RNA editing systems of high efficiency and specificity
The fusion protein of ADAR2dd linked to an APOBEC inhibitory domain, activated by a protease upon specific RNA binding, addresses the challenges of off-target editing and efficiency in existing RNA editing systems, achieving precise and universal RNA editing.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/120035
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-09-21
- Filing Date
- 2024-09-20
- Publication Date
- 2025-03-27
AI Technical Summary
Existing RNA editing systems face challenges with high levels of off-target editing, low efficiency, and limited universality, particularly when using exogenous ADARs or recruiting endogenous ADARs in cells with low ADAR expression, which can trigger inflammation responses.
Development of a fusion protein comprising an RNA-specific adenosine deaminase (ADAR2dd) cleavably linked to an inhibitory domain of a cytidine deaminase (APOBEC), with a protease cleavage site allowing targeted activation upon binding to specific RNA sequences, thereby minimizing off-target editing.
The new RNA editing system achieves highly efficient and precise editing with minimal off-target effects, allowing for universal applicability across different cells and species.
Smart Images

Figure PCTCN2024120035-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2024120035-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2024120035-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
RNA EDITING SYSTEMS OF HIGH EFFICIENCY AND SPECIFICITYBACKGROUND
[0001] Targeted RNA editing can be broadly defined as any site-specific alteration in an RNA molecule that is transcribed from a DNA template. Changes in gene expression attributed to RNA editing have been described in organisms from unicellular protozoa to humans, affecting mRNAs, tRNAs, and rRNAs present in various cellular compartments. RNA editing is under rapid development due to its transient and reversible changes and therefore provides a more flexible option to repair disease-associated mutations than permanent DNA editing. RNA editing can also avoid the potential genotoxicity caused by genome editing tools (including CRISPR / Cas9) .
[0002] The majority of human RNA editing are catalyzed by adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) that deaminate adenosine to generate inosine (A-to-I) in double-stranded RNA regions and therefore affect RNA structure and function. Five ADAR isoforms, encoded by three different genes, have been identified in humans, including ADAR1 (including isoforms ADAR1p110 and ADAR1p150) , ADAR2 (including isoforms ADAR2a and ADAR2b) , and ADAR3. These ADARs edit duplex RNA molecules to modulate regulatory non-coding RNAs, activate antiviral immunity or suppress inappropriate innate immune responses against self-transcripts in a structure-dependent rather than a sequence-dependent way.
[0003] To achieve targeted RNA editing, the ADAR protein or its catalytic domain can be fused with an RNA-binding protein (e.g., λN peptide or MCP peptide) , a SNAP-tag or a CRISPR / Cas protein (e.g., catalytically dead Cas13) , and an ADAR-recruiting guide RNA (agRNA) can be designed to recruit the chimeric ADAR protein to a specific target site (see, e.g., Cox et al., Science 358, 1019-1027 (2017) , Vogel et al., Nat Methods 15, 535-538 (2018) , Abudayyeh et al., Science 365, 382-386 (2019) , Katrekar et al., Nat Methods 16, 239-242 (2019) , and Kannan et al., Nat Biotechnol 40, 194-197 (2022) ) . Meanwhile, other RNA editing systems have been developed by recruiting endogenous ADAR protein with designed guide RNAs.
[0004] Under the guide of an agRNA, ADAR-derived RNA editors can trigger site-specific A-to-I editing. During the protein translation process in cells, inosines are usually read as guanines because of their structural similarities. Thus, ADAR-mediated A-to-I editing can be recognized as A-to-G change at the RNA level, which can be widely applied in different aspects, including repairing disease-associated mutations, regulating gene expression and changing protein–protein interactions.
[0005] However, the previously reported RNA editing systems have major drawbacks. The RNA editing systems based on the expression of exogenous ADARs, for instance, are accompanied by high levels of off-target editing. On the other hand, the efficiencies of RNA editing systems based on recruiting endogenous ADARs are relatively low and may not work in the cells that do not endogenously express high levels of ADARs. Furthermore, the insufficient editing of the endogenous substrates by ADAR may trigger inflammation response. Thus, it is of great importance to develop new RNA editing systems with high efficiency, low off-target mutations and universal applicability.SUMMARY
[0006] The instant disclosure describes fusion proteins and related molecules useful for conducting RNA editing specifically at the target RNA molecules, with little or no off-target editing. The fusion protein may include an RNA-specific adenosine deaminase or a deaminase domain thereof such as ADAR2dd, cleavably linked to an inhibitory domain of a cytidine deaminase, such as APOBEC. It was discovered unexpectedly that the inhibitory domain of a cytidine deaminase is capable of inhibiting the activity of an RNA adenosine deaminase. Upon binding to the target RNA molecule, the inhibitory domain can be cleaved by a corresponding protease, allowing the RNA-specific adenosine deaminase to edit the RNA molecule efficiently. In the absence of the target RNA molecule, the RNA-specific adenosine deaminase within the fusion protein remains inactive, thereby inhibiting or preventing off-target editing.
[0007] The protease may be fused to an RNA recognition peptide, such as a lambda (λN) peptide, a PP7 coat protein (PCP) , or an MS2 coat protein (MCP) . Meanwhile, the corresponding RNA recognition site (referred to as RNA tags) can be added to the guide RNA to facilitate recruitment of the protease to the target RNA molecule. In some embodiments, the guide RNA already includes an RNA tag (e.g., MS2) useful for recruiting the RNA-specific adenosine deaminase which is fused to an MCP.
[0008] Mutant RNA-specific adenosine deaminases have also been investigated and as shown in the examples, certain mutations and mutation combinations can help further reduce or totally eliminate off-target RNA editing.
[0009] Compared to existing RNA editing systems, the RNA editing systems developed in this invention possess highly efficient editing capability while inducing no observable off-target editing as compared to unedited controls. The new RNA editing system can also allow highly efficient and precise editing in different cells and species.
[0010] Accordingly, one embodiment provides a fusion protein comprising a first fragment comprising an RNA-specific adenosine deaminase or a deaminase domain thereof, a second fragment comprising an inhibitory domain of a cytidine deaminase, and a protease cleavage site between the first fragment and the second fragment.
[0011] In some embodiments, the RNA-specific adenosine deaminase is an adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) , optionally selected from the group consisting of ADAR1, ADAR2 and ADAR3. In some embodiments, the ADAR is a human ADAR2, which comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, or an amino acid sequence having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the ADAR2 comprises, as compared to SEQ ID NO: 1, one or more mutations selected from the group consisting of R348V, V351G, T375S, N473S, K475I, K475Q, S486A, E488Q, K594I, E620G, and Q696F. In some embodiments, the ADAR2 comprises, as compared to SEQ ID NO: 1, one or more mutations selected from the group consisting of V351G, T375S, N473S, K475I, K475Q, S486A, E488Q, K594I, E620G, and Q696F. In some embodiments, ADAR2 comprises, as compared to SEQ ID NO: 1, mutations selected from the group consisting of K475Q and E488Q, K475I and S486A / E488Q, and K475I and S486A.
[0012] In some embodiments, the deaminase domain of the ADAR2 comprises amino acid residues 316-700 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the cytidine deaminase is an APOBEC (apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like) . In some embodiments, the inhibitory domain comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 2-91, or an amino acid sequence having at least 85%sequence identity to any of the amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 2-92. In some embodiments, the inhibitory domain is selected from the group consisting of mA3-CDA2, hA3B-CDA1, hA3D-CDA1, hA3F-CDA1 and hA3G-CDA1. In some embodiments, the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 or amino acids residues 128-223 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0013] In some embodiments, the protease cleavage site is not recognized by an endogenous protease of human cells. In some embodiments, the protease cleavage site is recognized by a protease selected from the group consisting of TuMV protease, PPV protease, PVY protease, ZIKV protease and WNV protease. In some embodiments, the protease cleavage site is a TEV protease cleavage site. In some embodiments, the second fragment comprises at least two of the inhibitory domains, which are optionally the same inhibitory domains or different inhibitory domains.
[0014] Also provided, in one embodiment, is a fusion protein, comprising (a) an N-terminal domain (TEVn) of a TEV protease, (b) a C-terminal domain of the TEV protease (TEVc) , (c) a self-cleavage site between the TEVn and the TEVc, and (d) an RNA recognition peptide.
[0015] In some embodiments, the TEVn is C-terminal to the TEVc. In some embodiments, the RNA recognition peptide is a lambda (λN) peptide, a PP7 coat protein (PCP) , or an MS2 coat protein (MCP) . In some embodiments, the RNA recognition peptide is a lambda (λN) peptide.
[0016] Also provided is a mutant human ADAR2 deaminase domain (ADAR2dd) or a mutant ADAR2 comprising the ADAR2dd, wherein the ADAR2dd comprises a mutation selected from the group consisting of: R348A; N473S; K475I; Q696F; E488Q / V351G; E488Q / T375S; E488Q / N473S; E488Q / K475I; E488Q / S486A; E488Q / K594I; E488Q / E620G; E488Q / Q696F; E488Q / K475Q; E488Q / K475I / S486A; K475I / S486A, and combinations thereof, wherein the amino acid positions are according to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the ADAR2dd comprises the mutations of E488Q / K475Q, E488Q / K475I / S486A, or K475I / S486A. Also provided is a mutant human ADAR2 deaminase domain (ADAR2dd) or a mutant ADAR2 comprising the ADAR2dd, wherein the ADAR2dd comprises a mutation selected from the group consisting of: N473S; K475I; Q696F; E488Q / V351G; E488Q / T375S; E488Q / N473S; E488Q / K475I; E488Q / S486A; E488Q / K594I; E488Q / E620G; E488Q / Q696F; E488Q / K475Q; E488Q / K475I / S486A; K475I / S486A, and combinations thereof, wherein the amino acid positions are according to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the ADAR2dd comprises the mutations of E488Q / K475Q, E488Q / K475I / S486A, or K475I / S486A.
[0017] Still further provided is a guide RNA for recognizing a target RNA sequence, or a DNA encoding the guide RNA, wherein the guide RNA comprises an antisense fragment capable of hybridizing to the target RNA sequence flanked by two MS2 aptamers, and an RNA tag that is recognizable by an RNA recognition peptide which is not a MS2 coat protein (MCP) .
[0018] In some embodiments, the RNA tag is a BoxB or a PP7 aptamer. In some embodiments, the guide RNA comprises two copies of the RNA tag. In some embodiments, the two RNA tags are outside of the two MS2 aptamers. In some embodiments, the two RNA tags each is separated from the corresponding MS2 aptamer by 1 or 3 nucleotides.
[0019] Also provided, in another embodiment, is a polynucleotide encoding the fusion protein or the mutant ADAR2dd or ADAR2 the present disclosure.
[0020] Further provided is a method for editing a target RNA molecule in a cell, comprising introducing to the cell: a first polynucleotide encoding a fusion protein that comprises a first fragment comprising an RNA-specific adenosine deaminase or a deaminase domain thereof, a second fragment comprising an inhibitory domain of a cytidine deaminase, a protease cleavage site between the first fragment and the second fragment, and an RNA recognition peptide; a second polynucleotide encoding a protease capable of cleaving the protease cleavage site; and a guide RNA or a DNA encoding the guide RNA, wherein the guide RNA comprises an antisense fragment capable of hybridizing to the target RNA molecule and an RNA tag recognizable by the RNA recognition peptide.
[0021] In some embodiments, the RNA tag comprises an MS2 aptamer and the RNA recognition peptide comprises a MS2 coat protein (MCP) . In some embodiments, the protease comprises (a) an N-terminal domain (TEVn) of a TEV protease, (b) a C-terminal domain of the TEV protease (TEVc) , and (c) a self-cleavage site between the TEVn and the TEVc. In some embodiments, the protease is fused to a second RNA recognition peptide, and the guide RNA further comprises a second RNA tag recognizable by the second RNA recognition peptide. In some embodiments, the second RNA recognition peptide comprises a lambda (λN) peptide or a PP7 coat protein (PCP) , and the second RNA tag comprises a BoxB or a PP7 aptamer. In some embodiments, the guide RNA comprises the antisense fragment flanked by two copies of the RNA tag, which are flanked by two copies of the second RNA tag.
[0022] In some embodiments, the cell is a mammalian cell, preferably a human cell. In some embodiments, the method is conducted in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo.
[0023] Also provided is a kit or package comprising: a first polynucleotide encoding a fusion protein that comprises a first fragment comprising an RNA-specific adenosine deaminase or a deaminase domain thereof, a second fragment comprising an inhibitory domain of a cytidine deaminase, a protease cleavage site between the first fragment and the second fragment, and an RNA recognition peptide; and a second polynucleotide encoding a protease capable of cleaving the protease cleavage site.
[0024] In some embodiments, the kit or package further comprises a guide RNA or a DNA encoding the guide RNA, wherein the guide RNA comprises an antisense fragment capable of hybridizing to the target RNA molecule and an RNA tag recognizable by the RNA recognition peptide.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0025] FIG. 1 shows that MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd and MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd (E488Q) generated a large number of off-target A-to-I mutations when performing on-target editing. (a) Schematic diagram of the regular RNA editing system, which consists of two main components: (1) an effector protein consisting of MCP, XTEN linker peptide and ADAR2dd or ADAR2dd (E488Q) , (2) and a locus-specific ADAR-recruiting guide RNA (agRNA) consisting of two MS2 aptamers and an antisense (AS) region. (b) On-target RNA A-to-I editing efficiency induced by the RNA editing system shown in panel a at four different target sites. The RNA editing efficiency was measured by using RT-PCR and quantified from Sanger sequencing results. (c) The Sanger sequencing results that are quantified in 1b. (d) Off-target RNA A-to-I editing efficiency induced by the RNA editing system shown in panel a at five different off-target sites. The RNA editing efficiency was measured by using RT-PCR and quantified from Sanger sequencing results. (e) Sanger sequencing results that are quantified in panel d.
[0026] FIG. 2 demonstrates the inhibitory effect of mA3CDA2 on the adenosine deamination activity of MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd (E488Q) . (a) Schematic diagram of the fusion of MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd (E488Q) to different types of proteins. (b) On-target RNA A-to-I editing efficiency induced by the RNA editing system shown in panel a at two different target sites. The RNA editing efficiency was measured by using RT-PCR and quantified from Sanger sequencing results. (c) Sanger sequencing results that are quantified in panel b.
[0027] FIG. 3 demonstrates the inhibitory effects of different CDAs on the adenosine deamination activity of MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd (E488Q) . (a) Schematic diagram of the fusion of MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd (E488Q) to different CDAs that have potential inhibitory effects on adenosine deamination activity. (b) On-target RNA A-to-I editing efficiency induced by the RNA editing system shown in panel a at six different target sites. The RNA editing efficiency was measured by using RT-PCR and quantified from Sanger sequencing results. (c) Sanger sequencing results that are quantified in panel b.
[0028] FIG. 4 demonstrates the inhibitory effect of 2×A3DNDI on the adenosine deamination activity of MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd (E488Q) . (a) Schematic diagram of the fusion of MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd (E488Q) to 2×A3DNDI. (b) On-target RNA A-to-I editing efficiency induced by the RNA editing system shown in panel a at six different target sites. The RNA editing efficiency was measured by using RT-PCR and quantified from Sanger sequencing results. (c) Sanger sequencing results that are quantified in panel b.
[0029] FIG. 5 shows that engineering of ADAR2dd reduced off-target editing. (a) Schematic diagram of the introduction of different amino acid changes into ADAR2dd. (b) On-target RNA A-to-I editing efficiency induced by the effector proteins shown in panel a at the CTNNB1-1 target site. The RNA editing efficiency was measured by using RT-PCR and quantified from Sanger sequencing results. (c) Sanger sequencing results that are quantified in panel b.
[0030] FIG. 6 shows that the cleavage of 2×A3DNDI by the expression of free TEVp restored the on-target editing activity of MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd (E488Q) -TS-2×A3DNDI. (a) Schematic diagram of the RNA editing system that consists of three main components: (1) an effector protein (MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd (E488Q) -TS-2×A3DNDI) , (2) an intact TEV protease (TEVp) and (3) a site-specific agRNA. (b) On-target RNA A-to-I editing efficiency induced by the RNA editing system shown in panel a at four target sites. The RNA editing efficiency was measured by using RT-PCR and quantified from Sanger sequencing results. (c) Sanger sequencing results that are quantified in panel b.
[0031] FIG. 7 shows that splitting of TEV protease into halves reduced off-target editing. (a) Schematic diagram of the RNA editing system that consists of three main components: (1) an effector protein (MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd (E488Q) -TS-2×A3DNDI) , (2) the halves of TEV protease linked with a T2A slef-cleaving peptide (TEVc-T2A-TEVn or TEVn-T2A-TEVc) and (3) a locus-specific agRNA. (b) On-target RNA A-to-I editing efficiency induced by the RNA editing system shown in panel a at two target sites. The RNA editing efficiency was measured by using RT-PCR and quantified from Sanger sequencing results. (c) The Sanger sequencing results that are quantified in panel b. (d) Off-target RNA A-to-I editing efficiency induced by the RNA editing system shown in panel a at the AP3D1 off-target site. The RNA editing efficiency was measured by using RT-PCR and quantified from Sanger sequencing results. (e) The Sanger sequencing results that are quantified in panel d. (f) Off-target RNA A-to-I editing efficiency induced by the RNA editing system shown in panel a at the MDK off-target site. The RNA editing efficiency was measured by using RT-PCR and quantified from Sanger sequencing results. (g) Sanger sequencing results that are quantified in panel f.
[0032] FIG. 8 shows that engineering of agRNA reduced off-target editing. (a) Schematic diagram of the MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd (E488Q) -TS-2×A3DNDI and the λN-XTEN-TEVc-T2A-TEVn fusion proteins. (b) Engineering agRNA by linking a BoxB aptamer to the 5’ end or both 5’ and 3’ ends of the original agRNA without or with adenine strings as the linking nucleotides. (c) On-target RNA A-to-I editing efficiency induced by the RNA editing system shown in panels a and b at the CTNNB1-1 target site. The RNA editing efficiency was measured by using RT-PCR and quantified from Sanger sequencing results. (d) Off-target RNA A-to-I editing efficiency induced by the RNA editing system shown in panels a and b at two off-target sites. The RNA editing efficiency was measured by using RT-PCR and quantified from Sanger sequencing results. (e) Sanger sequencing results that are quantified in panels c and d.
[0033] FIG. 9 shows effects of linking peptide on on-target and off-target editing. (a) Schematic diagram of the replacement of the XTEN linking peptide with a GS linking peptide in the λN-XTEN-TEVc-T2A-TEVn and MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd (E488Q) -TS-2×A3DNDI fusion proteins. (b) On-target RNA A-to-I editing efficiency induced by the RNA editing system shown in panel a at two target sites. The RNA editing efficiency was measured by using RT-PCR and quantified from Sanger sequencing results. (c) Sanger sequencing results that are quantified in panel b. (d) Off-target RNA A-to-I editing efficiency induced by the RNA editing system shown in panel a at the AP3D1 off-target site. The RNA editing efficiency was measured by using RT-PCR and quantified from Sanger sequencing results. (e) Sanger sequencing results that are quantified in panel d. (f) Off-target RNA A-to-I editing efficiency induced by the RNA editing system shown in panel a at the EIF4G1 off-target site. The RNA editing efficiency was measured by using RT-PCR and quantified from Sanger sequencing results. (g) Sanger sequencing results that are quantified in panel f.
[0034] FIG. 10 shows that introduction of amino acid changes into ADAR2dd eliminated off-target mutations. (a) Schematic diagram of the introduction of amino acid changes into ADAR2dd. (b) On-target RNA A-to-I editing efficiency induced by the RNA editing system shown in panel a at two target sites. The RNA editing efficiency was measured by using RT-PCR and quantified from Sanger sequencing results. (c) Sanger sequencing results that are quantified in panel b. (d) Off-target RNA A-to-I editing efficiency induced by the RNA editing system shown in panel a at the AP3D1 off-target site. The RNA editing efficiency was measured by using RT-PCR and quantified from Sanger sequencing results. (e) Sanger sequencing results that are quantified in panel d. (f) Off-target RNA A-to-I editing efficiency induced by the RNA editing system shown in panel a at the KDELR1 off-target site. The RNA editing efficiency was measured by using RT-PCR and quantified from Sanger sequencing results. (g) Sanger sequencing results that are quantified in panel f.
[0035] FIG. 11 illustrates the mechanism of the developed RNA base editing system with a schematic diagram of the working mechanism of the new RNA base editing system.
[0036] FIG. 12 shows that engineering of ADAR2dd (with K475I / S486A) reduced off-target editing. (a) Schematic diagram of the introduction of amino acid changes K475I and S486A into ADAR2dd (residues Q316-T700) . (b) On-target RNA A-to-I editing efficiency induced by the effector proteins shown in panel a at the CTNNB1-1 target site. The RNA editing efficiency was measured by using RT-PCR and quantified from Sanger sequencing results. (c) Sanger sequencing results that are quantified in panel b. The engineered ADAR2dd (K475I / S486A) exhibited reduced off-targeting than the wild-type ADAR2dd.
[0037] FIG. 13 shows that the use of one copy of A3DNDI still effectively inhibited off-targeting editing, while allowing efficient RNA editing at the on-target sites with the 5’ -CAN, 5’ -GAN and 5’ -AAN contexts, following its removal. (a) Schematic diagram of the introduction of amino acid changes of ADAR2dd. (b) On-target RNA A-to-I editing efficiency induced by the RNA editing system shown in panel a at three target sites with 5’ -CAN, 5’ -GAN and 5’ -AAN contexts (PAICS-1, STAT1-3 and CCNI-1, respectively) . The RNA editing efficiency was measured by using RT-PCR and quantified from Sanger sequencing results. (c) Sanger sequencing results that are quantified in panel b. (d) Off-target RNA A-to-I editing efficiency induced by the RNA editing system shown in panel a at the AP3D1 off-target site. The RNA editing efficiency was measured by using RT-PCR and quantified from Sanger sequencing results. (e) Sanger sequencing results that are quantified in panel d. (f) Off-target RNA A-to-I editing efficiency induced by the RNA editing system shown in panel a at the EIF4G1 off-target site. The RNA editing efficiency was measured by using RT-PCR and quantified from Sanger sequencing results. (g) Sanger sequencing results that are quantified in panel f.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0038] Definitions
[0039] It is to be noted that the term “a” or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity; for example, “an antibody, ” is understood to represent one or more antibodies. As such, the terms “a” (or “an” ) , “one or more, ” and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein.
[0040] As used herein, the term “polypeptide” is intended to encompass a singular “polypeptide” as well as plural “polypeptides, ” and refers to a molecule composed of monomers (amino acids) linearly linked by amide bonds (also known as peptide bonds) . The term “polypeptide” refers to any chain or chains of two or more amino acids, and does not refer to a specific length of the product. Thus, peptides, dipeptides, tripeptides, oligopeptides, “protein” , “amino acid chain” or any other term used to refer to a chain or chains of two or more amino acids, are included within the definition of “polypeptide, ” and the term “polypeptide” may be used instead of, or interchangeably with any of these terms. The term “polypeptide” is also intended to refer to the products of post-expression modifications of the polypeptide, including without limitation glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization by known protecting / blocking groups, proteolytic cleavage, or modification by non-naturally occurring amino acids. A polypeptide may be derived from a natural biological source or produced by recombinant technology, but is not necessarily translated from a designated nucleic acid sequence. It may be generated in any manner, including by chemical synthesis.
[0041] “Homology” or “identity” or “similarity” refers to sequence similarity between two peptides or between two nucleic acid molecules. Homology can be determined by comparing a position in each sequence which may be aligned for purposes of comparison. When a position in the compared sequence is occupied by the same base or amino acid, then the molecules are homologous at that position. A degree of homology between sequences is a function of the number of matching or homologous positions shared by the sequences. An “unrelated” or “non-homologous” sequence shares less than 40%identity, though preferably less than 25%identity, with one of the sequences of the present disclosure.
[0042] A polynucleotide or polynucleotide region (or a polypeptide or polypeptide region) has a certain percentage (for example, 60 %, 65 %, 70 %, 75 %, 80 %, 85 %, 90 %, 95 %, 98 %or 99 %) of “sequence identity” to another sequence means that, when aligned, that percentage of bases (or amino acids) are the same in comparing the two sequences. This alignment and the percent homology or sequence identity can be determined using software programs known in the art, for example those described in Ausubel et al. eds. (2007) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. Preferably, default parameters are used for alignment. One alignment program is BLAST, using default parameters.
[0043] The term “an equivalent nucleic acid or polynucleotide” refers to a nucleic acid having a nucleotide sequence having a certain degree of homology, or sequence identity, with the nucleotide sequence of the nucleic acid or complement thereof. A homolog of a double stranded nucleic acid is intended to include nucleic acids having a nucleotide sequence which has a certain degree of homology with or with the complement thereof. In one aspect, homologs of nucleic acids are capable of hybridizing to the nucleic acid or complement thereof. Likewise, “an equivalent polypeptide” refers to a polypeptide having a certain degree of homology, or sequence identity, with the amino acid sequence of a reference polypeptide. In some aspects, the sequence identity is at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99%. In some aspects, the equivalent polypeptide or polynucleotide has one, two, three, four or five addition, deletion, substitution and their combinations thereof as compared to the reference polypeptide or polynucleotide. In some aspects, the equivalent sequence retains the activity (e.g., epitope-binding) or structure (e.g., salt-bridge) of the reference sequence.
[0044] The term “encode” as it is applied to polynucleotides refers to a polynucleotide which is said to “encode” a polypeptide if, in its native state or when manipulated by methods well known to those skilled in the art, it can be transcribed and / or translated to produce the mRNA for the polypeptide and / or a fragment thereof. The antisense strand is the complement of such a nucleic acid, and the encoding sequence can be deduced therefrom.
[0045] RNA Editing Systems
[0046] RNA editing systems and methods are described herein which are capable of conducting RNA editing specifically at the target RNA molecules, with little or no off-target editing. The new system was designed at least in part due to an unexpected discovery that inhibitory domains of cytidine deaminases are capable of inhibiting the activity of an RNA adenosine deaminase.
[0047] Many cytidine deaminases (e.g., apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzymes, catalytic polypeptide-like, or APOBEC) contain two cytidine deaminase (CDA) domains, one of which is catalytically active and the other is not. The inactive CDA domain has been found to be able to inhibit the counterpart CDA domain, or the active CDA domains of other cytidine deaminases. Such inhibitory effects did not extend to RNA editing enzymes. For instance, Wang et al. Nature Cell Biology 2021 (23) : 552–563 reported that a deaminase-CDA inhibitory domain fusion (tBE-V5-rA1) actually induced higher levels of RNA off-target mutations as compared with the conventional base editor BE3 (page 560, first paragraph) .
[0048] In a surprising discovery of the disclosure, the instant inventors demonstrated that these CDA inhibitory domains can actually effectively inhibit the RNA editing activity of ADAR enzymes (Example 2) . When a CDA inhibitory domain (e.g., mA3-CDA2) was fused to ADAR2 deaminase domain (ADAR2dd) or variant ADAR2dd (E488Q) , it significantly reduced the deaminases’ editing efficiency. Interestingly, when two copies of the CDA inhibitory domain were used, the inhibitory effect was even more pronounced.
[0049] An RNA editing system was designed based on this discovery, which includes a fusion protein that includes an RNA-specific adenosine deaminase or a deaminase domain thereof such as ADAR2dd, cleavably linked to an inhibitory domain of a cytidine deaminase, such as APOBEC. Such an inhibitory domain is hereby referred to as “nucleoside deaminase inhibitor domains” or “NDI domains. ”
[0050] Upon binding to the target RNA molecule, the NDI domain can be cleaved by a corresponding protease, allowing the RNA-specific adenosine deaminase to edit the RNA molecule efficiently. In the absence of the target RNA molecule, the RNA-specific adenosine deaminase within the fusion protein remains inactive, thereby inhibiting or preventing off-target editing.
[0051] In some embodiments, the protease is fused to an RNA recognition peptide, such as a lambda (λN) peptide, a PP7 coat protein (PCP) , or an MS2 coat protein (MCP) . Meanwhile, the corresponding RNA recognition site (referred to as RNA tags) can be added to the guide RNA to facilitate recruitment of the protease to the target RNA molecule. In some embodiments, the guide RNA already includes an RNA tag (e.g., MS2) useful for recruiting the RNA-specific adenosine deaminase which is fused to an MCP. A guide RNA that includes an extra RNA tag (e.g., BoxB or PP7) in addition to the MS2 tag is hereby referred to as “engineered agRNA, ” or “eagRNA. ”
[0052] Mutant RNA-specific adenosine deaminases have also been investigated and as shown in the examples, certain mutations and mutation combinations can help further reduce or totally eliminate off-target RNA editing.
[0053] Fusion Proteins of RNA-Specific Adenosine Deaminases
[0054] Based on these surprising and expected findings, a fusion protein is designed that can be used to generate an RNA editor with improved RNA editing specificity and efficiency. In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a fusion protein that includes a first fragment that includes an RNA-specific adenosine deaminase or a deaminase domain thereof, cleavably fused to a second fragment that includes an inhibitory domain of a nucleobase deaminase (e.g., cytidine deaminase) .
[0055] As noted, such a fusion protein would have minimum or no RNA editing activity, due to the inhibitory effect of the fused inhibitory domain of a nucleobase deaminase (NDI) . Upon separation and removal of the inhibitory domain, the adenosine deaminase or deaminase domain is then activated. The separation and release can be effected, for example, by a protease that recognizes a protease cleavage site between the two domains.
[0056] “RNA-specific adenosine deaminases” or “adenosine deaminase acting on RNA, ” are enzymes that bind to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and convert adenosine to inosine (hypoxanthine) by deamination. Inosine is structurally similar to guanine (G) which leads to inosine to cytosine (I: C) binding. As a result, the editing causes an A-to-G mutation.
[0057] Non-limiting examples of RNA-specific adenosine deaminases include ADAR1 (including isoforms ADAR1p110 and ADAR1p150) , ADAR2 (including isoforms ADAR2a and ADAR2b) , and ADAR3 A-to-G mutation. An example GenBank Gene ID for the human ADAR2 is 104 (entry name: ADARB1 adenosine deaminase RNA specific B1 [Homo sapiens (human) ] . A more extensive listing of example RNA-specific adenosine deaminases from different species is provided in Table A.
[0058] Table A. Example RNA-Specific Adenosine Deaminases
[0059] An RNA-specific adenosine deaminase typically includes a deaminase domain and one or more RNA binding domains. For the purposes of this technology, the RNA binding domains are not required. Therefore, in some embodiments, the fusion only includes the deaminase domain of the RNA-specific adenosine deaminase. For instance, the deaminase domain of human ADAR2 (SEQ ID NO: 1) includes residues 316-700.
[0060] In some embodiments, the RNA-specific adenosine deaminase or the adenosine deaminase thereof is a biological equivalent (e.g., having at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%sequence identity, or having one, two, or three amino acid addition / deletion / substitution, and having adenosine deaminase activity) of any RNA-specific adenosine deaminase or the adenosine deaminase disclosed herein.
[0061] The term “nucleobase deaminase” as used herein, refers to a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolytic deamination of nucleobases such as cytidine, deoxycytidine, adenosine and deoxyadenosine. Non-limiting examples of nucleobase deaminases include cytidine deaminases and adenosine deaminases.
[0062] “Adenosine deaminase” , also known as adenosine aminohydrolase, or ADA, is an enzyme (EC 3.5.4.4) involved in purine metabolism. It is needed for the breakdown of adenosine from food and for the turnover of nucleic acids in tissues.
[0063] Non-limiting examples of adenosine deaminases include tRNA-specific adenosine deaminase (TadA) , adenosine deaminase tRNA specific 1 (ADAT1) , adenosine deaminase tRNA specific 2 (ADAT2) , adenosine deaminase tRNA specific 3 (ADAT3) , adenosine deaminase RNA specific B1 (ADARB1) , adenosine deaminase RNA specific B2 (ADARB2) , adenosine monophosphate deaminase 1 (AMPD1) , adenosine monophosphate deaminase 2 (AMPD2) , adenosine monophosphate deaminase 3 (AMPD3) , adenosine deaminase (ADA) , adenosine deaminase 2 (ADA2) , adenosine deaminase like (ADAL) , adenosine deaminase domain containing 1 (ADAD1) , adenosine deaminase domain containing 2 (ADAD2) , adenosine deaminase RNA specific (ADAR) and adenosine deaminase RNA specific B1 (ADARB1) .
[0064] “Cytidine deaminase” refers to enzymes that catalyze the irreversible hydrolytic deamination of cytidine and deoxycytidine to uridine and deoxyuridine, respectively. Cytidine deaminases maintain the cellular pyrimidine pool. A family of cytidine deaminases is APOBEC (“apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like” ) . Members of this family are C-to-U editing enzymes. Some APOBEC family members have two domains, one domain of APOBEC like proteins is the catalytic domain, while the other domain is a pseudocatalytic domain. More specifically, the catalytic domain is a zinc dependent cytidine deaminase domain and is important for cytidine deamination. RNA editing by APOBEC-1 requires homodimerisation and this complex interacts with RNA binding proteins to form the editosome.
[0065] Non-limiting examples of APOBEC proteins include APOBEC1, APOBEC2, APOBEC3A, APOBEC3B, APOBEC3C, APOBEC3D, APOBEC3F, APOBEC3G, APOBEC3H, APOBEC4, and activation-induced (cytidine) deaminase (AID) .
[0066] Non-limiting examples of inhibitory domains of cytidine deaminase include mA3-CDA2 (SEQ ID NO: 2, or a fragment that includes at least amino acids residues 128-223 of SEQ ID NO: 2) , hA3B-CDA1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) , hA3D-CDA1 (SEQ ID NO: 85) , hA3F-CDA1 (SEQ ID NO: 54) and hA3G-CDA1 (SEQ ID NO: 92) .
[0067] A more extensive listing of inhibitory domains is provided in Table B, and the present disclosure further encompasses their biological equivalents (e.g., having at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%sequence identity, or having one, two, or three amino acid addition / deletion / substitution, and having nucleobase deaminase inhibitor activity) .
[0068] As demonstrated in the experimental examples, when two concatenated inhibitory domains were used, the inhibitory effect was more pronounced. In some embodiments, therefore, the fusion protein includes 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 of the inhibitory domains, which may be the same inhibitory domains or different ones. In some embodiments, the inhibitory domains are disposed together, N-terminal or C-terminal to the RNA-specific adenosine deaminase or deaminase domain thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the one or more inhibitory domains are disposed C-terminal to the RNA-specific adenosine deaminase or deaminase domain thereof.
[0069] Table B. Example nucleoside deaminase inhibitor (NDI) domains
[0070] The protease cleavage site between the first fragment and the second fragment can be any known protease cleavage site (peptide) for any protease. In a preferred embodiment, the protease is not an endogenous protease in a target cell (e.g., human cell) . Non-limiting examples of proteases include TEV protease, TuMV protease, PPV protease, PVY protease, ZIKV protease and WNV protease. The protein sequences of example proteases and their corresponding cleavage sites are provided in Table C.
[0071] Table C. Relevant sequences
[0072] In some embodiments, the fusion protein further includes an RNA recognition peptide which is useful for recognizing an accompanying guide RNA. Non-limiting examples of RNA recognition peptides include a MS2 coat protein (MCP, SEQ ID NO: 107) that recognizes MS2 aptamer (SEQ ID NO: 106) , a lambda (λN) peptide (SEQ ID NO: 109) that recognizes BoxB (SEQ ID NO: 108) , and a PP7 coat protein (PCP, SEQ ID NO: 111) that recognizes PP7 (SEQ ID NO: 110) . In a preferred embodiment, the fused RNA recognition peptide is MCP.
[0073] In some embodiments, the RNA recognition peptide is linked to the RNA-specific adenosine deaminase or deaminase domain thereof through a linker. An example linker is XTEN.
[0074] Mutant ADAR2 and ADAR2dd
[0075] Through screening, the instant inventors have uncovered a number of mutations to the ADAR2 protein which, alone or in combination, can increase the specificity of the RNA editing systems.
[0076] In some embodiments, the one or more mutations are at a residue selected from R348, V351, T375, N473, K475, S486, E488, K594, E620, and Q696 (amino acid positions according to SEQ ID NO: 1) . In some embodiments, the one or more mutations are at a residue selected from V351, T375, N473, K475, S486, E488, K594, E620, and Q696 (amino acid positions according to SEQ ID NO: 1) .
[0077] In some embodiments, at least one of the mutations is at a residue selected from R348, N473, and Q696 (amino acid positions according to SEQ ID NO: 1) .
[0078] Suitable mutations have been identified, such as V351G, T375S, N473S, K475I, K475Q, S486A, E488Q, K594I, E620G, and Q696F. In some embodiments, at least one of the mutations in the ADAR2 or ADAR2dd is N473S, K475I, or Q696F.
[0079] In some embodiments, the ADAR2 or ADAR2dd includes a combination of mutations selected from E488Q / V351G, E488Q / T375S, E488Q / N473S, E488Q / K475I, E488Q / S486A, E488Q / K594I, E488Q / E620G, E488Q / Q696F, E488Q / K475Q, E488Q / K475I / S486A, or K475I / S486A.
[0080] In some embodiments, the mutant ADAR2 or ADAR2dd is used in a conventional RNA editing system. In some embodiments, the mutant ADAR2 or ADAR2dd is used in a fusion protein as disclosed herein.
[0081] Fusion Proteins of Split Proteases
[0082] An advantage of one embodiment of the instant RNA editing system is that it is activated after the deaminase is recruited by the agRNA, via cleavage and removal of the fused inhibitory domain (NDI) . Accordingly, in one embodiment, a fusion protein is provided that includes the protease and an RNA recognition peptide which is capable of recognizing the guide RNA.
[0083] A conventional guide RNA includes an antisense RNA fragment (AS) that is complementary to the target RNA molecule, preferably with a mismatch (e.g., U=>C) opposite to the desired edit (e.g., A=>I) in the target RNA. In addition, the guide RNA includes two RNA tags (e.g., MS2) flanking the antisense RNA fragment (AS) , to be recognized by an MCP fused to the RNA-specific adenosine deaminase.
[0084] In some embodiments, the fusion protein of the protease includes an MCP that can also recognize the MS2 in the guide RNA. In a preferred embodiment, the fusion protein of the protease includes an RNA recognition peptide that is different from MCP. Examples include a lambda (λN) peptide (SEQ ID NO: 109) that recognizes BoxB (SEQ ID NO: 108) , and a PP7 coat protein (PCP, SEQ ID NO: 111) that recognizes PP7 (SEQ ID NO: 110) . In some embodiments, the RNA recognition peptide is a lambda (λN) peptide (SEQ ID NO: 109) .
[0085] To further reduce off-target editing, the protease may be split into two halves, each alone is incapable of cleaving the protease site. One such example is for TEV protease, which can be split into an N-terminal domain (TEVn, SEQ ID NO: 93) and a C-terminal domain (TEVc, SEQ ID NO: 94) . In accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure, therefore, the protease in the fusion protein includes a TEVn and a TEVc, linked through a self-cleaving peptide. The use of the self-cleaving peptide ensures that they are separated from each other upon translation, and thus at least one of them is separate from the RNA recognition peptide.
[0086] In some embodiments, the protease cleavage site is a self-cleaving peptide, such as the 2A peptides. “2A peptides” are 18-22 amino-acid-long viral oligopeptides that mediate “cleavage” of polypeptides during translation in eukaryotic cells. The designation “2A” refers to a specific region of the viral genome and different viral 2As have generally been named after the virus they were derived from. The first discovered 2A was F2A (foot-and-mouth disease virus) , after which E2A (equine rhinitis A virus) , P2A (porcine teschovirus-1 2A) , and T2A (thosea asigna virus 2A) were also identified. A few non-limiting examples of 2A peptides are provided in SEQ ID NO: 112-114.
[0087] In some embodiments, the TEVn is disposed N-terminal to the TEVc. In some embodiments, the TEVn is disposed C-terminal to the TEVc. In some embodiments, the RNA recognition peptide is fused to the TEVn, optionally through a peptide linker (e.g., XTEN) . In some embodiments, the RNA recognition peptide is fused to the TEVc, optionally through a peptide linker (e.g., XTEN) .
[0088] In a particular example, the RNA recognition peptide is N-terminal to the TEVc, which is in turn linked, through a self-cleavage site, to the N-terminus of the TEVn. In some embodiments, each of the TEVn and TEVc is further fused to a nuclear export signal (NES) .
[0089] In some embodiments, a peptide linker is optionally provided between each of the fragments in the fusion protein. In some embodiments, the peptide linker has from 1 to 100 amino acid residues (or 3-20, 4-15, without limitation) . In some embodiments, at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%or 90%of the amino acid residues of peptide linker are amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of alanine, glycine, cysteine, and serine.
[0090] For any fusion protein of the present disclosure, biological equivalents thereof are also provided. In some embodiments, the biological equivalents have at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99%sequence identity with the reference fusion protein. Preferably, the biological equivalents retained the desired activity of the reference fusion protein. In some embodiments, the biological equivalents are derived by including one, two, three, four, five or more amino acid additions, deletions, substitutions, of the combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the substitution is a conservative amino acid substitution.
[0091] A “conservative amino acid substitution” is one in which the amino acid residue is replaced with an amino acid residue having a similar side chain. Families of amino acid residues having similar side chains have been defined in the art, including basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine) , acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid) , uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine) , nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan) , beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine) . Thus, a nonessential amino acid residue in an immunoglobulin polypeptide is preferably replaced with another amino acid residue from the same side chain family. In another embodiment, a string of amino acids can be replaced with a structurally similar string that differs in order and / or composition of side chain family members.
[0092] Engineered ADAR-Recruiting Guide RNA (eagRNA)
[0093] Engineered agRNA are also provided that can work with the new RNA editing systems of the present disclosure.
[0094] As provided, a conventional guide RNA includes an antisense RNA fragment (AS) that is complementary to the target RNA molecule, preferably with a mismatch (e.g., U=>C) opposite to the desired edit (e.g., A=>I) in the target RNA. In addition, the guide RNA includes two RNA tags (e.g., MS2) flanking the antisense RNA fragment (AS) , to be recognized by an MCP fused to the RNA-specific adenosine deaminase.
[0095] In an engineered agRNA (eagRNA) , one or two copies of another RNA tag is added, which is recognizable by the RNA recognition peptide of the fusion protein which contains the protease (or split protease) . In one embodiment, the RNA tag is BoxB (SEQ ID NO: 108) which is recognized by the lambda (λN) peptide (SEQ ID NO: 109) . In another embodiment, the RNA tag is PP7 (SEQ ID NO: 110) which is recognized by a PP7 coat protein (PCP, SEQ ID NO: 111) .
[0096] Placement of the additional RNA tags, as well as the MS2 aptamers, can be designed as needed, some of which are illustrated in FIG. 8b. In one embodiment, the eagRNA includes two MS2 flanking the antisense fragment, along with a BoxB or PP7. In some embodiments, the BoxB or PP7 is disposed 5’ to the 5’ MS2. In some embodiments, the BoxB or PP7 is disposed 3’ to the 3’ MS2.
[0097] In some embodiments, the BoxB or PP7 is disposed between the 5’ MS2 and the antisense fragment. In some embodiments, the BoxB or PP7 is disposed between the 3’ MS2 and the antisense fragment.
[0098] In some embodiments, the eagRNA includes two copies of the BoxB or PP7. In some embodiments, both copies of the BoxB or PP7 are outside of the two MS2 (one on each side) . In some embodiments, both copies of the BoxB or PP7 are disposed between the corresponding MS2 and the antisense fragment. In a preferred embodiment, both copies of the λN peptide are outside of the two MS2, arranged as 5’ -λN peptide-MS2-antisense-MS2-λN peptide-3’ .
[0099] In some embodiments, each BoxB or PP7 is directly connected to an adjacent MS2. In some embodiments, one, two, three, four, five or six nucleotides (e.g., A, or AAA) are inserted between each BoxB or PP7 and the adjacent MS2. In some embodiments, the number of separating nucleotides is an odd number (e.g., 1, 3, or 5, such as A, AAA, and AAAAA) .
[0100] RNA Editing
[0101] Methods of RNA editing, in particular in a target cell, are also provided, that employ one or more molecules of the instant disclosure.
[0102] For instance, the method entails introducing to a target cell (A) a first polynucleotide encoding a fusion protein that comprises a first fragment comprising an RNA-specific adenosine deaminase or a deaminase domain thereof, a second fragment comprising an inhibitory domain of a cytidine deaminase, a protease cleavage site between the first fragment and the second fragment, and an RNA recognition peptide, (B) a second polynucleotide encoding a protease capable of cleaving the protease cleavage site, and (C) a guide RNA or a DNA encoding the guide RNA, wherein the guide RNA comprises an antisense fragment capable of hybridizing to the target RNA molecule and an RNA tag recognizable by the RNA recognition peptide.
[0103] Upon introduction into the target cell, the guide RNA is able to identify and bind to the target RNA molecule to be edited. By virtue of inclusion of the RNA tag, the guide RNA can recruit the fusion protein, which includes the RNA-specific adenosine deaminase or a deaminase domain thereof, to the target RNA molecule. However, the RNA-specific adenosine deaminase or a deaminase domain thereof in this fusion protein is inactive, until the protease is also present.
[0104] In one embodiment, the protease is fused to a second RNA recognition peptide, and the guide RNA further includes a second RNA tag recognizable by the second RNA recognition peptide. For instance, the first RNA tag may be an MS2 aptamer and the corresponding RNA recognition peptide is a MS2 coat protein (MCP) ; the second RNA tag may be a BoxB or a PP7 aptamer and the corresponding RNA recognition peptide is a lambda (λN) peptide or a PP7 coat protein (PCP) .
[0105] In this arrangement, the guide RNA is also able to recruit the protease to the target RNA molecule wherein the fusion protein is present. The protease is then able to remove the inhibitory domain of the cytidine deaminase, thereby activating the RNA-specific adenosine deaminase or the deaminase domain thereof.
[0106] In some embodiments, the protease is split into two halves, separated by a self-cleaving site. The two halves each does not have protease activity. When the protease is expressed in the cell, the two halves will be separated due to self-cleavage of the self-cleaving site. However, one of them is fused to the second RNA tag and can help recruit that half to the target RNA molecule. The other half, albert as a standalone protein, can still meet the first half by free diffusion, to initiate the protease reaction. Such an arrangement, as demonstrated in the experimental example, can further inhibit off-target editing.
[0107] In some embodiments, the protease is TEV, and the two halves are the N-terminal domain (TEVn) and the C-terminal domain (TEVc) . In some embodiments, the guide RNA is an eagRNA as disclosed above.
[0108] In some embodiments, the fusion protein includes one copy of the inhibitory domain of the cytidine deaminase (e.g., mA3-CDA2) . In some embodiments, the fusion protein includes two or more of the inhibitory domains. Example configurations of the fusion protein with the inhibitory domains are described above and are incorporated herein.
[0109] In some embodiments, the RNA-specific adenosine deaminase or deaminase domain thereof includes one or more mutations as disclosed herein, which can further improve the editing specificity. For instance, the mutation is at a residue selected from R348, V351, T375, N473, K475, S486, E488, K594, E620, and Q696 (amino acid positions according to SEQ ID NO: 1) . In some embodiments, the mutation is at a residue selected from V351, T375, N473, K475, S486, E488, K594, E620, and Q696 (amino acid positions according to SEQ ID NO: 1) .
[0110] In some embodiments, the mutations are one or more of V351G, T375S, N473S, K475I, K475Q, S486A, E488Q, K594I, E620G, and Q696F. In some embodiments, at least one of the mutations in the ADAR2 or ADAR2dd is N473S, K475I, or Q696F.
[0111] In some embodiments, the engineered ADAR2 or ADAR2dd includes a combination of mutations selected from E488Q / V351G, E488Q / T375S, E488Q / N473S, E488Q / K475I, E488Q / S486A, E488Q / K594I, E488Q / E620G, E488Q / Q696F, E488Q / K475Q, E488Q / K475I / S486A, or K475I / S486A.
[0112] The editing can be conducted in vitro, in particular in a cell culture. When the editing is ex vivo, or in vivo, the RNA editing systems of the present disclosure can exhibit clinical / therapeutic significance. The in vivo introduction to a cell may be administration to a live subject, such as a human, an animal, a yeast, a plant, a bacterium, a virus, without limitation.
[0113] Kits and packages with components suitable for conducting the disclosed methods are also provided. For instance, the kit or package may include (A) a first polynucleotide encoding a fusion protein that comprises a first fragment comprising an RNA-specific adenosine deaminase or a deaminase domain thereof, a second fragment comprising an inhibitory domain of a cytidine deaminase, a protease cleavage site between the first fragment and the second fragment, and an RNA recognition peptide, and (B) a second polynucleotide encoding a protease capable of cleaving the protease cleavage site.
[0114] In some embodiments, the kit of package further includes (C) a guide RNA or a DNA encoding the guide RNA, wherein the guide RNA comprises an antisense fragment capable of hybridizing to the target RNA molecule and an RNA tag recognizable by the RNA recognition peptide.
[0115] Each component of the kit / package has been described in more detail above, and such information is incorporated herein.
[0116] EXAMPLES
[0117] Example 1. Off-Taret Editing of ADAR2dd and ADAR2dd (E488Q)
[0118] This example tested the extent of off-target editing of the ADAR2 deaminase domain (ADAR2dd) and its variant ADAR2dd (E488Q) .
[0119] ADAR2dd and ADAR2dd (E488Q) were fused to MS2 binding protein (MCP) through a XTEN linker peptide (FIG. 1a) . The fusion proteins were guided by an ADAR-recruiting guide RNA (agRNA) that contained a MS2 aptamer at both the 5’ and 3’ ends of antisense (AS) target region (FIG. 1a) . We co-transfected six agRNAs designed to bind four on-target sites (CTNNB1-1, CTNNB1-2, PPIB-1 and STAT1-1) with MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd or MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd (E488Q) into HEK293FT cells. After 48 hours, we extracted cellular RNAs for reverse transcription and then PCR amplified the on-target sites and potential off-target sites to determine the RNA editing effects.
[0120] We found that MCP-ADAR2dd and MCP-ADAR2dd (E488Q) achieved around 40-80%A-to-I editing efficiency at the four tested on-target sites (FIG. 1b, 1c) . But at the same time, we found that both MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd and MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd (E488Q) triggered significant off-target editing (around 30-80%) at five examined off-target sites (KDELR1, MYBL2, MDK, PSMD1 and AP3D1) when co-transfected with an agRNA (e.g., agCTNNB1-1) (FIG. 1d, 1e) . By comparison, no obvious off-target editing was detected in the corresponding non-transfected (NT) groups (FIG. 1d, 1e) . Interestingly, the fived detected off-target sites have no sequence similarity between each other or to the on-target site. These results suggest that both MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd and MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd (E488Q) triggered transcriptome-wide off-target mutations though they can mediate efficient A-I editing at the on-target RNA site.
[0121] Example 2. Inhibition of Editing with Nucleoside Deaminase Inhibitor (NDI) Domains
[0122] This example attempted to reduce the off-target mutations of these ADAR2 enzymes through inhibition of their deamination activity.
[0123] Some of the APOBEC cytidine deaminase family members contain dual cytidine deaminase (CDA) domains, one of which is catalytically inactive and able to inhibit the activity of the flanking, catalytically active one. It has been shown, however, while such CDA inhibitory domains effectively inhibited deaminases’ DNA editing activity, they led to increased RNA editing. For instance, Wang et al. Nature Cell Biology 2021 (23) : 552–563 reported that a deaminase-CDA inhibitory domain fusion (tBE-V5-rA1) actually induced higher levels of RNA off-target mutations as compared with the conventional base editor BE3 (page 560, first paragraph) .
[0124] In a surprising discovery of the instant disclosure, the instant inventors demonstrated below that these CDA inhibitory domains can actually effectively inhibit the RNA editing activity of ADAR enzymes.
[0125] Here, we fused the mouse APOBEC3 cytidine deamination domain 2 (mA3-CDA2) , a CDA inhibitory domain, to MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd (E488Q) (FIG. 2a) . For reference, we also tested three other proteins / domains, i.e., EGFP (non-relevant protein) , ADAR3 (adeaminase-deficient ADAR family member that can bind to some RNAs and suppress the editing by ADAR1 and ADAR2) and Vif239 (aE3 ubiquitin ligase for some cytidine deaminases) to MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd (E488Q) (FIG. 2a) . After co-transfection of these fusion proteins with two agRNAs, we found that the fusion of mA3-CDA2 and Vif239 markedly decreased the editing frequency of ADAR2dd (E488Q) as compared to the EGFP control, while the fusion of ADAR3 only slightly reduced the editing frequency of ADAR2dd (E488Q) (FIG. 2b, 2c) . These experiments demonstrate that the CDA inhibitory domains (e.g., mA3-CDA2) also have an inhibitory effect on the activity of adenosine deaminases, such as ADARs.
[0126] To further explore whether other catalytically inactive, CDA inhibitory domains can suppress the activity of ADAR2dd (E488Q) , we fused the CDA inhibitory domains of human APOBEC3B (hA3B-CDA1, SEQ ID NO: 3) , human APOBEC3D (hA3D-CDA1, SEQ ID NO: 85) , human APOBEC3F (hA3F-CDA1, SEQ ID NO: 54) and human APOBEC3G (hA3G-CDA1, SEQ ID NO: 92) to MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd (E488Q) (FIG. 3a) . Then we measured the editing efficiencies of these constructed fusion proteins with the co-expression of six agRNAs (agPPIB-1, agPPIB-2, agSTAT1-1, agSTAT1-2, agCTNNB1-1 and agCTNNB1-3) against six different RNA on-target sites. The results showed that all tested CDA inhibitory domains inhibited the adenosine deaminase activity of ADAR2dd (E488Q) and A3DCDA2 has the highest inhibition effect (FIG. 3b, 3c) .
[0127] These results demonstrate that inhibitory CDA domains can inhibit the adenosine deaminase activity of ADARs, in addition to the previously reported inhibitory effect on cytidine deaminase activity. Thus, these CDA inhibitory domains are referred to as nucleoside deaminase inhibitor (NDI) domains.
[0128] Example 3. Further Inhibition of Deaminase Activity with Two NDI Domains
[0129] This example tested whether the fusion of an additional copy of the NDI domain can further enhance the inhibition activity of the NDI domain.
[0130] We fused two copies of human APOBEC3D NDI (A3DNDI) to MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd (E488Q) (FIG. 4a) and compared the editing efficiency of the resulted MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd (E488Q) -2×A3DNDI with that of MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd (E488Q) -A3DNDI (FIG. 4b, 4c) . As shown in FIG. 4b and 4c, the fusion of two copies of A3DNDI displayed stronger inhibitory effects than the fusion of one copy of A3DNDI.
[0131] Nevertheless, further testing showed that even a single copy of the NDI can still achieve effective inhibition of off-target editing. FIG. 13a provides schematic diagram of RNA editing systems tested here. The three tested RNA editing systems, as illustrated, all included just one copy of the A3DNDI fused, through a TEV protease cleavage site (TS) , to an engineered ADAR2dd, with different mutations. The mutations in these ADAR2dd proteins include K475Q / E488Q, K475I / S486A / E488Q, and K475I / S486A, respectively.
[0132] The on-target editing efficiency was tested at three target sites, with 5’ -CAN, 5’ -GAN and 5’ -AAN contexts (PAICS-1, STAT1-3 and CCNI-1, respectively) . The RNA editing efficiency was measured by using RT-PCR and quantified from Sanger sequencing results (FIG. 13c) . Sanger sequencing results are quantified in FIG. 13b. As shown, all three editing systems exhibited excellent editing efficiencies.
[0133] The off-target A-to-I editing was tested at the AP3D1 sites, measured by using RT-PCR and quantified from Sanger sequencing results (FIG. 13e) . As summarized in FIG. 13d, the off-targeting rates were all quite low, in particular with the K475I / S486A / E488Q and K475 / S486A mutations. Similar results were observed at the EIF4G1 off-target site (FIG. 13f and 13g) .
[0134] Example 4. Inhibitory Mutations
[0135] This example tested whether mutations in the ADAR2 sequence can further reduce its deamination activity, which could potentially help reduce off-target editing.
[0136] We engineered ADAR2dd by introducing certain amino acid changes, including E488Q, S486A, E488Q / R348A, E488Q / V351G, E488Q / T375S, E488Q / N473S, E488Q / K475I, E488Q / K475Q, E488Q / S486A, E488Q / K594I, E488Q / E620G and E488Q / Q696F (FIG. 5a, 5b) . We then examined the editing frequencies of engineered proteins with or without the fusion of 2×A3DNDI (FIG. 5b, 5c) .
[0137] Table 1. ADAR2dd Sequences
[0138] Except for E488Q / R348A, the other amino acid changes displayed relative low editing frequencies as compared to ADAR2dd (E488Q) when fused with 2×A3DNDI and maintained relatively high editing efficiency without the fusion of 2×A3DNDI (FIG. 5b, 5c) .
[0139] Example 5. On-Target Activation of RNA Base Editor
[0140] This example sought to develop a new RNA adenine base editing system which releases the editing activity of an inactive RNA adenine base editor at on-target sites.
[0141] First, we inserted a TEV protease cleavage site (TS) between ADAR2dd (E488Q) and 2×A3DNDI (FIG. 6a) and found that the inhibitory effect of 2×A3DNDI remained (FIG. 6b, 6c) . Co-expression of the intact TEV protease, MCP-ADAR2dd (E488Q) -TS-2×A3DNDI and the corresponding agRNA restored the editing efficiency at the on-target sites (FIG. 6b, 6c) , as the TEV protease was able to cleave the TS and remove the 2×A3DNDI thereby activating the ADAR2dd (E488Q) .
[0142] Unfortunately, it was found that the co-expression of intact TEV protease (FIG. 7a-7c) also restored off-target editing (FIG. 7d-7g) , suggesting that the intact TEV protease is able to access the TS and cleave the NDI off regardless of RNA sites, probably due to the free diffusion of intact TEV protease.
[0143] To reduce the off-target effects of our RNA base editing system, we split TEV protease into two halves, i.e., the C-terminal half (TEVc) and the N-terminal half (TEVn) , added nuclear export signal (NES) to the C-terminus of TEVc and N-terminus of TEVn. The two TEV halves were linked via T2A self-cleaving peptides, which ensures the two TEV halves were produced as two separate proteins (FIG. 7a) . After co-expression of agRNA and MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd (E488Q) -2×A3DNDI with either TEVc-T2A-TEVn or TEVn-T2A-TEVn, we found that off-target editing was significantly reduced, particularly when TEVc-T2A-TEVn was co-expressed (FIG. 7d-7g) even though the on-target editing decreased too (FIG. 7b, 7c) .
[0144] Then we tried to engineer agRNA to enhance on-target editing efficiency. We fused λN peptides, which can bind to a BoxB aptamer, to the N-terminus of TEVc via a XTEN linker (FIG. 8a) and also added a BoxB aptamer to the 5’ end or both 5’ and 3’ ends of the original agRNA (FIG. 8b) . After co-transfection of MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd (E488Q) -TS-2×A3DNDI, λN-XTEN-TEVc-T2A-TEVn together with the engineered agRNAs, we found that all these agRNAs induced efficient editing at the on-target site (FIG. 8c, 8e) . At two confirmed off-target sites, we found that BoxB-MS2-AS-MS2-BoxB-agRNA triggered relatively low levels of off-target mutations (FIG. 8d, 8e) . Thus, we chose BoxB-MS2-AS-MS2-BoxB-agRNA (refer to as engineered agRNA, eagRNA) in the following study.
[0145] We also tested the effect of linker peptides on the performance of our RNA base editing system. We replaced the XTEN linker with a GS diresidue in MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd (E488Q) -TS-2×A3DNDI and / or λN-XTEN-TEVc-T2A-TEVn (FIG. 9a) and co-transfected them with eagRNA into HEK293FT cells. We found that both λN-GS-TEVc-T2A-TEVn and MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd (E488Q) -TS-2×A3DNDI induced efficient on-target editing (FIG. 9b, 9c) and meanwhile triggered low levels of off-target editing at two off-target sites (FIG. 9d-9g) .
[0146] To completely suppress the off-target editing by our RNA base editing system, we introduced into ADAR2dd more amino acid changes, K475Q / E488Q, K475I / S486A / E488Q or K475I / S486A (FIG. 10a) and tested their effects on on-target and off-target editing (FIG. 10b-10g) . We found that MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd (K475Q / E488Q) -TS-2×A3DNDI induced the highest on-target editing efficiency (FIG. 10b, 10c) while still triggering low levels of off-target editing (FIG. 10d-10g) . MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd (K475I / S486A / E488Q) -TS-2×A3DNDI induced slightly lower on-target editing efficiency than MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd (K475I / E488Q) -TS-2×A3DNDI (FIG. 10b, 10c) but the off-target editing was significantly suppressed (FIG. 10d-10g) . Of note, MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd (K475I / S486A) -TS-2×A3DNDI induced no observable off-target editing as compared to the non-transfected (NT) control (FIG. 10d-10g) although its on-target editing efficiency was relatively lower than those induced by MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd (K475Q / E488Q) -TS-2×A3DNDI and MCP-XTEN-ADAR2dd (K475I / S486A / E488Q) -TS-2×A3DNDI (FIG. 10b, 10c) .
[0147] The proposed working mechanism of the new RNA base editor is illustrated in FIG. 11. The editing activity of the MCP-ADAR2dd is suppressed by the fusing 2×A3DNDI, thus preventing the off-target mutations resulting from the binding of free MCP-ADAR2dd to the RNA off-target sites that can interact with MCP or ADAR2dd. Thew newly developed eagRNA contains BoxB and MS2 to recruit the effector protein. After the MCP-ADAR2dd-TS-2×A3DNDI fusion protein is recruited to the eagRNA, the 2×A3DNDI is cleaved off by the recombined TEV protease. Then, the MCP-ADAR2dd-eagRNA complex can bind to the target RNA and induce efficient A-to-I on-target editing. Certain mutations (e.g., K475I / S486A / E488Q or K475I / S486A) can be incorporated to further reduce or even eliminate off-target editing.
[0148] Further testing was conducted for ADAR2dd with K475I / S486A mutations (illustrated in FIG. 12a) . The results are show in FIG. 12c and summarized in FIG. 12b. As shown in FIG. 12b-c, the engineered ADAR2dd (K475I / S486A) exhibited reduced off-targeting as compared to the wild-type ADAR2dd.
[0149] ***
[0150] The present disclosure is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described which are intended as single illustrations of individual aspects of the disclosure, and any compositions or methods which are functionally equivalent are within the scope of this disclosure. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the methods and compositions of the present disclosure without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Thus, it is intended that the present disclosure cover the modifications and variations of this disclosure provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
[0151] All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
Claims
1.A fusion protein comprising:a first fragment comprising an RNA-specific adenosine deaminase or a deaminase domain thereof,a second fragment comprising an inhibitory domain of a cytidine deaminase, anda protease cleavage site between the first fragment and the second fragment.2.The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the RNA-specific adenosine deaminase is an adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) , optionally selected from the group consisting of ADAR1, ADAR2 and ADAR3.3.The fusion protein of claim 2, wherein the ADAR is a human ADAR2, which comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, or an amino acid sequence having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1.4.The fusion protein of claim 3, wherein the ADAR2 comprises, as compared to SEQ ID NO: 1, one or more mutations selected from the group consisting of R348V, V351G, T375S, N473S, K475I, K475Q, S486A, E488Q, K594I, E620G, and Q696F.5.The fusion protein of claim 4, wherein ADAR2 comprises, as compared to SEQ ID NO: 1, mutations selected from the group consisting of K475Q and E488Q, K475I and S486A / E488Q, and K475I and S486A.6.The fusion protein of any one of claims 3-5, wherein the deaminase domain of the ADAR2 comprises amino acid residues 316-700 of SEQ ID NO: 1.7.The fusion protein of any preceding claim, wherein the cytidine deaminase is an APOBEC (apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like) .8.The fusion protein of claim 7, wherein the inhibitory domain comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 2-91, or an amino acid sequence having at least 85%sequence identity to any of the amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 2-92.9.The fusion protein of claim 7, wherein the inhibitory domain is selected from the group consisting of mA3-CDA2, hA3B-CDA1, hA3D-CDA1, hA3F-CDA1 and hA3G-CDA1.10.The fusion protein of claim 7, wherein the nucleobase deaminase inhibitor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or amino acids residues 128-223 of SEQ ID NO: 2.11.The fusion protein of any preceding claim, wherein the protease cleavage site is not recognized by an endogenous protease of human cells.12.The fusion protein of any preceding claim, wherein the protease cleavage site is recognized by a protease selected from the group consisting of TuMV protease, PPV protease, PVY protease, ZIKV protease and WNV protease.13.The fusion protein of claim 12, wherein the protease cleavage site is a TEV protease cleavage site.14.The fusion protein of any preceding claim, wherein the second fragment comprises at least two of the inhibitory domains, which are optionally the same inhibitory domains or different inhibitory domains.15.A fusion protein, comprising (a) an N-terminal domain (TEVn) of a TEV protease, (b) a C-terminal domain of the TEV protease (TEVc) , (c) a self-cleavage site between the TEVn and the TEVc, and (d) an RNA recognition peptide.16.The fusion protein of claim 15, wherein the TEVn is C-terminal to the TEVc.17.The fusion protein of claim 16, wherein the RNA recognition peptide is a lambda (λN) peptide, a PP7 coat protein (PCP) , or an MS2 coat protein (MCP) .18.The fusion protein of claim 16, wherein the RNA recognition peptide is a lambda (λN) peptide.19.A mutant human ADAR2 deaminase domain (ADAR2dd) or a mutant ADAR2 comprising the ADAR2dd, wherein the ADAR2dd comprises a mutation selected from the group consisting of:R348A;N473S;K475I;Q696F;E488Q / V351G;E488Q / T375S;E488Q / N473S;E488Q / K475I;E488Q / S486A;E488Q / K594I;E488Q / E620G;E488Q / Q696F;E488Q / K475Q;E488Q / K475I / S486A;K475I / S486A, and combinations thereof,wherein the amino acid positions are according to SEQ ID NO: 1.20.The mutant ADAR2dd or ADAR2 of claim 19, wherein the ADAR2dd comprises the mutations of E488Q / K475Q, E488Q / K475I / S486A, or K475I / S486A.21.A guide RNA for recognizing a target RNA sequence, or a DNA encoding the guide RNA, wherein the guide RNA comprises an antisense fragment capable of hybridizing to the target RNA sequence flanked by two MS2 aptamers, and an RNA tag that is recognizable by an RNA recognition peptide which is not a MS2 coat protein (MCP) .22.The guide RNA or the DNA encoding the guide RNA of claim 21, wherein the RNA tag is a BoxB or a PP7 aptamer.23.The guide RNA or the DNA encoding the guide RNA of claim 21 or 22, wherein the guide RNA comprises two copies of the RNA tag.24.The guide RNA or the DNA encoding the guide RNA of claim 23, wherein the two RNA tags are outside of the two MS2 aptamers.25.The guide RNA or the DNA encoding the guide RNA of claim 24, wherein the two RNA tags each is separated from the corresponding MS2 aptamer by 1 or 3 nucleotides.26.A polynucleotide encoding the fusion protein of any one of claims 1-18, or the mutant ADAR2dd or ADAR2 of claim 19 or 20.27.A method for editing a target RNA molecule in a cell, comprising introducing to the cell:a first polynucleotide encoding a fusion protein that comprises a first fragment comprising an RNA-specific adenosine deaminase or a deaminase domain thereof, a second fragment comprising an inhibitory domain of a cytidine deaminase, a protease cleavage site between the first fragment and the second fragment, and an RNA recognition peptide;a second polynucleotide encoding a protease capable of cleaving the protease cleavage site; anda guide RNA or a DNA encoding the guide RNA, wherein the guide RNA comprises an antisense fragment capable of hybridizing to the target RNA molecule and an RNA tag recognizable by the RNA recognition peptide.28.The method of claim 27, wherein the RNA tag comprises an MS2 aptamer and the RNA recognition peptide comprises a MS2 coat protein (MCP) .29.The method of claim 27 or 28, wherein the protease comprises (a) an N-terminal domain (TEVn) of a TEV protease, (b) a C-terminal domain of the TEV protease (TEVc) , and (c) a self-cleavage site between the TEVn and the TEVc.30.The method of claim 29, wherein the protease is fused to a second RNA recognition peptide, and the guide RNA further comprises a second RNA tag recognizable by the second RNA recognition peptide.31.The method of claim 30, wherein the second RNA recognition peptide comprises a lambda (λN) peptide or a PP7 coat protein (PCP) , and the second RNA tag comprises a BoxB or a PP7 aptamer.32.The method of claim 31, wherein the guide RNA comprises the antisense fragment flanked by two copies of the RNA tag, which are flanked by two copies of the second RNA tag.33.The method of any one of claims 27-32, wherein the cell is a mammalian cell, preferably a human cell.34.The method of any one of claims 27-33, which is conducted in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo.35.A kit or package comprising:a first polynucleotide encoding a fusion protein that comprises a first fragment comprising an RNA-specific adenosine deaminase or a deaminase domain thereof, a second fragment comprising an inhibitory domain of a cytidine deaminase, a protease cleavage site between the first fragment and the second fragment, and an RNA recognition peptide; anda second polynucleotide encoding a protease capable of cleaving the protease cleavage site.36.The kit or package of claim 35, further comprising a guide RNA or a DNA encoding the guide RNA, wherein the guide RNA comprises an antisense fragment capable of hybridizing to the target RNA molecule and an RNA tag recognizable by the RNA recognition peptide.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
RNA fixed-point editing by artificially constructing RNA editing enzyme and related application
CN111793627A
Inhibition of unintended mutations in gene editing
CN113661248A
Application of fusion protein in genetic editing
CN116355966A