Methods and apparatuses for supporting transmission between network devices
By exchanging data related to orthonormal projection matrices between a baseband unit and a remote radio unit, the method addresses the complexity and bandwidth challenges in wireless communication systems, resulting in more efficient and cost-effective operations.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/126132
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-10-24
- Publication Date
- 2025-05-01
AI Technical Summary
Current wireless communication systems face challenges in reducing the complexity of mathematical operations in network devices, leading to increased power consumption, costs, and bandwidth requirements, especially as the number of devices in these networks grows.
The proposed method involves exchanging data between a baseband unit (BBU) and a remote radio unit (RRU) by receiving and determining information related to orthonormal projection matrices, allowing for reduced complexity in mathematical operations and transmission bandwidth.
This approach reduces the computational complexity and bandwidth requirements, leading to more efficient communication systems with lower power consumption and costs.
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Figure CN2023126132_01052025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHODS AND APPARATUSES FOR SUPPORTING TRANSMISSION BETWEEN NETWORK DEVICESTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to wireless communications, and in particular to methods and apparatuses for supporting transmission between network devices.BACKGROUND
[0002] Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems have been widely deployed in modern wireless systems to improve system capacity and bandwidth efficiency by making use of spatial diversity among antenna ports. For example, on a given subcarrier or resource element (RE) , a transmitter having NTx transmit antenna ports and a receiver having NRx receive antenna ports results in a NRx-by-NTx MIMO channel represented by a NRx-by-NTx complex matrix HUE, RE that may be decomposed via Singular Vector Decomposition (SVD) in the form HUE, RE=ZUE, RESUE, REVUE, REH, where ZUE, RE is a NRx-by-NRx square orthonormal matrix (s.t. ZUE, REHZUE, RE=I) , VUE, RE is a NTx-by-NTx square orthonormal matrix (s.t. VUE, REHVUE, RE=I) , and SUE, RE is a NRx-by-NTx rectangular diagonal matrix. The rank (rUE, RE) of HUE, RE is not more than the lesser of NRx and NTx, i.e. rUE, RE=min (NTxNRx) . As per standard SVD, if the transmitter applies a precoder matrix VUE, RE and the receiver is a receiving matrix ZUE, REH, the NRx-by-NTx MIMO channel can be represented as rUE, RE independent and parallel (orthogonal) sub-channels as indicted by the following mathematical expression: ZUE, REHHUE, REVUE, RE= (ZUE, REHZUE, RE) SUE, RE (VUE, REHVUE, RE) =SUE, RE
[0003] Each sub-channel has a scale value channel response (hUE, RE (i) ) , i.e. i-th diagonal element of SUE, RE (singular value, hUE, RE (i) =SUE, RE (i, i) ) . Accordingly, a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) on the i-th sub-channel is defined as In a wireless system, only the sub-channels whose SNRs are higher than a threshold are considered as effective for transmission. The effective sub-channels may be referred to as MIMO flows.
[0004] The SNR-based truncation MIMO decomposition scheme turns a standard SVD into a rank-reduced SVD by discarding sub-channels with SNRs lower than the thresholds, in the form of HUE, RE≈ZUE, RESUE, REVUE, REH, where ZUE, RE is a NRx-by-rUE, RE orthonormal matrix (s.t. ZUE, REHZUE, RE=I) , VUE, RE is NTx-by-rUE, RE orthonormal matrix (s.t. VUE, REHVUE, RE=I) , and SUE, RE is rUE, RE-by-rUE, RE square diagonal matrix. The number of MIMO flows of HUE, RE is rUE, RE≤min (NTx, NRx) . When the transmitter applies a precoder matrix VUE, RE and a corresponding receiver applies a receiving matrix ZUE, REH, the NRx-by-NTx MIMO channel can be represented as: ZUE, REHHUE, REVUE, RE= (ZUE, REHZUE, RE) SUE, RE (VUE, REHVUE, RE) =SUE, RE.
[0005] With reduced-rank SVD, SUE, RE is a rUE, RE-by-rUE, RE diagonal matrix.
[0006] Mathematically speaking, the precoder matrix VUE, RE at the transmitter and the receiving matrix ZUE, REH at the receiver provide synergy over the entire MIMO channel on the effective sub-channels by linear transformations over the MIMO channel HUE, RE. MIMO gain or space diversity gain, indicated by SNRs is attributed to inherent space diversity of the MIMO channel between the transmitter and the receiver, which is related to the radio environment. Empirically, radio channels in a complex environment, such as a downtown area, would have a higher number of MIMO flows than in a simple rural environment, because high buildings in the downtown area may typically yield more space diversity due to more radio reflectivity.
[0007] In order to achieve a higher MIMO gain, wireless systems may increase the number of antenna ports, that is, NTx and NRx, which increases the upper-bound of the number of potential MIMO flows, due to rUE, RE≤min (NTx, NRx) . But, in reality, rUE, RE is far smaller than its upper-bound, min (NTx, NRx) . This has motivated the deployment of multiple user MIMO (MU-MIMO) . If one MIMO channel from one user yields an insufficient number of MIMO flows, several MIMO channels from multiple users could be multiplexed by a common precoder W. When two MIMO channels, HUE (1) , RE and HUE (2) , RE, on the same RE, are very different from each other; then it is likely to find a common precoder W to multiplex both at the transmitter and separate both at the receiver. Alternatively, when two MIMO channels, HUE (1) , RE and HUE (2) , RE, on the same RE, are almost the same, then it is unlikely to find a common precoder W to multiplex both at the transmitter and separate both at the receiver.
[0008] Mathematically, such a common precoder W is related to precoders VUE (1) , RE and VUE (2) , RE . A widely used method in practice is based on Eigen-Zero Forcing (EZF) . Two precoders from reduced-SVD on MIMO channels may be concatenated into one as represented in the form where is a NTx-by- (rUE (1) , RE+rUE(2) , RE) matrix. In EZF, the common precoder is where W is a NTx-by- (rUE (1) , RE+rUE (2) , RE) matrix. If VUE (1) , RE and VUE (2) , RE are orthogonal to each other, approaches an identity matrix, meaning that the transmitter may continue using precoder matrix VUE (1) , RE for UE1 and precoder matrix VUE (2) , RE for UE2 to multiplex on the RE at the same time without Multiple-Access-Interference (MAI) . If VUE (1) , RE and VUE (2) , RE are the same, approaches a singular matrix meaning that no common precoder W is available, and therefore, these two UEs cannot be paired together. In practice, most cases are between the two extremes, in which is neither an identity matrix nor a singular matrix. The transmitter may compute a common precoder for all the possible combinations and then determine the best one. Unfortunately, it is a nondeterministic polynomial (NP) -hard problem.
[0009] Suppose that a transmitter has 200 candidate receivers. In theory, this transmitter has to make an exhaustive search among different common precoder W computations for different combinations of receivers. In addition, in order to increase the extent to which approaches an identity matrix, and be able to pair or group receivers, it is possible to make NTx>>∑irUE (i) , RE. This provides motivation for wireless systems to adopt more antenna ports or, more precisely, a higher MIMO antenna port ratio between the transmitter and the receiver (NTx / NRx) .
[0010] After the common precoder W is computed, the transmitter multiplies the common precoder W with the signals to be transmitted.
[0011] For a wireless system, MU-MIMO is usually used in downlink (DL) , where a base station (BS) is transmitter and one or more user equipment (UE) are receivers. MIMO channels of multiple UEs are paired by a common precoder W to multiplex on the same REs (frequency domain) and the same time durations (time domain) .
[0012] For higher throughput and system efficiency, modern MU-MIMO systems deploy many antenna ports across a wider band. For example, in a Terahertz-MIMO (T-MIMO) system, a BS has 3072 antenna ports and the UE has 64 antenna ports over 400MHz bandwidth. The MIMO channel may be expressed as a three-dimensional tensor (NRE-by-NRx-by-NTx) . FIG. 1 illustrates a representation of a channel between the BS with 3072 antenna ports and the UE with 64 antenna ports over 400MHz bandwidth. FIG. 1 shows four three dimensional blocks, each of the four blocks having 273 resource blocks (RBs) with 30 kHz on 100MHz band on a first axis, 3072 BS antenna ports on a second axis and 64 UE antenna ports on a third axis. On a resource block basis, the total dimensionality is expresses as 273 X 3072 X 64 X 4 = 214, 695, 936. On a subcarrier basis, the total dimensionality is expresses as 273 X 3072 X 64 X 4 X 12 = 2, 576, 351, 232, as there are 12 subcarriers per 100 MHz bandwidth.
[0013] Assumption on DL / UL channel reciprocity
[0014] For MU-MIMO, in which over DL channels, one BS may be paired with multiple UEs, it is impracticable for each candidate UE to report or feedback its DL channel estimation to the BS, because such feedback would result into a huge uplink (UL) feedback overhead due to the large dimensionality of T-MIMO channel. In a time division duplex (TDD) system, it is assumed that the DL channel between one BS and one UE may be approximated by the UL channel between the BS and the UE. In 4th Generation (4G) and 5th Generation New Radio (5G-NR) systems, a sounding reference signal (SRS) UL channel is specified for the UL channel measurement or estimation for this purpose. The SRS UL channel is shared by a number of UEs. These UEs send their own SRS reference signals on SRS pilot positions so that the BS may estimate the UE UL MIMO channels respectively. In 5G-NR, the sharing is achieved by coding multiplexing on modulation signals.
[0015] Random or Quasi-Random MU-Pairing Implementation
[0016] As mentioned above, MU-Pairing is considered a NP-hard problem. In theory, an optimal pairing is a result of an exhaustive search on all the possible combinations of the candidate UEs, from two UEs of set of candidate UEs to the entire set of candidate UEs. However, the computation involving a pseudo-inversion of a large matrix is too extensive for real-time signal processing during one time transmission interval (TTI) or several TTIs. In particular, when NTx is more than a hundred, and pairing includes a group of 10 or 20 UEs over several TTIs, the pseudo-inversion of matrix could become substantially unattainable for most hardware implementation. Due to the complexity, storage and latency limitations, it is unrealistic to exhaustively search the best pairing scheme in a practical implementation. Instead, some random or quasi-random selection of a fixed number of the paired UEs from a big pool of candidates is firstly conducted in and then followed by a common precoder matrix EZF computation Empirically, the selection may consider the positions of the candidate UEs. For example, an empirical selection algorithm may tend to choose the paired UEs far from each other, because it is more likely for these UEs to have orthogonal MIMO channels. For example, the number of the paired UEs is simply given by empirical experience, system, or hardware limitations.
[0017] Strictly speaking, the tradeoff doesn’ t realize the pairing, but only computes the precoder matrix W from whichever reversible
[0018] Methods and devices that can reduce complexity of mathematical operations performed in network devices, thereby reducing power used by, and costs for, network devices, as well as reducing bandwidth requirements, will become more advantageous in communications systems as the number of devices in these networks continue to increase and the utility of the devices is expected to increase.SUMMARY
[0019] Aspects of the present disclosure are directed to methods for exchanging data between a baseband unit (BBU) and remote radio unit (RRU) (or remote radio head (RRH) or active antenna unit (AAU) ) that allows a reduced complexity in mathematical operations performed at the RRU / RRH / AAU.
[0020] Aspects of the present disclosure are directed to methods for exchanging data between a baseband unit (BBU) and remote radio unit (RRU) (or remote radio head (RRH) or active antenna unit (AAU) ) that allows a reduced transmission bandwidth between the BBU and RRU / RRH / AAU.
[0021] According to aspects of the preset invention, there is provided a method including: receiving, by a first network side apparatus from a second network side apparatus, first information and second information for each resource block group (RBG) of a plurality of RBGs, wherein the second information is a function of a NTx by NRx orthonormal projection matrix resulting from a decomposition of a channel matrix H, wherein NTx is a number of transmit antennas or antenna ports and NRx is a number of receive antennas or antenna ports; and determining, by the first network side apparatus, a precoding matrix by multiplying the first information and third information, wherein the third information is a function of the second information.
[0022] In some embodiments, the first information is which is a matrix whose diagonal elements are wherein pN identifies N groups of user equipments (UEs) , N = 1 to Npaired, Npaired is a maximum number of groups of UEs, ZK is a matrix of NRx by NRx elements for K=1 to and is a rank of each group of UEs.
[0023] In some embodiments, the second information includes: an index associated with the NTx by NRx orthonormal projection matrix; and an identification of a group of two or more UEs.
[0024] In some embodiments, the method further includes determining, by the first network side apparatus, wherein is the NTx by NRx orthonormal projection matrix associated with the received index, wherein N = 1 to Npaired is a reference channel for a group of UEs.
[0025] In some embodiments, the method further includes determining the first network side apparatus, having stored in memory, a set of NTx by NRx orthonormal projection matrices, each matrix having an associated index.
[0026] In some embodiments, the method further includes determining the first network side apparatus determining the third information in the form of ΩRBG ( (ΩRBG) H (ΩRBG) ) -1.
[0027] In some embodiments, the third information is equal to the second information and the second information is ΩRBG ( (ΩRBG) H (ΩRBG) ) -1.
[0028] In some embodiments, the method further includes receiving feedback of a highly compressed channel measurement to determine the channel matrix H.
[0029] According to aspects of the preset invention, there is provided an apparatus including: one or more processor configured to: receive from a network side apparatus, first information and second information for each RBG of a plurality of RBGs, wherein the second information is a function of a NTx by NRx orthonormal projection matrix resulting from a decomposition of a channel matrix H, wherein NTx is a number of transmit antennas or antenna ports and NRx is a number of receive antennas or antenna ports; and determine a precoding matrix by multiplying the first information and third information, wherein the third information is a function of the second information.
[0030] A non-transitory computer readable storage medium, wherein the computer readable storage medium stores instructions that, when executed by a processor of an apparatus, enable the apparatus to perform a method including: receiving from a network side apparatus, first information and second information for each RBG of a plurality of RBGs, wherein the second information is a function of a NTx by NRx orthonormal projection matrix resulting from a decomposition of a channel matrix H, wherein NTx is a number of transmit antennas or antenna ports and NRx is a number of receive antennas or antenna ports; and determining a precoding matrix by multiplying the first information and third information, wherein the third information is a function of the second information.
[0031] According to aspects of the preset invention, there is provided a method including: transmitting, by a first network side apparatus to a second network side apparatus, first information and second information for each RBG of a plurality of RBGs, wherein the second information is a function of a NTx by NRx orthonormal projection matrix resulting from a decomposition of a channel matrix H, wherein NTx is a number of transmit antennas or antenna ports and NRx is a number of receive antennas or antenna ports.
[0032] In some embodiments, the first information is which is a matrix whose diagonal elements are wherein pN identifies N groups of user equipments (UEs) , N = 1 to Npaired, Npaired is a maximum number of groups of UEs, ZK is a matrix of NRx by NRx elements for K=1 to and is a rank of each group of UEs.
[0033] In some embodiments, the second information includes: an index associated with the NTx by NRx orthonormal projection matrix; and an identification of a group of two or more UEs.
[0034] In some embodiments, the third information is equal to the second information and the second information is ΩRBG ( (ΩRBG) H (ΩRBG) ) -1.
[0035] In some embodiments, the method further includes determining, by the first network side apparatus, wherein is the NTx by NRx orthonormal projection matrix associated with the received index, wherein N = 1 to Npaired is a reference channel for a group of UEs.
[0036] In some embodiments, the method further includes the first network side apparatus determining the second information in the form of ΩRBG ( (ΩRBG) H (ΩRBG) ) -1.
[0037] In some embodiments, the method further includes the first network side apparatus, having stored in memory, a set of NTx by NRx orthonormal projection matrices, each matrix having an associated index.
[0038] According to aspects of the preset invention, there is provided an apparatus including: one or more processor configured to: transmit, to a network side apparatus, first information and second information for each RBG of a plurality of RBGs, wherein the second information is a function of a NTx by NRx orthonormal projection matrix resulting from a decomposition of a channel matrix H, wherein NTx is a number of transmit antennas or antenna ports and NRx is a number of receive antennas or antenna ports.
[0039] According to aspects of the preset invention, there is provided a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, wherein the computer readable storage medium stores instructions that, when executed by a processor of an apparatus, enable the apparatus to perform a method including: transmitting, to a second network side apparatus, first information and second information for each RBG of a plurality of RBGs, wherein the second information is a function of a NTx by NRx orthonormal projection matrix resulting from a decomposition of a channel matrix H, wherein NTx is a number of transmit antennas or antenna ports and NRx is a number of receive antennas or antenna ports.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0040] For a more complete understanding of the present embodiments, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made, by way of example, to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0041] FIG. 1 illustrates a representation of a TeraHertz MIMO system channel between a base station with 3072 antenna ports and a user equipment with 64 antenna ports over 400MHz bandwidth.
[0042] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a communication system in which embodiments of the present disclosure may occur.
[0043] FIG. 3 is another schematic diagram of a communication system in which embodiments of the present disclosure may occur.
[0044] FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating units or modules in a device in which embodiments of the present disclosure may occur.
[0045] FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating units or modules in a device in which embodiments of the present disclosure may occur.
[0046] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a difference between UL and DL coverage due to transmit powers from a base station and a user equipment.
[0047] FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating a radio access network (RAN) protocol architecture that may be used in accordance with aspects of the present application.
[0048] FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a baseband unit (BBU) , a remote radio unit (RRU) and an interface between the two devices as a well as an illustration of functionalities in the physical layer (PHY) that may occur over the interface.
[0049] FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a BBU, a RRU and an interface between the two devices to facilitate transport of data between the two device that may be used in accordance with aspects of the present application.
[0050] FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating a first example of a BBU, a RRU and an interface between the two devices to facilitate transport of data between the two device and further indicating how a precoder may be determined in accordance with aspects of the present application.
[0051] FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating a second example of a BBU, a RRU and an interface between the two devices to facilitate transport of data between the two device and further indicating how a precoder may be determined in accordance with aspects of the present application.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0052] For illustrative purposes, specific example embodiments will now be explained in greater detail below in conjunction with the figures.
[0053] The embodiments set forth herein represent information sufficient to practice the claimed subject matter and illustrate ways of practicing such subject matter. Upon reading the following description in light of the accompanying figures, those of skill in the art will understand the concepts of the claimed subject matter and will recognize applications of these concepts not particularly addressed herein. It should be understood that these concepts and applications fall within the scope of the disclosure and the accompanying claims.
[0054] Moreover, it will be appreciated that any module, component, or device disclosed herein that executes instructions may include or otherwise have access to a non-transitory computer / processor readable storage medium or media for storage of information, such as computer / processor readable instructions, data structures, program modules, and / or other data. A non-exhaustive list of examples of non-transitory computer / processor readable storage media includes magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, optical disks such as compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , digital video discs or digital versatile discs (i.e. DVDs) , Blu-ray DiscTM, or other optical storage, volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology, random-access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , flash memory or other memory technology. Any such non-transitory computer / processor storage media may be part of a device or accessible or connectable thereto. Computer / processor readable / executable instructions to implement an application or module described herein may be stored or otherwise held by such non-transitory computer / processor readable storage media.
[0055] Aspects of the present disclosure are directed to methods for exchanging data between a baseband unit (BBU) and remote radio unit (RRU) (or remote radio head (RRH) or active antenna unit (AAU) ) that allows a reduced complexity in mathematical operations performed at the RRU / RRH / AAU.
[0056] Aspects of the present disclosure are directed to methods for exchanging data between a baseband unit (BBU) and remote radio unit (RRU) (or remote radio head (RRH) or active antenna unit (AAU) ) that allows a reduced transmission bandwidth between the BBU and RRU / RRH / AAU.
[0057] FIGs. 2, 3, and 4 following below provide context for the network and device that may be in the network and that may implement aspects of the present disclosure.
[0058] Referring to FIG. 2, as an illustrative example without limitation, a simplified schematic illustration of a communication system is provided. The communication system 100 comprises a radio access network 120. The radio access network 120 may be a next generation (e.g. sixth generation (6G) or later) radio access network, or a legacy (e.g. 5G, 4G, 3G or 2G) radio access network. One or more communication electric device (ED) 110a-120j (generically referred to as 110) may be interconnected to one another, and may also or instead be connected to one or more network nodes (170a, 170b, generically referred to as 170) in the radio access network 120. A core network 130 may be a part of the communication system and may be dependent or independent of the radio access technology used in the communication system 100. Also the communication system 100 comprises a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 140, the internet 150, and other networks 160.
[0059] FIG. 3 illustrates an example communication system 100 in which embodiments of the present disclosure could be implemented. In general, the system 100 enables multiple wireless or wired elements to communicate data and other content. The purpose of the system 100 may be to provide content (voice, data, video, text) via broadcast, narrowcast, user device to user device, etc. The system 100 may operate efficiently by sharing resources such as bandwidth.
[0060] In this example, the communication system 100 includes electronic devices (ED) 110a-110c, radio access networks (RANs) 120a-120b, a core network 130, a PSTN 140, the Internet 150, and other networks 160. While certain numbers of these components or elements are shown in FIG. 3, any reasonable number of these components or elements may be included in the system 100.
[0061] The EDs 110a-110c are configured to operate, communicate, or both, in the system 100. For example, the EDs 110a-110c are configured to transmit, receive, or both via wireless communication channels. Each ED 110a-110c represents any suitable end user device for wireless operation and may include such devices (or may be referred to) as a user equipment / device (UE) , wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) , mobile station, mobile subscriber unit, cellular telephone, station (STA) , machine type communication device (MTC) , personal digital assistant (PDA) , smartphone, laptop, computer, touchpad, wireless sensor, terminal side device, or consumer electronics device.
[0062] FIG. 3 illustrates an example communication system 100 in which embodiments of the present disclosure could be implemented. In general, the communication system 100 enables multiple wireless or wired elements to communicate data and other content. The purpose of the communication system 100 may be to provide content (voice, data, video, text) via broadcast, multicast, unicast, user device to user device, etc. The communication system 100 may operate by sharing resources such as bandwidth.
[0063] In this example, the communication system 100 includes electronic devices (ED) 110a-110d, radio access networks (RANs) 120a-120c, a core network 130, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 140, the internet 150, and other networks 160. Although certain numbers of these components or elements are shown in FIG. 3, any reasonable number of these components or elements may be included in the communication system 100.
[0064] The EDs 110a-110d are configured to operate, communicate, or both, in the communication system 100. For example, the EDs 110a-110d are configured to transmit, receive, or both, via wireless or wired communication channels. Each ED 110a-110d represents any suitable end user device for wireless operation and may include such devices (or may be referred to) as a UE, WTRU, mobile station, fixed or mobile subscriber unit, cellular telephone, STA, MTC device, PDA, smartphone, laptop, computer, tablet, wireless sensor, or consumer electronics device.
[0065] In FIG. 3, the RANs 120a-120b include base stations 170a-170b, respectively. Each base station 170a-170b is configured to wirelessly interface with one or more of the EDs 110a-110c to enable access to any other base station 170a-170b, the core network 130, the PSTN 140, the internet 150, and / or the other networks 160. For example, the base stations 170a-170b may include (or be) one or more of several well-known devices, such as a base transceiver station (BTS) , a Node-B (NodeB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB) , a Home eNodeB, a gNodeB, a transmission and receive point (TRP) , a site controller, an access point (AP) , or a wireless router.
[0066] In some examples, one or more of the base stations 170a-170b may be a terrestrial base station that is attached to the ground. For example, a terrestrial base station could be mounted on a building or tower. Alternatively, one or more of the base stations 172 may be a non-terrestrial base station, or non-terrestrial TRP (NT-TRP) , that is not attached to the ground. A flying base station is an example of the non-terrestrial base station. A flying base station may be implemented using communication equipment supported or carried by a flying device. Non-limiting examples of flying devices include airborne platforms (such as a blimp or an airship, for example) , balloons, quadcopters and other aerial vehicles. In some implementations, a flying base station may be supported or carried by an unmanned aerial system (UAS) or an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) , such as a drone or a quadcopter. A flying base station may be a moveable or mobile base station that can be flexibly deployed in different locations to meet network demand. A satellite base station is another example of a non-terrestrial base station. A satellite base station may be implemented using communication equipment supported or carried by a satellite. A satellite base station may also be referred to as an orbiting base station.
[0067] Any ED 110a-110d may be alternatively or additionally configured to interface, access, or communicate with any other base station 170a-170b, the internet 150, the core network 130, the PSTN 140, the other networks 160, or any combination of the preceding.
[0068] The EDs 110a-110d and base stations 170a-170b, 172 are examples of communication equipment that can be configured to implement some or all of the operations and / or embodiments described herein. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the base station 170a forms part of the RAN 120a, which may include other base stations, base station controller (s) (BSC) , radio network controller (s) (RNC) , relay nodes, elements, and / or devices. Any base station 170a, 170b may be a single element, as shown, or multiple elements, distributed in the corresponding RAN, or otherwise. Also, the base station 170b forms part of the RAN 120b, which may include other base stations, elements, and / or devices. Each base station 170a-170b transmits and / or receives wireless signals within a particular geographic region or area, sometimes referred to as a “cell” or “coverage area” . A cell may be further divided into cell sectors, and a base station 170a-170b may, for example, employ multiple transceivers to provide service to multiple sectors. In some embodiments, there may be established pico or femto cells where the radio access technology supports such. In some embodiments, multiple transceivers could be used for each cell, for example using multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology. The number of RAN 120a-120b shown is exemplary only. Any number of RAN may be contemplated when devising the communication system 100.
[0069] The base stations 170a-170b, 172 communicate with one or more of the EDs 110a-110c over one or more air interfaces 190a, 190c using wireless communication links e.g. radio frequency (RF) , microwave, infrared (IR) , etc. The air interfaces 190a, 190c may utilize any suitable radio access technology. For example, the communication system 100 may implement one or more orthogonal or non-orthogonal channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA) , time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) , or single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) in the air interfaces 190a, 190c.
[0070] A base station 170a-170b, 172 may implement Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) to establish an air interface 190a, 190c using wideband CDMA (WCDMA) . In doing so, the base station 170a-170b. 172 may implement protocols such as High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) , Evolved HPSA (HSPA+) optionally including High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) , High Speed Packet Uplink Access (HSPUA) or both. Alternatively, a base station 170a-170b, 172 may establish an air interface 190a, 190c with Evolved UTMS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) using LTE, LTE-A, and / or LTE-B. It is contemplated that the communication system 100 may use multiple channel access operation, including such schemes as described above. Other radio technologies for implementing air interfaces include IEEE 802.11, 802.15, 802.16, CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, IS-2000, IS-95, IS-856, GSM, EDGE, and GERAN. Of course, other multiple access schemes and wireless protocols may be utilized.
[0071] The RANs 120a-120b are in communication with the core network 130 to provide the EDs 110a-110c with various services such as voice, data, and other services. The RANs 120a-120b and / or the core network 130 may be in direct or indirect communication with one or more other RANs (not shown) , which may or may not be directly served by core network 130, and may or may not employ the same radio access technology as RAN 120a, RAN 120b or both. The core network 130 may also serve as a gateway access between (i) the RANs 120a-120b or EDs 110a-110c or both, and (ii) other networks (such as the PSTN 140, the internet 150, and the other networks 160) .
[0072] The EDs 110a-110d communicate with one another over one or more sidelink (SL) air interfaces 190b, 190d using wireless communication links e.g. radio frequency (RF) , microwave, infrared (IR) , etc. The SL air interfaces 190b, 190d may utilize any suitable radio access technology, and may be substantially similar to the air interfaces 190a, 190c over which the EDs 110a-110c communication with one or more of the base stations 170a-170b, or they may be substantially different. For example, the communication system 100 may implement one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA) , time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) , or single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) in the SL air interfaces 190b, 190d. In some embodiments, the SL air interfaces 180 may be, at least in part, implemented over unlicensed spectrum.
[0073] In addition, some or all of the EDs 110a-110d may include operation for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links using different wireless technologies and / or protocols. Instead of wireless communication (or in addition thereto) , the EDs may communicate via wired communication channels to a service provider or switch (not shown) , and to the internet 150. PSTN 140 may include circuit switched telephone networks for providing plain old telephone service (POTS) . Internet 150 may include a network of computers and subnets (intranets) or both, and incorporate protocols, such as internet protocol (IP) , transmission control protocol (TCP) and user datagram protocol (UDP) . EDs 110a-110d may be multimode devices capable of operation according to multiple radio access technologies, and incorporate multiple transceivers necessary to support multiple radio access technologies.
[0074] In some embodiments, the signal is transmitted from a terrestrial BS to the UE or transmitted from the UE directly to the terrestrial BS and in both cases the signal is not reflected by a RIS. However, the signal may be reflected by the obstacles and reflectors such as buildings, walls and furniture. In some embodiments, the signal is communicated between the UE and a non-terrestrial BS such as a satellite, a drone and a high altitude platform. In some embodiments, the signal is communicated between a relay and a UE or a relay and a BS or between two relays. In some embodiments, the signal is transmitted between two UEs. In some embodiments, one or multiple RIS are utilized to reflect the signal from a transmitter and a receiver, where any of the transmitter and receiver includes UEs, terrestrial or non-terrestrial BS, and relays.
[0075] FIG. 4 illustrates another example of an ED 110 and network devices, including a base station 170a, 170b (at 170) and an NT-TRP 172. The ED 110 is used to connect persons, objects, machines, etc. The ED 110 may be widely used in various scenarios, for example, cellular communications, device-to-device (D2D) , vehicle to everything (V2X) , peer-to-peer (P2P) , machine-to-machine (M2M) , machine-type communications (MTC) , internet of things (IOT) , virtual reality (VR) , augmented reality (AR) , industrial control, self-driving, remote medical, smart grid, smart furniture, smart office, smart wearable, smart transportation, smart city, drones, robots, remote sensing, passive sensing, positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility, etc.
[0076] Each ED 110 represents any suitable end user device for wireless operation and may include such devices (or may be referred to) as a user equipment / device (UE) , a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) , a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a cellular telephone, a station (STA) , a machine type communication (MTC) device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a smartphone, a laptop, a computer, a tablet, a wireless sensor, a consumer electronics device, a smart book, a vehicle, a car, a truck, a bus, a train, or an IoT device, an industrial device, or apparatus (e.g. communication module, modem, or chip) in the forgoing devices, among other possibilities. Future generation EDs 110 may be referred to using other terms. The base station 170a and 170b is a T-TRP and will hereafter be referred to as T-TRP 170. Also shown in FIG. 4, a NT-TRP will hereafter be referred to as NT-TRP 172. Each ED 110 connected to T-TRP 170 and / or NT-TRP 172 can be dynamically or semi-statically turned-on (i.e., established, activated, or enabled) , turned-off (i.e., released, deactivated, or disabled) and / or configured in response to one of more of: connection availability and connection necessity.
[0077] The ED 110 includes a transmitter 201 and a receiver 203 coupled to one or more antennas 204. Only one antenna 204 is illustrated. One, some, or all of the antennas may alternatively be panels. The transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 may be integrated, e.g. as a transceiver. The transceiver is configured to modulate data or other content for transmission by at least one antenna 204 or network interface controller (NIC) . The transceiver is also configured to demodulate data or other content received by the at least one antenna 204. Each transceiver includes any suitable structure for generating signals for wireless or wired transmission and / or processing signals received wirelessly or by wire. Each antenna 204 includes any suitable structure for transmitting and / or receiving wireless or wired signals.
[0078] The ED 110 includes at least one memory 208. The memory 208 stores instructions and data used, generated, or collected by the ED 110. For example, the memory 208 could store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or embodiments described herein and that are executed by the processing unit (s) 210. Each memory 208 includes any suitable volatile and / or non-volatile storage and retrieval device (s) . Any suitable type of memory may be used, such as random access memory (RAM) , read only memory (ROM) , hard disk, optical disc, subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory stick, secure digital (SD) memory card, on-processor cache, and the like.
[0079] The ED 110 may further include one or more input / output devices (not shown) or interfaces (such as a wired interface to the internet 150 in FIGs. 2 or 3) . The input / output devices permit interaction with a user or other devices in the network. Each input / output device includes any suitable structure for providing information to or receiving information from a user, such as a speaker, microphone, keypad, keyboard, display, or touch screen, including network interface communications.
[0080] The ED 110 further includes a processor 210 for performing operations including those related to preparing a transmission for uplink transmission to the NT-TRP 172 and / or T-TRP 170, those related to processing downlink transmissions received from the NT-TRP 172 and / or T-TRP 170, and those related to processing sidelink transmission to and from another ED 110. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for uplink transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing downlink transmissions may include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulating and decoding received symbols. Depending upon the embodiment, a downlink transmission may be received by the receiver 203, possibly using receive beamforming, and the processor 210 may extract signaling from the downlink transmission (e.g. by detecting and / or decoding the signaling) . An example of signaling may be a reference signal transmitted by NT-TRP 172 and / or T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, the processor 210 implements the transmit beamforming and / or receive beamforming based on the indication of beam direction, e.g. beam angle information (BAI) , received from T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, the processor 210 may perform operations relating to network access (e.g. initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, such as operations relating to detecting a synchronization sequence, decoding and obtaining the system information, etc. In some embodiments, the processor 210 may perform channel estimation, e.g. using a reference signal received from the NT-TRP 172 and / or T-TRP 170.
[0081] Although not illustrated, the processor 210 may form part of the transmitter 201 and / or receiver 203. Although not illustrated, the memory 208 may form part of the processor 210.
[0082] The processor 210, and the processing components of the transmitter 201 and receiver 203 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory (e.g. in memory 208) . Alternatively, some or all of the processor 210, and the processing components of the transmitter 201 and receiver 203 may be implemented using dedicated circuitry, such as a programmed field-programmable gate array (FPGA) , a graphical processing unit (GPU) , or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) .
[0083] The T-TRP 170 may be known by other names in some implementations, such as a base station, a base transceiver station (BTS) , a radio base station, a network node, a network device, a device on the network side, a transmit / receive node, a Node B, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a Home eNodeB, a next Generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission point (TP) , a site controller, an access point (AP) , or a wireless router, a relay station, a remote radio head, a terrestrial node, a terrestrial network device, or a terrestrial base station, base band unit (BBU) , remote radio unit (RRU) , active antenna unit (AAU) , remote radio head (RRH) , central unit (CU) , distributed unit (DU) , positioning node, among other possibilities. The T-TRP 170 may be macro BSs, pico BSs, relay node, donor node, or the like, or combinations thereof. The T-TRP 170 may refer to the forging devices, or to apparatus (e.g. communication module, modem, or chip) in the forgoing devices. While the figures and accompanying description of example and embodiments of the disclosure generally use the terms AP, BS, and AP or BS, it is to be understood that such device could be any of the types described above.
[0084] In some embodiments, the parts of the T-TRP 170 may be distributed. For example, some of the modules of the T-TRP 170 may be located remote from the equipment housing the antennas of the T-TRP 170, and may be coupled to the equipment housing the antennas over a communication link (not shown) sometimes known as front haul, such as common public radio interface (CPRI) . Therefore, in some embodiments, the term T-TRP 170 may also refer to modules on the network side that perform processing operations, such as determining the location of the ED 110, resource allocation (scheduling) , message generation, and encoding / decoding, and that are not necessarily part of the equipment housing the antennas of the T-TRP 170. The modules may also be coupled to other T-TRPs. In some embodiments, the T-TRP 170 may actually be a plurality of T-TRPs that are operating together to serve the ED 110, e.g. through coordinated multipoint transmissions.
[0085] The T-TRP 170 includes at least one transmitter 252 and at least one receiver 254 coupled to one or more antennas 256. Only one antenna 256 is illustrated. One, some, or all of the antennas may alternatively be panels. The transmitter 252 and the receiver 254 may be integrated as a transceiver. The T-TRP 170 further includes a processor 260 for performing operations including those related to: preparing a transmission for downlink transmission to the ED 110, processing an uplink transmission received from the ED 110, preparing a transmission for backhaul transmission to NT-TRP 172, and processing a transmission received over backhaul from the NT-TRP 172. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for downlink or backhaul transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, precoding (e.g. multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) precoding) , transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing received transmissions in the uplink or over backhaul may include operations such as receive beamforming, and demodulating and decoding received symbols. The processor 260 may also perform operations relating to network access (e.g. initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, such as generating the content of synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) , generating the system information, etc. In some embodiments, the processor 260 also generates the indication of beam direction, e.g. BAI, which may be scheduled for transmission by scheduler 253. The processor 260 performs other network-side processing operations described herein, such as determining the location of the ED 110, determining where to deploy NT-TRP 172, etc. In some embodiments, the processor 260 may generate signaling, e.g. to configure one or more parameters of the ED 110 and / or one or more parameters of the NT-TRP 172. Any signaling generated by the processor 260 is sent by the transmitter 252. Note that “signaling” , as used herein, may alternatively be called control signaling. Dynamic signaling may be transmitted in a control channel, e.g. a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) , and static or semi-static higher layer signaling may be included in a packet transmitted in a data channel, e.g. in a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) .
[0086] A scheduler 253 may be coupled to the processor 260. The scheduler 253 may be included within or operated separately from the T-TRP 170, which may schedule uplink, downlink, and / or backhaul transmissions, including issuing scheduling grants and / or configuring scheduling-free ( “configured grant” ) resources. The T-TRP 170 further includes a memory 258 for storing information and data. The memory 258 stores instructions and data used, generated, or collected by the T-TRP 170. For example, the memory 258 could store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or embodiments described herein and that are executed by the processor 260.
[0087] Although not illustrated, the processor 260 may form part of the transmitter 252 and / or receiver 254. Also, although not illustrated, the processor 260 may implement the scheduler 253. Although not illustrated, the memory 258 may form part of the processor 260.
[0088] The processor 260, the scheduler 253, and the processing components of the transmitter 252 and receiver 254 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory, e.g. in memory 258. Alternatively, some or all of the processor 260, the scheduler 253, and the processing components of the transmitter 252 and receiver 254 may be implemented using dedicated circuitry, such as a FPGA, a GPU, or an ASIC.
[0089] Although the NT-TRP 172 is illustrated as a drone only as an example, the NT-TRP 172 may be implemented in any suitable non-terrestrial form. Also, the NT-TRP 172 may be known by other names in some implementations, such as a non-terrestrial node, a non-terrestrial network device, or a non-terrestrial base station. The NT-TRP 172 includes a transmitter 272 and a receiver 274 coupled to one or more antennas 280. Only one antenna 280 is illustrated. One, some, or all of the antennas may alternatively be panels. The transmitter 272 and the receiver 274 may be integrated as a transceiver. The NT-TRP 172 further includes a processor 276 for performing operations including those related to: preparing a transmission for downlink transmission to the ED 110, processing an uplink transmission received from the ED 110, preparing a transmission for backhaul transmission to T-TRP 170, and processing a transmission received over backhaul from the T-TRP 170. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for downlink or backhaul transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, precoding (e.g. MIMO precoding) , transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing received transmissions in the uplink or over backhaul may include operations such as receive beamforming, and demodulating and decoding received symbols. In some embodiments, the processor 276 implements the transmit beamforming and / or receive beamforming based on beam direction information (e.g. BAI) received from T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, the processor 276 may generate signaling, e.g. to configure one or more parameters of the ED 110. In some embodiments, the NT-TRP 172 implements physical layer processing, but does not implement higher layer functions such as functions at the medium access control (MAC) or radio link control (RLC) layer. As this is only an example, more generally, the NT-TRP 172 may implement higher layer functions in addition to physical layer processing.
[0090] The NT-TRP 172 further includes a memory 278 for storing information and data. Although not illustrated, the processor 276 may form part of the transmitter 272 and / or receiver 274. Although not illustrated, the memory 278 may form part of the processor 276.
[0091] The processor 276 and the processing components of the transmitter 272 and receiver 274 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory, e.g. in memory 278. Alternatively, some or all of the processor 276 and the processing components of the transmitter 272 and receiver 274 may be implemented using dedicated circuitry, such as a programmed FPGA, a GPU, or an ASIC. In some embodiments, the NT-TRP 172 may actually be a plurality of NT-TRPs that are operating together to serve the ED 110, e.g. through coordinated multipoint transmissions.
[0092] The T-TRP 170, the NT-TRP 172, and / or the ED 110 may include other components, but these have been omitted for the sake of clarity.
[0093] One or more steps of the embodiment methods provided herein may be performed by corresponding units or modules, according to FIG. 4. FIG. 4 illustrates units or modules in a device, such as in ED 110, in T-TRP 170, or in NT-TRP 172. For example, a signal may be transmitted by a transmitting unit or a transmitting module. A signal may be received by a receiving unit or a receiving module. A signal may be processed by a processing unit or a processing module. Other steps may be performed by an artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML) module. The respective units or modules may be implemented using hardware, one or more components or devices that execute software, or a combination thereof. For instance, one or more of the units or modules may be an integrated circuit, such as a programmed FPGA, a GPU, or an ASIC. It will be appreciated that where the modules are implemented using software for execution by a processor for example, they may be retrieved by a processor, in whole or part as needed, individually or together for processing, in single or multiple instances, and that the modules themselves may include instructions for further deployment and instantiation.
[0094] Additional details regarding the EDs 110, T-TRP 170, and NT-TRP 172 are known to those of skill in the art. As such, these details are omitted here.
[0095] One or more steps of the embodiment methods provided herein may be performed by corresponding units or modules, according to FIG. 5. FIG. 5 illustrates units or modules in a device, such as in ED 110, in T-TRP 170, or in NT-TRP 172. For example, a signal may be transmitted by a transmitting unit or a transmitting module. A signal may be received by a receiving unit or a receiving module. A signal may be processed by a processing unit or a processing module. Other steps may be performed by an artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML) module. The respective units or modules may be implemented using hardware, one or more components or devices that execute software, or a combination thereof. For instance, one or more of the units or modules may be an integrated circuit, such as a programmed FPGA, a GPU, or an ASIC. It will be appreciated that where the modules are implemented using software for execution by a processor for example, they may be retrieved by a processor, in whole or part as needed, individually or together for processing, in single or multiple instances, and that the modules themselves may include instructions for further deployment and instantiation.
[0096] Additional details regarding the EDs 110, T-TRP 170, and NT-TRP 172 are known to those of skill in the art. As such, these details are omitted here.
[0097] For future wireless networks, a number of the new devices could increase exponentially with diverse functionalities. Also, many new applications and new use cases in future wireless networks than existing in 5G may emerge with more diverse quality of service demands. These will result in new key performance indications (KPIs) for the future wireless network (for an example, 6G network) that can be extremely challenging, so the sensing technologies, and AI technologies, especially ML (deep learning) technologies, had been introduced to telecommunication for improving the system performance and efficiency.
[0098] AI / ML technologies applied communication including AI / ML communication in Physical layer and AI / ML communication in media access control (MAC) layer. For physical layer, the AI / ML communication may be useful to optimize the components design and improve the algorithm performance, like AI / ML on channel coding, channel modelling, channel estimation, channel decoding, modulation, demodulation, MIMO, waveform, multiple access, PHY element parameter optimization and update, beam forming &tracking and sensing &positioning, etc. For MAC layer, AI / ML communication may utilize the AI / ML capability with learning, prediction and make decisions to solve the complicated optimization problems with better strategy and optimal solution, for example to optimize the functionality in MAC, e.g. intelligent TRP management, intelligent beam management, intelligent channel resource allocation, intelligent power control, intelligent spectrum utilization, intelligent modulation and coding scheme (MCS) , intelligent hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) strategy, intelligent transmit / receive (Tx / Rx) mode adaption, etc.
[0099] AI / ML architectures usually involve multiple nodes, which can be organized in two modes, i.e., centralized and distributed, both of which can be deployed in access network, core network, or an edge computing system or third-party network. The centralized training and computing architecture is restricted by huge communication overhead and strict user data privacy. Distributed training and computing architecture comprise several frameworks, e.g., distributed machine learning and federated learning. AI / ML architectures comprises intelligent controller which can perform as single agent or multi-agent, based on joint optimization or individual optimization. New protocol and signaling mechanism is needed so that the corresponding interface link can be personalized with customized parameters to meet particular requirements while minimizing signaling overhead and maximizing the whole system spectrum efficiency by personalized AI technologies.
[0100] Further terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks can enable a new range of services and applications such as earth monitoring, remote sensing, passive sensing and positioning, navigation, and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility. Terrestrial networks based sensing and non-terrestrial networks based sensing could provide intelligent context-aware networks to enhance the UE experience. For example, terrestrial networks based sensing and non-terrestrial networks based sensing may involve opportunities for localization and sensing applications based on a new set of features and service capabilities. Applications such as THz imaging and spectroscopy have the potential to provide continuous, real-time physiological information via dynamic, non-invasive, contactless measurements for future digital health technologies. Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) methods will not only enable advanced cross reality (XR) applications but also enhance the navigation of autonomous objects such as vehicles and drones. Further in terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks, the measured channel data and sensing and positioning data can be obtained by the large bandwidth, new spectrum, dense network and more light-of-sight (LOS) links. Based on these data, a radio environmental map can be drawn through AI / ML methods, where channel information is linked to its corresponding positioning or environmental information to provide an enhanced physical layer design based on this map.
[0101] Sensing coordinators are nodes in a network that can assist in the sensing operation. These nodes can be standalone nodes dedicated to just sensing operations or other nodes (for example TRP 170, ED 110, or core network node) doing the sensing operations in parallel with communication transmissions. A new protocol and signaling mechanism is needed so that the corresponding interface link can be performed with customized parameters to meet particular requirements while minimizing signaling overhead and maximizing the whole system spectrum efficiency.
[0102] AI / ML and sensing methods are data intensive. In order to involve AI / ML and sensing in wireless communications, more and more data are needed to be collected, stored, and exchanged. The characteristics of wireless data expand quite large ranges in multiple dimensions, e.g., from sub-6 GHz, millimeter to Terahertz carrier frequency, from space, outdoor to indoor scenario, and from text, voice to video. These data collecting, processing and usage operations are performed in a unified framework or a different framework.
[0103] Control information is referenced in some embodiments herein. Control information may sometimes instead be referred to as control signaling, or signaling. In some cases, control information may be dynamically communicated, e.g. in the physical layer in a control channel, such as in a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) or physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) or physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) . An example of control information that is dynamically indicated is information sent in physical layer control signaling, e.g., uplink control information (UCI) sent in a PUCCH or PUSCH or downlink control information (DCI) sent in a PDCCH. A dynamic indication may be an indication in a lower layer, e.g., physical layer / layer 1 signaling, rather than in a higher-layer (e.g. rather than in RRC signaling or in a MAC CE) . A semi-static indication may be an indication in semi-static signaling. Semi-static signaling, as used herein, may refer to signaling that is not dynamic, e.g. higher-layer signaling (such as RRC signaling) , and / or a MAC CE. Dynamic signaling, as used herein, may refer to signaling that is dynamic, e.g., physical layer control signaling sent in the physical layer, such as DCI sent in a PDCCH or UCI sent in a PUCCH or PUSCH.
[0104] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to knowledge of one or more channels between a transmitter and one or more receiver, such that the channel information may be used to determine transmitter and receiver precoder matrices to compensate aspects of the channel. Some methods, and disadvantages of those methods, related to determining channel estimate in MIMO systems will now be discussed.
[0105] 5G-NR SRS UL and CSI-RS to Acquire DL MIMO channels
[0106] 5G-NR employs the SRS UL channel to measure UL MIMO channels between the BS (as the transmitter) and multiple UEs (as the receivers) . The BS may assume measured or estimated UL MIMO channels from its SRS UL channel (s) are equivalent to DL MIMO channels between the BS and the UEs in TDD mode.
[0107] The SRS UL channel defines a set of uniform pilot (reference signal) placement or position patterns in terms of RE (frequency domain) , BS antenna ports, and UE antenna ports. The uniform pilot placement patterns are specified in the 5G-NR standards that both the BS and the UEs must comply with. One of the reasons to standardize uniform pilot placement patterns is its simplicity, leading to only a few of the parameters being exchanged between the transmitter and the receiver to align each other of the current pattern (s) to be used.
[0108] Moreover, in order for the BS to measure signals from more than one UE simultaneously, a coded multiplexing scheme may be used over the pilots allowing more than one UE to mask UE pilots with different codes to allow sharing of the same pilot positions. In 5G-NR, the coded multiplexing scheme on the SRS UL channel is designed to accommodate up to 16 UEs. If there are more than 16 UEs to share the SRS UL channel, new pilot positions have to be used. As a result, 5G-NR has a capacity for a SRS UL channel to measure a number of UEs simultaneously.
[0109] The UL / DL channel is not always reciprocal. For example, the BS’s radio frequency (RF) component is designed for much higher transmit power than the UE’s RF component, resulting in DL coverage that is larger than UL coverage. FIG. 6 shows an example of an area around a base station (BS) 610 in a communication network. A dotted line 620 indicates a DL transmission boundary of a coverage area based on the power of the BS transmitter. This boundary indicates how far away from the BS a UE may receive a detectable signal from the BS. A solid line 630 indicates an UL transmission boundary of a coverage area based on the power of the UE transmitter. This boundary indicates how far away from the BS a UE may transmit a signal that will be detachable by the BS.
[0110] The received UL signal strength from the UEs on the edge of a cell, such as between boundaries 620 and 630 in the example of FIG. 6, may be too weak to be estimated. These UEs have to feedback their DL MIMO channels rather than sending their pilots on the SRS UL channel. Accordingly, 5G-NR enables the UEs with channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) , uniform pilot placement patterns, in DL channel (s) . A UE may estimate the channel coefficients on the pilots (RS, reference signals) in the DL channels and then interpolate the entire channel coefficient from the estimated ones. The UE compresses the entire channel estimation into CSI and then feeds the CSI back to the BS in the UL channel. The 5G standard defines not only the pilot placement pattern (s) for CSI-RS in the DL channel, but also the compression method. For example, CSI includes a precoding matrix index (PMI) and a rank index (RI) , both of which are found in pre-configured tables of precoding matrix and ranks. It is expected that the BS would decompress CSI into the DL MIMO channel estimation and then conduct the ensuing MU-MIMO pairing and common precoder computations.
[0111] However, there are several disadvantages of the use of 5G-NR SRS UL and CSI-RS to acquire DL MIMO channels.
[0112] A first disadvantage is due to the assumption about UL / DL channel reciprocity. Although the over-the-air part of a MIMO channel may typically meet conditions for UL / DL reciprocity based on information theory (I (X, Y) =I (Y, X) , I (X, Y) is the mutual information of two random variables X and Y) , the radio frequency (RF) and intermediate frequency (IF) components in the BS and the UE are analog circuits and do not generally hold a UL / DL reciprocity assumption. Therefore, such an assumption may inevitably negatively affect overall performance. In addition, the assumption holds only for TDD mode, but not for FDD mode.
[0113] A second disadvantage occurs when the dimensions of a MIMO channel increase to a large number, as with the example of the T-MIMO channel in FIG. 1. The BS has to estimate for an entire set of MIMO channels for all the coded multiplexed UEs on the SRS UL channels. The BS estimates the channel coefficients on every single pilot for each coded multiplexed UE. Then, the BS must interpolate the entire MIMO channel from the estimated channel coefficients on the pilots for each UE. The BS attempts to pair all the active UEs and compute a common precoder. The dimensions of a typical T-MIMO make storage and computation substantially impossible.
[0114] A third disadvantage is due to MAI among coded multiplexed UEs sharing the same SRS UL channel. MAI is inevitable. On one hand, acquiring DL MIMO channels with SRS UL and CSI-RS may limit a maximum number of the coded multiplexed UEs, which may have a capped capacity. On the other hand, acquiring DL MIMO channels with SRS UL and CSI-RS may damage the accuracy or performance of the channel estimation. This is why 5G-NR has to limit a maximum number of UEs to share the same SRS UL channel. Nevertheless, the capped capacity on the SRS UL channel may provide scheduling and overhead benefits in 6G where more active UEs would be accommodated by one BS than would be accommodated by 5G-NR.
[0115] A fourth disadvantage is due to issues related to mobility. A radio channel may change significantly when a UE is moving. Sometimes, even a small position displacement of the UE may cause a line of sight (LOS) loss, leading to a substantial change in the channel. As the SRS UL channel is shared among all active UEs and the SRS UL channel has a capped capacity, it is difficult and power consuming for multiple UEs and a BS to perform SRS-UL channel estimations frequently. Therefore, in practice, SRS-UL-based MU-MIMO is sensitive to mobility.
[0116] Another disadvantage is involving DL CSI-RS channels for the UEs on the edge of a cell. In fact, UEs on the edge of a cell that use CSI-RS may suffer from more severe performance loss.
[0117] MU-MIMO Pairing and Precoding Matrix Computation by EZF
[0118] The pairing search and common precoder matrix computation described above may be performed simultaneously together.
[0119] The computation of the common precoding matrix cannot be performed until all the SVDs on the candidate UEs are performed, for example For each candidate UE, especially in T-MIMO, the BS estimates the MIMO channel HUE, RE either from the SRS UL channel or from CSI feedback, and then calculate rank-reduced SVD on a large number of NRx-by-NTx matrices.
[0120] A pseudo-inversion operation of would typically be too complicated to be finished in a several milli-second duration. For example, in T-MIMO, is a thousand-by-hundred complex matrix. Within one TTI (1ms) , it is nearly impossible to calculate over a large number of candidate
[0121] However, there are several disadvantages of the use of MU-MIMO Pairing and Precoding Matrix Computation by EZF.
[0122] A first disadvantage is due to the fact that is calculated for any potential UE pairing possibility of all candidate UEs. If a candidate UE has not been selected for pairing on the current radio resource, the radio resource allocated to this UE (SRS UL channel or CSI-RS channel, and CSI feedback) and computations performed for this UE (channel estimation, SVD, decompression) are a waste of resources, power and time for doing so.
[0123] A second disadvantage is due to the fact that a pseudo-inversion operation of is calculated for any potential UE pairing possibility of all candidate UEs, which is a commonly used EZF method. If a set of potential UE pairing is not selected (only one set of UE pairing gets selected and the rest are discarded for a certain radio time-frequency resource) , resources, power and time are wasted for performing computation and storage
[0124] A further disadvantage is that the pairing procedure and precoder computation is sequential and bound together. For all potential UE pairing possibilities, must be calculated for each potential UE pairing possibility, then a set of potential UE pairings may be selected as a UE pairing applied on a certain radio time-frequency resource. The UE pairing applied on a certain radio time-frequency resource cannot be determined before for all the sets of potential UE pairings are tried, which again may result in a waste of resources, power and time.
[0125] Non-Uniform Pilot Placement Patterns
[0126] Both 5G-NR SRS UL Channels and CSI-RS DL channels employ uniform pilot placement patterns. This may be in part because uniform pilot placement patterns are among the safest method to ensure channel estimation performance in particular with little prior knowledge about the current channel. This may also be partly because the uniform pilot placement patterns are easy to be described, standardized, aligned and configured across transceivers. However, uniform pilot placement patterns are one of the lowest efficient patterns. Pilot placement density are often designed for a statistical worst case, which is rare in practice. In other words, uniform pilot placement patterns specified in the 5G-NR standard are over-designed for most practical cases.
[0127] In 5G-NR, average density of uniform pilot placement patterns is about 7%-17%of the radio resource to be used for pilots or reference signals. For example, one reference signal placed every resource block (RB) made of 12 consecutive resource elements (REs) from one transmitter antenna port results in 8.33% (~1 / 12) pilot overhead. If T-MIMO employs the same uniform density of 5G-NR, pilot overhead would be too heavy to be processed, or at least, result in the UEs on the edge of a cell being unable to feedback their T-MIMO CSI.
[0128] In theory, non-uniform pilot placement patterns based on prior knowledge of distribution of a channel may consume much less pilot overhead. It has been proposed that the prior knowledge of a high-dimensional signal space (for example a MIMO channel may be considered as high-dimensional signal space) may be represented by an orthonormal channel space basis Ndim-by-renv U (s.t. UHU=I) . One column of U is one of the basis, meaning that any two columns of U are perfectly orthogonal to each other. In this disclosure, the column may be the basis. However, it should be understood that the basis matrix may use rows are basis simply UH. Ndim is a total dimension after a signal space tensor is vectorized. For example, the total dimension of a MIMO channel of NRE-by-NRx-by-NTx is Ndim=NRENRxNTx. renv is the rank of the environment, which is related to the complexity of the prior knowledge. In a mathematical context, renv is a number of principal components of the prior knowledge.
[0129] It has been proposed to use a data-learning method to accumulate the prior knowledge. The channel space basis U is computed from a number of data samples collected or sampled in the area. It has also been proposed to apply such a data-learning method to a MIMO case where U is a representation of a common spatial prior-knowledge of MIMO channels within an area of interest.
[0130] From the prior knowledge represented in a common channel space basis (U) , a near-optimal non-uniform pilot placement pattern may be computed by pivot QR decomposition (QRD) on U: UP=QR. The several “strongest” pivots in P (in typical pivot QRD, the pivots are ordered in terms of their importance or contributiveness) would indicate the most important or contributive positions to place reference signals (or pilots) for the reconstruction purpose.
[0131] Non-uniform pilot placement pattern (s) indicated by pivots in P may result in near minimum pilot overhead but still minimize mean square error (MSE) on the reconstruction (or decoder, decompression) .
[0132] However, there are several disadvantages of the use of QRD-based non-uniform pilot placement and compression.
[0133] Although QRD-based non-uniform pilot placement and compression may provide a good channel estimation and compression scheme with near minimum pilot overhead and compression overhead, this is still for the purpose of a reconstruction of the channel as reliably as possible. This purpose entails minimum overhead in a number of the reference signals and in a compression ratio, both of which require a channel space basis (U) . From a source coding point of view, common channel space basis (U) is a code book to minimize mean square error (MSE) in the reconstruction. How many renv of Ndim-by-renv U that are kept determines how much detail may be able to be reconstructed. As channel space basis (U) is a result of SVD and SVD usually orders the columns of U in descending order of their corresponding singular values, the first column of U would be more important (more principal in mathematical terms) than the second column, and so on. More columns kept in U may offer more detail on the reconstruction, but the detail is less important from an energy point of view.
[0134] In order to reconstruct the entire MIMO channel (HUE, RE) by non-uniform pilot patterns (P) , a big enough channel space basis (U) should be aligned between the BS and the UEs. Unfortunately, in a T-MIMO scenario, both U and P are large. Further, when a UE moves from one area to another, the UE must be updated from the current U and P to a new U and P.
[0135] In some conditions, channel space basis (U) is learned from a number of data samples, channel space basis (U) . It is costly to collect and clean data samples and compute channel space basis (U) , especially data samples part of a large dimension. Channel space basis (U) may optimize non-uniform pilot patterns and even compression schemes.
[0136] CPRI and eCPRI
[0137] The Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) standard defines an interface between Radio Equipment Control (REC) and Radio Equipment (RE) . Oftentimes, CPRI links are used to carry data between cell sites and base stations. In a practical wireless communication equipment connection, a CPRI link is an interface between the baseband unit (BBU) and Remote Radio Unit (RRU) communication, through an armored optical fiber to achieve BBU and RRU communication. The CPRI is a widely used protocol to transmit digitized RF data over optical fiber between radios and baseband equipment. The BBU may be considered REC and the RRU may be considered RE. Data transmitted in CPRI is processed by the BBU. The data transmitted in the CPRI is generally a large amount of data and the CPRI has requirements for large bandwidth and high speed. The connection between the BBU and the RRUs is often referred to as “fronthaul” .
[0138] FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a radio access network (RAN) protocol architecture 700 occurring between BBU and RRU. The blocks in the top row 705, 710, 715, 720, 725, 730, 735, 740, 745 and 750 of FIG. 7 represent various layers in a downlink direction from the network to user equipment and the blocks in the bottom row 755, 760, 765, 770, 775, 780, 785, 790, 792 and 795 represent various layers in an uplink direction from the user equipment to the network. In the RAN protocol architecture 700, a radio resource control layer 705 is shown, together with data 710, connected to a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer 715. There are various options the how information is handled at various layers, such as a Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, a Media Access Control (MAC) layer and a physical (PHY) layer, of the RAN protocol architecture 700. There are options for high layer and low layer handling on these various layers depending on whether processing is performed by a centralised unit (CU) or a distributed unit (DU) or the RRU. In the case of LTE when using CPRI, typically a majority of the processing including RLC, MAC, and PHY are performed at the BBU.
[0139] As a serial stream without the possibility of packet aggregation, CPRI is bandwidth inefficient, which leads to higher transport costs. The IEEE 1914.3 working group developed a new Radio-over-Ethernet (RoE) standard to address problems with CPRI.
[0140] The Radio-over-Ethernet (RoE) protocol, allows 4G radio traffic to be sent over standard Ethernet. This is done by encapsulating 4G into Ethernet frames at the cell site with a fronthaul gateway and using another fronthaul gateway to decapsulate the Ethernet frames back to CPRI at a hub site before feeding the CPRI to the 4G BBU. The decapsulation is needed at the hub site because the 4G BBUs are still using CPRI.
[0141] Since CPRI is a constant bit rate time division multiplexed (TDM) stream with a serial interface, to support the CPRI over Ethernet, CPRI is converted into Ethernet that passes a steady stream of packets into the network, offering a flat load. Considering that peak demand has to be accommodated, this flat load is often the peak load. Thus, CPRI-to-Ethernet conversion at the switch / gateway ends up using much more bandwidth in the transport network than is actually necessary.
[0142] 5G supports different use cases with new technologies like massive MIMO, high band spectrum, and beamforming that leads to more data capacity, which has been a challenge for previous generations of telecommunication protocols. 5G supports different use cases with different requirements, which leads to the introduction of new splits in the RAN protocol stack, in particular, the lower layer split (LLS) , also known as fronthaul, and the higher layer split (HLS) . This leads to different splits with different latency and bandwidth requirements based on the use case and scenario. In the case of NR when using eCPRI, the processing of RLC and MAC, as well as high layer PHY may be performed at the BBU and low layer PHY may be performed at the RRU.
[0143] The lower layer split, discussed above, between the remote radio unit (RRU) and baseband unit (BBU) , was introduced in 4G based on CPRI in the fronthaul transport segment. In 5G, to provide better rate efficiency and node scalability, more baseband functionality was moved into the radio, and a new Ethernet-based eCPRI interface was introduced. Rate efficiency and scalability result from the fact that eCPRI carries layer data between the radio and 5G RAN compute nodes, whereas CPRI transports time-domain carrier samples per antenna. For that reason, CPRI is not suitable for 5G, which lead to eCPRI for 5G. Due to the increased traffic in 5G, the fiber between the RRUs and the baseband unit is expected to carry much more traffic, which makes it difficult to include a serial interface.
[0144] eCPRI gives the radio access network more flexibility and, by leveraging industry-standard technologies like Ethernet and 1588v2 (PTP) synchronization, enables a reduction in fronthaul costs. Compared to CPRI, eCPRI makes it possible to decrease the data rate demands between RRU and BBU via a flexible functional decomposition while limiting the complexity of the RRU.
[0145] The eCPRI specification is expected to support 5G and enable increased efficiency in order to meet the needs foreseen for 5G mobile networks. In contrast to CPRI, the eCPRI specification supports more flexibility in the positioning of the functional split inside the Physical Layer of the cellular base station.
[0146] FIG. 8 shows a schematic diagram of a BBU 810, RRU / AAU 820, and an eCPRI 815 there between. FIG. 8 also includes an illustration of the PHY layer 830 of the eCPRI and the various functionalities, that occur in the downlink direction and the uplink directions on the PHY layer. Functionalities in the downlink direction include inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) and cyclic prefix (CP) addition, resource element (RE) mapping, pre-coding, layer mapping, modulation, scrambling, rate matching and coding. Functionalities in the uplink direction include de-coding, rate de-matching, de-scrambling, demodulation, inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) , channel estimation and equalization, RE de-mapping, fast Fourier transform (FFT) and CP removal. In FIG. 8, calculating the precoding matrix is conducted in BBU 810 (high layer PHY) , and the calculated precoding matrix is transmitted from the BBU 810 to RRU / AAU 820 over the eCPRI 815. Additional processing can then be performed at the RRU / AAU 820 (lower layer PHY) .
[0147] Aspects of the present disclosure provide methods for achieving MU-MIMO pairing and precoder matrix computation in T-MIMO scenarios. In some embodiments, the methods enable determining an estimate of a DL MIMO channel for static UEs or moving UEs. In some embodiments, the methods enable selecting a preferred UE pair (or group of more than two UEs) among all candidate UEs. In some embodiments, the methods enable calculating a common precoder matrix having a reasonable storage and computation complexity. In some embodiments, the methods may involve one of more of functionalities indicated above.
[0148] Aspects of the present disclosure may provide an interface protocol between a baseband unit (BBU) and Remote Radio Unit (RRU) / Remote Radio Head (RRH) / Active Antenna Unit (AAU) that allows a reduced calculation complexity in RRU / RRH / AAU and a reduced transmission bandwidth between the BBU and RRU / RRH / AAU.
[0149] Potential problems may arise from the large dimensionality of T-MIMO, for example is indicated in FIG. 1, which may cause challenges related to providing feedback, performing calculations and storing results.
[0150] Methods proposed herein may not use assumptions regarding UL / DL channel reciprocity. As a result, there may be reduced, or no significant, performance loss and reduced, or no significant, discrimination for UEs on the edge of a cell. Moreover, since a downlink channel (for example, CSI-RS DL) may be naturally shared among a very large number of UEs simultaneously, proposed methods may reduce the usage of the system radio resource. Some embodiments may support FDD-MU-MIMO.
[0151] In some embodiments, methods may make use of the UE estimating a DL MIMO channel by using a reference signal channel (for example, CSI-RS DL) with a super- sparse pilot placement pattern rather than 5G-NR CSI-RS DL channel with a sparse uniform pilot placement pattern. The super-sparse pilot placement pattern utilizes a pilot density several orders lower than the 5G-NR’s uniform pilot pattern.
[0152] In some embodiments, methods may make use of the UE providing feedback comprising a highly compressed channel measurement (for example, channel state information (CSI) ) to the BS, utilizing several-orders less compression than 5G-NR’s CSI compression.
[0153] In some embodiments, methods may make use of the BS not needing to decompress CSI, but instead using the compressed CSI to complete mathematical operations including SVD-based MIMO channel decomposition, EZF-based UE pairing and precoder matrix computation. Therefore, storage and computation complexity may be reduced.
[0154] In some embodiments, methods enable the UE pairing and precoder matrix computations being decoupled. Further, a UE pairing or grouping may occur before SVD channel decomposition is conducted. As a result, only selected UEs may be informed to feedback compressed CSIs to the BS for the common precoder matrix computation. In some embodiments, UE pairing and the precoder computation may be performed in parallel.
[0155] In some embodiments, methods may result in UE pairings being simplified to support high mobility. Traditionally, user pairing and precoding calculation are performed iteratively, resulting in the complexity being quite high. However, aspects of the present disclosure, pairing and precoding may be processed in a sequential way. Therefore, complexity may be significantly reduced.
[0156] Two factors that enable methods of the present disclosure to perform functionalities discussed above are environment-dependent MIMO channels and equivalent low-dimensional signal space.
[0157] It is well known that a radio channel between a transmitter and a receiver may be dominated by the environment between the two devices. The relevance between the environment and the radio channel may be embodied in a radio transmission (RT) channel model that generate channel responses as a function of line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line of sight (NLOS) involving signal reflections and / or diffusion, that is, rays or a cluster of rays, plus some randomness. According to the RT channel model, a radio channel consists of a determinist part due to RT and a stochastic part due to random events. Both the deterministic and stochastic parts have some common characteristics among channels within a localized area, which could be determined and represented in a common channel space basis matrix (U) , which may be referred to as channel space basis in the following discussion. Any channel h (vectorized) may be represented by a weighted linear combination of columns of the channel space basis U, where the weight coefficients are referred to as a spectrum coefficients vector c, so that the channel h may be represented as h=Uc. Although channel space basis (U) is a matrix in which the number of columns is larger than the number of rows (Ndim>>renv) , spectrum coefficients vector c (renv-by-1) , which is much smaller than h (Ndim-by-1) , is mathematically an equivalent representation in low-dimensional signal space of h. This enables that some storage, representations, or calculations of h may be equivalently performed on c, an equivalent low-dimensional signal space of h.
[0158] HSet (k) , RBG (l) is a channel matrix at the lth resource block group (RBG) of a plurality of RBGs for user k in the candidate users set, which may be QR decomposed (QRD) into a NTx-by-NRx orthonormal projection matrix QSet (k) , l and a NRx-by-NRx up-triangular square matrix RSet (k) , l: HSet (k) , RBG (l) =QSet (k) , lRSet (k) , l. The term "user” here typically refers to a user equipment. After the pairing users are determined by the base station (BS) , then the BS may calculate the precoding matrix for MU-MIMO based on the channel matrix.
[0159] In embodiments of the present disclosure, the precoding matrix calculation is split into two parts. A first part of the precoding matrix calculation is that a pairing group is determined based on: where Npaired, l≤Ncandidate and the pairing group’s reported closest reference channels are There may be criterion or metrics that define the distance between two reference channels.
[0160] A projection matrix may be expressed in the form: which is a NTx-by-NRxNpaired, l matrix. In some embodiments, the Q matrices are each slow varying. The first part of the precoder matrix calculation may be calculated in the form Ωl (ΩlHΩl) -1.
[0161] A second part of the precoding matrix calculation is, after determining Npaired, l paired UEs, determining which is a matrix whose diagonal elements are In some embodiments, each of the Z matrices is fast varying.
[0162] The overall precoder matrix on the l-th RBG is: W=Ωl (ΩlHΩl) -1Ψl.
[0163] FIG. 9 illustrates a block diagram including a BBU 910 in communication with an AAU or RRU 920 via an interface 915. The BBU 910 is shown to store information ΩRBG_j in the form of multiple Q matrices 912 and the AAU / RRU 920 is shown to store ΩRBG_j in the form of multiple channel space basis (U) matrices 922.
[0164] FIG. 10 illustrates a first example of information being transferred between a BBU 1010 and an RRU or AAU 1020 over an interface. In the example of FIG. 10, the BBU 1110 sends an index of matrix Q 1012, a paired UE ID 1014 and ψRBG_j 1016 to the RRU / AAU 1020. For each UE that the RRU / AAU 1020 is serving, the RRU / AAU 1020 has Q matrices 1022 for various pairs of UEs stored in memory at the RRU / AAU 1020. Each Q matrix may have a corresponding index. Therefore, the Q matrix index 1012 provided to the RRU / AAU 10120 by the BBU 1010 will identify the Q matrix to be used when determining ΩRBG_j. 1024 The RRU / AAU 1020 is then able to perform a multiplication operation 1026 to determine ΩRBG_j ( (ΩRBG_j) H (ΩRBG_j) ) -1. Then a further multiplication operation 1028 is performed on ΩRBG_j ( (ΩRBG_j) H (ΩRBG_j) ) -1and ψRBG_j to determine the precoder matrix W.
[0165] In some embodiments, the matrix Q may be stored in both the BBU 1010 and the RRU / AAU 1020. In some embodiments, the matrix Q may be exchanged between the BBU 1010 and the RRU / AAU 1020.
[0166] FIG. 11 illustrates a second example of information being transferred between a BBU 1110 and an RRU or AAU 1120 over an interface. In the example of FIG. 11, for each UE that the RRU / AAU 1120 is serving, the BBU 1110 has Q matrices 1112 for various pairs of UEs stored in memory at the BBU 1110. The BBU 1110 uses the Q matrices determining ΩRBG_j 1114. The RRU / AAU 1020 is then able to perform a multiplication operation 1116 to determine ΩRBG_j ( (ΩRBG_j) H (ΩRBG_j) ) -1 1117. The BBU 1110 sends the paired ψRBG_j 1118 and ΩRBG_j ( (ΩRBG_j) H (ΩRBG_j) ) -1to the RRU / AAU 1120. The RRU / AAU 1120 may then perform a multiplication operation 1122 on ΩRBG_j ( (ΩRBG_j) H (ΩRBG_j) ) -1 1117 and ψRBG_j 1118 to determine the precoder matrix W. In some embodiments, the information of ψRBG_j may be sent to the RRU / AAU 1120 more frequently than the information of ΩRBG_j ( (ΩRBG_j) H (ΩRBG_j) ) -1.
[0167] In some embodiments, the matrix Q is only stored in the BBU 1120.
[0168] In some embodiments, due to the information being stored at the BBU and at the RRU / AAU, as well as the choice of the type of information that is exchanged between the BBU and the RRU / AAU and how frequency such information needs to be exchanges, the bandwidth used for data transmission between BBU and RRU / AAU may be reduced.
[0169] In some embodiments, a method is provided that includes receiving, by a first network side apparatus from a second network side apparatus, first information and second information for each resource block group (RBG) of a plurality of RBGs, wherein the second information is a function of a NTx by NRx orthonormal projection matrix resulting from a decomposition of a channel matrix H, wherein NTx is a number of transmit antennas or antenna ports and NRx is a number of receive antennas or antenna ports. In some embodiments, the NTx by NRx orthonormal projection matrix is a Q matrix described in the examples above.
[0170] The first network side apparatus may be a RRU, RRH or AAU. The second network side apparatus may be a BBU.
[0171] In some embodiments, the first information is which is a matrix whose diagonal elements are The variable pN identifies N groups of user equipments (UEs) , N = 1 to Npaired, Npaired is a maximum number of groups of UEs, ZK is a matrix of NRx by NRx elements for K=1 to and is a rank of each group of UEs.
[0172] In some embodiments, the second information may be at least one of an index associated with the NTx by NRx orthonormal projection matrix or an identification of a group of two or more UEs.
[0173] In some embodiments, the method may further include determining, by the first network side apparatus, a precoding matrix by multiplying the first information and third information, wherein the third information is a function of the second information.
[0174] The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the third information is equal to the second information and the second information is ΩRBG ( (ΩRBG) H (ΩRBG) ) -1 .
[0175] In some embodiments, the method includes the first network side apparatus determining the third information in the form of ΩRBG ( (ΩRBG) H (ΩRBG) ) -1.
[0176] In some embodiments, the method further includes determining, by the first network side apparatus, wherein is the NTx by NRx orthonormal projection matrix associated with the received index, wherein N = 1 to Npaired is a reference channel for a group of UEs.
[0177] In some embodiments, the first network side apparatus has a set of NTx by NRx orthonormal projection matrices stored in memory, each matrix having an associated index. The set of NTx by NRx orthonormal projection matrices may be the Q matrices.
[0178] In some embodiments, the method further includes receiving feedback of a highly compressed channel measurement to determine the channel matrix H.
[0179] Examples of devices (e.g., UE, BS) to perform the various methods described herein are also disclosed.
[0180] For example, a device may include a memory to store processor-executable instructions, and a processor to execute the processor-executable instructions. When the processor executes the processor-executable instructions, the processor may be caused to perform the method steps of one or more of the devices as described herein, e.g., in relation to FIGs. 2 to 5 and 9 to 11. For example, the processor may cause the device to communicate over an air interface in a mode of operation by implementing operations consistent with that mode of operation, e.g. performing necessary measurements and generating content from those measurements, as configured for the mode of operation, preparing uplink transmissions and processing downlink transmissions, e.g. encoding, decoding, etc., and configuring and / or instructing transmission / reception on RF chain (s) and antenna (s) .
[0181] Note that the expression “at least one of A or B” , as used herein, is interchangeable with the expression “A and / or B” . It refers to a list in which you may select A or B or both A and B. Similarly, “at least one of A, B, or C” , as used herein, is interchangeable with “A and / or B and / or C” or “A, B, and / or C” . It refers to a list in which you may select: A or B or C, or both A and B, or both A and C, or both B and C, or all of A, B and C. The same principle applies for longer lists having a same format.
[0182] It should be appreciated that one or more steps of the embodiment methods provided herein may be performed by corresponding units or modules. For example, a signal may be transmitted by a transmitting unit or a transmitting module. A signal may be received by a receiving unit or a receiving module. A signal may be processed by a processing unit or a processing module. The respective units / modules may be hardware, software, or a combination thereof. For instance, one or more of the units / modules may be an integrated circuit, such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) . It will be appreciated that where the modules are software, they may be retrieved by a processor, in whole or part as needed, individually or together for processing, in single or multiple instances as required, and that the modules themselves may include instructions for further deployment and instantiation.
[0183] Although a combination of features is shown in the illustrated embodiments, not all of them need to be combined to realize the benefits of various embodiments of this disclosure. In other words, a system or method designed according to an embodiment of this disclosure will not necessarily include all of the features shown in any one of the figures or all of the portions schematically shown in the figures. Moreover, selected features of one example embodiment may be combined with selected features of other example embodiments.
[0184] While this disclosure has been described with reference to illustrative embodiments, this description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and combinations of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the disclosure, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description. It is therefore intended that the appended claims encompass any such modifications or embodiments.
Claims
1.A method comprising:receiving, by a first network side apparatus from a second network side apparatus, first information and second information for each resource block group (RBG) of a plurality of RBGs, wherein the second information is a function of a NTx by NRx orthonormal projection matrix resulting from a decomposition of a channel matrix H, wherein NTx is a number of transmit antennas or antenna ports and NRx is a number of receive antennas or antenna ports; anddetermining, by the first network side apparatus, a precoding matrix by multiplying the first information and third information, wherein the third information is a function of the second information.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the first information is which is a matrix whose diagonal elements are wherein pN identifies N groups of user equipments (UEs) , N = 1 to Npaired, , Npaired is a maximum number of groups of UEs, ZK is a matrix of NRx by NRx elements for K=1 to and is a rank of each group of UEs.3.The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the second information comprises:an index associated with the NTx by NRx orthonormal projection matrix; andan identification of a group of two or more UEs.4.The method of claim 3 further comprising determining, by the first network side apparatus, wherein is the NTx by NRx orthonormal projection matrix associated with the received index, wherein N = 1 to Npaired is a reference channel for a group of UEs.5.The method of claim 3 or 4 further comprising the first network side apparatus, having stored in memory, a set of NTx by NRx orthonormal projection matrices, each matrix having an associated index.6.The method of claim 4 or 5 further comprising the first network side apparatus determining the third information in the form of ΩRBG ( (ΩRBG) H (ΩRBG) ) -1.7.The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the third information is equal to the second information and the second information is ΩRBG ( (ΩRBG) H (ΩRBG) ) -1.8.The method of any one of claims 1 to 7 further comprising receiving feedback of a highly compressed channel measurement to determine the channel matrix H.9.An apparatus comprising:one or more processor configured to:receive from a network side apparatus, first information and second information for each resource block group (RBG) of a plurality of RBGs, wherein the second information is a function of a NTx by NRx orthonormal projection matrix resulting from a decomposition of a channel matrix H, wherein NTx is a number of transmit antennas or antenna ports and NRx is a number of receive antennas or antenna ports; anddetermine a precoding matrix by multiplying the first information and third information, wherein the third information is a function of the second information.10.A non-transitory computer readable storage medium, wherein the computer readable storage medium stores instructions that, when executed by a processor of an apparatus, enable the apparatus to perform a method comprising:receiving from a network side apparatus, first information and second information for each resource block group (RBG) of a plurality of RBGs, wherein the second information is a function of a NTx by NRx orthonormal projection matrix resulting from a decomposition of a channel matrix H, wherein NTx is a number of transmit antennas or antenna ports and NRx is a number of receive antennas or antenna ports; anddetermining a precoding matrix by multiplying the first information and third information, wherein the third information is a function of the second information.11.A method comprising:transmitting, by a first network side apparatus to a second network side apparatus, first information and second information for each resource block group (RBG) of a plurality of RBGs, wherein the second information is a function of a NTx by NRx orthonormal projection matrix resulting from a decomposition of a channel matrix H, wherein NTx is a number of transmit antennas or antenna ports and NRx is a number of receive antennas or antenna ports.12.The method of claim 1, wherein the first information is which is a matrix whose diagonal elements are wherein pN identifies N groups of user equipments (UEs) , N = 1 to Npaired, Npaired is a maximum number of groups of UEs, ZK is a matrix of NRx by NRx elements for K=1 to and is a rank of each group of UEs.13.The method of claim 11 or 12, wherein the second information comprises:an index associated with the NTx by NRx orthonormal projection matrix; andan identification of a group of two or more UEs.14.The method of claim 11 or 12, wherein the third information is equal to the second information and the second information is ΩRBG ( (ΩRBG) H (ΩRBG) ) -1.15.The method of claim 14 further comprising determining, by the first network side apparatus, wherein is the NTx by NRx orthonormal projection matrix associated with the received index, wherein N = 1 to Npaired is a reference channel for a group of UEs.16.The method of claim 15 further comprising the first network side apparatus determining the second information in the form of ΩRBG ( (ΩRBG) H (ΩRBG) ) -1.17.The method of any one of claims 11 to 16 further comprising the first network side apparatus, having stored in memory, a set of NTx by NRx orthonormal projection matrices, each matrix having an associated index.18.An apparatus comprising:one or more processor configured to:transmit, to a network side apparatus, first information and second information for each resource block group (RBG) of a plurality of RBGs, wherein the second information is a function of a NTx by NRx orthonormal projection matrix resulting from a decomposition of a channel matrix H, wherein NTx is a number of transmit antennas or antenna ports and NRx is a number of receive antennas or antenna ports.19.A non-transitory computer readable storage medium, wherein the computer readable storage medium stores instructions that, when executed by a processor of an apparatus, enable the apparatus to perform a method comprising:transmitting, to a second network side apparatus, first information and second information for each resource block group (RBG) of a plurality of RBGs, wherein the second information is a function of a NTx by NRx orthonormal projection matrix resulting from a decomposition of a channel matrix H, wherein NTx is a number of transmit antennas or antenna ports and NRx is a number of receive antennas or antenna ports..
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