate” and “racemic mixture” refer to an equal mixture of two enantiomers. A racemate is labeled “(±)” because it is not optically active (i.e., will not rotate plane‐ polarized light in either direction since its constituent enantiomers cancel each other out). All compounds with an asterisk (*) adjacent to a tertiary or quaternary carbon are optically active isomers, which may be purified from the respective racemate and / or synthesized by appropriate chiral synthesis. A “hydrate” is a compound that exists in combination with water molecules. The combination can include water in stoichiometric quantities, such as a monohydrate or a dihydrate, or can include water in random amounts. As the term is used herein a “hydrate” refers to a solid form; that is, a compound in a water solution, while it may be hydrated, is not a hydrate as the term is used herein. A “solvate” is similar to a hydrate except that a solvent other that water is present. For example, methanol or ethanol can form an “alcoholate”, which can again be stoichiometric or non‐ stoichiometric. As the term is used herein a “solvate” refers to a solid form; that is, a compound in a solvent solution, while it may be solvated, is not a solvate as the term is used herein. “Isotope” refers to atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, and an isotope of a compound of structure (I), (II), (IIa), (III), or (IIIa), includes any such compound wherein one or more atoms are replaced by an isotope of that atom. For example, carbon 12, the most common form of carbon, has six protons and six neutrons, whereas carbon 13 has six protons and seven neutrons, and carbon 14 has six protons and eight neutrons. Hydrogen has two stable isotopes, deuterium (one proton and one neutron) and tritium (one proton and two neutrons). While fluorine has a number of isotopes, fluorine‐19 is longest‐lived. Thus, an isotope of a compound having the structure of structure (I), (II), (IIa), (III), or (IIIa), includes, but not limited to, compounds of structure (I), (II), (IIa), (III), or (IIIa), wherein one or more carbon 12 atoms are replaced by carbon‐13 and / or carbon‐14 atoms, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with deuterium and / or tritium, and / or wherein one or more fluorine atoms are replaced by fluorine‐19. “Salt” generally refers to an organic compound, such as a carboxylic acid or an amine, in ionic form, in combination with a counter ion. For example, salts formed between acids in their anionic form and cations are referred to as “acid addition salts”. Conversely, salts formed between bases in the cationic form and anions are referred to as “base addition salts.” The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers an agent that has been approved for human consumption and is generally non‐toxic. For example, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to nontoxic inorganic or organic acid and / or base addition salts (see, e.g., Lit et al., Salt Selection for Basic Drugs, Int. J. Pharm., 33, 201‐217, 1986) (incorporated by reference herein). Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts of compounds of the invention include, for example, metallic salts including alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, and transition metal salts such as, for example, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and zinc salts. Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts also include organic salts made from basic amines such as, for example, N,N'dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine (N‐ methylglucamine), and procaine. Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts may be prepared from an inorganic acid or from an organic acid. Examples of inorganic acids include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydriodic, nitric, carbonic, sulfuric, and phosphoric acids. Appropriate organic acids may be selected from aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, aromatic aliphatic, heterocyclic, carboxylic, and sulfonic classes of organic acids, examples of which include formic, acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, gluconic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, glucuronic, maleic, fumaric, pyruvic, aspartic, glutamic, benzoic, anthranilic, 4‐hydroxybenzoic, phenylacetic, mandelic, hippuric, malonic, oxalic, embonic (pamoic), methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, panthothenic, trifluoromethanesulfonic, 2‐hydroxyethanesulfonic, p‐toluenesulfonic, sulfanilic, cyclohexylaminosulfonic, stearic, alginic, βhydroxybutyric, salicylic, galactaric, and galacturonic acid. The compounds of the disclosure (i.e., compounds of any one of structures (I), (II), (IIa), (III), or (IIIa), and embodiments thereof), or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts may contain one or more centers of geometric asymmetry and may thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms that are defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)‐ or (S)‐ or, as (D)‐ or (L)‐ for amino acids. Embodiments thus include all such possible isomers, as well as their racemic and optically pure forms. Optically active (+) and (‐), (R)‐ and (S)‐, or (D)‐ and (L)‐ isomers may be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques, for example, chromatography and fractional crystallization. Conventional techniques for the preparation / isolation of individual enantiomers include chiral synthesis from a suitable optically pure precursor or resolution of the racemate (or the racemate of a salt or derivative) using, for example, chiral high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). When the compounds described herein contain olefinic double bonds or other centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include both E and Z geometric isomers. Likewise, all tautomeric forms are also included. Although pharmaceutically unacceptable salts are not generally useful as medicaments, such salts may be useful, for example as intermediates in the synthesis of compounds having structure(I), (II), (IIa), (III), or (IIIa), or substructures thereof, for example in their purification by recrystallization. As used herein, the phrase “NMDAR‐dependent condition” means a condition wherein modulating NMDAR provides a medical benefit to the patient or subject. In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure may be used in a method of modulating NMDAR activity by contacting NMDAR with an effective amount of a compound as described herein or a pharmaceutical composition as described herein. As used herein, the term “administration” refers to providing a compound, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound as described herein. The compound or composition can be administered by another person to the subject or it can be self‐administered by the subject. Non‐limiting examples of routes of administration are oral, parenteral (e.g., intravenous), or topical. As used herein, the term “treatment” refers to an intervention that ameliorates a sign or symptom of a disease or pathological condition. As used herein, the terms “treatment”, “treat” and “treating,” with reference to a disease, pathological condition or symptom, also refers to any observable beneficial effect of the treatment. The beneficial effect can be evidenced, for example, by a delayed onset of clinical symptoms of the disease in a susceptible subject, a reduction in severity of some or all clinical symptoms of the disease, a slower progression of the disease, a reduction in the number of relapses of the disease, an improvement in the overall health or well‐being of the subject, or by other parameters well known in the art that are specific to the particular disease. A prophylactic treatment is a treatment administered to a subject who does not exhibit signs of a disease or exhibits only early signs, for the purpose of decreasing the risk of developing pathology. A therapeutic treatment is a treatment administered to a subject after signs and symptoms of the disease have developed. As used herein, the term “subject” refers to an animal (e.g., a mammal, such as a human). A subject to be treated according to the methods described herein may be one who has been diagnosed with a NMDAR‐dependent condition, such as: (1) psychiatric diseases, (2) neurological diseases, (3) neurodevelopmental disorders, or (4) infections, insults or autoimmune conditions. Diagnosis may be performed by any method or technique known in the art. One skilled in the art will understand that a subject to be treated according to the present disclosure may have been subjected to standard tests or may have been identified, without examination, as one at risk due to the presence of one or more risk factors associated with the disease or condition. The term “patient” may be used interchangeably with the term “subject.” A subject may refer to an adult or pediatric subject. As detailed above, the present disclosure provides compounds showing significant activity as positive allosteric modulators of NMDAR. Accordingly, some embodiments a compound is provided having structure (I): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: R1 is aryl or heteroaryl; R2 is H, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxylalkyl, SO2‐alkyl, aminylcarbonyl, carbocyclyl, or heterocyclyl; R3 and R4 are each independently H, alkyl, or cycloalkyl, or R3 and R4 join together to form a ring; each R5 is independently H or alkyl; and Ra is H or alkyl, wherein each aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, or ring may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen, OH, CN, NH2, oxo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, hydroxylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkoxy, aminyl, aminylalkyl, carboxyl, alkylcarbonyl, aminylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, aminylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylaminyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (II): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: R1 is aryl or heteroaryl; R2 is H, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxylalkyl, SO2‐alkyl, aminylcarbonyl, carbocyclyl, or heterocyclyl; R5 is independently H or alkyl; R6 is OH, CN, aminyl, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, or hydroxyalkyl; Ra is H or alkyl; n is 0‐6; and p is 1‐3, wherein each aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxylalkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, or ring may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen, OH, CN, NH2, oxo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, hydroxylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkoxy, aminyl, aminylalkyl, carboxyl, alkylcarbonyl, aminylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, aminylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylaminyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (II): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: R6 is OH, CN, aminyl, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, or hydroxylalkyl; n is 0‐6; and p is 1‐3. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (IIa): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: R2 is H, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxylalkyl, SO2‐alkyl, aminylcarbonyl, carbocyclyl, or heterocyclyl; R5 is independently H or alkyl; R6 is OH, CN, aminyl, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, or hydroxylalkyl; and n is 0‐6, R7 is OH, CN, alkyl, halo, or two R7 join together to form a ring; Ra is H or alkyl; p is 1‐3; and m is 0‐5, wherein each aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxylalkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, or ring may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen, OH, CN, NH2, oxo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, hydroxylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkoxy, aminyl, aminylalkyl, carboxyl, alkylcarbonyl, aminylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, aminylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylaminyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (IIa): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: R7 is OH, CN, alkyl, halo, or two R7 join together to form a ring; m is 0‐5; and p is 1‐3. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (IIa): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: R7 is CN, alkyl, or halo; m is 0‐2; and p is 1‐3. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (III): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: R3 and R4 are each independently H, alkyl, or cycloalkyl, wherein each alkyl or cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen, OH, CN, NH2, oxo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, hydroxylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkoxy, aminyl, aminylalkyl, carboxyl, alkylcarbonyl, aminylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, aminylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylaminyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided having structure (IIIa): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: R3 and R4 are each independently H, alkyl, or cycloalkyl, wherein each alkyl or cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen, OH, CN, NH2, oxo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, hydroxylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkoxy, aminyl, aminylalkyl, carboxyl, alkylcarbonyl, aminylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, aminylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylaminyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl. In more specific embodiments of each of structures (I), (II), (IIa), (III), or (IIIa), as appropriate, such structures include the following more specific embodiments. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R1 is aryl. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R1 is phenyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R1 is heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the heteroaryl ring comprises oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur, phosphorous, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the heteroaryl ring comprises oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the heteroaryl ring comprises nitrogen, sulfur, or both. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the heteroaryl ring is selected from pyridinyl, pyrrolyl, and thiophenyl. In specific embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R1 is pyridinyl. In specific embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R1 is pyrrolyl. In specific embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R1 is thiophenyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R1 is substituted. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R1 is substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen, OH, CN, NH2, oxo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, hydroxylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkoxy, aminyl, aminylalkyl, carboxyl, alkylcarbonyl, aminylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, aminylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylaminyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R1 is substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen, OH, CN, NH2, oxo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, hydroxylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkoxy, aminyl, aminylalkyl, carboxyl, alkylcarbonyl, aminylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, aminylsulfonyl, and alkylsulfonylaminyl. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R1 is substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen, OH, CN, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, and haloalkyl. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R1 is substituted with one or more substituents selected from CN, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and haloalkyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R1 is substituted with one or more substituents selected from CN, halogen, and alkyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R1 is substituted with one or more substituents selected from CN, F, Cl, and methyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is H. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is CN. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is alkyl. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n‐butyl, isobutyl, sec‐butyl, or tert‐ butyl. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is methyl, ethyl, or isopropyl. In specific embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is methyl. In further specific embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is ethyl. In other specific embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is propyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is isopropyl. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is n‐butyl. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is sec‐butyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is iso‐butyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is tert‐butyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is haloalkyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is CF3. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is hydroxylalkyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is . In some embodiments, a compound is . In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is SO2‐alkyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is SO2‐CH3. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is aminylcarbonyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is C(O)NHCH3. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is carbocyclyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is aryl. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is phenyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is cycloalkyl. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl. In specific embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is cyclopropyl. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is cyclobutyl. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is cyclopentyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is cyclohexyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is a saturated heterocyclyl. In specific embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is oxetanyl or tetrahydropyranyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is oxetanyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is tetrahydropyranyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is azetidinyl. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is heteroaryl. In certain some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is pyridinyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is substituted. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is alkyl, carbocyclyl, or heterocyclyl, and is further substituted by one or more substituents. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen, OH, CN, NH2, oxo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, hydroxylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkoxy, aminyl, aminylalkyl, carboxyl, alkylcarbonyl, aminylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, aminylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylaminyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen, OH, CN, NH2, oxo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, hydroxylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkoxy, aminyl, aminylalkyl, carboxyl, alkylcarbonyl, aminylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, aminylsulfonyl, and alkylsulfonylaminyl. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is substituted with one or more substituents selected from OH, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, and haloalkyl. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and haloalkyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is substituted with one or more substituents selected from OH, halogen, alkyl, and alkoxy. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen and alkyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is substituted with OH. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is substituted with halogen. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is substituted with F. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is substituted with alkyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is substituted with methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n‐ butyl, sec‐butyl, iso‐butyl, or tert‐butyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is substituted with methyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is substituted with alkoxy. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is substituted with methoxy. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is substituted with alkoxyalkyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 is substituted with . In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R3 and R4 are both H. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein one of R3 and R4 is H and the other is alkyl. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R3 and R4 are both alkyl. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R3 and R4 are both C1‐C6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the alkyl is methyl, ethyl, n‐propyl, isopropyl, sec‐butyl, isobutyl, or tert‐butyl. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the alkyl is methyl, ethyl, n‐propyl, or isopropyl. In specific embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the alkyl is methyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the alkyl is ethyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the alkyl is propyl. In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the alkyl is isopropyl. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the alkyl is n‐butyl. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the alkyl is sec‐butyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the alkyl is iso‐butyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the alkyl is tert‐ butyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein one of R3 or R4 is H and the other is alkyl substituted with halo, haloalkyl, aminyl, alkylaminyl, hydroxylalkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein one of R3 or R4 is unsubstituted alkyl and the other is alkyl substituted with halo, haloalkyl, aminyl, alkylaminyl, hydroxylalkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein one of R3 or R4 is methyl and the other is alkyl substituted with halo, haloalkyl, aminyl, alkylaminyl, hydroxylalkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein one of R3 or R4 is H and the other is optionally substituted cycloalkyl. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein one of R3 or R4 is alkyl and the other is optionally substituted cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein one of R3 or R4 is methyl and the other is optionally substituted cycloalkyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the cycloalkyl is substituted with OH, halo, or alkyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R3 and R4 join together to form a ring, which may be any cyclic structure as described herein comprising nitrogen. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R3 and R4 join together to form a ring. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R3 and R4 join together to form a spirocyclic ring. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R3 and R4 join together to form a 3 to 12 membered ring, a 3 to 10 membered ring, a 3 to 8 membered ring, a 3 to 6 membered ring, a 4 to 5 membered ring, or a 3 to 5 membered ring. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R3 and R4 join together to form a 3 to 12 membered ring. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R3 and R4 join together to form a 3 to 10 membered ring. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R3 and R4 join together to form a 3 to 8 membered ring. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R3 and R4 join together to form a 3 to 6 membered ring. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R3 and R4 join together to form a 4 to 5 membered ring. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R3 and R4 join together to form a 3 to 5 membered ring. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R3 and R4 join together to form: . In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R3 and R4 join together to form: . In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R3 and R4 join together to form: . In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein each R5 is H. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein one R5 is H and the other is alkyl. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein both R5 are alkyl. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein both R5 are C1‐C6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein each alkyl is independently selected from methyl, ethyl, n‐propyl, isopropyl, n‐butyl, sec‐butyl, isobutyl, and tert‐butyl. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein each alkyl is independently selected from methyl, ethyl, and isopropyl. In specific embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the alkyl is methyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the alkyl is ethyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the alkyl is propyl. In yet other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the alkyl is isopropyl. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the alkyl is n‐butyl. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the alkyl is sec‐butyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the alkyl is iso‐butyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the alkyl is tert‐butyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein Ra is H. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein Ra is alkyl. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the alkyl is methyl, ethyl, n‐propyl, isopropyl, n‐butyl, sec‐butyl, isobutyl, or tert‐butyl. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the alkyl is methyl, ethyl, or isopropyl. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein the alkyl is methyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R6 is OH, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, or hydroxylalkyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R6 is halo, alkyl, or haloalkyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R6 is halo or alkyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R6 is OH. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R6 is CN. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R6 is aminyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R6 is NH2. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R6 is halo. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R6 is F, Cl, Br, or I. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R6 is F or Cl. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R6 is F. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R6 is Cl. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R6 is Br. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R6 is I. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R6 is alkyl. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R6 is methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n‐butyl, isobutyl, sec‐butyl, or tert‐ butyl. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R6 is methyl, ethyl, or isopropyl. In specific embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R6 is methyl. In further specific embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R6 is ethyl. In other specific embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R6 is propyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R6 is isopropyl. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R6 is n‐butyl. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R6 is sec‐butyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R6 is iso‐butyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R6 is tert‐butyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R6 is haloalkyl. In specific embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R6 is CF3. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R6 is hydroxylalkyl. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R6 is . In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R7 is OH, CN, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxylalkyl, or cyanoalkyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R7 is OH, CN, alkyl, or halo. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R7 is CN, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, or cyanoalkyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R7 is CN, alkyl, or halo. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R7 is OH. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R7 is CN. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R7 is halo. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R7 is F, Cl, Br, or I. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R7 is F or Cl. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R7 is F. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R7 is Cl. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R7 is Br. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R7 is I. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R7 is alkyl. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R7 is methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n‐butyl, isobutyl, sec‐butyl, or tert‐ butyl. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R7 is methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, or tert‐ butyl. In specific embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R7 is methyl. In further specific embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R7 is ethyl. In other specific embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R7 is propyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R7 is isopropyl. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R7 is n‐butyl. In further embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R7 is sec‐butyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R7 is iso‐butyl. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R7 is tert‐butyl. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein two R7 join together to form a ring, which may be any cyclic structure as described herein including both carbocyclic and heterocyclic rings. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein two R7 join together to form a ring. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein two R7 join together to form a heterocyclic ring. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein two R7 join together to form a carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein two R7 join together to form a cyclopentyl ring. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein two R7 join together to form a 3 to 12 membered ring, a 3 to 10 membered ring, a 3 to 8 membered ring, a 3 to 6 membered ring, a 4 to 5 membered ring, or a 3 to 5 membered ring. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein two R7 join together to form a 3 to 12 membered ring. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein two R7 join together to form a 3 to 10 membered ring. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein two R7 join together to form a 3 to 8 membered ring. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein two R7 join together to form a 3 to 6 membered ring. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein two R7 join together to form a 4 to 5 membered ring. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein two R7 join together to form a 3 to 5 membered ring. In certain embodiments, a compound is provided wherein two R7, along with the ring to which they are attached, join together to form: . In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein n is 0, 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein n is 0, 1, or 2. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein n is 0 or 1. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein n is 0. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein n is 1. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein n is 2. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein n is 3. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein n is 4. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein n is 5. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein n is 6. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein m is 0, 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein m is 0, 1, or 2. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein m is 0 or 1. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein m is 0. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein m is 1. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein m is 2. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein m is 3. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein m is 4. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein m is 5. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein p is 1, 2, or 3. In other embodiments, a compound is provided wherein p is 1 or 2. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein p is 1. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein p is 2. In additional embodiments, a compound is provided wherein p is 3. In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R1 has the following structure: In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R1 has the following structure:
[0002] In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R1 has the following structure: In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R1 has the following structure: In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R1 has the following structure: In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R1 has the following structure: . In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R1 has the following structure: . In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 has the following structure: In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 has the following structure: In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 has the following structure: In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 has the following structure: In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 has the following structure: In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 has the following structure: . In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein R2 has the following structure: . In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein has the following structure:
[0003] In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein has the following structure:
[0004] In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein has the following structure: . In some embodiments, a compound is provided wherein has the following structure: . In one embodiment, a compound is selected from one of the compounds listed in Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof. Table 1 Representative compounds having Structure(I) Structure Cpd No.1‐35 1‐37 1‐39 1‐41 1‐43 1‐45 Pharmaceutical Compositions In certain embodiments, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of structure (I), (II), (IIa), (III), or (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient. For example, the active compound will usually be mixed with a carrier, or diluted by a carrier, or enclosed within a carrier which can be in the form of an ampoule, capsule, sachet, paper, or other container. When the active compound is mixed with a carrier, or when the carrier serves as a diluent, it can be solid, semi‐solid, or liquid material that acts as a vehicle, excipient, or medium for the active compound. The active compound can be adsorbed on a granular solid carrier, for example contained in a sachet. Some examples of suitable carriers are water, salt solutions, alcohols, polyethylene glycols, polyhydroxy ethoxylated castor oil, peanut oil, olive oil, gelatin, lactose, terra alba, sucrose, dextrin, magnesium carbonate, sugar, cyclodextrin, amylose, magnesium stearate, talc, gelatin, agar, pectin, acacia, stearic acid, or lower alkyl ethers of cellulose, silicic acid, fatty acids, fatty acid amines, fatty acid monoglycerides and diglycerides, pentaerythritol fatty acid esters, polyoxymethylene, hydroxymethylcellulose, and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Similarly, the carrier or diluent can include any sustained release material known in the art, such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate, alone or mixed with a wax. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a composition containing one or more of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope or salt thereof, formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, which can also include other additives, and manufactured or sold with the approval of a governmental regulatory agency as part of a therapeutic regimen for the treatment of disease in a mammal. Pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated, for example, for oral administration in unit dosage form (e.g., a tablet, capsule, caplet, gelcap, or syrup); for topical administration (e.g., as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment); for intravenous administration (e.g., as a sterile solution free of particulate emboli and in a solvent system suitable for intravenous use); for administration to a pediatric subject (e.g., solution, syrup, suspension, elixir, powder for reconstitution as suspension or solution, dispersible / effervescent tablet, chewable tablet, lollipop, freezer pops, troches, oral thin strips, orally disintegrating tablet, orally disintegrating strip, and sprinkle oral powder or granules); or in any other formulation described herein. Conventional procedures and ingredients for the selection and preparation of suitable formulations are described, for example, in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Ed., Gennaro, Ed., Lippencott Williams & Wilkins (2005) and in The United States Pharmacopeia: The National Formulary (USP 36 NF31), published in 2013. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of structure (I), (II), (IIa), (III), or (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient further comprises a second therapeutic agent. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to any ingredient other than the disclosed compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope or salt thereof (e.g., a carrier capable of suspending or dissolving the active compound) and having the properties of being nontoxic and non‐inflammatory in a patient. Excipients may include, for example: antiadherents, antioxidants, binders, coatings, compression aids, disintegrants, dyes (colors), emollients, emulsifiers, fillers (diluents), film formers or coatings, flavors, fragrances, glidants (flow enhancers), lubricants, preservatives, printing inks, sorbents, suspending or dispersing agents, sweeteners, or waters of hydration. Exemplary excipients include, but are not limited to: butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate (dibasic), calcium stearate, croscarmellose, crosslinked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, citric acid, crospovidone, cysteine, ethylcellulose, gelatin, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, lactose, magnesium stearate, maltitol, mannitol, methionine, methylcellulose, methyl paraben, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, povidone, pregelatinized starch, propyl paraben, retinyl palmitate, shellac, silicon dioxide, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium citrate, sodium starch glycolate, sorbitol, starch (corn), stearic acid, stearic acid, sucrose, talc, titanium dioxide, vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin C, and xylitol. The formulations can be mixed with auxiliary agents which do not deleteriously react with the active compounds. Such additives can include wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, salt for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers and / or coloring substances, preserving agents, sweetening agents, or flavoring agents. The compositions can also be sterilized if desired. In one embodiment, the invention provides an oral pharmaceutical composition comprising structure (I), (II), (IIa), (III), or (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable oral carrier, diluent, or excipient. In another embodiment, the invention provides a topical pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of structure (I), (II), (IIa), (III), or (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable topical carrier, diluent, or excipient. In one embodiment, the invention provides an intravenous pharmaceutical composition comprising structure (I), (II), (IIa), (III), or (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable oral carrier, diluent, or excipient. In another embodiment, there are provided methods of making a composition of a compound described herein including formulating a compound of the invention with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent is suitable for oral administration. In some such embodiments, the methods can further include the step of formulating the composition into a tablet or capsule. In other embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent is suitable for parenteral administration. In some such embodiments, the methods further include the step of lyophilizing the composition to form a lyophilized preparation. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated into a pediatric dosage form suitable for treating a pediatric subject. In certain embodiments, the invention provides a compound having structure (I), (II), (IIa), (III), or (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof. Such compounds can be synthesized using standard synthetic techniques known to those skilled in the art. For example, compounds of the present invention can be synthesized using appropriately modified synthetic procedures set forth in the following Examples and Reaction Schemes. To this end, the reactions, processes, and synthetic methods described herein are not limited to the specific conditions described in the following experimental section, but rather are intended as a guide to one with suitable skill in this field. For example, reactions may be carried out in any suitable solvent, or other reagents to perform the transformation[s] necessary. Generally, suitable solvents are protic or aprotic solvents which are substantially non‐reactive with the reactants, the intermediates or products at the temperatures at which the reactions are carried out (i.e., temperatures which may range from the freezing to boiling temperatures). A given reaction may be carried out in one solvent or a mixture of more than one solvent. Depending on the particular reaction, suitable solvents for a particular work‐ up following the reaction may be employed. All reagents, for which the synthesis is not described in the experimental part, are either commercially available, or are known compounds or may be formed from known compounds by known methods by a person skilled in the art. The compounds and intermediates produced according to the methods of the invention may require purification. Purification of organic compounds is well known to a person skilled in the art and there may be several ways of purifying the same compound. In some cases, no purification may be necessary. In some cases, the compounds may be purified by crystallization. In some cases, impurities may be stirred out using a suitable solvent. In some cases, the compounds may be purified by chromatography, particularly flash column chromatography, using purpose‐made or prepacked silica gel cartridges and eluents such as gradients of solvents such as heptane, ether, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, ethanol and the like. In some cases, the compounds may be purified by preparative HPLC using methods as described. Purification methods as described herein may provide compounds of the present invention which possess a sufficiently basic or acidic functionality in the form of a salt, such as, in the case of a compound of the present invention which is sufficiently basic, a trifluoroacetate or formate salt, or, in the case of a compound of the present invention, which is sufficiently acidic, an ammonium salt. A salt of this type can either be transformed into its free base or free acid form, respectively, by various methods known to a person skilled in the art, or be used as salts in subsequent biological assays. It is to be understood that the specific form of a compound of the present invention as isolated and as described herein is not necessarily the only form in which said compound can be applied to a biological assay in order to quantify the specific biological activity. Chemical names were generated using the ChemDraw naming software (Version 17.0.0.206) by PerkinElmer Informatics, Inc. In some cases, generally accepted names of commercially available reagents were used in place of names generated by the naming software. Methods of Treatment As used herein, the term “treatment” refers to an intervention that ameliorates a sign or symptom of a disease or pathological condition. As used herein, the terms “treatment”, “treat” and “treating,” with reference to a disease, pathological condition or symptom, also refers to any observable beneficial effect of the treatment. The beneficial effect can be evidenced, for example, by a delayed onset of clinical symptoms of the disease in a susceptible subject, a reduction in severity of some or all clinical symptoms of the disease, a slower progression of the disease, a reduction in the number of relapses of the disease, an improvement in the overall health or well‐being of the subject, or by other parameters well known in the art that are specific to the particular disease. A prophylactic treatment is a treatment administered to a subject who does not exhibit signs of a disease or exhibits only early signs, for the purpose of decreasing the risk of developing pathology. A therapeutic treatment is a treatment administered to a subject after signs and symptoms of the disease have developed. As used herein, the term “subject” refers to an animal (e.g., a mammal, such as a human). A subject to be treated according to the methods described herein may be, but not limited to, one who has been diagnosed with a NMDAR‐dependent condition, such as: (1) psychiatric diseases, (2) neurological diseases, (3) neurodevelopmental disorders, or (4) infections, insults or autoimmune conditions. Diagnosis may be performed by any method or technique known in the art. One skilled in the art will understand that a subject to be treated according to the present disclosure may have been subjected to standard tests or may have been identified, without examination, as one at risk due to the presence of one or more risk factors associated with the disease or condition. The term “patient” may be used interchangeably with the term “subject.” A subject may refer to an adult or pediatric subject. The route of administration can be any route which effectively transports the active compound of the invention to the appropriate or desired site of action, such as oral, nasal, pulmonary, buccal, subdermal, intradermal, transdermal, or parenteral, including intravenous, subcutaneous and / or intramuscular. In one embodiment, the route of administration is oral. In another embodiment, the route of administration is topical. Dosage forms can be administered once a day, or more than once a day, such as twice or thrice daily. Alternatively, dosage forms can be administered less frequently than daily, such as every other day, or weekly, if found to be advisable by a prescribing physician or drug’s prescribing information. Dosing regimens include, for example, dose titration to the extent necessary or useful for the indication to be treated, thus allowing the patient’s body to adapt to the treatment, to minimize or avoid unwanted side effects associated with the treatment, and / or to maximize the therapeutic effect of the present compounds. Other dosage forms include delayed or controlled‐release forms. Suitable dosage regimens and / or forms include those set out, for example, in the latest edition of the Physicians' Desk Reference, incorporated herein by reference. As used herein, the phrase “NMDAR‐dependent condition” means a condition wherein modulating NMDAR provides a medical benefit to the patient or subject. In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure may be used in a method of modulating NMDAR activity by contacting NMDAR with an effective amount of a compound as described herein or a pharmaceutical composition as described herein. The compounds of this disclosure, or pharmaceutical compositions thereof, may be used to treat any disease, condition or disorder in which positive modulation of GluN2A / B / C / D provides a medical benefit to the subject. For example, in general terms, the compounds maybe used to treat: (1) psychiatric diseases, (2) neurological diseases, (3) neurodevelopmental disorders, or (4) infections, insults or autoimmune conditions. In some embodiments, compounds of the disclosure, or pharmaceutical compositions thereof, may be used in a method of treating an NMDAR‐dependent condition by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the compound or pharmaceutical composition. In certain embodiments, the NMDAR‐dependent condition is a (1) psychiatric diseases, (2) neurological diseases, (3) neurodevelopmental disorders, or (4) infections, insults or autoimmune conditions. More specifically, psychiatric diseases include schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, psychotic depression, major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, obsessive‐compulsive disorder, Tourette’s Syndrome, post‐traumatic stress disorder, and anxiety disorders. Neurological diseases include Alzheimer's disease, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, seizure disorders and stroke. Neurodevelopmental disorders include autism, intellectual disability, Fragile X, tuberous sclerosis, Down syndrome, attention deficit disorder, and hyperactivity disorder. Infections, insults and autoimmune disease include anti‐NMDA receptor encephalitis. In some embodiments, the NMDAR‐dependent condition is a psychiatric disease, a neurological disease, a neurodevelopmental disorder, or an infection, insult, or autoimmune condition. In some embodiments, the NMDAR‐dependent condition is a psychiatric disease, selected from schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, psychotic depression, major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, obsessive‐compulsive disorder, Tourette’s Syndrome, post‐traumatic stress disorder, and anxiety disorder. In some embodiments, the NMDAR‐dependent condition is a neurological disease, selected from Alzheimer's disease, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, seizure disorders and stroke. In some embodiments, the NMDAR‐dependent condition is a neurodevelopmental disorder, selected from autism, intellectual disability, Fragile X, tuberous sclerosis, Down syndrome, attention deficit disorder, and hyperactivity disorder. In some embodiments, the NMDAR‐dependent condition is an infection, insult or autoimmune disease including anti‐NMDA receptor encephalitis. In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for modulating NMDAR with an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition as described herein. In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a NMDAR‐ dependent condition by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition as described herein. In certain embodiments, the NMDAR‐dependent condition is a neurological disease(s) or a psychiatric disease(s). EXAMPLES General Methods 1H NMR (400 MHz) spectra were obtained in solution of deuterochloroform (CDCl3), deuteromethanol (CD3OD) or dimethyl sulfoxide – D6 (DMSO). HPLC retention times, purities, and mass spectra (LCMS) were obtained using Shimadzu LCMS 2010 (Shim‐pack XR‐ODS 3.0*30 mm 2.2 μm) operating in ES (+) ionization mode. Flow Rate: 0.8 mL / min, Acquire Time: 3 min, Wavelength: UV220, Oven, Temp.: 50 °C. The following additional abbreviations are used: ethyl acetate (EtOAc or EA), N,N‐ diisopropylethylamine (DIEA), water (H2O), hydrochloridric acid (HCl), methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), silica gel (SiO2), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone (NMP), [1,1′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (Pd(dppf)Cl2), potassium carbonate (K2CO3), sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), cesium carbonate (Cs2CO3), ammonia (NH3), tetrahydrofuran (THF), dichloromethane (DCM), acetonitrile (MeCN or ACN), retention time (RT), molecular weight (MW), room temperature (rt), hour (h), volume / volume (v / v), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR), sodium hydride (NaH), formaldehyde (HCHO), acetic acid (AcOH), (2‐Dicyclohexylphosphino‐2′,4′,6′‐triisopropyl‐ 1,1′‐biphenyl)[2‐(2′‐amino‐1,1′‐biphenyl)]palladium(II) methanesulfonate (XPhosPdG3), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), sodium cyanoborohydride (NaBH3CN), N‐bromosuccinimide (NBS), N‐ iodosuccinimide (NIS), benzoyl peroxide (BPO), brine (NaCl), sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), dimethylacetamide (DMA), triethylamine (TEA), potassium carbonate (K2CO3), palladium on carbon (Pd / C), 1‐ [Bis(dimethylamino)methylene]‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazolo[4,5‐b]pyridinium 3‐oxide hexafluorophosphate (HATU), dimethylformamide (DMF), lithium hydroxide (LiOH), carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), tetrahydrofuran (THF), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), hydrazine hydrate (NH2NH2∙H2O), potassium phosphate (K3PO4), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (Pd(PPh3)4), isopropylmagnesium chloride (iPrMgCl), petroleum ether (PE), dichloroethane (DCE), manganese oxide (MnO2), copper(II) acetate (Cu(OAc)2), triisopropylchlorosilane (TIPSCI), tetra‐n‐butylammonium fluoride (TBAF), N,N‐diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA), degree Celsius (°C), milligram (mg), gram (g), millimole (mmol), milliliter (mL), molar (M), micromolar (uM or μM), equivalent(s) (eq), potential of hydrogen (pH), preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography (prep‐HPLC), liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LCMS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), normal (N). EXAMPLE 1 GENERAL SYNTHETIC ROUTE 1 General Scheme 1 Synthesis of 5‐(3‐chloro‐4‐fluoro‐phenyl)‐8‐cyclopropyl‐2‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ ethyl]‐[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐a]pyridin‐3‐one (Compound 1‐34)
[0005] Step 1: Synthesis of ethyl 2‐(5‐bromo‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl)acetate To a solution of 5‐bromo‐3H‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (1 eq, 2.00 g, 9.34 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) were added ethyl 2‐bromoacetate (1.5 eq, 2.30 g, 13.8 mmol) and K2CO3 (3 eq, 3.90 g, 28.3 mmol) at 25 ℃ under N2. The mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 h. The mixture was diluted with water (10 mL). The mixture was stirred for 10 min at r.t, then the solid was filtered with water (1.5 mL). The solid was dried under reduced pressure to give ethyl 2‐(5‐bromo‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl)acetate (2.50 g, 8.33 mmol, 89 % yield) as a brown solid which was used without further purification. NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ ppm 7.43 (s, 1H), 7.31 (d, J = 3.2 Hz, 1H), 6.59 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H), 4.58 (s, 2H), 4.27 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.32 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). S tep 2: Synthesis of ethyl 2‐(4‐oxo‐5‐phenyl‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl)acetate To a solution of ethyl 2‐(5‐bromo‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl)acetate (1 eq, 800 mg, 2.67 mmol) in 1,4‐dioxane (8 mL) were added phenylboronic acid (1.2 eq, 390 mg, 3.20 mmol), K2CO3 (3 eq, 1.10 g, 8.00 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl2 (0.1 eq, 195 mg, 0.266 mmol) and water (2 mL). The mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 16 h under N2. The mixture was diluted with water (8 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (6 mL × 3). The organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure to give crude material. The crude material was purified by Combi‐flash (silica gel, 20 g, 35 mL / min, 15‐34% EtOAc in petroleum ether) to afford ethyl 2‐(4‐oxo‐5‐phenyl‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl)acetate (586 mg, 74 % yield) as a brown solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ ppm 7.74 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.37‐7.46 (m, 4H), 7.28‐7.35 (m, 1H), 6.70 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H), 4.59 (s, 2H), 4.26 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.30 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). S tep 3: Synthesis of ethyl 2‐(7‐bromo‐4‐oxo‐5‐phenyl‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl)acetate To a solution of ethyl 2‐(4‐oxo‐5‐phenyl‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl) acetate (1 eq, 586 mg, 1.97 mmol) in MeCN (6 mL) was added NBS (1 eq, 351 mg, 1.97 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 15 h under nitrogen. The mixture was filtered and washed with peteroleum ether (3 mL), the filtrate cake was dried under reduced pressure to give ethyl 2‐(7‐bromo‐4‐oxo‐5‐phenyl‐pyrrolo[2,1‐ f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl)acetate (450 mg, 1.20 mmol, 61 % yield) as a white solid which was used without further purification. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ ppm 7.67‐7.71 (m, 2H), 7.56 (s, 1H), 7.38‐7.45 (m, 2H), 7.30‐7.36 (m, 1H), 6.77 (s, 1 H), 4.60 (s, 2 H), 4.26 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.30 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). S tep 4: Synthesis of ethyl 2‐(7‐cyclopropyl‐4‐oxo‐5‐phenyl‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl)acetate To a mixture of ethyl 2‐(7‐bromo‐4‐oxo‐5‐phenyl‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl)acetate (1 eq, 450 mg, 1.20 mmol) and cyclopropylboronic acid (1.2 eq, 123 mg, 1.43 mmol) in 1,4‐dioxane (5 mL) and water (1.5 mL) were added K2CO3 (3 eq, 495 mg, 3.59 mmol) and Pd(dppf)Cl2 (0.1 eq, 88 mg, 0.120 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 16 h under N2. The mixture was diluted with water (3 mL), and extracted with EtOAc (4 mL ×4). The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give crude (360 mg) as yellow oil. The crude material was purified by Combi‐flash (silica gel, 4 g, 20 mL / min, 20‐27% EtOAc in petroleum ether) to give ethyl 2‐ (7‐cyclopropyl‐4‐oxo‐5‐phenyl‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl)acetate (130 mg, 32% yield) as a white solid. ppm 8.12 (s, 1H), 7.69‐7.75 (m, 2H), 7.32‐7.39 (m, 2H), 7.23‐7.30 (m, 1H), 6.49 (s, 1H), 4.68 (s, 2H), 4.16 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.20‐2.31 (m, 1H), 1.21 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3 H), 0.97‐ 1.08 (m, 2H), 0.79‐0.90 (m, 2H). S tep 5: Synthesis of 2‐(7‐cyclopropyl‐4‐oxo‐5‐phenyl‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl)acetic acid To a mixture of ethyl 2‐(7‐cyclopropyl‐4‐oxo‐5‐phenyl‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl)acetate (1 eq, 130 mg, 0.385 mmol) in ethanol (3 mL) was added LiOH.H2O (3 eq, 50 mg, 1.18 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 16 h under N2. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude material was diluted with water (6 mL) and stirred at 25 ℃ for 8 min, then the mixture was acidified with HCl (2 M) until pH~3 and extracted with EtOAc (4 mL ×3). The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated to give 2‐(7‐cyclopropyl‐4‐oxo‐5‐phenyl‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐ yl)acetic acid (70 mg, 0.226 mmol, 59 % yield) as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO‐d6) δ ppm 13.19 (brs, 1H), 8.11 (s, 1H), 7.69‐7.74 (m, 2H), 7.32‐7.40 (m, 2H), 7.24‐7.30 (m, 1H), 6.49 (s, 1H), 4.59 (s, 2H), 2.18‐2.31 (m, 1H), 1.00‐1.07 (m, 2H), 0.80‐0.87 (m, 2H). yl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐5‐ph To a mixture of 2‐(7‐cyclopropyl‐4‐oxo‐5‐phenyl‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl)acetic acid (1 eq, 70 mg, 0.226 mmol) and 3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidine hydrochloride (1 eq, 29 mg, 0.231 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) were added HATU (1.5 eq, 129 mg, 0.339 mmol) and DIEA (3 eq, 0.12 mL, 0.681 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 16 h under N2. The mixture was diluted with water (4 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 mL ×4). The organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure to a yellow oil. The crude material was dissolved in MeCN (1 mL) and purified by prep‐HPLC (Column: Phenomenex C18 80 *30 mm *5 um; mobile phase: [water (ammonia hydroxide v / v)‐ACN]; B%: 50%‐70%, 10 min) to afford 7‐cyclopropyl‐3‐[2‐ (3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐5‐phenyl‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (Compound 1‐ 34) (37 mg, 43 % yield) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO‐d6) δ ppm 8.00 (s, 1H) 7.69‐7.74 (m, 2H) 7.31‐7.39 (m, 2H) 7.22‐7.29 (m, 1H), 6.48 (s, 1H), 4.57 (s, 1H), 4.29‐4.45 (m, 2H), 3.93‐4.08 (m, 2H), 2.21‐2.29 (m, 1H), 1.61 (d, J = 22.0 Hz, 3 H), 0.98‐1.07 (m, 2H) 0.81‐0.87 (m, 2H); 19F NMR (377 MHz, DMSO‐d6) δ ppm ‐139.05; LCMS (ESI) [M+H]+m / z: calcd 380.16, found 381.2. EXAMPLE 2 GENERAL SYNTHETIC ROUTE 2 General Scheme 2 Synthesis of 3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐7‐(1‐hydroxycyclobutyl)‐5‐(m‐ tolyl)pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (Compound 1‐38)
[0006] S tep 1: Synthesis of ethyl 2‐[7‐iodo‐5‐(m‐tolyl)‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl]acetate NIS (2.00 eq, 638 mg, 2.84 mmol) was added to a solution of ethyl 2‐[5‐(m‐tolyl)‐4‐oxo‐ pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl]acetate (1.00 eq, 440 mg, 1.41 mmol) in MeCN (6mL) at r.t. under nitrogen. After 24 h, the mixture was diluted with water (6 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (7 mL X 3). The organic phase was dried over MgSO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to a yellow oil. The crude material was purified by combi‐flash (silica gel, 4 g, 25 mL / min, 10~25% EtOAc in petroleum ether) to afford ethyl 2‐[7‐iodo‐5‐(m‐tolyl)‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl]acetate (520 mg, 84 % yield) as an off‐white solid. Step 2: Synthesis of Ethyl 2‐[7‐(1‐hydroxycyclobutyl)‐5‐(m‐tolyl)‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐ yl]acetate Chloro(isopropyl)magnesium (1.13 eq, 0.35 mL, 0.700 mmol) was added dropwise to a mixture of ethyl 2‐[7‐iodo‐5‐(m‐tolyl)‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl]acetate (1.00 eq, 270 mg, 0.618 mmol) in THF (3.5mL) at ‐78 oC. After 1 h, a solution of cyclobutanone (2.01 eq, 87 mg, 1.24 mmol) in THF (2mL) was added dropwise at ‐78 oC. After 16 h, the mixture was quenched by saturated aq. NH4Cl (~5 mL) and water (3 mL). Then the mixture was extracted with EtAc (6 mL x 3). The organic phase was dried over MgSO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude material was purified by Combi‐flash (silica gel, 4 g, 25 mL / min, 0‐26% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) to afford ethyl 2‐[7‐(1‐hydroxycyclobutyl)‐5‐(m‐tolyl)‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐ f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl]acetate (40 mg, 17 % yield) as colorless oil. Step 3: 3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐7‐(1‐hydroxycyclobutyl)‐5‐(m‐ tolyl)pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (Compound 1‐38) LiOH(H2O) (2.92 eq, 13 mg, 0.307 mmol) was added to ethyl 2‐[7‐(1‐hydroxycyclobutyl)‐5‐(m‐ tolyl)‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl]acetate (1.00 eq, 40 mg, 0.105 mmol) in THF (0.3 mL), ethanol (0.3 mL) and water (0.2 mL) The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 2 h under nitrogen. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give crude 2‐[7‐(1‐hydroxycyclobutyl)‐5‐(m‐tolyl)‐4‐oxo‐ pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl]acetic acid (37 mg, 99% yield) as yellow solid which was used without further purification. HATU (1.5 eq, 60 mg, 0.158 mmol) and DIEA (3 eq, 0.056 mL, 0.317 mmol) was added to a mixture of 2‐[7‐(1‐hydroxycyclobutyl)‐5‐(m‐tolyl)‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl]acetic acid (1 eq, 37 mg, 0.105 mmol) and 3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidine hydrochloride (1 eq, 13 mg, 0.104 mmol) in DMF (1.2mL).After 16 h at r.t. under nitrogen, the mixture was concentrated then dissolved in MeOH (2 mL). Purified by prep‐HPLC afforded 4‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐N‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐1‐ (oxetan‐3‐yl)pyrrole‐3‐carboxamide (Compound 1‐38) (31 mg, 21 % yield) as a white solid.
[0007] EXAMPLE 3 GENERAL SYNTHETIC ROUTE 3 General Scheme 3 Synthesis of 7‐(azetidin‐3‐yl)‐5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ ethyl]pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (Compound 1‐151) S tep 1: Synthesis of 2‐[5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐7‐iodo‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl]acetic acid To a solution of ethyl 2‐[5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐7‐iodo‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl]acetate (820 mg, 1.79 mmol) in THF (12 mL) / ethanol (6 mL) / water (6 mL) was added LiOH•H2O (946 mg, 22.5 mmol). After 1 h, the mixture was concentrated and the pH was adjusted to 5~6 with 1 M aq. HCl. The mixture was filtered and the filter cake dried to afford 2‐[5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐7‐iodo‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐ f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl]acetic acid (450 mg, crude) as a white solid. LCMS (ESI) [M+H]+m / z: calcd 428.9, found 429.9. Step 2: Synthesis of 5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐7‐iodo‐ pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one 1‐methyl‐1H‐imidazole (77 mg, 0.938 mmol) was added to a solution of 2‐[5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐7‐ iodo‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl]acetic acid (100 mg, 0.233 mmol), TCFH (98 mg, 0.349 mmol) and DMF (3 mL). After 1h at 80 oC, 3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidine;hydrochloride (44 mg, 0.350 mmol) was added. After 16 h, HATU (133 mg, 0.350 mmol) and TEA (0.096 mL, 0.692 mmol) was added at room temperature. After 2 h, the mixture was diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL x 3), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and and concentrated. Purification (ISCO®; 20 g SepaFlash® Silica Flash Column, eluent of 0~40% EtOAc in PE @ 40 mL / min) afforded 5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐7‐iodo‐ pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (200 mg, 90.32%) as a brown oil. LCMS (ESI) [M+H]+m / z: calcd 500.0, found 500.9. Step 3: Synthesis of tert‐butyl 3‐[5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐ 4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐7‐yl]azetidine‐1‐carboxylate To an 15 mL vial equipped with a stir bar was added 5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐ azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐7‐iodo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (100 mg, 0.200 mmol), tert‐butyl 3‐ iodoazetidine‐1‐carboxylate (113 mg, 0.399 mmol), Ir[dF(CF3)ppy]2(dtbpy)(PF6) (2.2 mg, 0.00200 mmol), NiCl2•dtbbpy (1.2 mg, 0.00299 mmol), TTMSS (50 mg, 0.200 mmol), Na2CO3 (42 mg, 0.307 mmol) in DME (2.0 mL). The vial was sealed and placed under nitrogen was added. The reaction was stirred and irradiated with a 10 W blue LED lamp (3 cm away), with cooling water to keep the reaction temperature at 25 oC for 14 hours. The mixture was concentrated to give a residue. Purification (ISCO®; 20 g SepaFlash® Silica Flash Column, eluent of 0~4% MeOH in DCM @ 60 mL / min) afforded tert‐butyl 3‐[5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐4‐ oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐7‐yl]azetidine‐1‐carboxylate (86 mg, crude) as a yellow oil. Step 4: Synthesis of 7‐(azetidin‐3‐yl)‐5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ ethyl]pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (Compound 1‐151) To a solution of tert‐butyl 3‐[5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ ethyl]‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐7‐yl]azetidine‐1‐carboxylate (86 mg, 0.162 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added TFA (0.25 mL, 3.25 mmol) at room temperature oC. After 6 h, the pH was adjusted to 8‐9 with sat. aq. NaHCO3, and then extracted with DCM (20 mL x 3). The organic fractions were concentrated. Purification (prep‐HPLC column: Phenomenex luna C18 150 *25 mm *10 μm; mobile phase: {Water (FA)‐ACN}; B: MeCN; gradient: B from 10% to 40% in 10 min, hold 100% B for 3 min; flow rate: 25 mL / min; wavelength: 220 nm, 254 nm) afforded 7‐(azetidin‐3‐yl)‐5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐ methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (Compound 1‐151) (5.5 mg, 8%) as a white solid. LCMS (ESI) [M+H]+m / z: calcd 429.1, found 430.0
[0008] EXAMPLE 4 GENERAL SYNTHETIC ROUTE 4 General Scheme Synthesis of 5‐(3‐chloro‐4‐fluoro‐phenyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐7‐(1‐ hydroxy‐1‐methyl‐ethyl)pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (Compound 1‐173) Step 1: Synthesis of 5‐(3‐chloro‐4‐fluoro‐phenyl)‐7‐(1‐ethoxyvinyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐ 2‐oxo‐ethyl]pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one To a solution of 5‐(3‐chloro‐4‐fluoro‐phenyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐ 7‐iodo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (680 mg, 1.31 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) were added tributyl(1‐ ethoxyethenyl)stannane (1.10 g, 3.05 mmol) and Pd(PPh3)2Cl2 (110 mg, 0.157 mmol) then the mixture was stirred at 105 o C for 16 h under N2. The mixture was cooled down to 25 °C, saturated KF (100 mL) was added and it was stirred at 20 o C for 30 min, extracted with EtOAc (100 mL x 4), the combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4, then concentration. Purification (silica gel, 12 g, 0‐35% ethyl acetate in petrol ether) afforded 5‐(3‐chloro‐4‐fluoro‐ phenyl)‐7‐(1‐ethoxyvinyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐ 4‐one (1.10 g, 91% average yield) as a yellow solid. LCMS (ESI) [M+H]+ m / z: calcd 462.1, found 463.1. Step 2: Synthesis of 7‐acetyl‐5‐(3‐chloro‐4‐fluoro‐phenyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ ethyl]pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one To a solution of 5‐(3‐chloro‐4‐fluoro‐phenyl)‐7‐(1‐ethoxyvinyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐ 1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (1.10 g, 2.38 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added a aqueous HCl (3.3 mL, 6.60 mmol) at 20 oC. After 16 h, The reaction was quenched with H2O (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (100 mL x 3). The combined organic fractions were washed with saturated brine (100 mL x 2) and dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification (ISCO®;12 g SepaFlash® Silica Flash Column, Eluent of 0~6% MeOH / DCM @ 45 mL / min) afforded 7‐acetyl‐5‐(3‐chloro‐4‐fluoro‐phenyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ ethyl]pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (700 mg, 68 % yield) as a light yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ = 7.72‐7.79 (m, 2H), 7.52‐7.58 (m, 1H), 7.29 (s, 1H), 7.20 (t, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (d, J = 15.6 Hz, 1H), 4.45‐4.56 (m, 1H), 4.31‐4.41 (m, 2H), 4.19‐4.30 (m, 1H), 4.03‐4.13 (m, 1H), 2.76 (s, 3H), 1.71 (d, J = 21.6 Hz, 3H) 19F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl3) δ ppm ‐116.928, ‐141.260. Step 3: Synthesis of 5‐(3‐chloro‐4‐fluoro‐phenyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐7‐(1‐ hydroxy‐1‐methyl‐ethyl)pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (Compound 1‐173) To a solution of 7‐acetyl‐5‐(3‐chloro‐4‐fluoro‐phenyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐ oxo‐ethyl]pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (200 mg, 0.460 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added MeMgBr (0.15 mL, 0.460 mmol) dropwise at 0 oC. After 4 h at 0 oC, the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. After 12 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (80 mL) and H2O (80 mL), then the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (80 mL). The combined organic fractions were washed with H2O (80 mL x 2), brine (80 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. Purification (prep‐HPLC, column: Phenomenex luna C18 150 *25 mm *5 um; mobile phase: [water (FA)‐CAN]; B%: 35%‐65%, 9 min), afforded 5‐(3‐chloro‐4‐fluoro‐phenyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐ 1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐7‐(1‐hydroxy‐1‐methyl‐ethyl)pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (Compound 1‐173) (55.6 mg, 26.25% yield) as a white solid. LCMS (ESI) [M+H]+ m / z: calcd 450.1, found 433.1 (M‐OH)+ EXAMPLE 5 GENERAL SYNTHETIC ROUTE 5 General Scheme 5 Synthesis of 4‐[7‐cyclobutyl‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐ f][1,2,4]triazin‐5‐yl]‐2‐methyl‐benzonitrile (Compound 1‐163)
[0009] Step 1: Synthesis of ethyl 2‐(5‐bromo‐7‐cyclobutyl‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl)acetate To the mixture of ethyl 2‐[5‐bromo‐7‐(1‐hydroxycyclobutyl)‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐ yl]acetate (320 mg, 0.86 mmol) in DCM (5mL), was added Et3SiH (503 mg, 4.32 mmol) and TFA (1.7 mL, 21.9 mmol) at 0°C under nitrogen. After 1 h at 0oC, the mixture was quenched with sat. aq. NaHCO3 (5 mL) and water (6 mL), then extracted with DCM (8 mL x 3). The combined organic fractions were concentrated to afford crude ethyl 2‐(5‐bromo‐7‐cyclobutyl‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl)acetate (330 mg, 92%) as a white solid. LCMS (ESI) [M+H]+ m / z: calcd 354.2, found 355.7. yl‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl)acetic acid To a solution of ethyl 2‐(5‐bromo‐7‐cyclobutyl‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl)acetate (330 mg, 0.932 mmol) in THF (2mL), Ethanol (2mL) and Water (0.5000mL) was added Li(OH)H2O (196 mg, 4.66 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (6 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (8 mL x 2). The pH was adjusted to 3 with HCl (2 M) aq. and further extracted with EtOAc (8 mL x 2). The combined organic fractions were concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 2‐(5‐bromo‐7‐cyclobutyl‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl)acetic acid (276 mg, 73%) as a white solid. LCMS (ESI) [M+H]+ m / z: calcd 326.15, found 327.8. Step 3: 5‐bromo‐7‐cyclobutyl‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]pyrrolo[2,1‐ f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one To a solution of 2‐(5‐bromo‐7‐cyclobutyl‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl)acetic acid (276 mg, 0.846 mmol) in DMF (3mL) was added 3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidine;hydrochloride (159 mg, 1.27 mmol), HATU (483 mg, 1.27 mmol) and DIEA (0.60 mL, 3.38 mmol) at room temperature. After 16 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with water (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (8 mL x 3). The combined organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification (ISCO®; 4 g SepaFlash® Silica Flash Column, Eluent of 0‐60% EtOAc / PE gradient @30 mL / min) afforded 5‐bromo‐7‐cyclobutyl‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]pyrrolo[2,1‐ f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (225 mg, 67%) as a white solid. LCMS (ESI) [M+H]+ m / z: calcd 397.24, found 398.7. Step 4: Synthesis of 4‐[7‐cyclobutyl‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐4‐oxo‐ pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐5‐yl]‐2‐methyl‐benzonitrile (Compound 1‐163) To the mixture of 5‐bromo‐7‐cyclobutyl‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ ethyl]pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (40 mg, 0.101 mmol) in 1,4‐dioxane (1 mL) and water (0.20 mL) was added K2CO3 (42 mg, 0.304 mmol), (4‐cyano‐3‐methyl‐phenyl)boronic acid (24 mg, 0.149 mmol) and Pd(dppf)Cl2 (7.5 mg, 0.0102 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 3 h under nitrogen. The mixture was diluted with water (4 mL) and extracted with EtOA (3 mL × 3). The combined organic fractions were concentrated under reduced pressure to a yellow solid. Purification (prep‐HPLC, column: Boston Prime C18 150 *25 mm *5 um; mobile phase: [water(NH3H2O+NH4HCO3)‐ACN]; B%: 55%‐75%, 10 min) afforded 4‐[7‐cyclobutyl‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐ azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐5‐yl]‐2‐methyl‐benzonitrile (Compound 1‐ 163) (5.6 mg, 0.0129 mmol, 12.8% yield) as an off‐white solid. LCMS (ESI) [M+H]+m / z: calcd 433.2, found 434.1. EXAMPLE 6 GENERAL SYNTHETIC ROUTE 6 General Scheme 6 yl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐7‐ (trifluoromethyl)pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (Compound 1‐167) To a mixture of 5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐7‐iodo‐ pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (100 mg, 0.200 mmol) and sodiumtrifluoromethanesulfinate (93.5 mg, 0.599 mmol) in DMSO (3.5 mL) was added CuI (114 mg, 0.599 mmol) under N2 and the solution was stirred at 120 °C for 1 h under microwave irradiation. The solution was diluted with water (5 mL) to forma white precipitate. The suspension was filtered with water (10 mL), and the filtered cake was dried under reduced pressured to a light brown solid. Purification(prep‐HPLC column: Boston Prime C18 150 * 30 mm *5 um; mobile phase: [water (ammonia hydroxide v / v)‐ACN]; gradient: 43%‐73% B over 8 min) afforded 5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐ fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐7‐(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (Compound 1‐167) (5 mg, 6%) as a white solid. LCMS (ESI) [M+H]+m / z: calcd 442.1, found 443.2. EXAMPLE 7 GENERAL SYNTHETIC ROUTE 7 General Scheme 7 Synthesis of 3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐5‐(m‐tolyl)‐7‐(oxetan‐3‐yl)pyrrolo[2,1‐ f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (Compound 1‐123) A solution of 3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐7‐iodo‐5‐(m‐tolyl)pyrrolo[2,1‐ f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (150 mg, 0.312 mmol), Na2CO3 (86 mg, 0.622 mmol), NiCl2 glyme (4.0 mg, 0.0182 mmol), picolinimidamide hydrochloride (3.0 mg, 0.0190 mmol), bis[3,5‐difluoro‐2‐[5‐(trifluoromethyl)‐2‐ pyridyl]phenyl]iridium(1+);4‐tert‐butyl‐2‐(4‐tert‐butyl‐2‐pyridyl)pyridine;hexafluorophosphate (4.0 mg, 0.00357 mmol), bis(trimethylsilyl)silyl‐trimethylsilane (78 mg, 0.314 mmol), 3‐iodooxetane (87 mg, 0.473 mmol) and Monoglyme (4 mL) prepared at room temperature. After 20 h under 450 nm blue‐light with fan cooling at 5000 rpm, the mixture was diluted with water (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (6 mL ×4). The combined organic fractions were dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. Purification (prep‐HPLC column: Boston Prime C18 150 *30 mm *5 um; mobile phase: [water (ammonia hydroxide v / v)‐ACN]; B%: 40%‐60%, 16 min) afforded 3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐ oxo‐ethyl]‐5‐(m‐tolyl)‐7‐(oxetan‐3‐yl)pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (Compound 1‐123) (17 mg, 0.0398 mmol, 12.73% yield) as a white solid. LCMS (ESI) [M+H]+m / z: calcd 410.18, found 411.2. EXAMPLE 8 GENERAL SYNTHETIC ROUTE 8 General Scheme 8 Synthesis of 5‐(3‐chloro‐4‐fluoro‐phenyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐7‐ methylsul To a solution of 5‐(3‐chloro‐4‐fluoro‐phenyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐ 7‐iodo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (100 mg, 0.193 mmol), sodium methanesulfinate (60 mg, 0.588 mmol) and CuI (110 mg, 0.579 mmol) in DMSO (2 mL) under nitrogen. After 2 h at 120 oC (microwave irradiation), the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (50 mL) and H2O (50 mL), then extracted with EtOAc (50 mL). The organic fraction was washed with H2O (50 mL x 2), brine (50 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. Purification (prep‐HPLC column: Phenomenex luna C18 150 *25 mm *5 um; mobile phase: [water (FA)‐ACN]; B%: 37%‐67%, 9 min) afforded 5‐(3‐chloro‐4‐fluoro‐phenyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐ azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐7‐methylsulfonyl‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (Compound 1‐164) (25.6 mg, 27%) as a white solid. LCMS (ESI) [M+H]+ m / z: calcd 470.1, found 471.0.
[0010] EXAMPLE 9 GENERAL SYNTHETIC ROUTE 9 Synthesis of 5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐7‐(1‐hydroxy‐2‐ methyl‐pro Step 1: Synthesis of 5‐bromo‐7‐(1‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐propyl)‐3H‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one i‐PrMgCl (1.5 mL, 3.00 mmol) was added to a solution of 5‐bromo‐7‐iodo‐3H‐pyrrolo[2,1‐ f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (500 mg, 1.47 mmol) in THF (6mL) at ‐70 °C under nitrogen. After 1 h, a solution of 2,2‐dimethyloxirane (107 mg, 1.48 mmol) in THF (1 mL) was added and the solution was allowed to warm to 45 °C. After 16 h, the mixture was quenched by sat. aq. NHCl4 aq. (10 mL) at ‐78 oC. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (8 mL × 3). The organic fraction was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated to a yellow solid. Purification (silica gel, 12 g, 30 mL / min, 20~50% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) afforded 5‐ bromo‐7‐(1‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐propyl)‐3H‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (260 mg, 61%) as a colorless solid. NMR (400 MHz, DMSO‐d6) δ ppm 11.68 (s, 1H), 7.84 (s, 1H), 6.54 (s, 1H), 5.32 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.74 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 1.96‐2.06 (m, 1H), 0.86 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.80 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H). Step 2: Synthesis of ethyl 2‐[5‐bromo‐7‐(1‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐propyl)‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐ yl]acetate Ethyl 2‐bromoacetate (182 mg, 1.09 mmol) was added to a solution of 5‐bromo‐7‐(1‐hydroxy‐2‐ methyl‐propyl)‐3H‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (260 mg, 0.909 mmol) and K2CO3 (251 mg, 1.82 mmol) in DMF (4 mL) at room temperature under nitrogen. After 16 h, the mixture was diluted with water (8 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (5 mL × 4). The combined organic fractions were dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated to a yellow liquid. Purification (silica gel, 4 g, 25 mL / min, 25~50% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) afforded ethyl 2‐[5‐bromo‐7‐(1‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐propyl)‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl]acetate (330 mg, 97%) as a yellow oil. LCMS (ESI) [M‐H2O]+m / z: calcd 371.0, found 356.2. Step 3: Synthesis of 2‐[5‐bromo‐7‐(1‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐propyl)‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐ yl]acetic acid LiOH(H2O) (113 mg, 2.67 mmol) was added to a mixture of ethyl 2‐[5‐bromo‐7‐(1‐hydroxy‐2‐ methyl‐propyl)‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl]acetate (330 mg, 0.887 mmol) in THF (2 mL), ethanol (2 mL) and water (0.50 mL) at room temperature. After 16 h, the mixture was concentrated to afford 2‐[5‐bromo‐7‐(1‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐propyl)‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl]acetic acid (410 mg, crude) as a yellow solid. LCMS (ESI) [M‐H2O]+m / z: calcd 343.0, found 328.1. propyl)pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one HATU (505 mg, 1.33 mmol) was added to a mixture of 2‐[5‐bromo‐7‐(1‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐propyl)‐ 4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl]acetic acid (305 mg, 0.886 mmol) and 3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐ azetidine;hydrochloride (112 mg, 0.892 mmol) and DIEA (0.47 mL, 2.66 mmol) in DMF (4 mL) at 25 oC under nitrogen. After 16 h, the mixture was diluted with water (8 mL), and extracted with EtOAc (5 mL × 6). The organic fraction was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated to a yellow oil. Purification (silica gel, 4 g, 25 mL / min, 30~100% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) afforded 5‐ bromo‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐7‐(1‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐propyl)pyrrolo[2,1‐ f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (100 mg, 27%) as a yellow oil. LCMS (ESI) [M‐OH]+m / z: calcd 414.1, found 398.9. Step 5: Synthesis of 5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐7‐(1‐hydroxy‐ 2‐methyl‐propyl)pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (Compound 1‐166) A solution of 5‐bromo‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐7‐(1‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐ propyl)pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (100 mg, 0.241 mmol) in 1,4‐dioxane (1.5 mL) and water (0.50 mL) was added K2CO3 (100 mg, 0.724 mmol), (3‐chlorophenyl)boronic acid (41 mg, 0.262 mmol) and Pd(dppf)Cl2 (18 mg, 0.0246 mmol) was prepared and heated at 80 °C under nitrogen. After 16 h, the mixture was diluted with water (4 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (5 mL × 3). The combined organic fractions were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated. Purification (prep‐HPLC column: Boston Prime C18 150 *25 mm *5 um; mobile phase:[water (NH3H2O+NH4HCO3)‐ACN]; B%: 38%‐58%, 10 min) afforded 5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐ azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐7‐(1‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐propyl)pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (Compound 1‐166) (20 mg, 0.0439 mmol, 18.2% yield) as a white solid. LCMS (ESI) [M‐OH]+m / z: calcd 446.2, found 429.2. EXAMPLE 10 GENERAL SYNTHETIC ROUTE 10 General Scheme 10 Synthesis of 5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐7‐(1‐ hydroxyethyl)pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (Compound 1‐161) To the mixture of acetyl‐5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ ethyl]pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (100 mg, 0.240 mmol) in THF (1.0 mL) and water (0.1 mL) was added NaBH4 (20 mg, 0.529 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen. After 1.5 h, the mixture was quenched with sat. aq. NH4Cl (2 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 mL × 4). The combined organic fractions were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated. Purification (prep‐HPLC column: ACSSH‐CB C18 (250 *50 mm *10 um); mobile phase: [water (NH3H2O+NH4HCO3)‐ACN]; B%: 40%‐60%, 10 min) afforded 5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐ azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐7‐(1‐hydroxyethyl)pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (Compound 1‐161) (23 mg, 21%) as a white solid. LCMS (ESI) [M‐H2O]+m / z: calcd 418.12, found 401.2.
[0011] EXAMPLE 11 GENERAL SYNTHETIC ROUTE 11 General Scheme 11 Synthesis of 5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐N‐methyl‐4‐oxo‐ pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazine‐7‐carboxamide (Compound 1‐137) S tep 1: 2‐[7‐bromo‐5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl]acetic acid A mixture of ethyl 2‐[7‐bromo‐5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl]acetate (1.00 eq, 1.00 g, 2.44 mmol), LiOH(H2O) (2.00 eq, 206 mg, 4.87 mmol)in Methanol (10mL) and Water (2mL) was prepared at room temperature. After 16 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated to afford 2‐[7‐bromo‐5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl]acetic acid (1.00 g, crude) as a white solid. LCMS (ESI) m / z: calcd 382.6, found 383.8. Step 2: 7‐bromo‐5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]pyrrolo[2,1‐ f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one To a solution of 2‐[7‐bromo‐5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl]acetic acid (500 mg, 1.31 mmol), HATU (745 mg, 1.96 mmol) in DMF (10mL) was added DIEA (0.69 mL, 3.92 mmol) and 3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidine;hydrochloride (164 mg, 1.31 mmol) at room temperature. After 2 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated. Purification (SiO2, Petroleum ether / Ethyl acetate=10 / 1 to 1 / 1) afforded 7‐bromo‐5‐(3‐ chlorophenyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (500 mg,0.970 mmol, 74 %) as a white solid. LCMS (ESI) m / z: calcd 453.69, found 454.9. Step 3: 5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐N‐methyl‐4‐oxo‐ pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazine‐7‐carboxamide (Compound 1‐137) To solution of 7‐bromo‐5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ ethyl]pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (100 mg, 0.220 mmol) in DMF (3mL) was added methanamine hydrochloride (45 mg, 0.661 mmol), TEA (5.00 eq, 0.15 mL, 1.10 mmol) and Pd(dppf)Cl2 (48 mg, 0.0661 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 80 oC under CO(50psi). After 16 h, the reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated. Purification (prep‐HPLC Column:Agela DuraShell C18 150*25mm*5um[water( NH4HCO3)‐ACN]; B%: 32%‐62%)) afforded 5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐N‐ methyl‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazine‐7‐carboxamide (Compound 1‐137) (14 mg, 14%). LCMS (ESI) m / z: calcd 431.85, found 432.2. EXAMPLE 12 GENERAL SYNTHETIC ROUTE 12 General Scheme 12 Synthesis of 7‐ethyl‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐5‐(4‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐ Step 1: Synthesis of ethyl 2‐[5‐(4‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐phenyl)‐4‐oxo‐7‐vinyl‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐ yl]acetate To the mixture of ethyl 2‐[7‐bromo‐5‐(4‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐phenyl)‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐ f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl]acetate (300 mg, 0.735 mmol) in 1,4‐dioxane (2.5 mL) and water (0.5 mL) were added 2‐ethenyl‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolane (200 mg, 1.30 mmol), K2CO3 (305 mg, 2.21 mmol) and Pd(dppf)Cl2 (81 mg, 0.111 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 80 °C under N2. After 16 h, the mixture was diluted with EtOAc (10 mL) and water (10 mL), then washed with EtOAc (8 mL × 3). The combined organic fractions were dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. Purification (silica gel, 4 g, 5%‐30% EA in PE, 254 nm) afforded ethyl 2‐[5‐(4‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐ phenyl)‐4‐oxo‐7‐vinyl‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl]acetate (150 mg, 57%) as a white solid. ppm 7.49‐7.56 (m, 2H), 7.46 (s, 1H), 7.00‐7.13 (m, 2H), 6.80 (s, 1H), 5.95 (d, J = 18.0 Hz, 1H), 5.45 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 1H), 4.59 (s, 2H), 4.26 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.33 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 3H), 1.30 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). Step 2: Synthesis of ethyl 2‐[7‐ethyl‐5‐(4‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐phenyl)‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐ yl]acetate To a solution of ethyl 2‐[5‐(4‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐phenyl)‐4‐oxo‐7‐vinyl‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐ yl]acetate (150 mg, 0.422 mmol) in THF (2 mL) and ethyl acetate (2 mL) was added Pd / C (300 mg, 0.283 mmol, 10% wet) under N2. The suspension was degassed under vacuum and purged with H2 three times. The mixture was stirred under H2 (15 psi) at room temperature. After 1.5 h, the mixture was filtered with THF (10 mL) and concentrated to afford ethyl 2‐[7‐ethyl‐5‐(4‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐phenyl)‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐ f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl]acetate (146 mg, crude) as a colorless syrup. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ ppm 7.50‐7.57 (m, 2H), 7.43 (s, 1H), 6.98‐7.06 (m, 1H), 6.45 (s, 1H), 4.59 (s, 2H), 4.25 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.86‐2.97 (m, 2H), 2.32 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 3H), 1.36 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H), 1.30 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). Step 3: Synthesis of ethyl 2‐[7‐ethyl‐5‐(4‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐phenyl)‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐ yl]acetate To a mixture of ethyl 2‐[7‐ethyl‐5‐(4‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐phenyl)‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐ yl]acetate (145 mg, 0.406 mmol) in THF (1 mL), ethanol (1 mL) and water (0.5 mL) was added hydroxylithium;hydrate (68 mg, 1.62 mmol) at room temperature. After 16 h, the mixture was concentrated then diluted with water (10 mL) and acidified with aq. HCl (2 M) to pH 3. The suspension was extracted with EtOAc (6 mL × 4). The combined organic fractions were dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated to affrd 2‐[7‐ethyl‐5‐(4‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐phenyl)‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐ yl]acetic acid (140 mg, crude) as a light yellow syrup. NMR (400 MHz, DMSO‐d6) δ ppm 8.09 (s, 1H), 7.66 (dd, J = 2.0, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.57‐7.64 (m, 1H), 7.08‐7.16 (m, 1H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 4.59 (s, 2H), 2.84 (q, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.26 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 3H), 1.28 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H). Step 4: Synthesis of 7‐ethyl‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐5‐(4‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐ phenyl)pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (Compound 1‐122) To the mixture of 2‐[7‐ethyl‐5‐(4‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐phenyl)‐4‐oxo‐pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐ yl]acetic acid (140 mg, 0.425 mmol) in DMF (1.2 mL) were added 3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐ azetidine;hydrochloride (64 mg, 0.510 mmol), HATU (194 mg, 0.510 mmol) and DIEA (0.30 mL, 1.70 mmol) at room temperature. After 16 h, the mixture was filtered with MeOH (1 mL) and concentrated. Purification (pre‐HPLC column: Boston Prime C18 150 *30 mm *5 um; mobile phase: [water (ammonia hydroxide v / v)‐ACN]; B%: 53%‐73%, 9 min). afforded 7‐ethyl‐3‐[2‐(3‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐azetidin‐ 1‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐ethyl]‐5‐(4‐fluoro‐3‐methyl‐phenyl)pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one (Compound 1‐122) (71 mg, 0.175 mmol, 41.12% yield) as a white solid. LCMS (ESI) [M+H]+m / z: calcd 401.18, found 401.2. EXAMPLE 13 SYNTHESIS OF REPRESENTATIVE COMPOUNDS The Compounds listed in Table 2 below were prepared by procedures similar to the ones described in the representative schemes found in the Examples with appropriate variations in reactants, quantities of reagents, protections and deprotections, solvents and reaction conditions. The characterization data of the compounds are also summarized herein in Table 2. Table 2 EXAMPLE 14 GLUN2A / B / C / D EC50S OF EXEMPLARY COMPOUNDS Fluorescent Imaging Plate Reader (FLIPR) Cellular Assay Functional assays were performed in an in vitro system to analyze the effects of test compounds on human GluN2A, 2B, 2C and 2D function. See also, Figures 1A‐1D and Figures 2A‐D, which depict activation of Compound 1‐3 and Compound 1‐5 in relation to GluN2A, GluN2B, GluN2C, and GluN2D, respectively. The system employed HEK293 cells to overexpress the NMDA receptor composed of the GluN1 subunit in combination with the GluN2A, 2B, 2C, or 2D subunits, thereby forming either GluN1 / 2A, GluN1 / 2B, GluN1 / 2C or GluN1 / 2D receptors that are activated by glutamate and the co‐ agonist glycine. When glutamate activates these receptors, they allow calcium ions (Ca2+) to flow into the cells where they bind to a fluorescent Ca2+‐sensitive dye. Upon binding of Ca2+, the fluorescent light is emitted and measured by a fluorescence lifetime imaging plate reader (FLIPR Molecular Devices). More specifically, cells were plated on PDL‐coated 384‐well plates. HEK293 cells were exposed to tetracycline to induce expression of the GluN1‐GluN2A, GluN1 / 2B , GluN1 / 2C or GluN1 / 2D NMDA receptors, 24 hours prior to performing the assay. On the day of the assay, the plates were washed and the Calcium 6 dye (Molecular Devices) added using a multichannel pipette at 1x concentration. Cells were incubated for 1 hour at 37°C before compound addition. A saturating concentration of glycine (100 µM) and approximately EC20 concentration of glutamate was used. Test compounds were added together with the glutamate / glycine co‐agonists and fluorescence measured as noted above using a FLIPR system (Molecular Devices). Prior to testing compounds, a concentration response curve (CRC) to glutamate was obtained for each receptor combination. From these data, the potency of glutamate (EC50) was determined from the point of inflection of fitted curves. EC20 values were also determined, which represents the concentration of glutamate that elicited a fluorescence response that is 20% of the maximum response elicited by the highest concentration of glutamate tested. With the EC20 values, the CRC for each test compound was then performed in the presence of the EC20 glutamate response. Thus, each test compound was examined for its ability to increase the fluorescence response to EC20 glutamate, thereby determining if the test compound potentiates the NMDA receptor. From the CRC data on each test compound, the potency EC50 value was obtained and the amplitude of the maximally efficacious concentration (Emax) determined (i.e., the maximal change in fluorescence observed at any concentration tested). Thus, Emax values refer to the size of the largest response (as opposed to a concentration). The CRC for the test compounds was repeated on cells expressing the various human NMDA receptor combinations: GluN1 / 2A, GluN1 / 2B, GluN1 / 2C, or GluN1 / 2D. EC50 potency ranges of the tested compounds against GluN1 / 2A, GluN1 / 2B, GluN1 / 2C, and GluN1 / 2D are characterized in Table 3 as follows: “++++++” denotes a potency of ≤ 100 nM; “+++++” denotes a potency of > 100 nM and ≤ 500 nM; “++++” denotes a potency of > 500 nM and ≤ 1,000 nM; “+++” denotes a potency of > 1,000 nM and ≤ 10,000 nM; “++” denotes a potency of > 10,000 nM and ≤ 30,000 nM; “+” denotes a potency of > 30,000 nM; and “*” denotes not tested yet. To determine if this series of compounds also potentiates AMPA receptors, we performed a FLIPR‐based assay on the GluA1i (GRIA1 gene product). The human GluA1i receptor was expressed in HEK293 cells and tested in a manner similar to that described for the NMDAR in the above sections. The compounds 1‐34 and 1‐8 exhibited minimal to no activity on the GluA1i AMPAR, indicating that this series of compounds does not engage the AMPAR. Table 3 Emax response of the tested compounds against GluN1 / 2A, GluN1 / 2B, GluN1 / 2C, and GluN1 / 2D are characterized in Table 4 as follows: “++++++” denotes a response of ≤ 50; “+++++” denotes a response of > 50 and ≤ 100; “++++” denotes a response of > 100 and ≤ 500; “+++” denotes a response of > 500 and ≤ 1,000; “++” denotes a response of > 1,000 and ≤ 3,000; “+” denotes a response of > 3,000; and “*” denotes not tested yet. Table 4
[0012] The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. All of the U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applications and non‐patent publications referred to in this specification 5 and / or listed in the Application Data Sheet, including International Patent Application No. PCT / CN2023 / 107661, filed on July 17, 2023, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 517,322, filed on August 2, 2023, are incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety. Aspects of the embodiments can be modified, if necessary, to employ concepts of the various patents, applications and publications to provide yet further embodiments. 0 These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above‐detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure.
Claims
CLAIMS 1. A compound having structure (I): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: R1 is aryl or heteroaryl; R2 is H, CN, alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxylalkyl, SO2‐alkyl, aminylcarbonyl, carbocyclyl, or heterocyclyl; R3 and R4 are each independently H, alkyl, or cycloalkyl, or R3 and R4 join together to form a ring; each R5 is independently H or alkyl; and Ra is H or alkyl, wherein each aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, or ring may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen, OH, CN, NH2, oxo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, hydroxylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkoxy, aminyl, aminylalkyl, carboxyl, alkylcarbonyl, aminylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, aminylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylaminyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl.
2. The compound of claim 1, having structure (II): (II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: R6 is OH, CN, aminyl, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, or hydroxylalkyl; n is 0‐6; and p is 1‐3.
3. The compound of claim 1 or 2, having structure (IIa): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: R7 is OH, CN, alkyl, halo, or two R7 join together to form a ring; m is 0‐5; and p is 1‐3.
4. The compound of claim 1, having structure (III): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: R3 and R4 are each independently H, alkyl, or cycloalkyl, wherein each alkyl or cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen, OH, CN, NH2, oxo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, hydroxylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkoxy, aminyl, aminylalkyl, carboxyl, alkylcarbonyl, aminylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, aminylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylaminyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl.
5. The compound of claim 1 or 4, having structure (IIIa): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein: R3 and R4 are each independently H, alkyl, or cycloalkyl, wherein each alkyl or cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen, OH, CN, NH2, oxo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, hydroxylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkoxy, aminyl, aminylalkyl, carboxyl, alkylcarbonyl, aminylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, aminylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylaminyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl.
6. The compound of any one of claims 1‐5, wherein R1 is aryl.
7. The compound of claim 6, wherein R1 is phenyl.
8. The compound of any one of claims 1‐5, wherein R1 is heteroaryl.
9. The compound of claim 8, wherein the heteroaryl ring comprises oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur, or combinations thereof.
10. The compound of claim 8 or 9, wherein R1 is pyridinyl.
11. The compound of claim 8 or 9, wherein R1 is pyrrolyl.
12. The compound of claim 8 or 9, wherein R1 is thiophenyl.
13. The compound of any one of claims 1‐12, wherein R1 is substituted.
14. The compound of claim 13, wherein R1 is substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen, OH, CN, NH2, oxo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, hydroxylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkoxy, aminyl, aminylalkyl, carboxyl, alkylcarbonyl, aminylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, aminylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylaminyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl.
15. The compound of claim 13, wherein R1 is substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen, OH, CN, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, and haloalkyl.
16. The compound of claim 13, wherein R1 is substituted with one or more substituents selected from CN, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and haloalkyl.
17. The compound of claim 13, wherein R1 is substituted with one or more substituents selected from CN, halogen, and alkyl.
18. The compound of claim 13, wherein R1 is substituted with one or more substituents selected from CN, F, Cl, and methyl.
19. The compound of any one of claims 1‐18, wherein R2 is H.
20. The compound of any one of claims 1‐18, wherein R2 is CN.
21. The compound of any one of claims 1‐18, wherein R2 is alkyl.
22. The compound of claim 20, wherein R2 is methyl.
23. The compound of claim 20, wherein R2 is ethyl.
24. The compound of claim 20, wherein R2 is isopropyl.
25. The compound of any one of claims 1‐18, wherein R2 is haloalkyl.
26. The compound of claim 25, wherein R2 is CF3.
27. The compound of any one of claims 1‐18, wherein R2 is hydroxylalkyl.
28. The compound of claim 27, wherein R2 is .
29. The compound of claim 27, wherein R2 is .
30. The compound of claim 27, wherein 31. The compound of any one of claims 1‐18, wherein R2 is SO2‐alkyl.
32. The compound of claim 31, wherein R2 is SO2‐CH3.
33. The compound of any one of claims 1‐18, wherein R2 is aminylcarbonyl.
34. The compound of claim 33, wherein R2 is C(O)NHCH3.
35. The compound of any one of claims 1‐18, wherein R2 is carbocyclyl.
36. The compound of claim 35, wherein R2 is aryl.
37. The compound of claim 36, wherein R2 is phenyl.
38. The compound of claim 35, wherein R2 is cycloalkyl.
39. The compound of claim 38, wherein R2 is cyclopropyl.
40. The compound of claim 38, wherein R2 is cyclobutyl.
41. The compound of claim 38, wherein R2 is cyclopentyl.
42. The compound of claim 38, wherein R2 is cyclohexyl.
43. The compound of any one of claims 1‐18, wherein R2 is heterocyclyl.
44. The compound of claim 43, wherein R2 is a saturated heterocyclyl.
45. The compound of claim 44, wherein R2 is oxetanyl.
46. The compound of claim 44, wherein R2 is tetrahydropyranyl.
47. The compound of claim 44, wherein R2 is azetidinyl.
48. The compound of claim 43, wherein R2 is heteroaryl.
49. The compound of claim 48, wherein R2 is a pyridinyl.
50. The compound of any one of claims 1‐49, wherein R2 is substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen, OH, CN, NH2, oxo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, hydroxylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkoxy, aminyl, aminylalkyl, carboxyl, alkylcarbonyl, aminylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, aminylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylaminyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl.
51. The compound of claim 50, wherein R2 is substituted with OH.
52. The compound of claim 50, wherein R2 is substituted with halogen.
53. The compound of claim 52, wherein R2 is substituted with F.
54. The compound of claim 50, wherein R2 is substituted with alkyl.
55. The compound of claim 54, wherein R2 is substituted with methyl.
56. The compound of claim 50, wherein R2 is substituted with alkoxy.
57. The compound of claim 56, wherein R2 is substituted with methoxy.
58. The compound of claim 50, wherein R2 is substituted with alkoxyalkyl.
59. The compound of claim 58, wherein R2 is substituted with .
60. The compound of any one of claims 1 or 4‐59, wherein R3 and R4 are both H.
61. The compound of any one of claims 1 or 4‐59, wherein one of R3 or R4 is H and the other is alkyl.
62. The compound of claim 61, wherein the alkyl is methyl, ethyl, n‐propyl, isopropyl, sec‐ butyl, isobutyl, or tert‐butyl.
63. The compound of any one of claims 1 or 4‐59, wherein both R3 and R4 are alkyl.
64. The compound of claim 63, wherein each alkyl is independently selected from methyl, ethyl, n‐propyl, and isopropyl.
65. The compound of any one of claims 1 or 4‐59, wherein one of R3 or R4 is H and the other is alkyl substituted with halo, haloalkyl, aminyl, alkylaminyl, hydroxylalkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl.
66. The compound of any one of claims 1 or 4‐59, wherein one of R3 or R4 is unsubstituted alkyl and the other is alkyl substituted with halo, haloalkyl, aminyl, alkylaminyl, hydroxylalkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl.
67. The compound of claim 66, wherein one of R3 or R4 is methyl and the other is alkyl substituted with halo, haloalkyl, aminyl, alkylaminyl, hydroxylalkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl.
68. The compound of any one of claims 1 or 4‐59, wherein one of R3 or R4 is H and the other is optionally substituted cycloalkyl.
69. The compound of any one of claims 1 or 4‐59, wherein one of R3 or R4 is alkyl and the other is optionally substituted cycloalkyl.
70. The compound of claim 69, wherein one of R3 or R4 is methyl and the other is optionally substituted cycloalkyl.
71. The compound of claim 70, wherein the cycloalkyl is substituted with OH, halo, or alkyl.
72. The compound of any one of claims 1‐3 or 6‐59, wherein R3 and R4 join together to form a ring.
73. The compound of claim 72, wherein R3 and R4 join together to form a spirocyclic ring.
74. The compound of claim 72, wherein R3 and R4 join together to form: .
75. The compound of claim 72, wherein R3 and R4 join together to form: .
76. The compound of claim 72, wherein R3 and R4 join together to form: .
77. The compound of any one of claims 1‐76, wherein each R5 is H.
78. The compound of any one of claims 1‐76, wherein one R5 is H and the other is alkyl.
79. The compound of any one of claims 1‐76, wherein both R5 are alkyl.
80. The compound of claim 78 or 79, wherein each alkyl is independently selected from methyl, ethyl, and isopropyl.
81. The compound of any one of claims 1‐80, wherein Ra is H.
82. The compound of any one of claims 1‐80, wherein Ra is alkyl.
83. The compound of claim 82, wherein the alkyl is methyl, ethyl, or isopropyl.
84. The compound of claim 83, wherein the alkyl is methyl.
85. The compound of any one of claims 2‐3, 6‐59, or 72‐84, wherein R6 is OH.
86. The compound of any one of claims 2‐3, 6‐59, or 72‐84, wherein R6 is CN.
87. The compound of any one of claims 2‐3, 6‐59, or 72‐84, wherein R6 is NH2.
88. The compound of any one of claims 2‐3, 6‐59, or 72‐84, wherein R6 is halo.
89. The compound of claim 88, wherein R6 is F.
90. The compound of claim 88, wherein R6 is Cl.
91. The compound of claim 88, wherein R6 is Br.
92. The compound of claim 88, wherein R6 is I.
93. The compound of any one of claims 2‐3, 6‐59, or 72‐84, wherein R6 is alkyl.
94. The compound of claim 93, wherein R6 is methyl.
95. The compound of claim 93, wherein R6 is ethyl.
96. The compound of claim 93, wherein R6 is isopropyl.
97. The compound of any one of claims 2‐3, 6‐59, or 72‐84, wherein R6 is haloalkyl.
98. The compound of claim 97, wherein R6 is CF3.
99. The compound of any one of claims 2‐3, 6‐59, or 72‐84, wherein R6 is hydroxylalkyl.
100. The compound of claim 99, wherein R6 is .
101. The compound of any one of claims 3, or 5‐100, wherein R7 is OH.
102. The compound of any one of claims 3, or 5‐100, wherein R7 is CN.
103. The compound of any one of claims 3, or 5‐100, wherein R7 is halo.
104. The compound of claim 103, wherein R7 is F or Cl.
105. The compound of claim 103, wherein R7 is F.
106. The compound of claim 103, wherein R7 is Cl.
107. The compound of claim 103, wherein R7 is Br.
108. The compound of claim 103, wherein R7 is I.
109. The compound of any one of claims 3, or 5‐100, wherein R7 is alkyl.
110. The compound of claim 109, wherein R7 is methyl.
111. The compound of claim 109, wherein R7 is ethyl.
112. The compound of claim 109, wherein R7 is isopropyl.
113. The compound of claim 109, wherein R7 is tert‐butyl.
114. The compound of any one of claims 3, or 5‐100, wherein two R7 join together to form a ring.
115. The compound of claim 114, wherein two R7 join together to form a carbocyclic ring.
116. The compound of claim 114, wherein two R7 join together to form a cyclopentyl ring.
117. The compound of any one of claims 2‐3, 6‐59, 72‐84, or 101‐116, wherein n is 0.
118. The compound of any one of claims 2‐3, 6‐59, or 72‐84, wherein n is 1.
119. The compound of any one of claims 2‐3, 6‐59, or 72‐84, wherein n is 2.
120. The compound of any one of claims 3, 5‐100 or 117‐119, wherein m is 0.
121. The compound of any one of claims 3, or 5‐119, wherein m is 1.
122. The compound of any one of claims 3, or 5‐119, wherein m is 2.
123. The compound of any one of claims 2‐3, 6‐59, 72, or 78‐122, wherein p is 1.
124. The compound of any one of claims 2‐3, 6‐59, 72, or 78‐122, wherein p is 2.
125. The compound of any one of claims 2‐3, 6‐59, 72, or 78‐122, wherein p is 3.
126. The compound of any one of claims 1‐125, wherein R1 has the following structure:
127. The compound of any one of claims 1‐125, wherein R1 has the following structure:
128. The compound of claim 127, wherein R1 has the following structure: .
129. The compound of any one of claims 1‐128, wherein R2 has the following structure:
130. The compound of any one of claims 1‐128, wherein R2 has the following structure:
131. The compound of claim 130, wherein R2 has the following structure: .
132. The compound of any one of claims 1‐131, wherein has the following structure:
133. The compound of any one of claims 1‐131, wherein has the following structure:
134. The compound of any one of claims 1‐131, wherein has the following structure:
135. The compound of claim 134, wherein has the following structure: .
136. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, wherein the compound has the following structure: .
137. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of any one of claims 1‐136, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, hydrate, solvate or isotope thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
138. A method of modulating NMDAR activity by contacting NMDAR with an effective amount of the compound of any one of claims 1‐136 or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 137.
139. A method of treating an NMDAR‐dependent condition by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 137.
140. The method of claim 139, wherein the NMDAR‐dependent condition is a (1) psychiatric diseases, (2) neurological diseases, (3) neurodevelopmental disorders, or (4) infections, insults or autoimmune conditions.
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