Ambient IoT system
The AIoT system addresses the communication challenges faced by AIoT devices in current 5G systems by introducing an AIoT entity with store-and-forward capabilities and various protocol stacks, enabling efficient and lightweight communication for AIoT devices.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/118087
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-09-11
- Publication Date
- 2025-03-20
AI Technical Summary
Current 5G systems lack the architecture and protocol stack necessary for efficient communication with Ambient Internet of Things (AIoT) devices, which are battery-less and rely on energy harvesting, limiting their deployment and functionality.
The proposed Ambient Internet of Things (AIoT) system includes an AIoT entity with store-and-forward capabilities, featuring an AIoT reader that functions as an independent network element or a component hosted on an entity, along with various architecture options and protocol stacks to support direct communication between AIoT devices and the AIoT entity, including non-IP data delivery (NIDD) architectures.
This solution enables efficient and lightweight communication for AIoT devices, allowing for simple and direct data transmission without the need for IP-based communications, thereby addressing the limitations of current 5G systems and enhancing the deployment and functionality of AIoT devices.
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Figure CN2023118087_20032025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
AMBIENT IOT SYSTEMTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to the field of communication systems, and more particularly, to an Ambient Internet of Things (AIoT) system.BACKGROUND
[0002] Ambient Internet of Things (AIoT) devices are ambient power-enabled IoT devices, primarily powered through energy harvesting. The AIoT devices may either operate without batteries or possess limited energy storage capabilities, e.g., using capacitors. Distinct from other devices like narrowband-internet of things (NB-IoT) , cell phones, and 5G residential gateways (RGs) , AIoT devices have unique characteristics. One of the characteristics for the AIoT devices is reliance on energy harvesting. The AIoT devices are battery-less and come with limited energy storage capabilities. Some Ambient-powered IoT devices may possess the ability to communicate with base station directly. However, current fifth generation (5G) systems lack the architecture and protocol stack for the AIoT devices to facilitate such communications.
[0003] Therefore, there is a need for an AIoT system, which can address the issues in the prior art and other issues.SUMMARY
[0004] An object of the present disclosure is to propose an Ambient Internet of Things (AIoT) system, which can address issues in the prior art and other issues, provide efficient and lightweight architecture and communication, and / or provide simple and direct data transmission.
[0005] In an aspect of the present disclosure, an AIoT system includes an AIoT entity having store-and-forward capabilities. The AIoT entity includes an AIoT reader, and the AIoT reader functions as an independent network element or as a component hosted on an entity.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0006] In order to illustrate the embodiments of the present disclosure or related art more clearly, the following figures will be described in the embodiments are briefly introduced. It is obvious that the drawings are merely some embodiments of the present disclosure, a person having ordinary skill in this field can obtain other figures according to these figures without paying the premise.
[0007] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an Ambient Internet of Things (AIoT) device communication with a fifth generation (5G) system configured to implement some embodiments presented herein.
[0008] FIG. 2A is a block diagram illustrating an AIoT system including an AIoT entity configured to implement some embodiments presented herein.
[0009] FIG. 2B is a block diagram illustrating an AIoT system including an AIoT entity configured to implement some embodiments presented herein.
[0010] FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an AIoT system providing an architecture to support AIoT direct communication mode between an AIoT device and an AIoT entity according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0011] FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating at least control plane protocol stack for the architecture illustrated in FIG. 3.
[0012] FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating at least one user plane protocol stack for the architecture illustrated in FIG. 3.
[0013] FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an AIoT system providing an architecture for AIoT device with non-access-stratum (NAS) capabilities according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0014] FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating at least one control plane protocol stacks for the architecture illustrated in FIG. 6.
[0015] FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating at least one user plane protocol stack for the architecture illustrated in FIG. 6.
[0016] FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating an AIoT system providing a non-IP data delivery (NIDD) architecture for AIoT device without NAS capabilities according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0017] FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating at least one protocol stack for the architecture illustrated in FIG. 9.
[0018] FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating an AIoT system providing a NIDD architecture for AIoT device with NAS capabilities according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0019] FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating at least one protocol stack for the architecture illustrated in FIG. 11.
[0020] FIG. 13 is a block diagram of an example of a computing device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0021] FIG. 14 is a block diagram of a communication system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0022] Embodiments of the present disclosure are described in detail with the technical matters, structural features, achieved objects, and effects with reference to the accompanying drawings as follows. Specifically, the terminologies in the embodiments of the present disclosure are merely for describing the purpose of the certain embodiment, but not to limit the disclosure.
[0023] Cellular Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, such as long-term evolution machine type communication (LTE-M or LTE-MTC) and narrowband-internet of things (NB-IoT) , have been instrumental in enabling various industries to address their pressing challenges. However, the use of battery powered IoT devices can present numerous practical limitations. These include deployment in remote or hard-to-reach locations where frequent battery servicing would be logistically difficult or expensive, and large-scale IoT implementations where managing battery replacements would be unfeasible. Similarly, scenarios where devices are embedded in structures, machinery, or even within the human body can make battery replacements unduly complicated or hazardous. Long-term deployments that necessitate years of operation without human intervention also present difficulties for battery-powered devices. Furthermore, in certain environments or sectors, safety-related regulatory constraints may restrict the usage of batteries. Of significant concern as well is the environmental impact of manufacturing, replacing, and disposing of batteries on a large scale. By 2025, it is estimated that 78 million batteries will be discarded worldwide daily. To tackle these challenges, advancements in IoT technology have incorporated ambient energy harvesting, a method that sources power from the environment, circumventing the need for batteries.
[0024] Ambient-powered IoT technology's advent promises to unlock new services and use cases where changing batteries isn't feasible. These include personalized healthcare, intelligent transportation, hazardous location industrial applications, smart logistics, smart warehousing, smart homes, and smart cities. AIoT services are characterized by supporting widespread deployment of low-cost, ultra-low complexity devices with limited functions that require only minor and infrequent data transfers and eschew the need for batteries.
[0025] AIoT devices are ambient power-enabled IoT devices, primarily powered through energy harvesting. The AIoT devices may either operate without batteries or possess limited energy storage capabilities, e.g., using capacitors. Distinct from other devices like NB-IoT, cell phones, and 5G residential gateways (RGs) , AIoT devices have unique characteristics. One of the characteristics for the AIoT devices is reliance on energy harvesting. The AIoT devices are battery-less and come with limited energy storage capabilities. Some Ambient-powered IoT devices may possess the ability to communicate with base station directly. However, current fifth generation (5G) systems lack the architecture and protocol stack for the AIoT devices to facilitate such communications.
[0026] In view of the characteristics or the AIoT devices, it is more suitable to employ efficient and lightweight architecture and communication. Not every AIoT device necessitates internet protocol (IP) based communications. Some AIoT devices may only need simple and direct data transmission. For the some AIoT devices, an IP stack would mean unnecessary overhead.
[0027] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide an AIoT system including an AIoT entity having store-and-forward capabilities. The AIoT entity includes an AIoT reader, and the AIoT reader functions as an independent network element or as a component hosted on an entity. This can address issues in the prior art and other issues, provide efficient and lightweight architecture and communication, and / or provide simple and direct data transmission. Furthermore, some embodiments of the present disclosure provide various architecture options and protocol stacks designed to support AIoT devices, accommodating the AIoT devices with and without NAS signaling capabilities, and allowing for both IP-based sessions and non-IP data delivery (NIDD) .
[0028] For clarify, throughout the present disclosure, the terms, “AIoT tag” and “AIoT device” and other similar terms are interchangeable and bear no difference in meaning. The terms, “Ambient IoT node” , “Ambient IoT reader” , “AIoT node” , “AIoT reader” , simply “reader” and other similar terms are interchangeable and bear no difference in meaning. The terms, “AIoT entity” , “Base station with AIoT capabilities” , “Ambient IoT base station” , “Base station with Ambient IoT capabilities” and other similar terms are interchangeable and bear no difference in meaning in the present disclosure. The terms, “network element” and “network node” and other similar terms are interchangeable and bear no difference in meaning. The terms, “standalone” and “independent” and other similar terms are interchangeable and bear no difference in meaning.
[0029] FIG. 1 illuatrates an AIoT device communication with a 5G system configured to implement some embodiments presented herein. FIG. 1 illuatrates that, in some embodiment, The AIoT device registers to a 5G network through an AIoT reader. The AIoT reader acts as an independent network element / network node or as a component hosted on a distinct entity, such as a base station, a user equipment (UE) , radio access network (RAN) , integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, repeater, or relay, separated from the Ambient IoT device or tag. The communication between the Ambient IoT device (or tag) and the reader is facilitated by an air interface protocol. The air interface protocol could be a 3GPP access stratum protocol, or existing non-3GPP wireless communications protocol which is capable of supporting wireless communications between Ambient IoT device or tag and the Ambient IoT reader or node. FIG. 1 further illuatrates that, in some embodiments the AIoT device is in communication with the rest of 5G system via the AIoT node. The rest of 5G system may includes a RAN, a 5G core network, an AIoT application server (AS) , and / or an AIoT application function (AF) .
[0030] FIG. 2A illustrates an AIoT system including an AIoT entity configured to implement some embodiments presented herein. FIG. 2B illustrates an AIoT system including an AIoT entity configured to implement some embodiments presented herein. FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B illustrate that, in some embodiments, an AIoT system includes an AIoT entity having store-and-forward capabilities. The AIoT entity includes an AIoT reader, and the AIoT reader functions as a standalone or independent network element / network node (as illustrated in FIG. 2A where the combined AIoT reader and gNB might be termed as “Base Station with Ambient IoT Capabilities” ) or as a component hosted on an entity (as illustrated in FIG. 2B where the AIoT Reader is a component of a gNB) . The AIoT entity may be an AIoT base station. In some embodiments, the AIoT system further includes an AIoT device separated from the AIoT reader and an air interface protocol, wherein the AIoT device is in communication with the AIoT reader through the air interface protocol.
[0031] In details, in some examples, the AIoT entity may be a UE, a base station, an IAB node, a repeater, or a relay, separated from an Ambient IoT device or tag. For example, when the AIoT entity is a UE, the AIoT UE entity could include an AIoT Reader as an independent network element interacting with the UE, e.g. termed as UE with Ambient IoT Capabilities. Or on the other hand, the AIoT Reader could be just a componet hosted on a UE, simialr to the examples outlined in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B respectively. The communications between the Ambient IoT device (or tag) and the reader is enabled by an air interface protocol. The air interface protocol could be a 3GPP access stratum protocol, or a non-3GPP wireless communications protocol, suitable for supporting the air interface between Ambient IoT device or tag and the Ambient IoT Reader / Node. Since the tag is not always available, the AIoT reader / node or the AIoT entity has store-and-forward capabilities. This allows the AIoT entity to gather and temporarily store data before transmitting it to the network or retain network information intended for a tag and subsequently relay it to the tag.
[0032] It is understood that, while the primary focus of some embodiments of the disclosure is the base station, the principles detailed here can be adapted to other hosting entities for a person having ordinary sill in this field.
[0033] In some examples, an AIoT reader may include a module designed to transmit a carrier wave to activate AIoT tags. Alternatively, an independent carrier wave generator might be outside of the AIoT reader The carrier wave generator operates independently by sending carrier wave for tag performing energy harvesting or under the control of the AIoT reader via a defined communications interface to transmit carrier wave to allow AIoT device to perform energy harvesting. In some examples, an AIoT access point (AP) is used to support the communication protocol that ensures interaction between the AIoT Reader and AIoT tag, operating primarily on Layer 2. In some examples, the protocol may be operated at Layer 3 or other higher layers.
[0034] FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B further illustrate some examples of an AIoT gateway (GW) and its operation modes. In some embodiments, the AIOT reader includes an AIoT GW, and the AIoT GW is coupled with a gNB function, or the AIoT GW is one of gNB functions.
[0035] In details, in some examples, the AIoT GW serves as a gateway, bridge, or an interworking module between the AIoT reader and the rest of the 5G system. In one embodiment, the AIoT GW could handle relevant 5G control plane procedures, user plane procedures, and 5G interfaces N1, N2 or N3 functions. In the other embodiment, the AIoT GW could be coupled with a gNB function at the base station as illustrated in FIG. 2A. In this case, the AIoT GW may simply forward information to gNB, such that the gNB could handle relevant 5G control plane procedures, user plane procedures, and handle 5G interfaces N1, N2 and N3. In yet another embodiment, for 3GPP access AIoT Reader, it could be included as one of the gNB functions, as illustrated in FIG. 2B.
[0036] In some embodiments, the AIoT reader could be a local mobility anchor, which may handle the access to 5G Ambient IoT service at the AIoT Reader, to provide services within the network enabled by AIoT AP.
[0037] It is understood that, FIG. 2Ais used to illustrate the architecture options in the remaining sections of this disclose. But other possible embodiments, e.g. FIG. 2B, could apply as well.
[0038] FIG. 3 illustrates an AIoT system providing an architecture to support AIoT direct communication mode between an AIoT device and an AIoT entity according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The AIoT entity may be an AIoT base station. The AIoT base station may be a part of 3GPP 5G system. FIG. 4 illustrates at least control plane protocol stack for the architecture illustrated in FIG. 3. FIG. 5 illustrates at least one user plane protocol stack for the architecture illustrated in FIG. 3. Under the architecture, FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 illustrate some examples regarding the control plane and user plane protocol stacks respectively, designed for AIoT device / tag not supporting 5G NAS functions.
[0039] In some embodiments, the AIoT entity further includes at least one control plane protocol stack, and the at least one control plane protocol stack includes a tag service layer configured to handle AIoT information. In some embodiments, the tag service layer is configured to perform one or more operations: the tag service layer responses with an electronic product code (EPC) when prompted by the AIoT reader to extract information from a tagged object; the tag service layer is configured to interpret a command issued by the AIoT reader or an AIoT application server of the AIoT system or an AIoT application function (AF) of the AIoT system; or the tag service layer is configured to issue a command to retrieve requested information form a storage of the AIoT device, to request at least one lower layer to encode the requested information by using an encoding format, and to request the at least one lower layer to transmit the request information in a radio frequency (RF) signal format.
[0040] In details, for examples, the tag service layer (or other similar name / term, e.g., data service layer, AIoT tag service layer, AIoT service layer, or simply AIoT layer) is responsible for handling the information defined by Ambient IoT service provider, or Ambient IoT network operator, or Ambient IoT device manufacture, or the end user.
[0041] In one embodiment, the Tag Service Layer (TSL) may simply respond with its EPC when prompted by the reader to extract corresponding information from the tagged object. In the other embodiment, the TSL layer could be responsible for interpretating the commands issued by the reader, or by the AIoT AS or AF. These commands could include:
[0042] Query: query the certain information elements stored on one or a group of tags, e.g. the sensor data either stored on the tag or real-time sensor data, location information, positioning information, EPC, identity, Operator information, Manufacture information, etc.
[0043] Disable: disable one or a group of tags so that further communications with the reader will be ceased either permanently or during a pre-defined validity.
[0044] Update: modify existing data entries in one or a group of tags.
[0045] Delete: delete certain information in one or a group of tags.
[0046] Create: create one or multiple new data entries in one or a group of tags.
[0047] Suspend: suspend the operation of one or a group of tags.
[0048] Energy harvesting: notify one or a group of tags to perform energy harvesting at certain frequency point.
[0049] Inventory: notify one or a group of tags to perform pre-defined inventory actions.
[0050] Activate / Deactivate: activate or deactivate one or a group of tags.
[0051] Shutdown: shutdown the operations of one or a group of tags.
[0052] In another embodiment, tags equipped with universal integrated circuit card (UICC) , UICC-Lite, eUICC, or other forms of UICC may support some or all of the aforementioned commands. These commands are facilitated through the capabilities and interfaces specified in the most recent version of ETSI TS 102 221. They are executed by, e.g. AIoT SIM applications residing on UICC, UICC-Lite, eUICC, or other forms of UICC.
[0053] In yet another embodiment, when a tag is interrogated to give information to the requested reader. The tag service layer (TSL) may issue commands to retrieve the requested information from the storage of the AIoT tag, to request lower layers to encode the information by using proper encoding format, and to request lower layers to transmit the request information in proper RF signal formats.
[0054] The Ambient IoT 3GPP AS layers might include a data link layer, which is responsible for establishing and terminating communications between the AIoT tag and the AIoT node. The data link layer, also known as media access control layer in some cases, defines the communication methods between readers and tags, which includes features like multi-access mechanisms, collision detection, error correction, synchronization, etc.
[0055] The Ambient IoT 3GPP AS layers also includes a physical layer which is responsible for air interface, line coding, timing, modulation / demodulation, etc.
[0056] FIG. 5 illustrates that, in some embodiments, the AIoT entity further includes at least one user plane protocol stack, and the at least one user plane protocol stack includes a tag service layer configured to handle AIoT information and a protocol data unit (PDU) layer configured to establish an communication between the AIoT reader and an anchor user plane function (UPF) of the AIoT system. In some embodiments, from the Anchor UPF, an interface of the AIoT system is provided to allow the AIoT AS or the AIoT AF to issue a command to the AIoT device via the tag service layer of the at least one user plane protocol stack.
[0057] In FIG. 5, for examples, in the user plane protocol stack, the AIoT Base Station has a PDU Layer, which is responsible to establish communications between the AIoT Reader and an Anchor UPF. From the Anchor UPF, N6 interface is provided to allow an Ambient IoT AS or AF to issue commands to the AIoT Tag, via the Tag service layer.
[0058] FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 illustrate some examples regarding the control plane and user plane protocol stacks respectively, designed for AIoT device / tag not supporting 5G NAS functions. In some embodiments, the AIoT system further includes an internet protocol (IP) data delivery architecture for the AIoT device configured to deliver data from the AIoT device. In some embodiments, the AIoT device does not have non-access stratum (NAS) capabilities, and at least one interface regarding a NAS signaling is connected to the AIoT entity. In some embodiments, at least one control protocol stack of the AIoT device does not have the NAS capabilities, and the at least one interface regarding the NAS signaling is connected to at least one control protocol stack of the AIoT entity. In some embodiments, the at least one control protocol stack of the AIoT entity includes a non-access stratum session management (NAS-SM) and a non-access stratum mobility management (NAS-MM) , and the at least one interface regarding the NAS signaling is connected to the NAS-SM and / or the NAS-MM. In some embodiments, the at least one control protocol stack of the AIoT device includes a tag service layer and at least one AIoT AS layer, the tag service layer and the at least one AIoT AS layer of the AIoT device do not have the NAS capabilities.
[0059] FIG. 6 illustrates an AIoT system providing an architecture for AIoT device with non-access-stratum (NAS) capabilities according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 7 illustrates at least one control plane protocol stacks for the architecture illustrated in FIG. 6. FIG. 8 illustrates at least one user plane protocol stack for the architecture illustrated in FIG. 6. In some embodiments, AIoT tag might have the NAS signaling capabilities, as the architecture illustrated in FIG. 6. and FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 illustrate the control plane and user plane protocol stacks for this scenario, respectively. In some embodiments, the AIoT system further includes an internet protocol (IP) data delivery architecture for the AIoT device configured to deliver data from the AIoT device. In some embodiments, the AIoT device has NAS capabilities, and at least one interface regarding a NAS signaling is connected to the AIoT device. In some embodiments, at least one control protocol stack of the the AIoT device has the NAS capabilities, and the at least one interface regarding the NAS signaling is connected to the at least one control protocol stack of the AIoT device. In some embodiments, the at least one control protocol stack of the AIoT device includes a NAS-MM, and the at least one interface regarding the NAS signaling is connected to the the NAS-MM of the AIoT device. In some embodiments, the at least one control protocol stack of the AIoT entity includes a NAS-SM, and the at least one interface regarding the NAS signaling is connected to the NAS-SM.
[0060] In some embodiments, the AIoT system further includes a non-IP data delivery (NIDD) architecture for the AIoT device configured to deliver data from the AIoT device. FIG. 9 illustrates an AIoT system providing a non-IP data delivery (NIDD) architecture for AIoT device without NAS capabilities according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 10 illustrates at least one protocol stack for the architecture illustrated in FIG. 9. In some embodiments, the NIDD architecture for the AIoT device does not have NAS capabilities, and at least one interface regarding a NAS signaling is connected to the AIoT entity. In some embodiments, at least one protocol stack of the NIDD architecture for the AIoT device does not have the NAS capabilities, and the at least one interface regarding the NAS signaling is connected to at least one protocol stack of the AIoT entity. In some embodiments, the at least one protocol stack of the AIoT entity includes a non-access stratum session management (NAS-SM) and a non-access stratum mobility management (NAS-MM) , and the at least one interface regarding the NAS signaling is connected to the NAS-SM and / or the NAS-MM. In some embodiments, the at least one protocol stack of the NIDD architecture for the AIoT device includes a tag service layer and at least one AIoT AS layer, the tag service layer and the at least one AIoT AS layer of the AIoT device do not have the NAS capabilities.
[0061] In details, in some examples, to reduce the complexity, some architectures and protocols are disclosed to leverage Non-IP Data Delivery (NIDD) mechanism in 5GC to deliver small data volume from Ambient IoT devices. The non-IP data delivery helps to minimize management overhead by eliminating IP overhead and optimize power consumption. Since there is no need for an IP stack on the tag, this approach simplifies tag design, further conserves power and results in cost savings. By using non-IP stack also helps to reduce potential risk of common IP-based threats. Data can go straight to the intended service, bypassing traditional IP networks.
[0062] FIG. 9 illustrates an architecture based on NIDD, where AIoT tag does not have NAS capabilities. AIoT Node or the AIoT entity may handle all NAS signaling, including N1 and N2 interfaces.
[0063] In some embodiments, the AIoT system further includes a non-IP data delivery (NIDD) architecture for the AIoT device configured to deliver data from the AIoT device. FIG. 11 illustrates an AIoT system providing a NIDD architecture for AIoT device with NAS capabilities according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 12 illustrates at least one protocol stack for the architecture illustrated in FIG. 11. In some embodiments, the NIDD architecture for the AIoT device has NAS capabilities, and at least one interface regarding a NAS signaling is connected to the AIoT device. In some embodiments, at least one protocol stack of the NIDD architecture for the AIoT device has the NAS capabilities, and the at least one interface regarding the NAS signaling is connected to the at least one protocol stack of the NIDD architecture for the AIoT device. In some embodiments, the at least one protocol stack of the NIDD architecture for the AIoT device includes a NAS-MM, and the at least one interface regarding the NAS signaling is connected to the NAS-MM of the NIDD architecture for the AIoT device. In some embodiments, the at least one protocol stack of the NIDD architecture for the AIoT device includes a NAS-SM, and the at least one interface regarding the NAS signaling is connected to the NAS-SM of the NIDD architecture for the AIoT device.
[0064] In summary, some Ambient IoT devices might possess NAS signaling capabilities. However, due to their power-constrained nature, many Ambient IoT devices might lack these capabilities. There is a need for lightweight architecture and protocol stack to accommodate the Ambient IoT devices within 5G framework. Some embodiments of the present disclosure introduce not only the architecture and protocol stacks absent in the current 5G system designed for Ambient IoT devices with NAS signaling but also a streamlined design for those without NAS signaling. Further, in some embodiments of the present disclosure, the proposition to use non-IP data delivery for Ambient IoT devices also brings several advantages:
[0065] Simplified device design: there is no need for an IP stack on the device or tag, resulting in reduced complexity. This not only extends the lifespan of the device or tag’s power storage but also leads to significant cost savings. Such attributes are vital for Ambient IoT devices intended for long-term and minimal intervention operations.
[0066] Enhanced Data Delivery: without the involvement of UPF, data delivery becomes more reliable and streamlined, making it ideal for occasionally transmitting small volume of data traffic.
[0067] Improved Security: Minimizing non-IP communications mitigates risks associated with common IP-based threats.
[0068] Commercial interests for some embodiments are as follows. 1. Solve issues in the prior art and other issues. 2. Provide efficient and lightweight architecture and communication. 3. Provide simple and direct data transmission. 4. Some embodiments of the present disclosure can be used in many applications. Some embodiments of the present disclosure are used by chipset vendors, video system development vendors, automakers including cars, trains, trucks, buses, bicycles, moto-bikes, helmets, and etc., drones (unmanned aerial vehicles) , smartphone makers, communication devices for public safety use, AR / VR / MR device maker for example gaming, conference / seminar, education purposes. Some embodiments of the present disclosure are a combination of “techniques / processes” that can be adopted in video standards to create an end product. Some embodiments of the present disclosure propose technical mechanisms. The at least one proposed solution, method, system, and apparatus of some embodiments of the present disclosure may be used for current and / or new / future standards regarding communication systems. Compatible products follow at least one proposed solution, method, system, and apparatus of some embodiments of the present disclosure. The proposed solution, method, system, and apparatus are widely used in a communication system. With the implementation of the at least one proposed solution, method, system, and apparatus of some embodiments of the present disclosure, at least one modification / improvement to methods and apparatus of energy-related based routing selection are considered for standardizing.
[0069] FIG. 13 is an example of a computing device 1100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Any suitable computing device can be used for performing the operations described herein. For example, FIG. 13 illustrates an example of the computing device 1100 that can implement apparautes and / or methods illustrated in FIG. 1 to FIG. 12 using any suitably configured hardware and / or software. In some embodiments, the computing device 1100 can include a processor 1112 that is communicatively coupled to a memory 1114 and that executes computer-executable program code and / or accesses information stored in the memory 1114. The processor 1112 may include a microprocessor, an application-specific integrated circuit ( “ASIC” ) , a state machine, or other processing device. The processor 1112 can include any of a number of processing devices, including one. Such a processor can include or may be in communication with a computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by the processor 1112, cause the processor to perform the operations described herein.
[0070] The memory 1114 can include any suitable non-transitory computer-readable medium. The computer-readable medium can include any electronic, optical, magnetic, or other storage device capable of providing a processor with computer-readable instructions or other program code. Non-limiting examples of a computer-readable medium include a magnetic disk, a memory chip, a read-only memory (ROM) , a random access memory (RAM) , an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a configured processor, optical storage, magnetic tape or other magnetic storage, or any other medium from which a computer processor can read instructions. The instructions may include processor-specific instructions generated by a compiler and / or an interpreter from code written in any suitable computer-programming language, including, for example, C, C++, C#, visual basic, java, python, perl, javascript, and actionscript.
[0071] The computing device 1100 can also include a bus 1116. The bus 1116 can communicatively couple one or more components of the computing device 1100. The computing device 1100 can also include a number of external or internal devices such as input or output devices. For example, the computing device 1100 is illustrated with an input / output ( “I / O” ) interface 1118 that can receive input from one or more input devices 1120 or provide output to one or more output devices 1122. The one or more input devices 1120 and one or more output devices 1122 can be communicatively coupled to the I / O interface 1118. The communicative coupling can be implemented via any suitable manner (e.g., a connection via a printed circuit board, connection via a cable, communication via wireless transmissions, etc. ) . Non-limiting examples of input devices 1120 include a touch screen (e g., one or more cameras for imaging a touch area or pressure sensors for detecting pressure changes caused by a touch) , a mouse, a keyboard, or any other device that can be used to generate input events in response to physical actions by a user of a computing device. Non-limiting examples of output devices 1122 include a liquid crystal display (LCD) screen, an external monitor, a speaker, or any other device that can be used to display or otherwise present outputs generated by a computing device.
[0072] The computing device 1100 can execute program code that configures the processor 1112 to perform one or more of the operations described above with respect to some embodiments illustrated in FIG. 1 to FIG. 12.The program code may be resident in the memory 1114 or any suitable computer-readable medium and may be executed by the processor 1112 or any other suitable processor.
[0073] The computing device 1100 can also include at least one network interface device 1124. The network interface device 1124 can include any device or group of devices suitable for establishing a wired or wireless data connection to one or more data networks 1128. Non limiting examples of the network interface device 1124 include an Ethernet network adapter, a modem, and / or the like. The computing device 1100 can transmit messages as electronic or optical signals via the network interface device 1124.
[0074] FIG. 14 is a block diagram of an example of a communication system 1200 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Embodiments described herein may be implemented into the communication system 1200 using any suitably configured hardware and / or software. FIG. 14 illustrates the communication system 1200 including a radio frequency (RF) circuitry 1210, a baseband circuitry 1220, an application circuitry 1230, a memory / storage 1240, a display 1250, a camera 1260, a sensor 1270, and an input / output (I / O) interface 1280, coupled with each other at least as illustrated.
[0075] The application circuitry 1230 may include a circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The processors may include any combination of general-purpose processors and dedicated processors, such as graphics processors, application processors. The processors may be coupled with the memory / storage and configured to execute instructions stored in the memory / storage to enable various applications and / or operating systems running on the system. The communication system 1200 can execute program code that configures the application circuitry 1230 to perform one or more of the operations described above with respect to FIG. 1 to FIG. 12. The program code may be resident in the application circuitry 1230 or any suitable computer-readable medium and may be executed by the application circuitry 1230 or any other suitable processor.
[0076] The baseband circuitry 1220 may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The processors may include a baseband processor. The baseband circuitry may handle various radio control functions that may enable communication with one or more radio networks via the RF circuitry. The radio control functions may include, but are not limited to, signal modulation, encoding, decoding, radio frequency shifting, etc. In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry may provide for communication compatible with one or more radio technologies. For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry may support communication with an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (EUTRAN) and / or other wireless metropolitan area networks (WMAN) , a wireless local area network (WLAN) , a wireless personal area network (WPAN) . Embodiments in which the baseband circuitry is configured to support radio communications of more than one wireless protocol may be referred to as multi-mode baseband circuitry.
[0077] In various embodiments, the baseband circuitry 1220 may include circuitry to operate with signals that are not strictly considered as being in a baseband frequency. For example, in some embodiments, baseband circuitry may include circuitry to operate with signals having an intermediate frequency, which is between a baseband frequency and a radio frequency. The RF circuitry 1210 may enable communication with wireless networks using modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. In various embodiments, the RF circuitry may include switches, filters, amplifiers, etc. to facilitate the communication with the wireless network. In various embodiments, the RF circuitry 1210 may include circuitry to operate with signals that are not strictly considered as being in a radio frequency. For example, in some embodiments, RF circuitry may include circuitry to operate with signals having an intermediate frequency, which is between a baseband frequency and a radio frequency.
[0078] In various embodiments, the transmitter circuitry, control circuitry, or receiver circuitry discussed above with respect to apparatuses and / or methods illustrated in FIG. 1 to FIG. 12 may be embodied in whole or in part in one or more of the RF circuitry, the baseband circuitry, and / or the application circuitry. As used herein, “circuitry” may refer to, be part of, or include an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) , and / or a memory (shared, dedicated, or group) that execute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, and / or other suitable hardware components that provide the described functionality. In some embodiments, the electronic device circuitry may be implemented in, or functions associated with the circuitry may be implemented by, one or more software or firmware modules. In some embodiments, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry, the application circuitry, and / or the memory / storage may be implemented together on a system on a chip (SOC) . The memory / storage 1240 may be used to load and store data and / or instructions, for example, for system. The memory / storage for one embodiment may include any combination of suitable volatile memory, such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM) ) , and / or non-volatile memory, such as flash memory.
[0079] In various embodiments, the I / O interface 1280 may include one or more user interfaces designed to enable user interaction with the system and / or peripheral component interfaces designed to enable peripheral component interaction with the system. User interfaces may include, but are not limited to a physical keyboard or keypad, a touchpad, a speaker, a microphone, etc. Peripheral component interfaces may include, but are not limited to, a non-volatile memory port, a universal serial bus (USB) port, an audio jack, and a power supply interface. In various embodiments, the sensor 1270 may include one or more sensing devices to determine environmental conditions and / or location information related to the system. In some embodiments, the sensors may include, but are not limited to, a gyro sensor, an accelerometer, a proximity sensor, an ambient light sensor, and a positioning unit. The positioning unit may also be part of, or interact with, the baseband circuitry and / or RF circuitry to communicate with components of a positioning network, e.g., a global positioning system (GPS) satellite.
[0080] In various embodiments, the display 1250 may include a display, such as a liquid crystal display and a touch screen display. In various embodiments, the communication system 1200 may be a mobile computing device such as, but not limited to, a laptop computing device, a tablet computing device, a netbook, an Ultrabook, a smartphone, an AR / VR glasses, etc. In various embodiments, system may have more or less components, and / or different architectures. Where appropriate, methods described herein may be implemented as a computer program. The computer program may be stored on a storage medium, such as a non-transitory storage medium.
[0081] A person having ordinary skill in the art understands that each of the units, algorithm, and steps described and disclosed in the embodiments of the present disclosure are realized using electronic hardware or combinations of software for computers and electronic hardware. Whether the functions run in hardware or software depends on the condition of application and design requirement for a technical plan. A person having ordinary skill in the art can use different ways to realize the function for each specific application while such realizations should not go beyond the scope of the present disclosure. It is understood by a person having ordinary skill in the art that he / she can refer to the working processes of the system, device, and unit in the above-mentioned embodiment since the working processes of the above-mentioned system, device, and unit are basically the same. For easy description and simplicity, these working processes will not be detailed.
[0082] It is understood that the disclosed system, device, and method in the embodiments of the present disclosure can be realized with other ways. The above-mentioned embodiments are exemplary only. The division of the units is merely based on logical functions while other divisions exist in realization. It is possible that a plurality of units or components are combined or integrated in another system. It is also possible that some characteristics are omitted or skipped. On the other hand, the displayed or discussed mutual coupling, direct coupling, or communicative coupling operate through some ports, devices, or units whether indirectly or communicatively by ways of electrical, mechanical, or other kinds of forms.
[0083] The units as separating components for explanation are or are not physically separated. The units for display are or are not physical units, that is, located in one place or distributed on a plurality of network units. Some or all of the units are used according to the purposes of the embodiments. Moreover, each of the functional units in each of the embodiments can be integrated in one processing unit, physically independent, or integrated in one processing unit with two or more than two units.
[0084] If the software function unit is realized and used and sold as a product, it can be stored in a readable storage medium in a computer. Based on this understanding, the technical plan proposed by the present disclosure can be essentially or partially realized as the form of a software product. Or, one part of the technical plan beneficial to the conventional technology can be realized as the form of a software product. The software product in the computer is stored in a storage medium, including a plurality of commands for a computational device (such as a personal computer, a server, or a network device) to run all or some of the steps disclosed by the embodiments of the present disclosure. The storage medium includes a USB disk, a mobile hard disk, a read-only memory (ROM) , a random access memory (RAM) , a floppy disk, or other kinds of media capable of storing program codes.
[0085] While the present disclosure has been described in connection with what is considered the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is understood that the present disclosure is not limited to the disclosed embodiments but is intended to cover various arrangements made without departing from the scope of the broadest interpretation of the appended claims.
Claims
1.An Ambient Internet of Things (AIoT) system, comprising:an AIoT entity having store-and-forward capabilities, wherein the AIoT entity comprises an AIoT reader, and the AIoT reader functions as an independent network element or as a component hosted on an entity.2.The AIoT system of claim 1, further comprising:an AIoT device separated from the AIoT reader; andan air interface protocol, wherein the AIoT device is in communication with the AIoT reader through the air interface protocol.3.The AIoT system of claim 1 or 2, wherein the AIoT entity is an AIoT base station, the AIoT reader comprises an AIoT gateway (GW) , and the AIoT GW is coupled with a gNB function, or the AIoT GW is one of gNB functions.4.The AIoT system of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the AIoT entity further comprises at least one control plane protocol stack, and the at least one control plane protocol stack comprises a tag service layer configured to handle AIoT information.5.The AIoT system of claim 4, wherein the tag service layer is configured to perform one or more operations:the tag service layer responses with an electronic product code (EPC) when prompted by the AIoT reader to extract information from a tagged object;the tag service layer is configured to interpret a command issued by the AIoT reader or an AIoT application server of the AIoT system or an AIoT application function (AF) of the AIoT system; orthe tag service layer is configured to issue a command to retrieve requested information form a storage of the AIoT device, to request at least one lower layer to encode the requested information by using an encoding format, and to request the at least one lower layer to transmit the request information in a radio frequency (RF) signal format.6.The AIoT system of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the AIoT entity further comprises at least one user plane protocol stack, and the at least one user plane protocol stack comprises a tag service layer configured to handle AIoT information, and a protocol data unit (PDU) layer configured to establish an communication between the AIoT reader and an anchor user plane function (UPF) of the AIoT system.7.The AIoT system of claim 6, wherein from the Anchor UPF, an interface of the AIoT system is provided to allow the AIoT AS or the AIoT AF to issue a command to the AIoT device via the tag service layer of the at least one user plane protocol stack.8.The AIoT system of any one of claims 1 to 7, further comprises an internet protocol (IP) data delivery architecture for the AIoT device configured to deliver data from the AIoT device.9.The AIoT system of claim 8, wherein the AIoT device does not have non-access stratum (NAS) capabilities, and at least one interface regarding a NAS signaling is connected to the AIoT entity.10.The AIoT system of claim 9, wherein at least one control protocol stack of the AIoT device does not have the NAS capabilities, and the at least one interface regarding the NAS signaling is connected to at least one control protocol stack of the AIoT entity.11.The AIoT system of claim 10, wherein the at least one control protocol stack of the AIoT entity comprises a non-access stratum session management (NAS-SM) and a non-access stratum mobility management (NAS-MM) , and the at least one interface regarding the NAS signaling is connected to the NAS-SM and / or the NAS-MM.12.The AIoT system of claim 10 or 11, wherein the at least one control protocol stack of the AIoT device comprises a tag service layer and at least one AIoT AS layer, the tag service layer and the at least one AIoT AS layer of the AIoT device do not have the NAS capabilities.13.The AIoT system of claim 8, wherein the AIoT device has NAS capabilities, and at least one interface regarding a NAS signaling is connected to the AIoT device.14.The AIoT system of claim 13, wherein at least one control protocol stack of the the AIoT device has the NAS capabilities, and the at least one interface regarding the NAS signaling is connected to the at least one control protocol stack of the AIoT device.15.The AIoT system of claim 14, wherein the at least one control protocol stack of the AIoT device comprises a NAS-MM, and the at least one interface regarding the NAS signaling is connected to the the NAS-MM of the AIoT device.16.The AIoT system of any one of claims 1 to 3, further comprises a non-IP data delivery (NIDD) architecture for the AIoT device configured to deliver data from the AIoT device.17.The AIoT system of claim 16, wherein the NIDD architecture for the AIoT device does not have NAS capabilities, and at least one interface regarding a NAS signaling is connected to the AIoT entity.18.The AIoT system of claim 17, wherein at least one protocol stack of the NIDD architecture for the AIoT device does not have the NAS capabilities, and the at least one interface regarding the NAS signaling is connected to at least one protocol stack of the AIoT entity.19.The AIoT system of claim 18, wherein the at least one protocol stack of the AIoT entity comprises a non-access stratum session management (NAS-SM) and a non-access stratum mobility management (NAS-MM) , and the at least one interface regarding the NAS signaling is connected to the NAS-SM and / or the NAS-MM.20.The AIoT system of claim 18 or 19, wherein the at least one protocol stack of the NIDD architecture for the AIoT device comprises a tag service layer and at least one AIoT AS layer, the tag service layer and the at least one AIoT AS layer of the AIoT device do not have the NAS capabilities.21.The AIoT system of claim 16, wherein the NIDD architecture for the AIoT device has NAS capabilities, and at least one interface regarding a NAS signaling is connected to the AIoT device.22.The AIoT system of claim 21, wherein at least one protocol stack of the NIDD architecture for the AIoT device has the NAS capabilities, and the at least one interface regarding the NAS signaling is connected to the at least one protocol stack of the NIDD architecture for the AIoT device.23.The AIoT system of claim 22, wherein the at least one protocol stack of the NIDD architecture for the AIoT device comprises a NAS-MM, and the at least one interface regarding the NAS signaling is connected to the NAS-MM of the NIDD architecture for the AIoT device.
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