Method and apparatus for communication
The method and apparatus for communication in the 6G system address the challenges of frequent handover by using a downlink RB COUNT for key derivation and introducing the SPM-KMF function, thereby preventing replay attacks and reducing network costs.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/071633
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-09-29
- Filing Date
- 2024-01-10
- Publication Date
- 2025-04-03
AI Technical Summary
The frequent handover in future wireless networks, such as the 6G system, affects the performance of existing key derivation methods, leading to potential replay attacks and increased network costs.
A method and apparatus for communication that utilize a downlink RB COUNT as an input for key derivation, enabling freshness confirmation of messages and preventing replay attacks. Additionally, a network function called SPM-KMF is introduced to handle key derivation during handovers, reducing overhead and costs.
The proposed solution effectively prevents replay attacks and ensures forward security by using the downlink RB COUNT in key derivation, while reducing network overhead and costs through the SPM-KMF function.
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Figure CN2024071633_03042025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR COMMUNICATION
[0001] The present application is related to, and claims priority to, United States provisional patent application serial No. 63 / 586,585, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD ON KEY DERIVATION IN SECURITY HANDOVER MECHANISM” , and filed on September 29, 2023. The disclosure of the aforementioned application is hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] Embodiments of the present invention relate to the field of wireless technologies, and more specifically, to a method and an apparatus for communication.BACKGROUND
[0003] Many new trends will trigger consideration and design of a future network system, for example, a sixth generation (6G) system. In the future network, small cells with high-speed users bring a frequent handover. In a security handover mechanism of a 5th generation (5G) system, new keys need to be generated in handover procedures. There are two alternative methods for re-keying keys. One is horizontal derivation and the other is vertical derivation. The frequent handover will affect performance of the horizontal key derivation and the vertical key derivation, which may lead to replay attacks.SUMMARY
[0004] Embodiments of the present application provide a method and an apparatus for communication, which can prevent a replay attack.
[0005] According to a first aspect, there is provided a method for communication, and the method may be performed by a first network function or a chip installed in the first network function that is responsible for key derivation during a handover. The method includes: obtaining first information from a source radio bearer (RB) handler, where the first information includes a downlink RB COUNT, and the downlink RB COUNT indicates the number of radio bearers (RBs) sent in a downlink; and deriving a first key, where the first key is used for deriving terminal keys, the terminal keys are used for communication between a device and a target RB handler, and an input for deriving the first key includes the downlink RB COUNT.
[0006] According to the proposed solution of the present application, a downlink COUNT is taken as an input for key derivation, which enables a device to confirm freshness of messages, thereby preventing a replay attack and protecting forward security.
[0007] In addition, a network function of SPM-KMF is introduced. The SPM-KMF, instead of an access and mobility management function (AMF) or a next generation Node B (gNB) in a 5th generation (5G) system, is responsible for generating keys, which reduce overhead of intermediate key exchange and overhead of parameters for key derivation.
[0008] In an implementation of the first aspect, the method further includes: deriving the terminal keys according to the first key; and sending the terminal keys to the target RB handler.
[0009] In an implementation of the first aspect, the method further includes: obtaining second information from the source RB handler, where the second information includes one or more parameters of: a physical cell identifier (PCI) of the target RB handler, a downlink frequency of the target RB handler or a next hop (NH) chaining counter (NCC) ; and the input for deriving the first key further includes the one or more parameters.
[0010] The technical effect of the second aspect can refer to that of the first aspect, and it will not be repeated in the following.
[0011] According to a second aspect, there is provided a method for communication, and the method may be performed by a terminal device or a chip installed in the terminal device. The method includes: obtaining first information from a source RB handler, where the first information includes a downlink RB COUNT, and the downlink RB COUNT indicates the number of radio bearers (RBs) sent in a downlink; and deriving a first key, where the first key is used for deriving terminal keys, where the terminal keys are used for communication between the device and a target RB handler, and an input for deriving the first key includes the downlink RB COUNT.
[0012] In an implementation of the second aspect, the method further includes: deriving the terminal keys according to the first key.
[0013] In an implementation of the second aspect, the method further includes: obtaining second information from the source RB handler, where the second information includes one or more parameters of: a physical cell identifier (PCI) , a downlink (DL) frequency or a next hop chaining counter (NCC) ; and the input for deriving the first key further includes the one or more parameters.
[0014] In an implementation of the first aspect or the second aspect, deriving the first key includes: if a first value of the NCC received from the source RB handler is equal to a second value of an NCC associated with a current active first key, deriving the first key according to the current active first key and the downlink RB COUNT; or if a first value of the NCC received from the source RB handler is different from a second value of an NCC associated with a current active first key, synchronizing the local NH parameters by computing new NH parameters by increasing the second value until the second value matches the first value, and computing the first key according to the synchronized local NH parameters and the downlink RB COUNT.
[0015] In an implementation of the first aspect or the second aspect, the method further includes: if the anchor key changes, resetting the downlink RB COUNT to be zero and the second value of the NCC associated with the current active first key to be zero, and deriving a new first key based on a new anchor key.
[0016] According to a third aspect, there is provided a communication apparatus having a function or module to perform the method in the first aspect or the second aspect, or any one of the implementations in the first aspect or the second aspect.
[0017] According to a fourth aspect, there is provided a chip (or a chip system) . The chip includes at least one processor, the at least one processor is coupled to at least one memory. The at least one memory is configured to store one or more instructions and / or executable computer code. The at least one processor is configured to invoke the one or more instructions and / or executable computer code, so that a communication apparatus installed the chip performs the method in the first aspect or the second aspect, or any one of the possible implementations in the first aspect or the second aspect. Optionally, the chip may further include the at least one memory. Optionally, the chip may further include a communication interface, and the communication interface is configured to input and / or output information or data.
[0018] According to a fifth aspect, there is provided a communication apparatus. The communication apparatus includes one or more circuits and one or more communication interfaces. The one or more communication interfaces may include a first interface for receiving (that is, inputting) information and / or data that is to be processed by the one or more circuits and a second interface for transmitting (that is, outputting) information and / or data processed by the one or more circuit. The one or more circuits are configured to process the information and / or data that is to be processed so that the communication apparatus performs the method in the first aspect or the second aspect, or any one of the implementations in the first aspect or the second aspect.
[0019] According to a sixth aspect, there is provided a communication system. The communication system may include at least one communication apparatus according to the method in the first aspect and the second aspect.
[0020] According to a seventh aspect, there is provided a computer storage medium that stores executable computer code, and the executable computer code is used to execute one or more instructions for the method according to the first aspect or the second aspect, or any one of the possible implementations in the first aspect or the second aspect.
[0021] According to an eighth aspect, there is provided a computer program product including one or more instructions, and when the computer product program runs on a computer, the computer performs the method according to the first aspect or the second aspect, or any one of the possible implementations in the first aspect or the second aspect.DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0022] One or more embodiments are exemplarily described by corresponding accompanying drawings, and these exemplary illustrations and accompanying drawings constitute no limitation on the embodiments. Elements with the same reference numerals in the accompanying drawings are illustrated as similar elements, and the drawings are not limited to scale, in which:
[0023] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an application scenario according to an embodiment of the present application.
[0024] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a communication system.
[0025] FIG. 3 illustrates another example of an electronic device (ED) and a base station.
[0026] FIG. 4 is an example of a channel model of a MIMO system.
[0027] FIG. 5 is an example of 6G system conceptual structure.
[0028] FIG. 6 is a schematic flow chart of a method for communication proposed by some embodiments of the present application.
[0029] FIG. 7 is a schematic flow chart of a method for communication proposed by some embodiments of the present application.
[0030] FIG. 8 is a model for handover key chaining according to the present application.
[0031] FIG. 9 is a procedure for RB keys derivation according to an embodiment of the present application.
[0032] FIG. 10 is an example of a procedure of RB keys derivation in handover according to an embodiment of the present application.
[0033] FIG. 11 is a schematic block diagram of a communication apparatus according to an embodiment of the present application.
[0034] FIG. 12 is a schematic block diagram of a communication apparatus according to an embodiment of the present application.DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0035] In order to understand features and technical contents of embodiments of the present application in detail, implementations of the embodiments of the present application will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, and the attached drawings are only for reference and illustration purposes, and are not intended to limit the embodiments of the present applications. In the following technical descriptions, for ease of explanation, numerous details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the disclosed embodiments.
[0036] The present application relates generally to wireless communications. Many new trends will trigger the consideration and design of a future wireless network, for example, a 6th generation (6G) wireless network. The 6G wireless communication proposed may meet the following requirements:
[0037] -new network infrastructure capability, e.g., cloud natured / friendly infrastructures that are broadly deployed;
[0038] -new (relative) matured techniques, e.g., artificial intelligence (AI) large scale models, data de-privacy, block chain, etc. that have made significant progresses and significantly impact on the entire society and human life;
[0039] -new apps and services, e.g., AI services, data (sensing) service, digital world service, etc. that are broadly applied in industry / business and used by individual customers;
[0040] -more global / open / collaborative operation trend, i.e., a more open and more collaborative operation mode are becoming common practice in many fields.
[0041] New expectation and stricter requirements on future networks also drive rethinking and development of new generation of wireless networks. These requirements may include:
[0042] -privacy and trustworthiness, etc;
[0043] -simplified standardization;
[0044] -rapid deployment;
[0045] -etc.
[0046] All of the above drives 6G network architecture research work. The proposed 6G network architecture (X-centric) are service-based architectures (SBA) (XaaS service) based and cloud-native. Requirements to 6G system network architecture design may include:
[0047] -the proposed 6G network architecture needs to support new 6G services which could be developed / deployed by 3rd parties;
[0048] -the proposed 6G network architecture needs to embrace more open ecosystem to open door to technical capable 3rd parties; and
[0049] -the proposed 6G network architecture needs to enable better trustworthiness management.
[0050] A solution to enable above requirements is needed.
[0051] In security handover mechanisms of a 5th generation (5G) network in a third negation project partner (3GPP) 33.501 [1] , the AMF and UE have to obtain KgNB and next hop (NH) parameters. In an intra-gNB-centralized unit (CU) handover, the UE is informed by gNB via a handover control message to use the existing key or generate a new key. In a Xn handover, the serving gNB generates the new key on the knowledge of {NH, NH chaining counter (NCC) } pair. At the end of handover procedure, a message is sent to the AMF to update the UE’s condition and to be used for generating new keys in next handover procedures. In an N2 handover, if the AMF in the serving gNB does not change the active KAMF and it is not necessary to generate the KgNB, the AMF shall increment its locally kept NCC value by one and compute a fresh NH, and then sends a fresh {NH, NCC} pair to the target gNB to be used on a handover procedure.
[0052] There are two alternative methods for re-keying keys, that is, horizontal and vertical key derivation. In the horizontal key derivation, the current key is used as the input key when deriving the next one with the target physical cell identifier (PCI) and downlink (DL) frequency. The disadvantage of this method is that forward security cannot be ensured, since learning an old key enables the attacker to derive all the subsequent keys. In the vertical key derivation, the new key is derived using an intermediate NH parameter provided by the AMF. However, a jammer may fail the procedure by sending messages such as a message containing {NH, NCC} or interfering with acknowledgment messages. Thus, it could suffer from the replay attacks.
[0053] In the future system, for example, the 6G system, condensed coverage areas in addition to the high-speed users in these networks make the handover management an essential challenge in providing a secure and seamless connection. The frequent changes in radio links affect the performance of the horizontal key derivation and the vertical key derivation. Consequently, it is obvious that the number of re-keying keys increases, and as a result, the network costs grow severely.
[0054] To address the above issues, the present application should consider points as follows:
[0055] 1) To provide forward security in horizontal key derivation, the inputs of {PCI and DL frequency} with the current key are not enough to protect forward security, we shall consider what inputs could achieve forward security during horizontal key derivation?
[0056] 2) To prevent a jammer from launching replay attacks in vertical key derivation, what method could be used to confirm the freshness of the messages during the handover? What information should be exchanged?
[0057] 3) In the 6G system, small cells with high-speed users make the handover frequently. Frequent handover enables AMFs and gNBs to have large message exchanges for key re-keying. This is not flexible and brings high costs. If we introduce a function (e.g., SPM-KMF) to be responsible for key derivation during handovers. In other words, AMFs and gNBs shall not involve of the key derivation during handovers. This function could be deployed into a core network side, or be deployed into a RAN side. So many issues such as the following ones should be addressed.
[0058] -What information should be exchanged during the Xn handover? All parameters related to key derivation should be derived by a SPM-KMF? Who triggers the key re-keying?
[0059] -What information should be exchanged during the N2 handover? All parameters related to key derivation should be derived by a SPM-KMF? What information should be exchanged between an AMF and a SPM-KMF?
[0060] The present application provides several embodiments.
[0061] Embodiment 1 provides a principle of how to key derivation in handover. The present application provides a model for the handover key chaining. Compared to key derivation in handover in 5G, we have the following two points: (1) a downlink RB COUNT as an input for key derivation enables the device to confirm the freshness of the messages and prevents the replay attacks and protect forward security. (2) A function of SPM-KMF, generates keys, not AMF / gNB in 5G, which reduce overhead of exchange intermediate keys and parameters for key derivation.
[0062] Embodiment 2 provides more details to illustrate the principle of key derivation in handover according to the figure 6. These details show what actions the SPM-KMF implement and what behaviors for the device.
[0063] Referring to FIG. 1, as an illustrative example without limitation, a simplified schematic illustration of a communication system is provided. The communication system 100 comprises a radio access network 120. The radio access network 120 may be a next generation (e.g. sixth generation (6G) or later) radio access network, or a legacy (e.g. 5G or 4G, ) radio access network. One or more communication electronic devices (ED) 110a, 110b, 110c, 110d, 110e, 110f, 110g, 110h, 110i, 110j (generically referred to as 110) may be interconnected to one another or connected to one or more network nodes (170a, 170b, generically referred to as 170) in the radio access network 120. A core network 130 may be a part of the communication system and may be dependent or independent of the radio access technology used in the communication system 100. The communication system 100 also includes a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 140, the internet 150, and other networks 160.
[0064] FIG. 2 illustrates an example communication system 100. In general, the communication system 100 enables multiple wireless or wired elements to communicate data and other content. The purpose of the communication system 100 may be to provide content, such as voice, data, video, and / or text, via broadcast, multicast, groupcast, unicast, etc. The communication system 100 may operate by sharing resources, such as carrier spectrum bandwidth, between its constituent elements. The communication system 100 may include a terrestrial communication system and / or a non-terrestrial communication system. The communication system 100 may provide a wide range of communication services and applications (such as earth monitoring, remote sensing, passive sensing and positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility, etc. ) . The communication system 100 may provide a high degree of availability and robustness through a joint operation of a terrestrial communication system and a non-terrestrial communication system. For example, integrating a non-terrestrial communication system (or components thereof) into a terrestrial communication system can result in what may be considered a heterogeneous network comprising multiple layers. Compared to conventional communication networks, the heterogeneous network may achieve better overall performance through efficient multi-link joint operation, more flexible functionality sharing, and faster physical layer link switching between terrestrial networks and non-terrestrial networks.
[0065] The terrestrial communication system and the non-terrestrial communication system could be considered sub-systems of the communication system. In the example shown in FIG. 5, the communication system 100 includes electronic devices (ED) 110a, 110b, 110c, 110d (generically referred to as ED 110) , radio access networks (RANs) 120a, 120b, a non-terrestrial communication network 120c, a core network 130, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 140, the Internet 150, and other networks 160. The RANs 120a, 120b include respective base stations (BSs) 170a, 170b, which may be generically referred to as terrestrial transmit and receive points (T-TRPs) 170a, 170b. The non-terrestrial communication network 120c includes an access node 172, which may be generically referred to as a non-terrestrial transmit and receive point (NT-TRP) 172.
[0066] Any ED 110 may be alternatively or additionally configured to interface, access, or communicate with any T-TRP 170a, 170b and NT-TRP 172, the Internet 150, the core network 130, the PSTN 140, the other networks 160, or any combination of the preceding. In some examples, ED 110a may communicate an uplink and / or downlink transmission over a terrestrial air interface 190a with T-TRP 170a. In some examples, the EDs 110a, 110b, 110c, and 110d may also communicate directly with one another via one or more sidelink air interfaces 190b. In some examples, ED 110d may communicate an uplink and / or downlink transmission over a non-terrestrial air interface 190c with NT-TRP 172.
[0067] The air interfaces 190a and 190b may use similar communication technology, such as any suitable radio access technology. For example, the communication system 100 may implement one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA) , space division multiple access (SDMA) , time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) , or single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA, also known as discrete Fourier transform spread OFDMA, DFT-s-OFDMA) in the air interfaces 190a and 190b. The air interfaces 190a and 190b may utilize other higher dimension signal spaces, which may involve a combination of orthogonal and / or non-orthogonal dimensions.
[0068] The non-terrestrial air interface 190c can enable communication between the ED 110d and one or multiple NT-TRPs 172 via a wireless link or simply a link. For some examples, the link is a dedicated connection for unicast transmission, a connection for broadcast transmission, or a connection between a group of EDs 110 and one or multiple NT-TRPs 172 for multicast transmission.
[0069] The RANs 120a and 120b are in communication with the core network 130 to provide the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c with various services such as voice, data, and other services. The RANs 120a and 120b and / or the core network 130 may be in direct or indirect communication with one or more other RANs (not shown) , which may or may not be directly served by core network 130, and may or may not employ the same radio access technology as RAN 120a, RAN 120b or both. The core network 130 may also serve as a gateway access between (i) the RANs 120a and 120b or EDs 110a 110b, and 110c or both, and (ii) other networks (such as the PSTN 140, the Internet 150, and the other networks 160) . In addition, some or all of the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c may include functionality for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links using different wireless technologies and / or protocols. Instead of wireless communication (or in addition thereto) , the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c may communicate via wired communication channels to a service provider or switch (not shown) , and to the Internet 150. PSTN 140 may include circuit switched telephone networks for providing plain old telephone service (POTS) . Internet 150 may include a network of computers and subnets (intranets) or both, and incorporate protocols, such as Internet Protocol (IP) , Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) , User Datagram Protocol (UDP) . EDs 110a 110b, and 110c may be multimode devices capable of operation according to multiple radio access technologies, and incorporate multiple transceivers necessary to support such.
[0070] FIG. 3 illustrates another example of an ED 110 and a base station 170a, 170b and / or 170c. The ED 110 is used to connect persons, objects, machines, etc. The ED 110 may be widely used in various scenarios including, for example, cellular communications, device-to-device (D2D) , vehicle to everything (V2X) , peer-to-peer (P2P) , machine-to-machine (M2M) , machine-type communications (MTC) , internet of things (IoT) , virtual reality (VR) , augmented reality (AR) , mixed reality (MR) , metaverse, digital twin, industrial control, self-driving, remote medical, smart grid, smart furniture, smart office, smart wearable, smart transportation, smart city, drones, robots, remote sensing, passive sensing, positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility, etc.
[0071] Each ED 110 represents any suitable end user device for wireless operation and may include such devices (or may be referred to) as a user equipment / device (UE) , a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) , a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a cellular telephone, a station (STA) , a machine type communication (MTC) device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a smartphone, a laptop, a computer, a tablet, a wireless sensor, a consumer electronics device, a smart book, a vehicle, a car, a truck, a bus, a train, or an IoT device, wearable devices (such as a watch, a pair of glasses, head mounted equipment, etc. ) , an industrial device, or an apparatus in (e.g. communication module, modem, or chip) or comprising the forgoing devices, among other possibilities. Future generation EDs 110 may be referred to using other terms. The base station 170a and 170b is a T-TRP and will hereafter be referred to as T-TRP 170. Also shown in FIG. 3, a NT-TRP will hereafter be referred to as NT-TRP 172. Each ED 110 connected to T-TRP 170 and / or NT-TRP 172 can be dynamically or semi-statically turned-on (i.e., established, activated, or enabled) , turned-off (i.e., released, deactivated, or disabled) and / or configured in response to one of more of: connection availability and connection necessity.
[0072] The ED 110 includes a transmitter 201 and a receiver 203 coupled to one or more antennas 204. Only one antenna 204 is illustrated to avoid congestion in the drawing. One, some, or all of the antennas 204 may alternatively be panels. The transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 may be integrated, e.g. as a transceiver. The transceiver is configured to modulate data or other content for transmission by at least one antenna 204 or network interface controller (NIC) . The transceiver is also configured to demodulate data or other content received by the at least one antenna 204. Each transceiver includes any suitable structure for generating signals for wireless or wired transmission and / or processing signals received wirelessly or by wire. Each antenna 204 includes any suitable structure for transmitting and / or receiving wireless or wired signals.
[0073] The ED 110 includes at least one memory 208. The memory 208 stores instructions and data used, generated, or collected by the ED 110. For example, the memory 208 could store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or embodiments described herein and that are executed by one or more processing unit (s) (e.g., a processor 210) . Each memory 208 includes any suitable volatile and / or non-volatile storage and retrieval device (s) . Any suitable type of memory may be used, such as random access memory (RAM) , read only memory (ROM) , hard disk, optical disc, subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory stick, secure digital (SD) memory card, on-processor cache, and the like.
[0074] The ED 110 may further include one or more input / output devices (not shown) or interfaces (such as a wired interface to the Internet 150 in FIG. 1) . The input / output devices or interfaces permit interaction with a user or other devices in the network. Each input / output device or interface includes any suitable structure for providing information to or receiving information from a user, and / or for network interface communications. Suitable structures include, for example, a speaker, microphone, keypad, keyboard, display, touch screen, etc.
[0075] The ED 110 includes the processor 210 for performing operations including those operations related to preparing a transmission for uplink transmission to the NT-TRP 172 and / or the T-TRP 170; those operations related to processing downlink transmissions received from the NT-TRP 172 and / or the T-TRP 170; and those operations related to processing sidelink transmission to and from another ED 110. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for uplink transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing downlink transmissions may include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulating and decoding received symbols. Depending upon the embodiment, a downlink transmission may be received by the receiver 203, possibly using receive beamforming, and the processor 210 may extract signaling from the downlink transmission (e.g. by detecting and / or decoding the signaling) . An example of signaling may be a reference signal transmitted by the NT-TRP 172 and / or by the T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, the processor 210 implements the transmit beamforming and / or the receive beamforming based on the indication of beam direction, e.g. beam angle information (BAI) , received from the T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, the processor 210 may perform operations relating to network access (e.g. initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, such as operations relating to detecting a synchronization sequence, decoding and obtaining the system information, etc. In some embodiments, the processor 210 may perform channel estimation, e.g. using a reference signal received from the NT-TRP 172 and / or from the T-TRP 170.
[0076] Although not illustrated, the processor 210 may form part of the transmitter 201 and / or part of the receiver 203. Although not illustrated, the memory 208 may form part of the processor 210.
[0077] The processor 210, the processing components of the transmitter 201, and the processing components of the receiver 203 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory (e.g. in the memory 208) . Alternatively, some or all of the processor 210, the processing components of the transmitter 201, and the processing components of the receiver 203 may each be implemented using dedicated circuitry, such as a programmed field-programmable gate array (FPGA) , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , or a hardware accelerator such as a graphics processing unit (GPU) or an artificial intelligence (AI) accelerator.
[0078] The T-TRP 170 may be known by other names in some implementations, such as a base station, a base transceiver station (BTS) , a radio base station, a network node, a network device, a device on the network side, a transmit / receive node, a Node B, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a Home eNodeB, a next Generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission point (TP) , a site controller, an access point (AP) , a wireless router, a relay station, a terrestrial node, a terrestrial network device, a terrestrial base station, a base band unit (BBU) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , an active antenna unit (AAU) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a positioning node, among other possibilities. The T-TRP 170 may be a macro BS, a pico BS, a relay node, a donor node, or the like, or combinations thereof. The T-TRP 170 may refer to the forgoing devices or refer to apparatus (e.g. a communication module, a modem, or a chip) in the forgoing devices.
[0079] In some embodiments, the parts of the T-TRP 170 may be distributed. For example, some of the modules of the T-TRP 170 may be located remote from the equipment that houses the antennas 256 for the T-TRP 170, and may be coupled to the equipment that houses the antennas 256 over a communication link (not shown) sometimes known as front haul, such as common public radio interface (CPRI) . Therefore, in some embodiments, the term T-TRP 170 may also refer to modules on the network side that perform processing operations, such as determining the location of the ED 110, resource allocation (scheduling) , message generation, and encoding / decoding, and that are not necessarily part of the equipment that houses the antennas 256 of the T-TRP 170. The modules may also be coupled to other T-TRPs. In some embodiments, the T-TRP 170 may actually be a plurality of T-TRPs that are operating together to serve the ED 110, e.g. through the use of coordinated multipoint transmissions.
[0080] The T-TRP 170 includes at least one transmitter 252 and at least one receiver 254 coupled to one or more antennas 256. Only one antenna 256 is illustrated to avoid congestion in the drawing. One, some, or all of the antennas 256 may alternatively be panels. The transmitter 252 and the receiver 254 may be integrated as a transceiver. The T-TRP 170 further includes a processor 260 for performing operations including those related to: preparing a transmission for downlink transmission to the ED 110, processing an uplink transmission received from the ED 110, preparing a transmission for backhaul transmission to the NT-TRP 172, and processing a transmission received over backhaul from the NT-TRP 172. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for downlink or backhaul transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, precoding (e.g. multiple input multiple output (MIMO) precoding) , transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing received transmissions in the uplink or over backhaul may include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulating received symbols, and decoding received symbols. The processor 260 may also perform operations relating to network access (e.g. initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, such as generating the content of synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) , generating the system information, etc. In some embodiments, the processor 260 also generates an indication of beam direction, e.g. BAI, which may be scheduled for transmission by a scheduler 253. The processor 260 performs other network-side processing operations described herein, such as determining the location of the ED 110, determining where to deploy the NT-TRP 172, etc. In some embodiments, the processor 260 may generate signaling, e.g. to configure one or more parameters of the ED 110 and / or one or more parameters of the NT-TRP 172. Any signaling generated by the processor 260 is sent by the transmitter 252. Note that “signaling” , as used herein, may alternatively be called control signaling. Signaling may be transmitted in a physical layer control channel, e.g. a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) , in which case the signaling may be known as dynamic signaling. Signaling transmitted in a downlink physical layer control channel may be known as Downlink Control Information (DCI) . Siganling transmitted in an uplink physical layer control channel may be known as Uplink Control Information (UCI) . Signaling transmitted in a sidelink physical layer control channel may be known as Sidelink Control Information (SCI) . Signaling may be included in a higher-layer (e.g., higher than physical layer) packet transmitted in a physical layer data channel, e.g. in a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) , in which case the signaling may be known as higher-layer signaling, static signaling, or semi-static signaling. Higher-layer signaling may also refer to Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol signaling or Media Access Control –Control Element (MAC-CE) signaling.
[0081] The scheduler 253 may be coupled to the processor 260. The scheduler 253 may be included within or operated separately from the T-TRP 170. The scheduler 253 may schedule uplink, downlink, sidelink, and / or backhaul transmissions, including issuing scheduling grants and / or configuring scheduling-free (e.g., “configured grant” ) resources. The T-TRP 170 further includes a memory 258 for storing information and data. The memory 258 stores instructions and data used, generated, or collected by the T-TRP 170. For example, the memory 258 could store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or embodiments described herein and that are executed by the processor 260.
[0082] Although not illustrated, the processor 260 may form part of the transmitter 252 and / or part of the receiver 254. Also, although not illustrated, the processor 260 may implement the scheduler 253. Although not illustrated, the memory 258 may form part of the processor 260.
[0083] The processor 260, the scheduler 253, the processing components of the transmitter 252, and the processing components of the receiver 254 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory, e.g. in the memory 258. Alternatively, some or all of the processor 260, the scheduler 253, the processing components of the transmitter 252, and the processing components of the receiver 254 may be implemented using dedicated circuitry, such as a programmed FPGA, a hardware accelerator (e.g., a GPU or AI accelerator) , or an ASIC.
[0084] Although the NT-TRP 172 is illustrated as a drone only as an example, the NT-TRP 172 may be implemented in any suitable non-terrestrial form, such as satellites and high altitude platforms, including international mobile telecommunication base stations and unmanned aerial vehicles, for example. Also, the NT-TRP 172 may be known by other names in some implementations, such as a non-terrestrial node, a non-terrestrial network device, or a non-terrestrial base station. The NT-TRP 172 includes a transmitter 272 and a receiver 274 coupled to one or more antennas 280. Only one antenna 280 is illustrated to avoid congestion in the drawing. One, some, or all of the antennas may alternatively be panels. The transmitter 272 and the receiver 274 may be integrated as a transceiver. The NT-TRP 172 further includes a processor 276 for performing operations including those related to: preparing a transmission for downlink transmission to the ED 110, processing an uplink transmission received from the ED 110, preparing a transmission for backhaul transmission to T-TRP 170, and processing a transmission received over backhaul from the T-TRP 170. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for downlink or backhaul transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, precoding (e.g. MIMO precoding) , transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing received transmissions in the uplink or over backhaul may include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulating received symbols, and decoding received symbols. In some embodiments, the processor 276 implements the transmit beamforming and / or receive beamforming based on beam direction information (e.g. BAI) received from the T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, the processor 276 may generate signaling, e.g. to configure one or more parameters of the ED 110. In some embodiments, the NT-TRP 172 implements physical layer processing, but does not implement higher layer functions such as functions at the medium access control (MAC) or radio link control (RLC) layer. As this is only an example, more generally, the NT-TRP 172 may implement higher layer functions in addition to physical layer processing.
[0085] The NT-TRP 172 further includes a memory 278 for storing information and data. Although not illustrated, the processor 276 may form part of the transmitter 272 and / or part of the receiver 274. Although not illustrated, the memory 278 may form part of the processor 276.
[0086] The processor 276, the processing components of the transmitter 272, and the processing components of the receiver 274 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory, e.g. in the memory 278. Alternatively, some or all of the processor 276, the processing components of the transmitter 272, and the processing components of the receiver 274 may be implemented using dedicated circuitry, such as a programmed FPGA, a hardware accelerator (e.g., a GPU or AI accelerator) , or an ASIC. In some embodiments, the NT-TRP 172 may actually be a plurality of NT-TRPs that are operating together to serve the ED 110, e.g. through coordinated multipoint transmissions.
[0087] The T-TRP 170, the NT-TRP 172, and / or the ED 110 may include other components, but these have been omitted for the sake of clarity.
[0088] One or more steps of the embodiment methods provided herein may be performed by corresponding units or modules, according to FIG. 4. FIG. 4 illustrates units or modules in a device, such as in the ED 110, in the T-TRP 170, or in the NT-TRP 172. For example, a signal may be transmitted by a transmitting unit or by a transmitting module. A signal may be received by a receiving unit or by a receiving module. A signal may be processed by a processing unit or a processing module. Other steps may be performed by an artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML) module. The respective units or modules may be implemented using hardware, one or more components or devices that execute software, or a combination thereof. For instance, one or more of the units or modules may be a circuit such as an integrated circuit. Examples of an integrated circuit includes a programmed FPGA, a GPU, or an ASIC. For instance, one or more of the units or modules may be logical such as a logical function performed by a circuit, by a portion of an integrated circuit, or by software instructions executed by a processor. It will be appreciated that where the modules are implemented using software for execution by a processor for example, the modules may be retrieved by a processor, in whole or part as needed, individually or together for processing, in single or multiple instances, and that the modules themselves may include instructions for further deployment and instantiation.
[0089] Additional details regarding the EDs 110, the T-TRP 170, and the NT-TRP 172 are known to those of skill in the art. As such, these details are omitted here.
[0090] The solution described in the present application is applicable to a next generation (e.g. 6G or later) network, or a legacy (e.g. 5G or 4G) network.
[0091] The proposed 6G system architecture is defined to support 6G XaaS services by using techniques such as network function virtualization and network slicing. The 6G system architecture utilizes service-based interactions between 6G services.
[0092] The 6G system leverages service-based architecture and XaaS concept. XaaS services in the 6G system are categorized into three layers. The 6G system conceptual structure is shown in FIG. 5.
[0093] Infrastructure Layer includes infrastructures supporting 6G services. Among them are wireless networks infrastructures (for example, RAN, CN) , cloud / data center infrastructures, satellite networks, storage / database infrastructures, and sensing networks, and etc. These infrastructures can be provided by a single provider or by multiple providers.
[0094] Each of the infrastructures could have its control and management functions, denoted as control and management (C / M) functions, for infrastructure management. Each of these infrastructures is one type of infrastructure as a service.
[0095] The C / M layer includes control and management services of the 6G system. They are developed and deployed by using slicing techniques and utilizing resource provided by infrastructure layer. The 6G services in the C / M layer may include:
[0096] -resource management (RM) as a service provides a capability of life-cycle management of a variety of slices and over-the-air resource assignment to wireless devices;
[0097] -a 6G mission is defined as a service provided to customers by the 6G system. A mission can be a type of services which is provided by a single 6G XaaS service or a type of services that needs contributions from multiple XaaS services.
[0098] -mission management (MM) as a service provides a capability to program provisioning of XaaS services at service layer to provide mission services.
[0099] -confederation network (CONET) as a service provides a capability to enable multiple partners jointly provide 6G services. This capability is provided by confederation formation, mutual authentication, mutual authorization among partners and negotiation of agreement on recording and retracing of selected actions performed by partners, in order to assure a trustworthy environment of 6G system operations.
[0100] -service provisioning management (SPM) as a service provides a capability of control and management of 6G service access by customers and provisioning of requested services. The capability is provided by unified mutual authentication, authorization and policy, key management, quality of service (QoS) assurance and charging between any pair of XaaS service provider and customer. The customers include end-customers not only in physical world, but also digital representatives in digital world.
[0101] -connectivity management (CM) as a service leverages 5G connectivity management functions, but with extension to include digital world.
[0102] -protocol as a service provides a capability to design service customized protocol stacks for identified interfaces.
[0103] -The protocol stacks could be pre-defined for on-demand selection, or could be on-demand designed.
[0104] -network security as a service provides a capability for owners of infrastructures to detect potential security risks of their infrastructures.
[0105] -XaaS services in C / M layer support control and management of the 6G system itself and also provide support to verticals if requested. One example is that RM service can serve RAN for over-the-air resource management and can also provide service to a vertical for the vertical’s over-the-air resource allocation to its end-customers. The XaaS in C / M layer can be deployed by using slicing technique.
[0106] Service layer includes 6G services which provide services to customers. In the 6G system conceptual structure:
[0107] -AI service is denoted as NET4AI as a Service. Artificial Intelligence service provides AI capability to support a variety of AI applications.
[0108] -service of data collection, data sanitization, data analysis and data delivery are denoted as DAM as a service, this service provides a capability of lifecycle management of statistic data, including acquisition, de-privatization, analysis and delivery of data which are information statistic data from any types of sensors, devices, network functions, and etc.
[0109] -service of storage and sharing of data is denoted as NET4Data as a service, this service provides a capability to trustworthily storage and share data under the control of owners of data and following recognized authorities’ regulations on control of identified data.
[0110] -service to provide digital world is denoted as NET4DW as a Service, digital world service provides a capability to construct, control and manage digital world. Digital world is defined as digital realization of physical world.
[0111] -6G block chain service is denoted as NET4BC as a service. 6G connectivity service is denoted as NET4Con as a Service. This service provides a capability to support 6G block chain services.
[0112] -enhanced connectivity service, e.g., network for connectivity (NET4CON) as a service. This service provides a capability to support exchange of messages and data among new 6G services.
[0113] All XaaS services at this Layer are developed and deployed by using resource provided in infrastructure and utilizing Network Function Virtualization and Slicing techniques. The capability of each of 6G services is provided by its control and management functions and service specific data process functions.
[0114] In addition to support 6G XaaS services at Service Layer, 6G system leverages 5G system for provisioning of vertical services. The difference between 6G XaaS services and other verticals are that a vertical is a pure customer which needs other XaaS services to enable its operation, while each of XaaS services provide their capabilities to 6G customers.
[0115] Any pair of XaaS services of the 6G system could also be mutual customer and provider of each other. Some of example are that an infrastructure owner provides its resource to XaaS services in Service Layer and C / M Layer; RM services may need the capabilities provided by NET4AI, DAM and NET4DW for its resource management for vertical slicing; CONET service and NET4Data service may need the capability provided by NET4BC for their operation.
[0116] The key concepts of 6G system may include:
[0117] -define basic XaaS services by decoupling comprehensive types of services into basic XaaS services. A basic XaaS service provides unique capability to enable a specific type of service, such as NET4AI service, NET4DW service, DAM service, NET4Data service, Block chain service, mission management service, etc.
[0118] -allow joint operation of the 6G system by multiple partners.
[0119] -define data plane of the 6G system which includes processing functions of data plane of XaaS services. Programing the interconnection of these functions, by mission management service, enables to support a variety of customized customer services.
[0120] -simplify 6G system architecture by categorizing basic control services and management services and combining them as basic XaaS services in control and management (C / M) layer.
[0121] -define C / M plane of the 6G system which includes C / M functions in XaaS services and may include 5G CP (e.g., AMF) depending on implementation options.
[0122] -define a basic architecture structure (BAS) which is a unified basic structure with minimized number of interfaces and is independent of types of infrastructures.
[0123] -simplify standardization, development and deployment of the 6G system using the BAS concept, while supporting a variety of infrastructure deployment scenarios.
[0124] -adapt to a variety of deployment scenarios by applying the BAS or a subset of it to infrastructures based on capability, capacity and requirement of the infrastructure networks.
[0125] -leverage SBI interface concept and apply SBI interaction in both 6G C / M plane and 6G data plane.
[0126] -simplify SBI interfaces by introducing trustworthy GWs in data plane and C / M plane of the 6G System.
[0127] -improve trustworthiness from perspectives of operation of the 6G system by introducing CONET capability, NET4BC capability and anonymous service provisioning provided by the trustworthy GWs in the C / M plane and data plane of the 6G System.
[0128] -improve trustworthiness from perspective of end customer privacy protection by unified mutual authentication, IDM, data sanitization and etc. provided by SPM service, DAM service and 6G block chain service.
[0129] -simplify roaming management of wireless devices, in physical world and digital world, by unified authentication including all participated partners and customers.
[0130] -support multiple development paths from 5G system to 6G system by defining multiple architecture options without incurring much efforts due to the introduction of the BAS concept.
[0131] -support backward compatibility by utilizing benefits of SBA and its add-on feature. 5G users can use the 6G system to access 5G services.
[0132] -support future extension by adding new XaaS services with minimized impact on standardization and deployment, due to the introduced anonymous service provisioning concept implemented in trustworthy GWs in 6G C / M plane and in 6G data plane.
[0133] In order to solve problems listed above, the present application provides core points as follows.
[0134] First, in order to provide forward security in horizontal key derivation and to prevent a jammer from launching replay attacks in vertical key derivation, the present application introduces a parameter, which is described as a downlink RB COUNT in the following embodiments, in key derivation.
[0135] In addition, in the future system, small cells with high-speed users bring the handover frequently. Frequent handover enables AMFs and gNBs to have large message exchanges for key re-keying, which is not flexible and brings high costs. Therefore, the present application introduces a network function, which is described as a service provisioning management-key management function (SPM-KMF) in the following embodiments, responsible for key derivation during handovers. In other words, the AMFs and the gNBs shall not be involved in key derivation during handovers. This network function could be deployed into a core network side, or be deployed into a RAN side, which is not limited.
[0136] In the following embodiments, a principle of key derivation in handover is provided. Firstly, a model for the handover key chaining is provided. Compared to a 5G system, there are two different points: (1) a downlink (DL) RB COUNT (which also could be denoted as DL RB counter) as an input for key derivation enables the device to confirm the freshness of the messages, prevents a replay attack and protects the forward security; (2) a network function of SPM-KMF, instead of AMF and / or gNB in the 5G system, is responsible for key derivation, which could reduce overhead of intermediate key exchange and overhead of parameters for key derivation.
[0137] The solution proposed by the present application is applicable to a future network, for example, a 6G system or later network, or a legacy network, for example, the 5G system, the 4G system, and so on.
[0138] Definitions in the present application are listed herein:
[0139] (1) RB handler: defined as a logical function that performs radio bearer (RB) protocol stack operations after obtaining configurations.
[0140] (2) C / M Radio Bearer (C / M RB) : over-the-air connection for carrying control signaling for over-the-air interface management and C / M plane messages.
[0141] (3) Data Radio Bearer (Data RB) : over-the-air connection for carrying data plane traffic.
[0142] (4) C / M session: secured logical connection between a device and its serving C / M-TW-GW.
[0143] (5) serving control and management (C / M) -trustworthiness (TW) -gateway (GW) : an endpoint of a device C / M session at the network side. The device C / M session is between the device and the serving CM-TW-GW.
[0144] (6) Data session: secured logical connection between a device and its serving Data-TW-GW.
[0145] (7) Serving Data-TW-GW: endpoint of data session of a device.
[0146] (8) security contexts: a state that is established locally at the device and a serving network domain.
[0147] (9) C / M RB security contexts: cryptographic keys at an RB handler level with their identifiers, NH parameters, the next hop (NH) access key derivation, identifiers of the RB handler level cryptographic algorithms, the device security capabilities, and so on.
[0148] (10) anchor key Kancho: shall be identified by a 6G key set identifier (which is called a 6gKSI) . The 6gKSI could be similar to a “ngKSI” in the 5G system. The 6g KSI shall be stored in the device and the severing CM-TW-GW together with the Kancho if available. The anchor key provided to the serving CM-TW-GW shall also be specific to the authentication having taken place between the device and the 6G system.
[0149] (11) key for the RB handler: shall be defined as a key for the RB handler, which is denoted as KRBhandler.
[0150] (12) SPM-KMF: a network function that is responsible for key generation, key revocation, key re-keying, and management of security contexts, for example, C / M RB security context, and so on.
[0151] FIG. 6 is a schematic flow chart of a method for communication proposed by some embodiments of the present application. The method may be implemented by a first network function that is responsible for key derivation, or may be implemented by a chip (or a chip system) installed in the first network function. For example, the first network function may be the SPM-KMF, which may refer to the previous introduction. The SPM-KMF in the following embodiments may be a distributed deployment, which is not limited.
[0152] At step 110, a first network function obtains first information from a source RB handler. The first information includes a downlink RB counter, which is denoted as downlink RB COUNT in the following embodiments. The downlink RB COUNT indicates the number of RBs sent in a downlink.
[0153] At step 120, the first network function derives a first key according to the first information.
[0154] The first key is used for deriving terminal keys, and the terminal keys are used for communication between the device and a target RB handler. An input for deriving the first key includes the downlink RB COUNT.
[0155] In one implementation, the first network function derives the first key according to the first information including the downlink RB COUNT.
[0156] In another implementation, the first network function derives the first key according to the first information including the downlink RB COUNT and second information from the source RB handler. The second information includes one or more parameters of: a PCI of the target RB handler (which is simplified as PCI in the following embodiments) , DL frequency of the target RB handler (which is simplified as DL frequency in the following embodiments) , or a next hop chaining counter (NCC) .
[0157] Note that, in the former implementation, the PCI is not one of the factors that lead to derivation of the first key. In other words, no matter whether the PCI changes or not, the derivation of the first key depends on the downlink RB COUNT. If the downlink RB COUNT changes, the device derives a new first key, and then derives new terminal keys. However, in the latter one, the PCI is one of the factors that lead to a new derivation of the first key. For example, the first network function derives a new first key in the case that the PCI changes.
[0158] The method further may include step 130.
[0159] At step 130, the first network function derives the terminal keys according to the first key.
[0160] The terminal keys are derived according to the first key. In addition, if the first key changes, the first network may derive new terminal keys according to the new first key. The terminal keys include C / M RB keys and data RB keys. Both the C / M RB keys and the data RB keys are used for communication from the device to the RB handler. The C / M RB keys are used for encryption of control signaling between a device and an RB handler. The data RB keys are used for encryption of data plane traffic between a device and an RB handler.
[0161] The method further may include step 140.
[0162] At step 140, the first network function sends the terminal keys to the target RB handler.
[0163] A procedure for the device to derive the first key or the terminal keys is given in FIG. 2.
[0164] FIG. 7 is a schematic flow chart of a method for communication proposed by some embodiments of the present application. The method may be implemented by a device or a chip (or a chip system) installed in the device.
[0165] At step 210, a device obtains first information from a source RB handler. The first information includes a downlink RB COUNT.
[0166] At step 220, the device derives a first key according to the first information.
[0167] The first key is used for deriving terminal keys, and the terminal keys are used for communication between the device and a target RB handler.
[0168] In one implementation, the device derives the first key according to the first information including the downlink RB COUNT. In another implementation, the device derives the first key according to the first information including the downlink RB COUNT, and second information from the source RB handler. The second information includes one or more parameters of: a PCI, DL frequency, or a next hop chaining counter (NCC) .
[0169] Note that, in the former implementation, the PCI is not one of the factors that lead to derivation of the first key. In other words, no matter whether the PCI changes or not, the derivation of the first key depends on the downlink RB COUNT. If the downlink RB COUNT changes, the device derives a new first key, and then derives new terminal keys. However, in the latter one, the PCI is one of the factors that lead to a new derivation of the first key. For example, the device derives a new first key in the case that the PCI changes.
[0170] Specifically, the device may derive the first key as follows: if a first value of the NCC received from the source RB handler is equal to a second value of an NCC associated with a current active first key, the device derives the first key according to the current active first key and the downlink RB handler, or the device derives the first key according to the current active first key, the downlink RB handler and the second information; or
[0171] if a first value of the NCC received from the source RB handler is different from a second value of an NCC associated with a current active first key, the device synchronizes the local NH parameters by computing new HN parameters by increasing the second value until the second value matches the first value, and then computes the first key according to the synchronized local NH parameters and the downlink RB COUNT, or the device then computes the first key according to the current active first key, the downlink RB handler and the second information.
[0172] The method may further include step 230.
[0173] At step 230, the device derives the terminal keys according to the first key.
[0174] The terminal keys are derived according to the first key. In addition, if the first key changes, the first network may derive new terminal keys according to the new first key.
[0175] Referring to FIG. 8, as an illustrative example without limitation, a specified schematic illustration of a model for handover key chaining. Whenever an initial C / M RB security context needs to be established between a device and an RB handler, a local SPM-KMF, and the device shall derive a KRBhandler and a next hop parameter. The KRBhandler and the NH are derived from the Kanchor. An NH chaining counter (NCC) is associated with each RB handler and NH parameter. Every KRBhandler is associated with the NCC corresponding to the KRBhandle value from which it was derived. At initial setup, the KRBhandler is derived directly from Kanch, is then considered to be associated with a virtual NH parameter with NCC value equal to zero. The local SPM-KMF generates terminal keys and sends the terminal keys to the serving RB handler (or RB endpoint) . The device and the serving RB handler use the terminal keys to secure communication between each other. Herein, the terminal keys used between the device and the serving RB handler include the C / M RB keys and the data RB keys.
[0176] On handovers or downlink RB COUNT values close to wrap around, the basis for the KRBhandler that will be used between the device and the target RB handler, called KRB*, is derived from either the currently active KRBhandler or from the NH parameters. If the KRB* is derived from the NH parameters, the derivation is referred to as a vertical key derivation. The NH parameters are only computable by the device and the local SPM-KMF.
[0177] On handovers with the vertical key derivation, the NH is further bound to the downlink RB COUNT, PCI, and DL frequency before it is taken into use the KRB*in the serving RB handler. On handovers with the horizontal key derivation, the currently active KRB*is further bound to the downlink RB COUNT, PCI, and DL frequency before it is taken into use as the KRB*in the serving RB handler. After handovers, the serving RB handler shall increase its locally stored NCC value by one and send the NCC value to the local SPM-KMF. The local SPM-KMF uses the received NCC value to calculate the KRB*.
[0178] Note that, if the Kancho changes to a new anchor key, the NCC should be reset to be zero by the local SPM-KMF. The NCC should be sent to the serving RB handler together with the new terminal keys by the local SPM-KMF.
[0179] The terminal key refresh shall be triggered due to a new anchor key, or triggered by a part of synchronizing the C / M session and the C / M RB security contexts as a part of the handover procedure, or downlink RB COUNT value close to wrap around, or a new serving RB handler from the current serving GW.
[0180] To sum up, FIG. 8 provides a principle of how to key derivation in handover. The present application provides a model for the handover key chaining. Compared to key derivation in handover in a 5G system, there are two points: (1) downlink RB COUNT as an input for key derivation enables the device to confirm the freshness of the messages, prevents the replay attacks, and protects forward security. (2) a function of SPM-KMF, instead of AMF / gNB in the 5G system, is used to generate keys, which reduces overhead of intermediate key exchange and overhead of parameters for key derivation.
[0181] FIG. 10 is a procedure of RB key derivation according to an embodiment of the present application. This embodiment provides more details to illustrate the principle of key derivation in handover according to FIG. 9. The new key for the serving RB handler may be derived from a new anchor key, or NH or Kanchor. Messages in FIG. 10 are listed in a table 1.
[0182] Table 1
[0183] At step 401, a serving RB handler sends a message 1 to a local SPM-KMF.
[0184] The message 1 includes a content 1, and the content 1 may include a downlink RB COUNT value. The content 1 may further include one or more parameters of: PCI, DL frequency or NCC. The message 1 may be triggered in conditions of a handover, or triggered by downlink RB COUNT value close to warp around, or triggered by a new serving RB handler from the current serving GW, which is not limited. If the terminal key refresh is required due to the new anchor key, step 401 is skipped.
[0185] At step 402, an SPM generates a first key, and may further generate new terminal keys.
[0186] Specifically, if the anchor key does not change, the local SPM-KMF shall use the NH for deriving KRB*if an unused {NH, NCC} pair is available (this case is referred to as a vertical key derivation) , otherwise if no unused {NH, NCC} is available, the local SPM-KMF shall derive KRB*from the current KRBhandler (this case is referred to a horizontal key derivation) . The local SPM-KMF shall generate new terminal keys based on the new KRB*.
[0187] Note that, the serving RB handler shall send the NCC used for the KRB* derivation to the device in HO command message. The local SPM-KMF and the device shall use the KRB*as the KRBhandler after handover.
[0188] At step 403, the local SPM-KMF shall send a message to the serving RB handler.
[0189] The message 2 may include the new terminal keys. The message 2 may also have a value of the NCC (NCC=0) if the new anchor key is generated.
[0190] At step 404, the serving RB handler stores the NCC and the new terminal keys.
[0191] The serving RB handler may set a value of downlink RB COUNT to be zero if the value of the NCC to be zero. Note that, the serving RB handler increases the value of downlink RB COUNT by one if the serving RB handler sends an RB to the device.
[0192] At step 405, the device’s behaviors are as follows:
[0193] If the anchor key changes, the device derives the new anchor key. For example, the anchor key binding may be achieved by including a parameter called “serving CM-TW-GW name” into the chain of key derivations to the anchor key. The device resets uplink / downlink C / M session COUNT to be zero, NCC to be zero, and downlink RB COUNT to be zero. The device derives the new terminal keys for the RB handler based on the new anchor key.
[0194] If the anchor key does not change, the device may implement the following actions:
[0195] if the NCC value received by the device in a message from the serving RB handler is equal to the NCC value associated with the current active KRBhandle, the device shall derive the KRB*from the current active KRBhandler and the current downlink RB COUNT and the target PCI and its frequency absolute radio frequency channel number (ARFCN) -DL / E-UTRA absolute radio frequency channel number (EARFCN) -DL;
[0196] if the received NCC value is different from the NCC associated with the current active KRBhandle, the device shall first synchronize the locally stored NH parameters by computing a new NH by increasing the locally stored NCC value until it matches the NCC value received from the message. When the locally stored NCC value matches the NCC value received from the message, the device shall compute the KRB*from the synchronized local NH parameters and the current downlink RB COUNT. Optionally, the device shall compute the KRB*from the synchronized NH parameters and the current downlink RB COUNT, the target PCI and the DL frequency.
[0197] FIG. 11 provides more details to illustrate the principle of key derivation in handover according to FIG. 9. These details show what actions the SPM-KMF implements and what behaviors for the device.
[0198] FIG. 11 is an example of a procedure of RB keys derivation in handover according to an embodiment of the present application. During handover preparation, the source RB handler requests to transfer a device to a target RB handler and an SPM-KMF provides the target RB handler with newly derived terminal keys to be used with the device.
[0199] In FIG. 11, the KDF represents “key derivation function” . A symbol of {} denotes an optional choice.
[0200] At step 501, an SPM-KMF receives first information from a source RB handler. The first information includes a downlink RB COUNT. The first information may further include the PCI of a target RB handler and / or the DL frequency of the target RB handler.
[0201] At step 502, the SPM-KMF obtains an uplink C / M session COUNT from a C / M-TW-GW.
[0202] At step 503, the SPM-KMF derives a first key, and derives terminal keys according to the first key.
[0203] If a horizontal key derivation is used, the first key, that is, KRB*, is derived as follows: KRB*= KDF (KRB handler, downlink RB COUNT, {PCI, DL frequency} ) .
[0204] If a vertical key derivation is used, the KRB*, is derived as follows:
[0205] KRB*= KDF (NH, KRB handler) .
[0206] The SPM-KMF further derives the terminal keys that are used for communication between the device and the target RB handler.
[0207] At step 504, the SPM-KMF sends newly derived terminal keys to the target RB handler.
[0208] At step 505, the SPM-KMF sends the uplink C / M session COUNT to the source RB handler.
[0209] At step 506, the source RB handler sends the downlink RB COUNT and the NCC to the device. The source RB handler may further send the PCI and / or uplink C / M session COUNT to the device.
[0210] At step 507, the device derives the first key, and may further derives the terminal keys according to the first key.
[0211] The device computes related parameters by the following way: KRB handler= KDF (Kancho, uplink C / M session COUNT) ; NH= KDF (KRB handler, NH) or KDF (Kanch, NH) .
[0212] Further, the KRB*is computed as follows: KRB*= KDF (KRB handler, downlink RB COUNT, {PCI, DL frequency} ) , or KRB*= KDF (NH, KRB handler) .
[0213] As stated above, {PCI, DL frequency} denotes the PCI and DL frequency and are optional parameters for the derivation of the KRB*.
[0214] The FIG. 11 illustrates protocol’s messages for RB key derivation in handover corresponding to the FIG. 10. During handover preparation, the source-RB handler requests to transfer a device to a target-RB handler and a SPM-KMF provides the target-RB handler with a newly derived RB key to be used with the device.
[0215] Prior to a handover, an RB key derived by a device and a SPM-KMF shall be established. All participating entities, for example, the device, the serving RB handler and the SPM-KMF, may have information obtained from their previous exchanges, including parameters for key derivation during the initial setup or keys re-keying from preceding handovers. This means that the entities share the necessary parameters and keys required for security communication and for future re-keying. The target RB handler, however, does not need to have any previous knowledge of the device or parameters with the other participants, as long as it is securely connected to the core network. In 3GPP, handovers always include re-keying of the RB keys, either from the key (referred to as the horizontal key derivation) itself or from the intermediate NH parameters (referred to as the vertical key derivation) . The procedure may also re-derive Kanchor during the handover or when the SPM-KMF updates its Kanchor.
[0216] The method proposed in embodiments of the present application is described in detail above, and a communication apparatus provided by the present application will be described in detail below.
[0217] FIG. 12 is a schematic block diagram of a communication apparatus 10 according to an embodiment of the present application. The communication apparatus may be a communication device or an apparatus applied to the communication device and capable of realizing corresponding functions of any one of the network functions in the embodiments of the present application, for example, the apparatus may be a chip, a chip system or a circuit, which is not limited. The communication device may be the SPM-KMF, the terminal device, or the chip installed in any one of these network functions.
[0218] The communication apparatus 10 includes a processing module 1001. The processing module 1001 may be a processor, a processing circuit, a processing board, a processing unit, or a processing device, et al. The processing module 1001 is configured to implement processing and / or operations implemented inside the communication apparatus except sending the receiving actions.
[0219] The communication apparatus 10 may further include a communication module 1002. The communication unit 1002 is configured to implement a sending action and / or a receiving action. The communication module 1002 also may be called as a transceiver module, a transceiver, or a transceiver device, et al, and is configured to implement operations of receiving (which may be referred as inputting) and / or sending (which may be referred an outputting) .
[0220] For example, if the communication apparatus 10 corresponds to the first network function (for example, the SPM-KMF) in the embodiments, the communication module 1002 is configured to obtain first information from a source RB handler, which is illustrated in the step 110 of FIG. 6. The communication module 1002 is further configured to send the terminal keys to a target RB handler. The processing module 1001 is configure to implement the steps 120-130.
[0221] For example, if the communication apparatus 10 corresponds to the terminal device in the embodiments, the communication module 1002 may be configured to obtain first information from a source RB handler, which is illustrated in the step 210 of FIG. 7. The processing module 1001 may be configured to implement the steps 220 and 230 in the FIG. 7.
[0222] Briefly, the operations and / or functions of the apparatus 10 are intended to implement corresponding steps of the foregoing method embodiments.
[0223] FIG. 13 is a schematic block diagram of a communication apparatus according to an embodiment of the present application. The communication apparatus 20 includes at least one processor 21. The at least one processor 21 is coupled to at least one memory 22. The at least one memory 22 is configured to store one or more instructions and / or executable computer code. The at least one processor 21 is configured to invoke the one or more instructions and / or executable computer code, so that the communication apparatus 20 implements the method provided in the embodiments of the present application. Optionally, the communication apparatus 20 may further include the at least one memory 22. Optionally, the communication apparatus 20 may further include at least one communication interface 23, and the at least one communication interface 23 is configured to input and / or output information or data.
[0224] In an implementation, the communication apparatus 20 may be any one of the network functions in the method embodiments. For example, the communication apparatus 20 may be the first network function (for example, the SPM-KMF) or the terminal device. In this implementation, the processor 21 may be a baseband apparatus, and the communication interface 23 may be a radio frequency apparatus.
[0225] In another implementation, the communication apparatus 20 may be a chip (or a chip system) installed at a communication device such as the first network function and the terminal device. In this implementation, the processor 21 may be a circuit, for example, a logic circuit, an integrated circuit, etc. The communication interface 13 may be a transceiver, an interface circuit, an input / output interface, a bus, a module, a pin, or other types of interfaces.
[0226] An embodiment of the present application further provides a communication system. The communication system includes may include ant one of communication apparatuses according to any one of the method embodiments. For example, the communication system may include one or more following network functions of: the first network function (for example, the SPM-KMF) or the terminal device. The communication system may further include other network functions, for example, a source RB handler, a target RB handler and a C / M-TW-GW, which is not limited.
[0227] An embodiment of the present application further provides a computer storage medium, and the computer storage medium may store one or more instructions for executing any of the foregoing methods.
[0228] An embodiment of the present application further provides a computer program product, and the computer program product may store one or more instructions for executing any of the foregoing methods.
[0229] In the embodiments of this application, “and / or” describes an association relationship between associated objects and represents that three relationships may exist. For example, A and / or B may represent the following three cases: Only A exists, both A and B exist, and only B exists. The character “ / ” generally indicates an “or” relationship between the associated objects. “At least one” means one or more. “At least one of A and B” , similar to “A and / or B” , describes an association relationship between associated objects and represents that three relationships may exist. For example, at least one of A and B may represent the following three cases: Only A exists, both A and B exist, and only B exists.
[0230] Besides, the use of a singular form of “a” , “an” and “the” in the embodiments of the present application and the claims appended hereto is also intended to include a plural form, unless otherwise clearly indicated herein by context.
[0231] A person of ordinary skill in the art will be aware that, in combination with the examples described in the embodiments disclosed in this specification, units and algorithm steps may be implemented by using electronic hardware or a combination of computer software and electronic hardware. Whether the functions are performed by using hardware or software depends on particular applications and design constraint conditions of the technical solutions. A person skilled in the art may use different methods to implement the described functions for each particular application, but it should not be considered that the embodiment goes beyond the scope of this application.
[0232] It would be understood by a person skilled in the art that, for the purpose of convenience and brevity, in a detailed working process of the foregoing system, apparatus, and unit, reference may be made to a corresponding process in the foregoing method embodiments, and details are not described herein again.
[0233] In the several embodiments provided in this application, the disclosed system, apparatus, and method may be implemented in other manners. For example, the described apparatus embodiment is merely an example. For example, the unit division is a logical function division and other methods of division may be used in an actual embodiment. For example, a plurality of units or components may be combined or integrated into another system, or some features may be ignored or not performed. In addition, the displayed or discussed mutual couplings or direct couplings or communication connections may be implemented using various communication interfaces. The indirect couplings or communication connections between the apparatuses or units may be implemented in electronic, mechanical, or other forms.
[0234] In addition, function units in the embodiments of this application may be integrated into one processing unit, each of the units may exist alone physically, or two or more units may be integrated into one unit.
[0235] When the functions are implemented in the form of a software functional unit and sold or used as an independent product, the functions may be stored in a computer-readable storage medium. The technical solutions of this application may be implemented in the form of a software product. The software product is stored in a storage medium, and includes several instructions for instructing a computer device (which may be a personal computer, a server, a network device, or the like) to perform all or some of the steps of the methods described in the embodiments of this application. The foregoing storage medium includes any medium that can store program code, such as a USB flash drive, a removable hard disk, a ROM, a RAM, a magnetic disk, an optical disc or the like.
[0236] The units described as separate parts may be or may not be physically separate, and parts displayed as units may be or may not be physical units, may be located in one position, or may be distributed on a plurality of network units. Some or all of the units may be selected based on actual requirements to achieve the objectives of the solutions of the embodiments. In addition, functional units in the embodiments of this application may be integrated into one processing unit, or each of the units may exist alone physically, or two or more units are integrated into one unit.
[0237] The foregoing descriptions are merely specific implementations of this application, but are not intended to limit the protection scope of this application. Any variation or replacement readily figured out by a person skilled in the art within the technical scope disclosed in this application shall fall within the protection scope of this application. Therefore, the protection scope of this application shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.
Claims
1.A method for communication, performed by a first network function that is responsible for key derivation during a handover, comprising:obtaining first information from a source radio bearer (RB) handler, wherein the first information comprises a downlink RB COUNT, and the downlink RB COUNT indicates the number of radio bearers (RBs) sent in a downlink; andderiving a first key, wherein the first key is used for deriving terminal keys, wherein the terminal keys are used for communication between a device and a target RB handler, and an input for deriving the first key comprises the downlink RB COUNT.2.The method according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises:deriving the terminal keys according to the first key; andsending the terminal keys to the target RB handler.3.The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the method further comprises:obtaining second information from the source RB handler, wherein the second information comprises one or more parameters of: a physical cell identifier (PCI) of the target RB handler, a downlink frequency of the target RB handler or a next hop (NH) chaining counter (NCC) ;wherein the input for deriving the first key further comprises the one or more parameters.4.A method for communication, performed by a device, comprising:obtaining first information from a source RB handler, wherein the first information comprises a downlink RB COUNT, and the downlink RB COUNT indicates the number of radio bearers (RBs) sent in a downlink; andderiving a first key, wherein the first key is used for deriving terminal keys, wherein the terminal keys are used for communication between the device and a target RB handler, and an input for deriving the first key comprises the downlink RB COUNT.5.The method according to claim 4, wherein the method further comprises:deriving the terminal keys according to the first key.6.The method according to claim 4 or 5, wherein the method further comprises:obtaining second information from the source RB handler, wherein the second information comprises one or more parameters of: a physical cell identifier (PCI) , a downlink (DL) frequency or a next hop chaining counter (NCC) ;wherein the input for deriving the first key further comprises the one or more parameters.7.The method according to any one of claims 4 to 6, wherein deriving the first key comprises:if a first value of the NCC received from the source RB handler is equal to a second value of an NCC associated with a current active first key, deriving the first key according to the current active first key and the downlink RB COUNT; orif a first value of the NCC received from the source RB handler is different from a second value of an NCC associated with a current active first key, synchronizing local NH parameters by computing new NH parameters by increasing the second value until the second value matches the first value, and computing the first key according to the synchronized local NH parameters and the downlink RB COUNT.8.The method according to any one of claims 4 to 7, wherein the method further comprises:if the anchor key changes, resetting the downlink RB COUNT to be zero and the second value of the NCC associated with the current active first key to be zero, and deriving a new first key based on a new anchor key.9.A communication apparatus, wherein the communication apparatus comprises a processor, the processor is configured to execute one or more instructions stored in a memory, to enable the communication apparatus to implement the method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, or any one of claims 4 to 8.10.The communication apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the communication apparatus further comprises the memory.11.The communication apparatus according to claim 9 or 10, wherein the communication apparatus comprises a communication interface, and the communication interface is configured to input and / or output information or data.12.A communication apparatus, wherein the communication apparatus comprises a function or unit to perform the method according to any one of claims 1-3, or perform the method according to any one of claims 4-8.13.A communication apparatus, wherein the communication apparatus comprises a circuit and a communication interface, the communication interface is configured to receive information and / or data that is to be processed by the circuit, and transmit the information and / or data to the circuit; and the circuit is configured to perform the method according to any one of claims 1-3, or perform the method according to any one of claims 4-8.14.The communication apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the communication interface is further configured to output information and / or data processed by the circuit.15.A communication system, comprising a communication apparatus that performs the method according to any one of claims 1-3, and a communication apparatus that performs the method according to any one of claims 4-8.16.A computer readable storage medium, comprising one or more instructions, wherein when the one or more instructions are run on a computer, the computer performs the method according to any one of claims 1-3, or the method according to any one of claims 4-8.17.A computer program product, comprising one or more instructions, wherein when the one or more instructions are run on a computer, the computer performs the method according to any one of claims 1-3, or the method according to any one of claims 4-8.
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