Compounds for the treatment of cardiac conditions
The compound OSU-2S addresses the need for improved arrhythmia treatments by targeting PP2A to reduce INa,L levels, effectively modulating the Nav1.5 channel and providing resistance to arrhythmia-inducing stimuli.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/US2024/046610
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-09-15
- Filing Date
- 2024-09-13
- Publication Date
- 2025-03-20
AI Technical Summary
There is a need for improved compositions and methods to treat arrhythmias, specifically to modulate and control levels of the late sodium current (INa,L), which is associated with fatal forms of arrhythmia.
The development of compounds, such as OSU-2S, that target the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) by disrupting its inhibitor, I2PP2A/SET, to regulate the Nav1.5 channel and reduce INa,L levels.
OSU-2S effectively reduces INa,L levels in cardiac myocytes, providing resistance to isoproterenol-induced increases and potentially treating arrhythmias by modulating the Nav1.5 channel activity.
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Figure US2024046610_20032025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
COMPOUNDS FOR THE TREATMENT OF CARDIAC CONDITIONS CROSS‐REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application claims the benefit of US Provisional Application 63 / 583,036, filed on September 15, 2023, the contents of which are hereby incorporated in its entirety. BACKGROUND
[0002] Sudden cardiac death and arrhythmias account for between 230,000 and 350,000 deaths per year in the United States. In fact, arrhythmias account for ~ 50% of deaths in heart failure patients. The voltage‐gated Na+ channel, Nav1.5, plays a critical role in the regulation of myocyte excitability and cardiac function. However, a small “late” component of Nav current, INa (INa,L) increases in response to heightened adrenergic conditions and is linked with fatal forms of congenital and acquired arrhythmia. Many cardiac conditions are associated with abnormal INa,L enhancement, which contributes to both electrical and contractile dysfunction. Regulation of INa,L is controlled by a host of structural and regulatory proteins that not only target and stabilize, but also modulate Nav1.5 activity in both physiological and pathological states. The majority of work has focused on molecular pathways for positive regulation of INa,L. On the other hand, significantly less is known about pathways for negative regulation to maintain physiological levels of INa,L. These pathways are critical for the design of new therapies to alter the pathogenic INa,L in fatal forms of arrhythmia.
[0003] There remains a need for improved compositions and methods for treating arrhythmias. There remains a need for improved compositions and methods to modulate and control levels of INa,L. There remains a need for improved compositions and methods to counter heightened levels of INa,L. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0004] Fig. 1: Nav1.5 macromolecular signaling complex. CaMKIIδ and PP2A‐B56α regulate INa,L at the intercalated disc.
[0005] Fig. 2: OSU‐2S specifically targets PP2A by disrupting the protein phosphatase 2A inhibitor (I2PP2A / SET), which associates with PP2A‐B56α.
[0006] Fig. 3. Co‐immunoprecipitation (Co‐IP) experiments were performed from mouse heart lysates using beads conjugated to Nav1.5‐Ig or control‐Ig. Bound protein was eluted and immunoblotted with (A) ankyrin‐G, (B) CaMKIIδ, (C) PP2A‐C, (D) PP2A‐B56α or (E) PP2A‐A. (F) Co‐IP experiments were performed from mouse heart lysates using beads conjugated to PP2A‐ C‐Ig or control‐Ig. Bound protein was immunoblotted with ankyrin‐G. Data are representative of experiments repeated three times.
[0007] Fig. 4. Mouse design. (A) Illustration of the targeted exon in the mouse genome. (B) Agarose gel illustrating the presence of both loxP sites in the homozygous mouse. (C‐E) B56α expression is lost in the hearts of cKO compared to other tissues at baseline (n=3 / genotype). No changes in B56α in brain at baseline and post isoproterenol (Iso) (n=4 for floxed controls and n=5 for cKO mice).
[0008] Fig. 5. Intercalated disc Nav1.5‐B56α complex. (A) Nav1.5 (green) and (B) PP2A‐B56α (green) at the myocyte intercalated disc (co‐labelled with α‐actinin, red). (C) N‐cadherin (green) merged with B56α (red) at the myocyte intercalated disc. Scale bars represent 10 microns.
[0009] Fig. 6. Total B56α‐KO hearts display no changes in the localization of the PP2A complex at the myocyte intercalated disc. (A‐B) Co‐expression of ankyrin‐G, CaMKIIδ and PP2A‐C at the intercalated disc of WT and B56α‐KO cryoslices. Scale bars represent 10 microns. n=3 / genotype.
[0010] Fig. 7. PP2A and PP1 activities in floxed and B56α‐cKO mice at baseline. (A) Increase in PP2A activity in hearts of B56α‐cKO mice with (B) no differences in brain in both groups (n=4‐ 6 / group for hearts and n=4‐5 / group for brain samples). (C) No significant differences in PP1 activity in hearts between both groups of mice (n=4 / group).
[0011] Fig. 8. Total B56α‐KO myocytes are resistant to isoproterenol‐induced increases in INa,L. (A‐B) Representative voltage‐gated Na+ current (INa) traces from WT and B56α‐KO ventricular myocytes ± Iso (100nM). (C‐D) Summary data for peak INa (at ‐30 mV), and INa,L in response to Iso (*p<0.05). (E) Cell capacitance was not different between groups (p=N.S., WT, WT Iso N=5, 4; n=10, 9 and B56α‐KO, B56α‐KO Iso N=4, 4; n= 9, 7).
[0012] Fig. 9. (A‐B) No significant changes in INa current‐voltage relationship between vehicle (or OSU‐2S) at baseline and after Iso. (C‐D) No significant changes are noted in INa current‐ voltage relationship between vehicle and OSU‐2S at baseline and after Iso. Data were collected from (N=8; n=15 for DMSO and N=5; n=10 for OSU‐2S).
[0013] Fig. 10. (A‐B) Representative voltage‐gated Na+ current (INa) traces from WT treated with DMSO or OSU‐2S ± Iso (2 µM) at ‐30mV. (C‐D) INa,L recordings display an increase in INa,L in DMSO treated cells after Iso at various voltages (‐35, ‐30, ‐25, ‐20, ‐15 and ‐10 mV) compared to a resistance to INa,L enhancement in OSU‐2S. (E) OSU‐2S treated myocytes demonstrate a significant resistance to INa,L enhancement after Iso compared to DMSO (N=8; n=14 for DMSO group and N=5; n=10 for OSU‐2S). *p<0.05 and #p<0.01.
[0014] Fig. 11. Immunoblotting data show (A, D) no changes in total Nav1.5, (B, D) a significant reduction in Nav1.5pSer571 and (C, D) no changes in CaMKIIδ in B56α‐cKO hearts post Iso (n=4‐ 5 / genotype).
[0015] Fig. 12. (A) Increase in PP2A activity in OSU‐2S treated myocytes 3 hrs. post treatment (n=4) (n.s. not significant). (B) No significant changes in PP1 activity between DMSO and OSU‐2S treated cells (n=4). (C‐D) Reduction in Nav1.5pSer571 in OSU‐2S vs. DMSO at 2 and 1µM Iso. No changes are noted in Nav1.5 expression. OSU‐2S concentration is 2 µM and treatment is for 3 hours (cells collected for 2 µM are from one mouse and cells collected for 1 µM are from a different mouse and therefore GAPDH levels are different between the two preparations) (n=7 for 2 µM Iso and n=5 for 1 µM Iso). (E‐F) No significant changes in Cav1.2pSer1927 in OSU‐2S vs. DMSO at 2 and 1µM Iso (n=3 for 2 µM Iso and n=4 for 1 µM Iso).
[0016] Fig. 13. B56α‐cKO mice do not display changes in normalized (A) Cav1.2, (B) Cav1.2pSer1927, (C) PLBpThr17, (D) RyR2, (E) RyR2pSer2808 and (F) RyRpSer2814 compared to floxed hearts in response to Iso. (G) Statistical analysis, n=4‐5 / genotype.
[0017] Fig. 14. Myofilament proteins are phosphorylated to a similar level in floxed and B56α‐ cKO hearts as denoted by Pro‐Q stain that detects phospho‐protein levels normalized to total protein, post Iso, n=4‐5 / genotype.
[0018] Fig. 15. Expression of PP2A subunits in floxed and cKO mice showing no differences in (A) PP2A‐A, (B) PP2A‐C, (C) PP2A‐B56ε, (D) PP2A‐B56δ, (E‐G), and a significant upregulation in PP2A‐B56γ and PP2A‐B56β in cKO mice following Iso injection. (H‐I) No differences in PP1‐C (catalytic) expression in floxed and cKO mice. (n=4 ‐5 / group).
[0019] Fig. 16. Echocardiographic findings at baseline and post transverse aortic constriction (TAC). (A) Floxed and B56α‐cKO mice reveal no differences in baseline EF (n=7, floxed and n=6, B56α‐cKO). (B) Floxed mice show a trending reduction in EF at 2‐wks and a significant reduction at 4‐ and 6‐wks post TAC vs. cKO (n=4, floxed and n=3, B56α‐cKO). (C‐F) Representative images from floxed and cKO mice at baseline and 6 wks post TAC.
[0020] Fig. 17. A. Failing mouse hearts (post TAC) display higher I2PP2A / SET compared to control hearts, n=4 / group. B. Failing heart tissues display a higher expression of AT1 receptor, n=3‐4 for non‐failing control and failing mouse tissues (post TAC). DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0021] Before the present methods and systems are disclosed and described, it is to be understood that the methods and systems are not limited to specific synthetic methods, specific components, or to particular compositions. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting.
[0022] As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Ranges may be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and / or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another embodiment includes¬ from the one particular value and / or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint.
[0023] “Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not.
[0024] Throughout the description and claims of this specification, the word “comprise” and variations of the word, such as “comprising” and “comprises,” means “including but not limited to,” and is not intended to exclude, for example, other additives, components, integers or steps. “Exemplary” means “an example of” and is not intended to convey an indication of a preferred or ideal embodiment. “Such as” is not used in a restrictive sense, but for explanatory purposes.
[0025] Disclosed are components that can be used to perform the disclosed methods and systems. These and other components are disclosed herein, and it is understood that when combinations, subsets, interactions, groups, etc. of these components are disclosed that while specific reference of each various individual and collective combinations and permutation of these may not be explicitly disclosed, each is specifically contemplated and described herein, for all methods and systems. This applies to all aspects of this application including, but not limited to, steps in disclosed methods. Thus, if there are a variety of additional steps that can be performed it is understood that each of these additional steps can be performed with any specific embodiment or combination of embodiments of the disclosed methods.
[0026] Compounds disclosed herein may be provided in the form of acceptable salts, for example pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Examples of such salts are acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids, for example, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, phosphoric, and nitric acids and the like; salts formed with organic acids such as acetic, oxalic, tartaric, succinic, maleic, fumaric, gluconic, citric, malic, methanesulfonic, p‐toluenesulfonic, napthalenesulfonic, and polygalacturonic acids, and the like; salts formed from elemental anions such as chloride, bromide, and iodide; salts formed from metal hydroxides, for example, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, and magnesium hydroxide; salts formed from metal carbonates, for example, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, calcium carbonate, and magnesium carbonate; salts formed from metal bicarbonates, for example, sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate; salts formed from metal sulfates, for example, sodium sulfate and potassium sulfate; and salts formed from metal nitrates, for example, sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate.
[0027] The term "alkyl" refers to a radical of a straight‐chain or branched hydrocarbon group having a specified range of carbon atoms (e.g., a "C1‐16 alkyl" can have from 1 to 16 carbon atoms). An alkyl group can be a saturated alkyl group or an unsaturated alkyl group, i.e., an alkyl group having one or more carbon‐carbon double / triple bonds, i.e., an alkenyl or alkynyl group. Unless specified to the contrary, an “alkyl” group includes both saturated alkyl groups and unsaturated alkyl groups.
[0001] The term "heteroalkyl" refers to an alkyl group, which further includes at least one heteroatom (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms) selected from oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur within (i.e., inserted between adjacent carbon atoms of) and / or placed at one or more terminal position(s) of the parent chain. By way of example, a heteroC1‐6alkyl (which may also be designated a C1‐6heteroalkyl) group includes, but is not limited to, the following structures:
[0002] The term “heteroalkyl” preceded by a separate heteroatom refers to a heteroalkyl group bonded through the specified heteroatom. By way of example, a OC1‐6heteroalkyl group includes, but it not limited to, the following structures:
[0003] When a range of values is listed, it is intended to encompass each value and sub‐range within the range. For example, "C1‐6 alkyl" is intended to encompass C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C1‐6, C1‐5, C1‐4, C1‐3, C1‐2, C2‐6, C2‐5, C2‐4, C2‐3, C3‐6, C3‐5, C3‐4, C4‐6, C4‐5, and C5‐6 alkyl.
[0004] Affixing the suffix "‐ene" to a group indicates the group is a polyvalent moiety, e.g., boned to two or more groups. Alkylene is the polyvalent moiety of alkyl, alkenylene is the divalent moiety of alkenyl, alkynylene is the divalent moiety of alkynyl, heteroalkylene is the divalent moiety of heteroalkyl, heteroalkenylene is the divalent moiety of heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynylene is the divalent moiety of heteroalkynyl, carbocyclylene is the divalent moiety of carbocyclyl, heterocyclylene is the divalent moiety of heterocyclyl, arylene is the divalent moiety of aryl, and heteroarylene is the divalent moiety of heteroaryl (each of which parent groups as defined herein).
[0005] The term "alkoxy" refers to an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.
[0006] The term "aryl" refers to a radical of a monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic or tricyclic) 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6, 10, or 14 π electrons shared in a cyclic array) having 6‐ 14 ring carbon atoms and zero heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system ("C6‐14 aryl"). "Aryl" also includes ring systems wherein the aryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the radical or point of attachment is on the aryl ring, and in such instances, the number of carbon atoms continue to designate the number of carbon atoms in the aryl ring system. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an aryl group is independently unsubstituted (an "unsubstituted aryl") or substituted (a "substituted aryl") with one or more substituents.
[0007] "Aralkyl" is a subset of "alkyl" and refers to an alkyl group substituted by an aryl group, wherein the point of attachment is on the alkyl moiety.
[0008] The term "heteroaryl" refers to a radical of a 5‐14 membered monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic, tricyclic) 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6, 10, or 14 π electrons shared in a cyclic array) having ring carbon atoms and 1‐4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur ("5‐14 membered heteroaryl"). In heteroaryl groups that contain one or more nitrogen atoms, the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits. Heteroaryl polycyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings. "Heteroaryl" includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the point of attachment is on the heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members continue to designate the number of ring members in the heteroaryl ring system. "Heteroaryl" also includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl groups wherein the point of attachment is either on the aryl or heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members designates the number of ring members in the fused polycyclic (aryl / heteroaryl) ring system. Polycyclic heteroaryl groups wherein one ring does not contain a heteroatom (e.g., indolyl, quinolinyl, carbazolyl, and the like) the point of attachment can be on either ring, i.e., either the ring bearing a heteroatom (e.g., 2‐indolyl) or the ring that does not contain a heteroatom (e.g., 5‐indolyl).
[0009] Exemplary heteroaryl and heterocyclyl rings include: benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoxazolinyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazolinyl, carbazolyl, 4aH carbazolyl, carbolinyl, chromanyl, chromenyL cirrnolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, 2H,6H~ 1,5,2‐dithiazinyl, dihydrofuro[2,3 b]tetrahydrofuran, furanyl, furazanyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, lH‐ indazolyl, indolenyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, 3H‐indolyl, isatinoyl, isobenzofuranyl, isochromanyl, isoindazolyl, isoindolinyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, morpholinyl, naphthyridinyl, octahydroisoquinolinyl, oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3‐ oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4‐oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5‐oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4‐oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxindolyl, pyrimidinyl, phenanthridinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxathinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, piperidonyl, 4‐piperidonyl, piperonyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridooxazole, pyridoimidazole, pyridothiazole, pyridinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, 2H‐pyrrolyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, 4H‐quinolizinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinuclidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrazolyl, 6H‐ 1,2,5‐thiadiazinyl, 1,2,3‐thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4‐thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5‐thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4‐thiadiazolyl, thianthrenyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, thienothiazolyl, thienooxazolyl, thienoimidazolyl, thiophenyl, and xanthenyl.
[0010] Unless specified to the contrary, the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl groups defined herein (and the “ene” versions of said groups) may be substituted or unsubstituted. A substituted group includes a non‐hydrogen substituent at a position where in the unsubstituted version a hydrogen atom would be found. Substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, hydroxy, alkyl, alkoxy, nitro, cyano, oxo, carbocyclyl, carbocycloalkyl, heterocarbocyclyl, heterocarbocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, ‐NRaRb, ‐NRaC(=O)Rb, ‐ NRaC(=O)NRaNRb, ‐NRaC(=O)ORb, ‐ NRaSO2Rb, ‐C(=O)Ra, ‐C(=O)ORa, ‐C(=O)NRaRb, ‐ OC(=O)NRaRb, ‐ORa, ‐SRa, ‐SORa, ‐ S(=O)2Ra, ‐OS(=O)2Ra and ‐S(=O)2ORa. Ra and Rb in this context can be the same or different and independently hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, carbocyclyl, carbocycloalkyl, heterocarbocyclyl, heterocarbocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl.
[0011] As used herein, the designation of a polyvalent moiety without specifying the specific order of attachment is intended to cover all possible arrangements. By way of example, a compound represented by the formula: A‐X‐B, wherein X is NHC(=O) embraces both: and .
[0012] As used herein, a chemical bond depicted: represents either a single, double, or triple bond, valency permitting. By way of example,
[0013] Some compounds disclosed herein may exist as one or more tautomers. Tautomers are interconvertible structural isomers that differ in the position of one or more protons or other labile atom. By way of example: .
[0014] Unless stated to the contrary, a substituent drawn without explicitly specifying the point of attachment indicates that the substituent may be attached at any possible atom. For example, in a benzofuran depicted: , the substituent may be present at any one of the six possible carbon atoms.
[0015] As used herein, the term “null,” when referring to a possible identity of a chemical moiety, indicates that the group is absent, and the two adjacent groups are directly bonded to one another. By way of example, for a genus of compounds having the formula CH3‐X‐CH3, if X is null, then the resulting compound has the formula CH3‐CH3. A group having the subscript ‘0’ is understood to represent a null group as well. By way of example, in the compound CH3‐(X)z‐CH3, if X is CH2 and z is 0, then the compound has the formula CH3‐CH3.
[0016] A bracketed functional group with a subscripted variable should be understood to denote the number of repeated bracketed groups present. For example, a number that is selected from 0 or 1 should be interpreted as follows:
[0017] In certain instances, two or more variable groups may together form a ring. It is understood that any depicted atoms separated the identified groups will themselves form part of the ring: When the variable groups are substituted on an aromatic system the new ring will be a fused ring, and unless specified to the contrary may be either aromatic or non‐aromatic, carbocyclic or heterocyclic: The ring may further be defined by the number of carbon atoms in the specific ring formed by the variable groups, which includes the atoms separating the variable groups: Each of the above results when R1 and R2 together form a six membered (or six atom) ring. Other rings, including 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8‐member rings may also be formed, and may be further limited by a specified number of carbon atoms. Although the singular “a ring” may be used to define the group, unless specified to the contrary both monocyclic and polycyclic rings are possible:
[0018] Unless stated to the contrary, a formula with chemical bonds shown only as solid lines and not as wedges or dashed lines contemplates each possible isomer, e.g., each enantiomer, diastereomer, and meso compound, and a mixture of isomers, such as a racemic or scalemic mixture. Unless stated to the contrary, a formula depicting one or more stereochemical features does not exclude the presence of other isomers.
[0019] Some compounds disclosed herein may exist as one or more tautomers. Tautomers are interconvertible structural isomers that differ in the position of one or more protons or other labile atom. By way of example: .
[0020] The prevalence of one tautomeric form over another will depend on the specific chemical compound as well as its local chemical environment. Unless specified to the contrary, the depiction of one tautomeric form is inclusive of all possible tautomeric forms.
[0021] Disclosed herein are methods of treating of treating a condition characterized by pathological increase in INa,L in a subject in need thereof by administering to a subject in need thereof a compound having the formula: , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X1 has the formula (CH2)x, wherein x is from 1‐6; X2 has the formula (CH2)y, wherein y is from 1‐6; Ra is H, OH, C1‐3alkyl, or OC1‐3alkyl; Rb1 is H, OH, C1‐3alkyl, or OC1‐3alkyl; Rb2 is H, OH, C1‐3alkyl, or OC1‐3alkyl; or Rb1 and Rb2, together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached form a five or six membered ring; Rb3 is H, OH, C1‐3alkyl, or OC1‐3alkyl; Rb4 is H, OH, C1‐3alkyl, or OC1‐3alkyl; or Rb3 and Rb4, together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached form a five or six membered ring; X3 is null or (CH2)z, wherein z is from 1‐3; Rc is C1‐6alkyl, C3‐8cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and Rd is H or C(=O)C1‐4alkyl.
[0022] As used herein, a pathological increase refers to an increase in INa,L outside the bounds of a normally functioning cardiac system. An increase in INa,L can be associated with one or more of the disease states described herein.
[0023] In some implementations, the compound is provided as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. In some implementations, the compound is provided as the free base.
[0024] In some implementations X1 is CH2CH2CH2.
[0025] In some implementations X2 is CH2.
[0026] In some implementations Ra is H or CH3, preferably H.
[0027] In some implementations Rb1 is H.
[0028] In some implementations Rb2 is H.
[0029] In some implementations Rb3 is H.
[0030] In some implementations Rb4 is H.
[0031] In some implementations Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, and Rb4 are each H. In other implementations Rb1, Rb2, and Rb3 are each H, and Rb4 is OH or OCH3. In further implementations Rb1, Rb2, and Rb4 are each H, and Rb3 is OH or OCH3.
[0032] In some implementations X3 is null or CH2.
[0033] In some implementations Rc is n‐propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, isobutyl, or cyclobutyl. In further implementations Rc is n‐propyl.
[0034] In some implementations Rd is H. In other implementations, Rd forms a prodrug moiety, i.e., a group that is cleaved in vivo to generate the parent alcohol functional group. In some implementations Rd is C(=O)C1‐4alkyl and in other implementations Rd is a different prodrug as known in the art, for example acetals, acetal‐carbonates, phosphonates, and the like.
[0035] In some implementations the compound is a compound of Formula (A):
[0036] In some implementations of the compound of Formula (A) X1 is CH2CH2CH2.
[0037] In some implementations of the compound of Formula (A) X2 is CH2.
[0038] In some implementations of the compound of Formula (A) Ra is H or CH3, preferably H.
[0039] In some implementations of the compound of Formula (A) Rb1 is H.
[0040] In some implementations of the compound of Formula (A) Rb2 is H.
[0041] In some implementations of the compound of Formula (A) Rb3 is H.
[0042] In some implementations of the compound of Formula (A) Rb4 is H.
[0043] In some implementations of the compound of Formula (A) Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, and Rb4 are each H. In other implementations of the compound of Formula (A) Rb1, Rb2, and Rb3 are each H, and Rb4 is OH or OCH3. In further implementations of the compound of Formula (A) Rb1, Rb2, and Rb4 are each H, and Rb3 is OH or OCH3.
[0044] In some implementations of the compound of Formula (A) X3 is null or CH2, preferably null.
[0045] In some implementations of the compound of Formula (A) Rc is n‐propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, isobutyl, or cyclobutyl, preferably n‐propyl. In certain implementations, X3 is CH2 and RC is cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl. In certain implementations, X3 is null and RC is n‐propyl, isopropyl, or isobutyl.
[0046] In some implementations of the compound of Formula (A) Rd is H.
[0047] In some implementations the compound is a compound of Formula (B):
[0048] In some implementations of the compound of Formula (B) X1 is CH2CH2CH2.
[0049] In some implementations of the compound of Formula (B) X2 is CH2.
[0050] In some implementations of the compound of Formula (B) Ra is H or CH3, preferably H.
[0051] In some implementations the compound is a compound of Formula (C): [Formula (C)].
[0052] In some implementations of the compound of Formula (C) Rb1 is H.
[0053] In some implementations of the compound of Formula (C) Rb2 is H.
[0054] In some implementations of the compound of Formula (C) Rb3 is H.
[0055] In some implementations of the compound of Formula (C) Rb4 is H.
[0056] In some implementations of the compound of Formula (C) Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, and Rb4 are each H. In other implementations of the compound of Formula (C) Rb1, Rb2, and Rb3 are each H, and Rb4 is OH or OCH3. In further implementations of the compound of Formula (C) Rb1, Rb2, and Rb4 are each H, and Rb3 is OH or OCH3.
[0057] In some implementations of the compound of Formula (C) X3 is null or CH2, preferably null.
[0058] In some implementations of the compound of Formula (C) Rc is n‐propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, isobutyl, or cyclobutyl, preferably n‐propyl. In certain implementations, X3 is CH2 and RC is cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl. In certain implementations, X3 is null and RC is n‐propyl, isopropyl, or isobutyl.
[0059] In some implementations of the compound of Formula (C) Rd is H.
[0060] In some implementations the compound is a compound of Formula (D): [Formula (D)].
[0061] In some implementations of the compound of Formula (D) X3 is null or CH2, preferably null.
[0062] In some implementations of the compound of Formula (D) Rc is n‐propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, isobutyl, or cyclobutyl, preferably n‐propyl. In certain implementations, X3 is CH2 and RC is cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl. In certain implementations, X3 is null and RC is n‐propyl, isopropyl, or isobutyl.
[0063] In some implementations of the compound of Formula (D) Rd is H.
[0064] In some implementations the compound is a compound of Formula (E):
[0065] In some implementations of the compound of Formula (E) X1 is CH2CH2CH2.
[0066] In some implementations of the compound of Formula (E) X2 is CH2.
[0067] In some implementations of the compound of Formula (E) Ra is H or CH3, preferably H.
[0068] In some implementations of the compound of Formula (E) X3 is null or CH2, preferably null.
[0069] In some implementations of the compound of Formula (E) Rc is n‐propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, isobutyl, or cyclobutyl, preferably n‐propyl. In certain implementations, X3 is CH2 and RC is cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl. In certain implementations, X3 is null and RC is n‐propyl, isopropyl, or isobutyl.
[0070] In some implementations of the compound of Formula (E) Rd is H.
[0071] In some implementations the compound is OSU‐2S, having the formula
[0072] In certain implementations the subject is not diagnosed with cancer.
[0073] In some implementations the condition characterized by pathological increase in INa,L comprises congenital pathological increase in INa,L or acquired pathological increase in INa,L. As used herein a congenital pathological increase refers to an increase caused by an abnormality present in the subject since birth. Such abnormalities may be genetic in nature. In some implementations, congenital pathological increase in INa,L is caused by abnormal SCN5A (LQT3), CAV3 (LQT9), SCN4B (LQT10), or SNTA1 (LQT12), for example due to a mutation in one of these genes. As used herein, an acquired pathological increase in INa,L refers to any abnormal increase not caused by genetic mutation.
[0074] In some implementations condition characterized by pathological increase in INa,L can be cardiac hypertrophy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, long QT, or intoxicant exposure, for example exposure to carbon monoxide.
[0075] In some implementations the condition characterized by pathological increase in INa,L can be atrial arrhythmia, ventricular arrhythmia, congestive heart failure, diastolic heart failure, systolic heart failure, acquired long QT, congenital long QT, acute heart failure, Prinzmetal's angina, stable angina, unstable angina, exercise induced angina, congestive heart disease, myocardial infarction (including non‐STE myocardial infarction), ischemia, recurrent ischemia, reperfusion injury, intermittent claudication, peripheral arterial disease, and acute coronary syndrome.
[0076] In some implementations, the compound may be administered in combination with one of more additional therapeutic agents. In some implementations the compound may be administered in combination with a beta blocker, calcium channel blocker, potassium channel blocker, or combination thereof. Exemplary therapeutic agents that can be administered include atenolol, bisoprolol, carvedilol, metoprolol, propranolol, timolol, diltiazem, verapamil, digoxin propafenone, quinidine, amiodarone, sotalol, or a combination thereof.
[0077] The compositions may be administered at a variety of dosage levels and dosing regimes. In some implementations, the subject receives from 0.1‐1,000 mg / day, from 0.1‐500 mg / day, from 0.1‐250 mg / day, from 0.1‐100 mg / day, from 0.1‐50 mg / day, from 0.1‐25 mg / day, from 0.1‐ 10 mg / day, from 0.1‐5 mg / day, from 0.1‐2.5 mg / day, from 0.1‐1 mg / day, from 0.5‐1 mg / day, from 0.5‐2.5 mg / day, from 1‐2.5 mg / day, from 1‐5 mg / day, from 1‐10 mg / day, from 5‐25 mg / day, from 10‐25 mg / day, from 10‐50 mg / day, from 25‐100 mg / day, or from 50‐100 mg / day. For implementations in which the compound is administered as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, the dosage levels described herein are calculated based on the amount of the free base of the compound. In some implementations, the daily dose may be administered in a single dose (once per day dosing). In some implementations the daily dose may be administered in two, three, of four doses, administered throughout the day at roughly evenly spaced intervals. In some implementations, the compound may be administered less frequently than once daily, for example administered every other day, every third day, or once a week.
[0078] The compounds disclosed herein may be formulated in a pharmaceutical composition suitable for administration to a subject. In some implementations the compound is formulated for oral administration, for example in a suitable capsule, tablet, pill, or the like. The tablets, troches, pills, capsules, and the like may also contain one or more of the following: a binder such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch or gelatin; an excipient such as dicalcium phosphate; a disintegrating agent such as corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid, and the like; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate; a sweetening agent such as sucrose, fructose, lactose, or aspartame; and a natural or artificial flavoring agent. When the unit dosage form is a capsule, it may further contain a liquid carrier, such as a vegetable oil or a polyethylene glycol. Various other materials may be present as coatings or to otherwise modify the physical form of the solid unit dosage form. For instance, tablets, pills, or capsules may be coated with gelatin, wax, shellac, sugar, and the like. A syrup or elixir may contain one or more of a sweetening agent, a preservative such as methyl‐ or propylparaben, an agent to retard crystallization of the sugar, an agent to increase the solubility of any other ingredient, such as a polyhydric alcohol, for example glycerol or sorbitol, a dye, and flavoring agent. The material used in preparing any unit dosage form is substantially nontoxic in the amounts employed. The active agent may be incorporated into sustained‐release preparations and devices. EXAMPLES
[0079] The following examples are for the purpose of illustration of the invention only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention in any manner whatsoever. Generation of in‐vivo cardio‐selective B56α knockout mice (B56‐cKO)
[0080] C57Bl / 6 mice with inserted lox‐P sites into the introns surrounding the second exon (exon 2) of Ppp2r5a were purchased from Michigan State University. Mice were backcrossed onto a pure C57Bl / 6 mice background for more than five backcrosses. B56α cKO were generated by crossing pure C57Bl / 6 mice with α‐MHC Cre mice (purchased from Jackson Immuno Research Laboratories, PA, USA). Genotype was confirmed by PCR. Selective B56α deficiency in was confirmed by immunoblot. For all experiments age‐matched male and female mice were used. Immunoblots and antibodies
[0081] Male and female C57Bl / 6 mice were injected with isoproterenol (2 mg / Kg). Mice were euthanized after 10 minutes and whole hearts were lysed in phosphor‐safe buffer (Millipore). Following protein quantification, whole‐heart tissue lysates were analyzed on Mini‐PROTEAN tetra cell (Bio‐Rad) on a 4–15% precast TGX gel (BioRad) in Tris / glycine / SDS buffer (Bio‐Rad) as previously described. Briefly, for each lysate, 40 μg of sample was loaded with 20 μl of a 19:1 mixture of Laemmli sample buffer (Bio‐Rad) and β‐mercaptoethanol. Samples were boiled at 95 °C for 5 min before loading. Gels were transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane using the Mini‐ PROTEAN tetra cell (Bio‐Rad) in Tris / glycine buffer with 20% methanol (v / v, Bio‐Rad). Membranes were blocked for 1 h at room temperature in a 5% casein / BSA solution and incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4 °C. Following antibodies were used: PP2A‐A, PP2A‐C (1:500, Millipore 05‐421, CA, USA), PP2A‐B56α (1:500, Abcam ab72028, MA, USA), PP2A‐ B56δ, PP2A‐B56γ, PP2A‐B56ε, Nav1.5 (1:500, custom made by Covance), Nav1.5 pSer571 (1:500, custom made by Covance), CaMKIIδ (1:2000, Badrilla A010‐56AP, United Kingdom), and GAPDH (1:10000, Fitzgerald 10R‐G109A, MA, USA). Secondary antibodies included donkey anti‐mouse horseradish peroxidase HRP (715‐035‐150) and donkey anti‐rabbit HRP (711‐ 035‐152) (Jackson Immuno Research Laboratories, PA, USA). Densitometry was performed using Image J software, and data were normalized to GAPDH in each sample. Immunofluorescence
[0082] Adult ventricular cardiomyocytes were isolated and processed for immunofluorescence. For adult ventricular cardiomyocytes, staining experiments were performed in solution. Briefly, cells were blocked for 1 hour in blocking solution (3% fish gel, 0.1% triton100(10%) and 1% DMSO). Cells were incubated in primary antibodies at room temperature for 3 hours. For cryoslices, frozen heart sections from WT and B56α KO mice were blocked in blocking solution and then incubated overnight at 4 °C. For control experiments, parallel samples were incubated with only secondary antibodies for 2 hours at room temperature and processed to ensure lack of non‐specific secondary antibody staining. After secondary antibody incubation for 2 hours, cells / slices were extensively washed and covered with Vectashield imaging medium (Vector Laboratories), and coverslips (#1) were applied. For co‐localization experiments, TO‐PRO stain was used for nuclear counter staining. Images were collected on a confocal microscope (510 Meta; Carl Zeiss, Inc.) with a 63× oil 1.40 NA or 40× oil 1.30 NA lens (pinhole equals 1.0 airy disc; Carl Zeiss, Inc.) using imaging software (release Version 4.0 SP1; Carl Zeiss, Inc.). Images were collected using similar confocal protocols at room temperature. Images were imported into Photoshop CS (Adobe) for cropping and linear contrast adjustment Protein Phosphatase assay
[0083] PP2A activity was assayed using a PP2A immunoprecipitation phosphatase assay kit (17‐ 313, Millipore). Protein phosphatase activity was determined for both heart and brain lysates from floxed and B56α‐cKO mice at baseline. The mouse heart samples were resuspended in phosphate free homogenization buffer (50 mM Tris‐HCl pH 7.35, 0.32 M sucrose, 2.5 mM EGTA, 5 mM EDTA, and 10 mm NaCl, 1mM PMSF, 1mM AEBSF, 10μg / μl of each leupeptin, pepstatin, aprotinin, antipain, and trypsin) and were homogenized by mechanical agitation with a Dounce homogenizer followed by centrifugation for 30 min at 14000 × g. 500 μg of supernatant was incubated with 4μg of Anti‐PP2A‐C and 30 μl of Protein‐A slurry at 4 °C for 2 hr. After incubation, the supernatant was removed from the beads, and the beads were washed 3 times with 1X TBS and Ser / Thr Assay Buffer, followed by incubation with 80ul of 750 μM threonine phosphopeptide for 20 min at 30 °C with constant rocking. Lastly, free phosphates in the supernatant was measured by Malachite Green Phosphate Detection Solution at 650 nm. All experiments were performed in triplicates and were repeated three times to ensure linearity of the reaction. Isolation of cardiomyocytes Adult mouse ventricular myocytes were isolated as we previously described. Murine hearts from male and female wild type C57Bl / 6 mice were obtained after animals were euthanized by acute CO2 asphyxiation followed by cervical dislocation in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals published by the National Institutes of Health and Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees‐approved protocols. Electrophysiology Ventricular myocytes were isolated from Langendorff‐perfused adult mouse hearts. INa recordings were performed on freshly isolated (<1 h in culture) myocytes at room temperature (20–22 C) by a conventional whole‐cell patch clamp technique with an Axon 200B patch‐clamp amplifier controlled by a personal computer using a Digidata 1440A acquisition board and the pClamp 10.4 software (Axon Instruments). Voltage dependent activation of INa was assessed by generating conductance voltage relationships (m‐infinity curves) and fitting the data with a standard Boltzmann function (Origin 2015, Northampton, MA, USA). INa,L was measured by determining the ratio of late sodium current in reference to peak sodium current. Only cells with membrane resistance greater than 1 GΩ were used. Appropriate whole cell capacitance and series resistance compensation (≥60%) was applied. All analyses were done using Clampfit 10.4 software. A concentration of 2uM Isoproterenol was used to elicit INa,L. Echocardiography Transthoracic echocardiography using (GE Logiq e) with the L10‐22 (mHz) transducer was performed on mice anesthetized using 2% isoflurane in 1 L / min oxygen. Anesthesia was maintained by administration of oxygen and approximately 1.25% isoflurane during the whole imaging procedure. HR was monitored throughout imaging, and recordings taken at an HR less than 400bpm were excluded from the analysis. Mice were immobilized on a heated imaging stage during image acquisition, and a temperature probe was inserted into the rectum of the mouse to monitor its core temperature of approximately 37 °C. Electrode gel was placed on the ECG sensors of the heated platform. Parasternal long‐axis images inclusive of two‐dimensional loops and freeze‐frame, end‐diastolic images were collected to measure end‐diastolic LV cavity dimension (LVID, d) and posterior wall thickness (LVPW, d). Parasternal short axis images at the level of papillary muscles using M‐mode were also collected to determine LVPW and LVID, in both systole (s) and diastole (d), as previously described. Parasternal short axis and M mode measurements were used to calculate functional parameters including fractional shortening (FS%) and ejection fraction (EF%). Statistics
[0086] Data are presented as mean ± SEM. For the comparison of two groups, we performed unpaired and paired two‐tailed student t‐test when data passed normality test (Shapiro‐Wilk normality test). When data did not pass Shapiro‐Wilk normality test, we performed Mann‐ Whitney U test (non‐parametric for unpaired comparison) and Wilcoxon signed‐rank test (non‐ parametric test for paired comparison) to compare two groups. For the comparison of greater than two groups, we applied two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test when data were normally distributed (passed Shapiro‐Wilk normality test). When data were not normally distributed, non‐parametric (Kruskal‐Wallis test) was performed for comparing more than two groups. For our study, a value of p< 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
[0087] Association of PP2A‐B56α with Nav1.5. We performed co‐immunoprecipitation experiments using mouse heart lysates and we observed the association of ankyrin‐G and CaMKIIδ with Nav1.5. We also demonstrated the association of PP2A‐C (catalytic subunit), PP2A‐ B56α (regulatory subunit) and the PP2A‐A (scaffolding subunit) with Nav1.5. Ankyrin‐G was also associated with PP2A‐C (Fig. 3). We also showed the interaction between Nav1.5 and PP2A‐C in non‐failing human heart lysates. Data are representative of experiments repeated three times. In summary, the PP2A‐B56α holoenzyme associates with the Nav1.5 complex (Figs. 1‐3).
[0088] Novel mouse model with B56α deletion in the heart. We specifically designed a mouse model using CRISPR‐cas9 technology targeting loxP sites to flanking regions of exon 2 of the gene encoding the B56α. To induce a cardiac specific deletion of B56α, an αMHC‐Cre mouse was intercrossed with a mouse homozygous for the floxed sites. B56α‐cKO mice displayed loss of B56α in the hearts with normal B56α expression in other tissues including the brain, liver and lung (n=3 / genotype, Fig. 4) confirming no compensation from other tissues. No changes in B56α in brain tissues were noted after Isoproterenol (Iso) (n=4‐5 / genotype for Iso) (Fig. 4).
[0089] Intercalated disc Nav1.5‐B56α complex. While present at multiple membrane domains, Nav1.5 is enriched at the intercalated disc of cardiac myocytes. In support of a regulatory role of B56α in INa,L regulation, B56α is localized to the intercalated disc of WT myocytes (Fig. 5). We also observed significant expression of CaMKIIδ and ankyrin‐G at sites co‐localized with PP2A‐C at the intercalated disc in triple‐labeling experiments. Notably, the localization of ankyrin‐G, CaMKIIδ, and PP2A‐C is independent (no changes in localization) of the B56α in total body B56α‐ KO hearts (n=3 / genotype) (Fig. 6).
[0090] Increase in PP2A activity in hearts of B56αcKO. We observed an increase in PP2A activity (using PP2A immunoprecipitation phosphatase kit utilizing malachite green) in hearts of B56α‐ cKO hearts vs. floxed. We also assessed the PP2A activity in the brains and we found no differences in the activity between both groups since our mice have selective deletion of B56α in hearts (n≥4 / genotype). This data confirms that the change in PP2A activity is cardiac specific. Finally, no significant differences were noted in cardiac PP1 activity between both groups of mice (Fig. 7C). PP1 is one of the most abundant serine threonine phosphatases in the heart.
[0091] Wild type (WT) myocytes displayed a significant increase in both peak INa and INa,L when treated with isoproterenol (Iso) to mimic the increased adrenergic tone (Fig.8 A and C‐D). In contrast, consistent with a critical role of B56α in INa,L regulation, we observed no significant changes in peak INa or INa,L in B56α‐KO myocytes after Iso (Fig.8 B‐D). No changes in cell capacitance were noted (Fig.8 E) (WT, WT‐Iso N (mouse) =5, 4; n (cell)=10, 9 and B56α‐KO, B56α‐KO‐Iso N=4,4; n= 9,7). In summary, myocytes from total B56α‐KO myocytes showed reduced sensitivity to iso‐induced increase in INa and notably the arrhythmogenic INa,L.
[0092] Patch‐clamp experiments comparing OSU‐2S and vehicle treated mouse ventricular myocytes ± Iso revealed no significant changes in INa current‐voltage relationship between OSU‐ 2S treated cells at baseline (without Iso) and after Iso. Additionally, no changes in INa current‐ voltage were observed in both vehicle and drug treated myocytes at baseline and after Iso. (N=8; n=15 for DMSO and N=5; n=10 for OSU‐2S, N refers to mouse and n refers to cell) (Fig. 9). Our data show that OSU‐2S does not target the peak INa like other INa,L modulators that function in voltage dependent manner on INa and INa,L. as OSU‐2S and B56α target INa,L by counteracting CaMKII phosphorylation that increases INa,L.
[0093] INa,L recordings displayed an increase in INa,L in DMSO treated cells after Iso (2 µM) at various voltages (‐35, ‐30, ‐25, ‐20, ‐15 and ‐10 mV). However, OSU‐2S treated cells illustrated a resistance to Iso‐induced INa,L prolongation. Notably, OSU‐2S treated cells demonstrated a resistance to the increase in INa,L compared to vehicle treated cells after Iso at various voltages (N=8; n=14 for DMSO and N=5; n=10 for OSU‐2S) (Fig. 10).
[0094] Previous data on Nav1.5pSer571 showed an increase in phosphorylation at this residue in human failing hearts and canine models of myocardial infarction. Additionally, previous data from mice harboring the Nav1.5 phospho‐mimetic S571E showed an enhanced INa,L and arrhythmic phenotypes. Our data show that B56α‐cKO mice (cardiac specific mouse model) displayed reduced Nav1.5pSer571 after stimulation with Iso (2mg / kg) for 10 minutes (n=4‐ 5 / genotype) (Fig. 11). No changes in total Nav1.5 and total CaMKIIδ protein expression were noted in both groups. These data support a role of B56α in the regulation of INa,L.
[0095] OSU‐2S has previously been shown to be biologically tolerated in canine cells at 2 µM. We isolated and cultured ventricular myocytes from mice and treated them with a 2 µM dose of OSU‐2S for 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours. Our data illustrate an increase / a peak in PP2A activity in OSU‐2S treated myocytes 3 hours post treatment, n=4 (Fig. 12 A). No significant changes in PP1 activity were noted in OSU‐2S treated myocytes vs. DMSO after 3 hours of treatment (Fig. 12 B). Further, we isolated ventricular myocytes from C57Bl / 6 mice as previously described and cells were plated in laminin coated plates in plating medium for 1 hour. We added OSU‐2S and vehicle (DMSO) to the cells for 3 hours and then treated the cells with Iso for 10 minutes. Our data show a reduction in normalized Nav1.5pSer571 after Iso in OSU‐2S treated cells vs. DMSO at 2 µM and 1 µM Iso (n=7 for 2 µM Iso and n=5 for 1 µM Iso). No changes were noted in Nav1.5 expression in DMSO and OSU‐2S (Fig. 12 C‐D). Also, no changes in normalized Cav1.2pSer1927 were noted in OSU‐2S treated cells vs. DMSO (n=3 for 2 µM Iso and n=4 for 1 µM Iso) (Fig. 12 E‐ F).
[0096] To examine the specificity of B56α to intercalated disc CaMKII versus non‐intercalated disc CaMKII, we analyzed the phosphorylation of non‐intercalated disc CaMKII target proteins RyR2 (RyR2pSer2814) and phospholamban (PLBpThr17). Our data show no changes in normalized RyR2pSer2814 and PLBpThr17 in B56α‐cKO hearts in response to Iso (mice were injected 2mg / kg Iso) (n=4‐5 / genotype). Control PKA specific targets RyR2pSer2808 and Cav1.2pSer1927 were not different in the cKO hearts. These results suggest that RyRSer2814 and PLBpThr17 are not direct targets of the PP2A‐B56α regulatory subunit (Fig. 13). Finally, myofilament proteins were phosphorylated to a similar extent in both groups suggesting that they are not direct targets of B56α (n=4‐5 / genotype) (Fig.14).
[0097] B56α‐cKO mice displayed no changes in the expression of PP2A‐C (catalytic subunit), PP2A‐A scaffolding subunit, PP2A‐B56ε and PP2A‐B56δ. However, they displayed a significant increase in the PP2A‐B56γ and PP2A‐B56β regulatory subunits after Iso (n=4‐5 / genotype) (Fig. 15). Interestingly, previous data showed that B56γ1 overexpression is able to increase PP2A activity by increasing the substrate specificity without an increase in PP2A‐C protein expression. Further, mouse models with an overexpression of the catalytic subunit showed cardiac hypertrophy and impaired cardiac function. Finally, B56α‐cKO mice displayed no changes in the expression of PP1‐C compared to floxed control mice (Fig. 15H‐I). Of note, PP1 is one of the most abundant serine threonine phosphatases in the heart and dephosphorylates both RyR2 and phospholamban.
[0098] Echocardiographic evaluation of floxed and B56α‐cKO mice revealed no differences in left ventricular structure and importantly no changes in cardiac function at baseline (data was collected every 2 wks. between 8‐16 weeks of age). Ejection fraction (EF) at 16 weeks of age is displayed in (Fig. 16 A). (n=7, floxed and n=6, B56α‐cKO).
[0099] We performed a transverse aortic constriction (TAC) surgery to induce pressure overload in floxed and B56α‐cKO hearts as described. Floxed and B56α‐cKO mice displayed no differences in ejection fraction at baseline as previously mentioned. However, floxed mice showed a significant reduction in EF at 4‐ and 6‐weeks post TAC surgery compared to B56α‐cKO mice (Fig. 16 B). Doppler imaging was performed and we only included mice with successful TAC surgeries. Representative echocardiographic images from floxed and cKO mice at baseline and 6‐weeks post TAC surgery are in (Fig. 16 C‐F).
[0100] Previous findings using FTY720 (fingolimod) showed that FTY720 increased PP2A activity and not PP1. For OSU‐2S, pharmacological inhibition of PP2A using okadaic acid at a concentration that is specific for PP2A inhibition confirmed the specific involvement of PP2A activation in OSU‐2S mediated action. OSU‐2S targets PP2A via targeting SET, which interacts with PP2A‐B56α. We also analyzed the expression of I2PP2A / SET in control mouse hearts (non‐ failing) and failing mouse heart lysates (post TAC). Our data indicate an increase in the normalized expression of SET in failing heart lysates (n=4 / group) (Fig. 17A). Finally, our data also demonstrate an increase in the normalized expression of AT1 receptor in failing mouse heart lysates (post TAC) compared to the control mouse tissues (n=3‐4 / group) (Fig.17B). ADDITIONAL ASPECTS
[0101] Aspect 1: A method of treating of treating a condition characterized by pathological increase in INa,L in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound having the formula: , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X1 has the formula (CH2)x, wherein x is from 1‐6; X2 has the formula (CH2)y, wherein y is from 1‐6; Ra is H, OH, C1‐3alkyl, or OC1‐3alkyl; Rb1 is H, OH, C1‐3alkyl, or OC1‐3alkyl; Rb2 is H, OH, C1‐3alkyl, or OC1‐3alkyl; or Rb1 and Rb2, together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached form a five or six membered ring; Rb3 is H, OH, C1‐3alkyl, or OC1‐3alkyl; Rb4 is H, OH, C1‐3alkyl, or OC1‐3alkyl; or Rb3 and Rb4, together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached form a five or six membered ring; X3 is null or (CH2)z, wherein z is from 1‐3; Rc is C1‐6alkyl, C3‐8cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and Rd is H or C(=O)C1‐4alkyl.
[0102] Aspect 2: The method according to aspect 1, wherein X1 is CH2CH2CH2.
[0103] Aspect 3: The method according to any of aspects 1‐2, wherein X2 is CH2.
[0104] Aspect 4: The method according to any of aspects 1‐3, wherein Ra is H.
[0105] Aspect 5: The method according to any of aspects 1‐4, wherein Rb1 is H.
[0106] Aspect 6: The method according to any of aspects 1‐5, wherein Rb2 is H.
[0107] Aspect 7: The method according to any of aspects 1‐6, wherein Rb3 is H.
[0108] Aspect 8: The method according to any of aspects 1‐7, wherein Rb4 is H.
[0109] Aspect 9: The method according to any of aspects 1‐3, wherein Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, and Rb4 are each H.
[0110] Aspect 10: The method according to any of aspects 1‐3, wherein Rb1, Rb2, and Rb3 are each H, and Rb4 is OH or OCH3.
[0111] Aspect 11: The method according to any of aspects 1‐3, wherein Rb1, Rb2, and Rb4 are each H, and Rb3 is OH or OCH3.
[0112] Aspect 12: The method according to any of aspects 1‐11, wherein X3 is null or CH2.
[0113] Aspect 13: The method according to any of aspects 1‐12, wherein Rc is n‐propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, isobutyl, or cyclobutyl.
[0114] Aspect 14: The method according to any of aspects 1‐13, wherein Rc is n‐propyl.
[0115] Aspect 15: The method according to any of aspects 1‐14, wherein Rd is H.
[0116] Aspect 16: The method according to aspect 1, wherein the compound has the formula: .
[0117] Aspect 17: The method according to aspect 16, wherein X1 is CH2CH2CH2.
[0118] Aspect 18: The method according to aspect 16 or 17, wherein X2 is CH2.
[0119] Aspect 19: The method according to any of aspects 16‐18, wherein Ra is H or CH3, preferably H.
[0120] Aspect 20: The method according to any of aspects 16‐19, wherein Rb1 is H.
[0121] Aspect 21: The method according to any of aspects 16‐20, wherein Rb2 is H.
[0122] Aspect 22: The method according to any of aspects 16‐21, wherein Rb3 is H.
[0123] Aspect 23: The method according to any of aspects 16‐22, wherein Rb4 is H.
[0124] Aspect 24: The method according to any of aspects 16‐19, wherein Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, and Rb4 are each H.
[0125] Aspect 25: The method according to any of aspects 16‐19, wherein Rb1, Rb2, and Rb3 are each H, and Rb4 is OH or OCH3.
[0126] Aspect 26: The method according to any of aspects 16‐19, wherein Rb1, Rb2, and Rb4 are each H, and Rb3 is OH or OCH3.
[0127] Aspect 27: The method according to any of aspects 16‐26, wherein X3 is null or CH2, preferably null.
[0128] Aspect 28: The method according to any of aspects 16‐27, wherein Rc is n‐propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, isobutyl, or cyclobutyl, preferably n‐propyl.
[0129] Aspect 29: The method according to any of aspects 16‐29, wherein X3 is CH2 and RC is cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl.
[0130] Aspect 30: The method according to any of aspects 16‐29, wherein X3 is null and RC is n‐ propyl, isopropyl, or isobutyl.
[0131] Aspect 31: The method according to any of aspects 16‐30, wherein Rd is H.
[0132] Aspect 32: The method according to aspect 1, wherein the compound has the formula: .
[0133] Aspect 33: The method according to aspect 32, wherein X1 is CH2CH2CH2.
[0134] Aspect 34: The method according to aspect 32 or 33, wherein X2 is CH2.
[0135] Aspect 35: The method according to any of aspects 32‐34, wherein Ra is H or CH3, preferably H.
[0136] Aspect 36: The method according to aspect 1, wherein the compound has the formula: .
[0137] Aspect 37: The method according to aspect 37, wherein Rb1 is H.
[0138] Aspect 38: The method according to any of aspects 36‐37, wherein Rb2 is H.
[0139] Aspect 39: The method according to any of aspects 36‐38, wherein Rb3 is H.
[0140] Aspect 40: The method according to any of aspects 36‐39, wherein Rb4 is H.
[0141] Aspect 41: The method according to any of aspects 36‐40, wherein Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, and Rb4 are each H.
[0142] Aspect 42: The method according to aspect 36, wherein Rb1, Rb2, and Rb3 are each H, and Rb4 is OH or OCH3.
[0143] Aspect 43: The method according to aspect 36, wherein Rb1, Rb2, and Rb4 are each H, and Rb3 is OH or OCH3.
[0144] Aspect 44: The method according to any of aspects 36‐43, wherein X3 is null or CH2, preferably null.
[0145] Aspect 45: The method according to any of aspects 36‐44, wherein Rc is n‐propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, isobutyl, or cyclobutyl, preferably n‐propyl.
[0146] Aspect 46: The method according to any of aspects 36‐45, wherein X3 is CH2 and RC is cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl.
[0147] Aspect 47: The method according to any of aspects 36‐45, wherein X3 is null and RC is n‐ propyl, isopropyl, or isobutyl.
[0148] Aspect 48: The method according to any of aspects 36‐37, wherein Rd is H.
[0149] Aspect 49: The method according to aspect 1, wherein the compound has the formula: .
[0150] Aspect 50: The method according to aspect 49, wherein X3 is null or CH2, preferably null.
[0151] Aspect 51: The method according to any of aspects 49‐50, wherein Rc is n‐propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, isobutyl, or cyclobutyl, preferably n‐propyl.
[0152] Aspect 52: The method according to any of aspects 49‐51, wherein X3 is CH2 and RC is cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl.
[0153] Aspect 53: The method according to any of aspects 49‐51, wherein X3 is null and RC is n‐ propyl, isopropyl, or isobutyl.
[0154] Aspect 54: The method according to any of aspects 49‐53, wherein Rd is H.
[0155] Aspect 55: The method according aspect 1, wherein the compound has the formula: .
[0156] Aspect 56: The method according to aspect 55, wherein X1 is CH2CH2CH2.
[0157] Aspect 57: The method according to aspect 55 or 56, wherein X2 is CH2.
[0158] Aspect 58: The method according to any of aspects 55‐57, wherein Ra is H or CH3, preferably H.
[0159] Aspect 59: The method according to any of aspects 55‐58, wherein X3 is null or CH2, preferably null.
[0160] Aspect 60: The method according to any of aspects 55‐59, wherein Rc is n‐propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, isobutyl, or cyclobutyl, preferably n‐propyl.
[0161] Aspect 61: The method according to any of aspects 55‐60, wherein X3 is CH2 and RC is cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl.
[0162] Aspect 62: The method according to any of aspects 55‐60, wherein X3 is null and RC is n‐ propyl, isopropyl, or isobutyl.
[0163] Aspect 63: The method according to any of aspects 55‐63, wherein Rd is H.
[0164] Aspect 64: The method according to aspect 1, wherein the compound has the formula: .
[0165] Aspect 65: The method according to any of aspects 1‐64, wherein the subject is not diagnosed with cancer.
[0166] Aspect 66: The method according to any of aspects 1‐66, wherein the condition characterized by pathological increase in INa,L comprises congenital pathological increase in INa,L or acquired pathological increase in INa,L.
[0167] Aspect 67: The method according to aspect 66, wherein the congenital pathological increase in INa,L is caused by abnormal LQT3, LQT9, LQT10, or LQT12.
[0168] Aspect 68: The method according to any of aspects 1‐67, wherein the condition characterized by pathological increase in INa,L comprises cardiac hypertrophy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, long QT, or intoxicant exposure.
[0169] Aspect 69: The method according to any of aspects 68, wherein the intoxicant comprises carbon monoxide.
[0170] Aspect 70: The method of any of aspects 1‐69, wherein the condition characterized by pathological increase in INa,L comprises atrial arrhythmia, ventricular arrhythmia, congestive heart failure, diastolic heart failure, systolic heart failure, acquired long QT, congenital long QT, acute heart failure, Prinzmetal's angina, stable angina, unstable angina, exercise induced angina, congestive heart disease, myocardial infarction (including non‐STE myocardial infarction), ischemia, recurrent ischemia, reperfusion injury, intermittent claudication, peripheral arterial disease, and acute coronary syndrome.
[0171] Aspect 71: The method according to any of aspects 1‐70, further comprising administering to the subject a beta blocker, calcium channel blocker, potassium channel blocker, or combination thereof.
[0172] Aspect 72: The method according to any of aspects 1‐71, further comprising administering atenolol, bisoprolol, carvedilol, metoprolol, propranolol, timolol, diltiazem, verapamil, digoxin propafenone, quinidine, amiodarone, sotalol, or a combination thereof.
[0173] Aspect 73: The method according to any of aspects 1‐72, wherein the compound is orally administered.
[0174] Aspect 74: The method according to any of aspects 1‐73, wherein the compound is administered at a dose from 0.1‐1,000 mg / day, from 0.1‐500 mg / day, from 0.1‐250 mg / day, from 0.1‐100 mg / day, from 0.1‐50 mg / day, from 0.1‐25 mg / day, from 0.1‐10 mg / day, from 0.1‐5 mg / day, from 0.1‐2.5 mg / day, from 0.1‐1 mg / day, from 0.5‐1 mg / day, from 0.5‐2.5 mg / day, from 1‐2.5 mg / day, from 1‐5 mg / day, from 1‐10 mg / day, from 5‐25 mg / day, from 10‐25 mg / day, from 10‐50 mg / day, from 25‐100 mg / day, or from 50‐100 mg / day.
[0175] The compositions and methods of the appended claims are not limited in scope by the specific compositions and methods described herein, which are intended as illustrations of a few aspects of the claims and any compositions and methods that are functionally equivalent are intended to fall within the scope of the claims. Various modifications of the compositions and methods in addition to those shown and described herein are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Further, while only certain representative compositions and method steps disclosed herein are specifically described, other combinations of the compositions and method steps also are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims, even if not specifically recited. Thus, a combination of steps, elements, components, or constituents may be explicitly mentioned herein or less, however, other combinations of steps, elements, components, and constituents are included, even though not explicitly stated. The term “comprising” and variations thereof as used herein is used synonymously with the term “including” and variations thereof and are open, non‐limiting terms. Although the terms “comprising” and “including” have been used herein to describe various embodiments, the terms “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of” can be used in place of “comprising” and “including” to provide for more specific embodiments of the invention and are also disclosed. Other than in the examples, or where otherwise noted, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood at the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, to be construed in light of the number of significant digits and ordinary rounding approaches
Claims
CLAIMS What is claimed is:
1. A method of treating of treating a condition characterized by pathological increase in INa,L in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound having the formula: , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X1 has the formula (CH2)x, wherein x is from 1‐6; X2 has the formula (CH2)y, wherein y is from 1‐6; Ra is H, OH, C1‐3alkyl, or OC1‐3alkyl; Rb1 is H, OH, C1‐3alkyl, or OC1‐3alkyl; Rb2 is H, OH, C1‐3alkyl, or OC1‐3alkyl; or Rb1 and Rb2, together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached form a five or six membered ring; Rb3 is H, OH, C1‐3alkyl, or OC1‐3alkyl; Rb4 is H, OH, C1‐3alkyl, or OC1‐3alkyl; or Rb3 and Rb4, together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached form a five or six membered ring; X3 is null or (CH2)z, wherein z is from 1‐3; Rc is C1‐6alkyl, C3‐8cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and Rd is H or C(=O)C1‐4alkyl.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein X1 is CH2CH2CH2.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein X2 is CH2.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein Ra is H.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein Rb1 is H.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein Rb2 is H.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein Rb3 is H.
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein Rb4 is H.
9. The method according to claim 1, wherein Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, and Rb4 are each H.
10. The method according to claim 1, wherein Rb1, Rb2, and Rb3 are each H, and Rb4 is OH or OCH3.
11. The method according to claim 1, wherein Rb1, Rb2, and Rb4 are each H, and Rb3 is OH or OCH3.
12. The method according to claim 1, wherein X3 is null or CH2.
13. The method according to claim 1, wherein Rc is n‐propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, isobutyl, or cyclobutyl.
14. The method according to claim 1, wherein Rc is n‐propyl.
15. The method according to claim 1, wherein Rd is H.
16. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compound has the formula: .
17. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compound has the formula: .
18. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compound has the formula: .
19. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compound has the formula: .
20. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compound has the formula: .
21. The method according to claim 1, wherein the subject is not diagnosed with cancer.
22. The method according to claim 1, wherein the condition characterized by pathological increase in INa,L comprises congenital pathological increase in INa,L or acquired pathological increase in INa,L.
23. The method according to claim 22, wherein the congenital pathological increase in INa,L is caused by abnormal LQT3, LQT9, LQT10, or LQT12.
24. The method according to claim 1, wherein the condition characterized by pathological increase in INa,L comprises cardiac hypertrophy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, long QT, or intoxicant exposure.
25. The method according to claim 25, wherein the intoxicant comprises carbon monoxide.
26. The method of claim 1, wherein the condition characterized by pathological increase in INa,L comprises atrial arrhythmia, ventricular arrhythmia, congestive heart failure, diastolic heart failure, systolic heart failure, acquired long QT, congenital long QT, acute heart failure, Prinzmetal's angina, stable angina, unstable angina, exercise induced angina, congestive heart disease, myocardial infarction (including non‐STE myocardial infarction), ischemia, recurrent ischemia, reperfusion injury, intermittent claudication, peripheral arterial disease, and acute coronary syndrome.
27. The method according to any of claims 1‐28, further comprising administering to the subject a beta blocker, calcium channel blocker, potassium channel blocker, or combination thereof.
28. The method according to any of claims 1‐29, further comprising administering atenolol, bisoprolol, carvedilol, metoprolol, propranolol, timolol, diltiazem, verapamil, digoxin propafenone, quinidine, amiodarone, sotalol, or a combination thereof.
Citation Information
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