Use of adrenoreceptor agonists in promoting hematopoietic regeneration
Adrenoreceptor agonists, particularly β2 and β3 adrenergic receptor agonists, are administered to activate β2/β3 adrenergic receptors in LepR+ cells, effectively addressing the challenge of promoting hematopoietic regeneration in compromised conditions by enhancing bone marrow cellularity and growth factor production.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/120472
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-11-02
- Filing Date
- 2024-09-23
- Publication Date
- 2025-05-08
AI Technical Summary
Current methods for promoting hematopoietic regeneration are inadequate, particularly in conditions that compromise hematopoiesis such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
Administration of an adrenoreceptor agonist, specifically a β2 or β3 adrenergic receptor agonist, to stimulate hematopoietic regeneration by activating β2/β3 adrenergic receptors in LepR+ cells and their progeny.
The use of adrenoreceptor agonists effectively promotes hematopoietic regeneration, enhances bone marrow cellularity, and increases the production of growth factors necessary for hematopoietic and vascular regeneration.
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Abstract
Description
USE OF ADRENORECEPTOR AGONISTS IN PROMOTING HEMATOPOIETIC REGENERATION
[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0002] This application claims the benefit of priority from International Patent Aplication No. PCT / CN2023 / 129435, filed on November 02, 2023, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Peripheral nerves promote the regeneration of diverse tissues but in most cases little is known about the mechanisms by which they promote regeneration. The bone marrow contains peripheral nerves, including sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory nerve fibers. Lumbar sympathetic nerve transection depletes sympathetic nerve fibers and Schwann cells in the bone marrow, leading to hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) depletion. Sympathetic denervation with systemic 6-hydroxydopamine does not affect HSC frequency or function under steady state conditions but systemic ablation of both sympathetic and sensory nerves depletes bone marrow HSCs. Nerve fibers regulate the circadian mobilization of hematopoietic stem / progenitor cells into the blood and the regeneration of hematopoiesis after myeloablation by irradiation or chemotherapy. Nerve fibers promote hematopoietic regeneration and changes in hematopoiesis during aging by activating βadrenergic receptors, though the mechanism by which β adrenergic receptors promote hematopoietic regeneration, and the cells in which they act, are unknown.
[0004] LepR+ stromal cells are a critical source of growth factors for the regulation of adult bone marrow. LepR+ cells promote the maintenance of HSCs and early restricted progenitors by synthesizing Stem Cell Factor (SCF) , CXCL12, IL7, pleiotrophin, and Csf1. Analysis of SCF and CXCL12 reporter genes, as well as single cell RNA sequencing, has shown that LepR+ cells are the major source of these factors in adult bone marrow. LepR+ cells also promote vascular regeneration after myeloablation by producing Angiopoietin-1 and VEGF-C.
[0005] Beyond producing growth factors, LepR+ cells also include skeletal stem and progenitor cells that form the adipocytes and osteoblasts that arise in adult bone marrow. The osteoblasts formed by LepR+ cells contribute to the maintenance and repair of the adult skeleton and secrete factors that promote osteogenesis. The adipocytes that arise from LepR+ cells in adult bone marrow promote the regeneration of HSCs and hematopoiesis after myeloablation by synthesizing SCF. LepR+ cells and adipocytes also promote HSC maintenance and quiescence by secreting adiponectin, which suppresses inflammation.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] The present application is made based on the discovery that nerve fibers are maintained by NGF produced by LepR+ cells and, in turn, promote hematopoietic and vascular regeneration by secreting adrenergic neurotransmitters that activate β2 / β3 adrenergic receptors in LepR+ cells.
[0007] The present disclosure provides methods for maintaining hematopoietic capacity and methods for promoting hematopoietic regeneration in subjects exposed to conditions that compromise hematopoiesis.
[0008] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for promoting hematopoietic regeneration in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering an effective amount of an adrenoreceptor agonist.
[0009] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for preventing or treating hematopoietic deficiencies in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering an effective amount of an adrenoreceptor agonist.
[0010] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating or ameliorating aplastic anemia in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering an effective amount of an adrenoreceptor agonist.
[0011] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for promoting recovery of a subject who has received bone marrow transplantation, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of an adrenoreceptor agonist. The adrenoreceptor agonist can be administered before and / or after the bone marrow transplantation. In some embodiments, the subject may have been further subjected to an radiotherapy.
[0012] In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is a selective β2 adrenoreceptor agonist or a selective β3 adrenoreceptor agonist or a nonspecific β adrenoreceptor agonist.
[0013] In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is a solid. In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is a crystalline solid. In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is an amorphous solid.
[0014] In one embodiment, the adrenergic receptor agonist is a short-acting agonist. In another embodiment, the adrenergic receptor agonist is a long-acting agonist. In yet another embodiment, the adrenergic receptor agonist is an ultra-long-acting agonist.
[0015] In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is albuterol, bambuterol, bitolterol, carmoterol, clenbuterol, fenoterol, formoterol, indacaterol, isoprenaline, levalbuterol, metaproterenol, olodaterol, pirbuterol, procaterol, ritodrine, salbutamol, terbutaline, vilanterol, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.
[0016] In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is arfomoterol, bupherine, dopexamine, epinephrine, isoestarine, isoproterenol, levosalbutamol, orciprenaline, salmeterol, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.
[0017] In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is a β3 adrenoceptor agonist selected from the group consisting of mirabegron, vibegron, solabegron and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
[0018] In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is trimetoquinol, preferably, (S) - (-) -isomer of trimetoquinol.
[0019] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an adrenoceptor agonist, especially a β2 and / or β3 adrenergic receptor agonist, for promoting or stimulating hematopoietic regeneration in a subject in need thereof, or preventing or treating hematopoietic deficiencies, or treating or ameliorating aplastic anemia.
[0020] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a second active agent selected from the group consisting of a TGFβ signaling inhibitor, IL-3, IL-12, a colony stimulating factor (CSF) and a sympathetic nervous system neuroprotective agent.
[0021] In some embodiments, the colony stimulating factor is selected from the group consisting of GM-CSF, CSF-1, G-CSF, Meg-CSF, M-CSF, erythropoietin (EPO) , IL-1, IL-4, IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, LIF, B-cell growth factor, B-cell differentiation factor and eosinophil differentiation factor, stem cell factor (SCF) and combinations thereof.
[0022] In some embodiments, the neuroprotective agent is selected from the group consisting of 4-methylcatechol (4-MC) , Glial cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Glial cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factor fusion protein, interleukin-6, insulin growth factor, neural growth factor, vitamin E, glutathione leukemia inhibitory factor, acetylcysteine, acetyl-L-carnitine, amifostine, glutathione, oxcarbazepine, E2072, 2- (phosphonomethyl) pentanedioic acid, 2- (3-mercaptopropyl) pentanedioic acid, Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase / parasite-derived neurotrophic factor, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Transforming Growth Factor-β, cardiotrophin-1, Insulin-like Growth Factor-1, basic Fibroblast Growth Factor, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Hepatocyte Growth Factor Neurotrophin 3, Neurotrophin 4 / 5, platelet-rich plasma, pifithrin, Z-1-117, 2-imino-2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7-hexahydrobenzothiazole derivatives, 2-imino-2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7-hexahydrobenzoxazole derivatives, Gambogic amide, amitriptyline, 7, 8-dihydroxyflavone, neurturin, artemin, and persephinm.
[0023] As is known in the art that angiogenesis inhibitors can be used to treat cancers. It is reasonable to assume that blockers of β2 or β3 adrenergic receptors which can cause defective hematopoietic and vascular regeneration can also be used to treat cancer. They may be particularly useful for leukemia based on the observation that bone marrow microenvironment and nerves are important for leukemia progression (Cell Stem Cell 24: 769, Cell Stem Cell 15: 365) . Accordingly, in a further aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering an effective amount of an adrenoreceptor antagonist.
[0024] In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor antagonist is a selective β2 adrenoreceptor antagonist or a selective β3 adrenoreceptor antagonist or a nonspecific β adrenoreceptor antagonist.
[0025] In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor antagonist is carteolol, carvedilol, labetalol, nadolol, penbutolol, pindolol, sotalol, timolol, oxprenolol or butaxamine, timolol, carteolol, propranolol, butoxamine, or pinbutolol, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.
[0026] In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor antagonist is such as disclosed in JP2001518468A, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0027] In some embodiments, the cancer is brain tumor, central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma, glioma, carcinoma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer (small cell and non-small cell) , colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, head and neck cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, or sarcoma. In a preferred embodiment, the cancer is leukemia.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0028] Fig. 1 shows nerve growth factor is mainly expressed in the bone marrow by LepR+ stromal cells. All data represent mean ± standard deviation.
[0029] Fig. 2 shows NGF from LepR+ cells is necessary to maintain nerve fibers in the bone marrow. All data represent mean ± standard deviation. The statistical significance of differences among treatments was assessed using a one-way ANOVA (Fig. 2a) followed by the Dunnett’s multiple comparisons adjustment, a Kruskal-Wallis test (Fig. 2b) followed by the Dunn’s multiple comparisons adjustment, Mann-Whitney tests (Fig. 2d and Fig. 2e) or Student’s t-tests (Fig. 2f and Fig. 2g) followed by the Holm-Sidak’s multiple comparisons adjustment, or matched samples two-way ANOVAs (Fig. 2h and Fig. 2i) followed by the Sidak’s multiple comparisons adjustment. All the statistical tests were two-sided. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, and ***p<0.001.
[0030] Fig. 3 shows Leprcre / +; Ngffl / Δ mice exhibit defects in hematopoietic and vascular regeneration after irradiation. All data represent mean ± standard deviation. The statistical significance of differences among treatments was assessed using log-rank tests (Figs. 3a and 3s) , two-way ANOVAs (Figs. 3m and 3p) or matched samples two-way ANOVAs (Figs. 3b and 3d) followed by the Sidak’s multiple comparisons adjustment, Student’s t-tests (Figs. 3h, 3l, and 3t) , or Student’s t-tests (Figs. 3c, 3e-3g, 3o, 3q, 3r, 3u, and 3v) or Welch’s t-tests (Figs. 3i-3k) followed by the Holm-Sidak’s multiple comparisons adjustment. All the statistical tests were two-sided. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, and ***p<0.001.
[0031] Fig. 4 shows Prx1-cre; Ngffl / fl mice exhibit a loss of nerve fibers as well as defects in hematopoietic and vascular regeneration in long bones but not in vertebrae. All data represent mean ± standard deviation. The statistical significance of differences among treatments was assessed using Mann-Whitney tests (Fig. 4c) , Student’s t-tests (Figs. 4d, 4e, and 4l) , or Welch’s t-tests (Fig. 4i) followed by the Holm-Sidak’s multiple comparisons adjustment, or matched samples two-way ANOVAs (Figs. 4f-4h, 4j, and 4k) followed by the Sidak’s multiple comparisons adjustment. All the statistical tests were two-sided. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, and ***p<0.001.
[0032] Fig. 5 shows NGF from LepR+ cells and adipocytes promotes nerve sprouting after irradiation, increasing the expression of regeneration factors. All data represent mean ± standard deviation. The statistical significance of differences among treatments was assessed using two-way ANOVAs followed by Tukey’s (Figs. 5a and 5h) or Sidak’s (Figs. 5k-5n) multiple comparisons adjustments, Mann-Whitney (Fig. 5e) or Student’s t-tests (Figs. 5i and 5j) followed by Holm-Sidak’s multiple comparisons adjustments for comparisons between mutants and controls, or one-way ANOVAs (Figs. 5e, 5g, 5i, and 5j) followed by Sidak’s multiple comparisons adjustments for comparisons between time points. All statistical tests were two-sided. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, and ***p<0.001.
[0033] Fig. 6 shows nerve sprouting after irradiation increases the expression of regeneration factors by activating beta adrenergic receptors in LepR+ cells and their progeny. All data represent mean ±standard deviation. The statistical significance of differences among treatments was assessed using two-way ANOVAs (Figs. 6a-6c, and Figs. 6i-6n) or matched samples two-way ANOVAs (Figs. 6d-6f) followed by Sidak’s multiple comparisons adjustment, Student’s t-tests followed by Holm-Sidak’s multiple comparisons adjustments for comparisons among genotypes (Figs. 6g and 6q) , a log-rank test (Fig. 6h) , two-way ANOVAs (Figs. 6o and 6p) followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons adjustment, or a one-way ANOVA followed by Sidak’s multiple comparisons adjustment for comparisons among time points (Fig. 6q) . All statistical tests were two-sided. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, and ***p<0.001.
[0034] Fig. 7 shows carvedilol caused defective hematopoietic and vascular regeneration.
[0035] Fig. 8 shows hematopoietic and vascular regeneration is promoted with isoproterenol.
[0036] Fig. 9 shows generation and characterization of the NgfmScarlet mouse reporter allele.
[0037] Fig. 10 shows flow cytometry gating strategy for the isolation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell populations, LepR+ cells and endothelial cells.
[0038] Fig. 11 shows generation of the Ngfflox mouse allele. Images are representative of a total of 4 mice per genotype from 4 experiments.
[0039] Fig. 12 shows Leprcre / +; Ngffl / Δ mice developed normally, had normal numbers of peripheral nerves outside of bones, and bone marrow innervation was dispensable for hematopoiesis in adult bone marrow. All data represent mean ± standard deviation. The statistical significance of differences among treatments was assessed using Student’s t-tests (Figs. 12b, 12c, and 12f) , t-tests followed by the Holm-Sidak’s multiple comparisons adjustment (Figs. 12g-12n) , or matched samples two-way ANOVAs followed by the Sidak’s multiple comparisons adjustment (Figs. 12o-12r) . All statistical tests were two-sided. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, and ***p<0.001.
[0040] Fig. 13 shows nerve fibers promote hematopoietic and vascular regeneration after lethal and sublethal irradiation but are not required under steady-state conditions. All data represent mean ±standard deviation. The statistical significance of differences among treatments was assessed using long-rank test (Fig. 13a) , Student’s t-test (Fig. 13b) , t-tests followed by the Holm-Sidak’s multiple comparisons adjustment (Figs. 13c, 13d, and 13h-13j) , or matched samples two-way ANOVAs followed by the Sidak’s multiple comparisons adjustment (Fig3.13e-13g) . All statistical tests were two-sided. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, and ***p<0.001.
[0041] Fig. 14 shows bone marrow nerve sprouting after myeloablation increases hematopoietic regeneration and growth factor production. All data represent mean ± standard deviation. The statistical significance of differences among treatments was assessed using a one-way ANOVA followed by the Sidak’s multiple comparisons adjustment (Fig. 14b and Fig. 14c) , Student’s t-tests (Figs. 14c, and 14i-14m) or Mann-Whitney tests (Fig. 14n) followed by the Holm-Sidak’s multiple comparisons adjustment, or two-way ANOVAs followed by the Tukey’s (Fig. 14d) or Sidak’s (Figs. 14e-14g) multiple comparisons adjustment. All the statistical tests were two-sided. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, and ***p<0.001.
[0042] Fig. 15 shows Adiponectin-creER; Ngffl / Δ mice exhibit defects in nerve fiber sprouting and hematopoietic and vascular regeneration after irradiation. All data represent mean ± standard deviation. The statistical significance of differences among treatments was assessed using matched samples two-way ANOVAs followed by the Tukey’s (Figs. 15a, 15h, and 15i) or Sidak’s (Figs. 15b, 15d, 15f, and 15k-15o) multiple comparisons adjustment, Student’s t-tests (Figs. 15c, 15e, and 15g) or Mann-Whitney tests (for genotype comparisons of Fig. 15j) followed by the Holm-Sidak’s multiple comparisons adjustment, or Friedman tests followed by the Dunn’s multiple comparisons adjustment (for time-point comparisons of Fig. 15j) . All the statistical tests were two-sided. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, and ***p<0.001.
[0043] Fig. 16 shows β-adrenergic receptors are expressed by LepR+ stromal cells and adipocytes in the bone marrow.
[0044] Fig. 17 schematically illustrates a reciprocal relationship between LepR+ stromal cells and nerve fibers in the bone marrow.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0045] The descriptions of particular embodiments and examples are provided by way of illustration and not by way of limitation. Those skilled in the art will readily recognize a variety of noncritical parameters that could be changed or modified to yield essentially similar results.
[0046] Definitions:
[0047] In the present invention, the abbreviations have the following meanings:
[0048] As used herein, the articles “a” and “an” refer to one or to more than one (e.g., to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article.
[0049] The term “or” is used herein to mean, and is used interchangeably with, the term “and / or” , unless context clearly indicates otherwise.
[0050] As used herein, the term “about” and “approximately” shall generally mean an acceptable degree of error for the quantity measured given the nature or precision of the measurements. Exemplary degrees of error are within 20 percent (%) , typically, within 10%, and more typically, within 5%of a given value or range of values.
[0051] As used herein, the term “agonist” or “antagonist” means a molecular entity of natural, semi-synthetic or synthetic origin that either activates or blocks, stops, inhibits, and / or suppresses the beta adregenic receptor signaling pathway. For instance, the agonist will activate the pathway while the antagonist will block, stop, inhibit, and / or suppress a pathway. The term “antagonist” and “blocker” are used interchangeably herein.
[0052] The term “patient” and “subject” are used interchangeably herein. In some embodiments, the patient or subject is a human. In further embodiments, the patient or subject is an animal, such as nonhuman primates, companion animals (such as dogs, cats) , horses, cows, pigs, sheep, among others. In some embodiments, the human can be of any age such as adult, adolescent, pediatric or geriatric. As used herein, the term “therapeutic agent” means an agent utilized to treat, combat, ameliorate, prevent or improve an unwanted condition or allergy, or disease of a patient.
[0053] Adrenoreceptor Agonists for Hematopoietic Regeneration
[0054] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides use of an adrenoreceptor agonist for promoting hematopoietic regeneration in a subject in need thereof. The term “adrenoreceptor agonist” or “adrenergic receptor agonist” can be used interchangeably in the present disclosure and refers to any compound or agent that can activate adrenoreceptors, especially β2 and / or β3 adrenergic receptors. The subject may have been exposed to conditions that compromise hematopoiesis, such as cancer treatment by chemo-and / or radio-therapy, or treatment of various diseases, disorders or conditions with cytotoxins.
[0055] After administration of the adrenoreceptor agonist, the hematopoietic regeneration of the subject can be promoted or stimulated such that the subject may recover from a hematopoietic stress that can result in hematopoietic deficiencies. Hematopoietic deficiencies may be characterized as a lymphopenia, myelopenia, leukopenia, neutropenia, erythropenia, megakaryopenia, or the like. In other words, after administration of the adrenoreceptor agonist, multilineage hematopoietic reconstitution may be promoted or accelerated. The stimulation is reflected by, e.g., increased self renewal and regeneration of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and cells derived therefrom, including LT-HSCs (LKS+, CD34-, Flk2-) , ST-HSCs, and progenitors cells. In a specific embodiment, the stimulation is reflected by increased bone marrow cellularity, cell number of HSCs, LSK cells, vasculature, LepR+ cells and / or endothelial cells.
[0056] Examples of hematopoietic stresses comprise chemotherapy (involving a cytotoxic compound, an immunosuppressive drug, or a steroid drug, for example) associated with myelotoxicity, i.e., a slowdown of bone marrow function to produce hematopoietic cells. Other hematologic stresses include radiation therapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, bleeding or other causes of blood cell loss or destruction (e.g., hemolysis, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia) , and infection (e.g., infections that trigger sepsis) .
[0057] Many drugs may cause bone marrow suppression or hematopoietic deficiencies. Examples of such drugs are AZT, DDI, alkylating agents and anti-metabolites used in chemotherapy, antibiotics such as chloramphenicol, penicillin and sulfa drugs, phenothiazones, tranquilizers such as meprobamate, and diuretics. Hematopoietic deficiencies may also occur as a result of viral, microbial or parasitic infections and as a result of treatment for renal disease or renal failure, e.g., dialysis.
[0058] The adrenoreceptor agonist capable of promoting hematopoietic regeneration is expected to be useful in preventing or treating hematopoietic deficiencies which often occur in patients treated with these drugs.
[0059] As such, also provided herein is use of an adrenoceptor agonist for preventing or treating hematopoietic deficiencies, or treating or ameliorating aplastic anemia induced especially by a chemotherapy, or a radiation therapy.
[0060] In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is a selective β2 adrenoreceptor agonist or a selective β3 adrenoreceptor agonist or a nonspecific β adrenoreceptor agonist.
[0061] In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is a solid. In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is a crystalline solid. In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is an amorphous solid.
[0062] In one embodiment, the adrenergic receptor agonist is a short-acting agonist. In another embodiment, the adrenergic receptor agonist is a long-acting agonist. In yet another embodiment, the adrenergic receptor agonist is an ultra-long-acting agonist.
[0063] In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is albuterol, bambuterol, bitolterol, carmoterol, clenbuterol, fenoterol, formoterol, indacaterol, isoprenaline, levalbuterol, metaproterenol, olodaterol, pirbuterol, procaterol, ritodrine, salbutamol, terbutaline, vilanterol, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.
[0064] In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is albuterol, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is bambuterol, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is bitolterol, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is carmoterol, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is clenbuterol, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is fenoterol, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is formoterol, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is indacaterol, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is isoprenaline, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is levalbuterol, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is metaproterenol, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is olodaterol, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is pirbuterol, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is procaterol, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is ritodrine, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is salbutamol, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is terbutaline, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is vilanterol, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.
[0065] In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is arfomoterol, bupherine, dopexamine, epinephrine, isoestarine, isoproterenol, levosalbutamol, orciprenaline, salmeterol, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.
[0066] In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is arfomoterol, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is bupherine, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is dopexamine, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is epinephrine, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is isoestarine, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is isoproterenol, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is levosalbutamol, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is orciprenaline, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is salmeterol, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.
[0067] In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is a β2 adrenoceptor agonist selected from the group consisting of compounds (in free or salt or solvate form) of formula I of WO 04 / 087142, or those described in JP 05025045, US 2002 / 0055651, WO 93 / 18007, WO 99 / 64035, WO 01 / 42193, WO 01 / 83462, WO 02 / 066422, WO 02 / 070490, WO 02 / 076933, WO 03 / 24439, WO 03 / 72539, WO 03 / 42160, WO 03 / 91204, WO 03 / 42164, WO 03 / 99764, WO 04 / 11416, WO 04 / 16578, WO 04 / 22547, WO 04 / 32921, WO 04 / 33412, WO 04 / 37773, WO 04 / 37807, WO 04 / 39762, WO 04 / 39766, WO 04 / 45618, WO 04 / 46083, WO 04 / 80964, WO 04 / 108675, US20080267886A1 or WO 04 / 108676.
[0068] In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is a β3 adrenoceptor agonist selected from the group consisting of mirabegron, vibegron, solabegron, isotopic variants thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, or solvates thereof.
[0069] In some embodiments, the adrenoreceptor agonist is trimetoquinol, a potent nonspecific β-adrenoreceptor agonist clinically used in Japan as a bronchorelaxant. Optical resolution of trimetoquinol and subsequent evaluation of the stereoisomers revealed that the (S) - (-) -isomer of trimetoquinol is a potent β-adrenoreceptor agonist in heart and lung tissues; whereas, the (R) - (+) -isomer acts as a selective and highly stereospecific thromboxane A2 / prostaglandin H2 (TP) receptor antagonist.
[0070] Pharmaceutical Compositions
[0071] In another aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an adrenoceptor agonist, especially a β2 and / or β3 adrenergic receptor agonist, for promoting or stimulating hematopoietic regeneration in a subject in need thereof, or preventing or treating hematopoietic deficiencies, or treating or ameliorating aplastic anemia induced especially by a chemotherapy, or a radiation therapy.
[0072] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a second active agent selected from the group consisting of a TGFβ signaling inhibitor, IL-3, IL-12, a colony stimulating factor (CSF) and a sympathetic nervous system neuroprotective agent.
[0073] It has been shown that transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling is transiently activated in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) during hematopoietic regeneration, and that blockade of TGFβ signaling after a hematopoietic stress accelerates hematopoietic reconstitution and delays the return of cycling HSPCs to quiescence (see, e.g., US20140328860A1, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference) . A TGFβ signaling inhibitor can be an antibody which antagonizes the interaction and binding between TGFβ and TGFβ receptor, or a soluble polypeptide composed of the extracellular domain of a TGFβ receptor, or an oligonucleotide selected from the group consisting of an antisense, RNAi, dsRNA, siRNA and ribozyme molecule, or a small molecule organic compound.
[0074] Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) can stimulate the differentiation and / or proliferation of bone marrow cells. Non-exclusive examples of CSFs include GM-CSF, CSF-1, G-CSF, Meg-CSF, M-CSF, erythropoietin (EPO) , IL-1, IL-4, IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, LIF, B-cell growth factor, B-cell differentiation factor and eosinophil differentiation factor, stem cell factor (SCF) also known as steel factor or c-kit ligand, or combinations thereof. Interleukin-3 (IL-3) can stimulate the formation of macrophage, neutrophilic and eosinophilic granulocyte colonies, as well as the formation of mast, megakaryocyte and pure and mixed erythroid colonies.
[0075] In some embodiments, the neuroprotective agent is selected from the group consisting of 4-methylcatechol (4-MC) , Glial cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Glial cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factor fusion protein, interleukin-6, insulin growth factor, neural growth factor, vitamin E, glutathione leukemia inhibitory factor, acetylcysteine, acetyl-L-carnitine, amifostine, glutathione, oxcarbazepine, E2072, 2- (phosphonomethyl) pentanedioic acid, 2- (3-mercaptopropyl) pentanedioic acid, Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase / parasite-derived neurotrophic factor, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Transforming Growth Factor-β, cardiotrophin-1, Insulin-like Growth Factor-1, basic Fibroblast Growth Factor, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Hepatocyte Growth Factor Neurotrophin 3, Neurotrophin 4 / 5, platelet-rich plasma, pifithrin, Z-1-117, 2-imino-2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7-hexahydrobenzothiazole derivatives, 2-imino-2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7-hexahydrobenzoxazole derivatives, Gambogic amide, amitriptyline, 7, 8-dihydroxyflavone, neurturin, artemin, and persephinm.
[0076] The adrenoceptor agonists according to the invention may be combined in compositions having a number of different forms depending, in particular, on the manner in which the composition is to be used. Thus, for example, the composition may be in the form of a powder, tablet, capsule, liquid, ointment, cream, gel, hydrogel, aerosol, spray, micellar solution, transdermal patch, liposome suspension, or any other suitable form that may be administered to a person or animal in need of treatment.
[0077] In a further aspect, the the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an adrenoceptor antagonist, especially a selective β2 adrenoreceptor antagonist or a selective β3 adrenoreceptor antagonist or a nonspecific β adrenoreceptor antagonist for treating cancer. Preferably, the adrenoceptor antagonist is a selective β2 adrenoreceptor antagonist, and most preferably, the adrenoceptor antagonist is carvedilol.
[0078] Examples of cancers that are envisaged in the present disclosure include but not limited to brain tumor, central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma, glioma, carcinoma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer (small cell and non-small cell) , colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, head and neck cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, or sarcoma.
[0079] Method of use and uses
[0080] The disclosure also provides methods for promoting or inducing hematopoietic regeneration, or for preventing or treating hematopoietic deficiencies, or for treating or ameliorating aplastic anemia induced especially by a chemotherapy, or a radiation therapy, or for promoting recovery of a subject who has received bone marrow transplantation, comprising administration of a therapeutically useful amount of an adrenoceptor agonist to a subject in need thereof. The subject may have been exposed to conditions that compromise hematopoiesis, such as cancer treatment by chemo-and / or radio-therapy, or treatment of various diseases, disorders or conditions with cytotoxins.
[0081] In some embodiments, the adrenoceptor agonist is administered before application of a cancer treatment or treatment with cytotoxins. In some embodiments, the adrenoceptor agonist is administered during application of a cancer treatment or treatment with cytotoxins. In some embodiments, the adrenoceptor agonist is administered after application of a cancer treatment or treatment with cytotoxins.
[0082] The adrenoceptor agonist can be administered at various times during chemotherapy, including simultaneously with or after the administration of a chemotherapeutic drug. In some embodiments, the adrenoceptor agonist is administered after the administration of a chemotherapeutic drug, for example, at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 days or more after the administration of the chemotherapeutic drug. The adrenoceptor agonist can be administered one time after a chemotherapeutic drug, or multiple times (for example, on day 3 and day 5 after the administration of a chemotherapeutic drug) .
[0083] The disclosure further provides a method for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering an effective amount of an adrenoreceptor antagonist.
[0084] Pharmaceutical compositions comprising an adrenoceptor agonist or antagonist according to the invention may be used in a number of ways. For instance, oral administration may be required, in which case the adrenoceptor agonist or antagonist may be contained within a composition that may, for example, be ingested orally in the form of a tablet, capsule or liquid. Compositions comprising an adrenoceptor agonist or antagonist of the invention may be administered by inhalation (e.g. intranasally) . Compositions may also be formulated for topical use.
[0085] Adrenoceptor agonists or antagonists according to the invention may also be incorporated within a slow-or delayed-release device. Such devices may, for example, be inserted on or under the skin, and the medicament may be released over weeks or even months. The device may be located at least adjacent the treatment site. Such devices may be particularly advantageous when long-term treatment with adrenoceptor agonists or antagonists used according to the invention is required and which would normally require frequent administration (e.g. at least daily injection) .
[0086] In a preferred embodiment, adrenoceptor agonists or antagonists and compositions according to the invention may be administered to a subject by injection into the blood stream or directly into a site requiring treatment. Injections may be intravenous (bolus or infusion) or subcutaneous (bolus or infusion) , or intradermal (bolus or infusion) .
[0087] It will be appreciated that the amount of the adrenoceptor agonist or antagonist that is required is determined by its biological activity and bioavailability, which in turn depends on the mode of administration, the physiochemical properties of the adrenoceptor agonist or antagonist and whether it is being used as a monotherapy or in a combined therapy. The frequency of administration will also be influenced by the half-life of the adrenoceptor agonist or antagonist within the subject being treated. Optimal dosages to be administered may be determined by those skilled in the art, and will vary with the particular adrenoceptor agonist or antagonist in use, the strength of the pharmaceutical composition, the mode of administration, and the advancement of the disease being treated. Additional factors depending on the particular subject being treated will result in a need to adjust dosages, including subject age, weight, gender, diet, and time of administration.
[0088] EXAMPLES
[0089] METHODS
[0090] Mice
[0091] All mouse experiments complied with all relevant ethical regulations and were performed according to protocols approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at UT Southwestern Medical Center (protocol 2017-101896) and the National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing (NIBS2022M0024) . All mice were maintained on a C57BL / 6 background, including Leprcre, Adiponectin-CreER, NG2-DsRed, NG2-CreER, Col1a1-CreER, GFAP-Cre, Rosa26-CAG-loxp-stop-loxp-tdTomato (Ai14) , Rosa26-CAG-loxp-stop-loxp-EGFP (Ai47) , Col1a1*2.3-EGFP, ScfGFP, and Ngfnull mice.
[0092] To generate NgfmScarlet mice, CleanCap Cas9 mRNA (TriLink) and sgRNAs (transcribed using MEGAshortscript Kit (Ambion) and purified using the MEGAclear Kit (Ambion)) , and recombineering plasmids were microinjected into C57BL / Ka zygotes. The coding sequence for the monomeric red fluorescent protein (mScarlet) was as described. Chimeric mice were genotyped by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and insertion of the mScarlet sequence into the correct locus was confirmed by Southern blotting and sequencing of the targeted allele. Founders were mated with C57BL / Ka mice to obtain germline transmission then backcrossed with wild-type C57BL / Ka mice for at least three generations before analysis.
[0093] To generate the Ngf floxed allele, the targeting vector was obtained from The European Conditional Mouse Mutagenesis Program (EUCOMM) , linearized, and electroporated into C57BL-derived Bruce4 ES cells. Successfully targeted clones were expanded in culture then injected into C57BL / 6-Tyrc-2J blastocysts. Chimeric mice were bred with C57BL / Ka mice to obtain germline transmission. The LacZ and neo cassette was removed by mating with Flpe mice54 and backcrossed for five generations onto a C57BL / Ka background before analysis.
[0094] Genotyping Primers
[0095] Primers for genotyping NgfmScalet mice were 5’ -GTG TTC TAC TTT GGG TAT TGA ATC C (SEQ ID NO. 1) , 5’ -CTC CAA CCC ACA CAC TGA CAC TGT C (SEQ ID NO. 2) , 5’ -GCT TAT AGT AGT CGG GGA TGT CGG C (SEQ ID NO. 3) , and 5’ -CAC TGT GAA AAG ACA GAA GGC ACA ACT AGA G (SEQ ID NO. 4) . Primers for genotyping Ngf flox mice were 5’ -TAG CCG TAC TTT GAA AGC CTC TCT G (SEQ ID NO. 5) , 5’ -TAA ATT ACA CAT GCT CTC TCA GCG G (SEQ ID NO. 6) . Primers for genotyping Adrb2 flox mice were 5’ -ACT GCT CCA AGA AGC AGA CTC TG (SEQ ID NO. 7) , 5’ -GTC GTT GTC ATC ATC ATC ACT GTG (SEQ ID NO. 8) . Primers for genotyping Adrb3 flox mice were 5’ -AAG ATG TAG ATG GGG GTG CGG TG (SEQ ID NO. 9) , 5’ -AAA CTA GAG GCG ACC AGA GAG GTC AG (SEQ ID NO. 10) .
[0096] Flow cytometry
[0097] Bone marrow hematopoietic cells were isolated by flushing the long bones using Ca2+-and Mg2+-free HBSS (HBSS-free) with 2%bovine serum. Spleen cells were obtained by crushing the spleen between two glass slides. The cells were dissociated into a single cell suspension by gently passing them through a 25-gauge needle and then filtering through 70 μm nylon mesh. HSCs were isolated using anti-CD150 (TC15-12F12.2) , anti-CD48 (HM48-1) , anti-Sca1 (E13-161.7) , and anti-c-kit (2B8) along with the following antibodies against lineage markers: anti-Ter119, anti-B220 (6B2) , anti-Gr1 (8C5) , anti-CD2 (RM2-5) , anti-CD3 (17A2) , anti-CD5 (53-7.3) and anti-CD8 (53-6.7) . Hematopoietic progenitors were isolated with the lineage markers anti-Ter119, anti-B220, anti-Gr1, anti-CD2, anti-CD3, anti-CD5, and anti-CD8 as well as additional antibodies against CD34 (RAM34) , CD135 (FLT3) (A2F10) , CD16 / 32 (FcγR) (clone 93) , CD127 (IL7Ra) (A7R34) , CD43 (1B11) , CD24 (M1 / 69) , IgM (II / 41) , CD44 (IM7) , and CD25 (PC61.5) . DAPI staining was used to exclude dead cells.
[0098] For flow cytometric analysis of stromal cells, whole bone marrow was flushed using HBSS-free with 2%bovine serum then enzymatically dissociated with type I collagenase (3 mg / ml) , dispase (4 mg / ml) and DNase I (1 U / ml) at 37℃ for 30 min as described previously. Samples were then stained with antibodies and analyzed by flow cytometry. Goat-anti-LepR-biotin (AF497) , anti-CD45 (30F-11) , anti-CD31 (clone 390) and anti-TER119 antibodies were used to isolate LepR+ stromal cells that were negative for hematopoietic and endothelial markers. For analysis of bone marrow endothelial cells, mice were intravenously injected with 10 μg per mouse of eFluor660-conjugated anti-VE-cadherin antibody (BV13, eBiosciences) . Ten minutes later, the long bones were removed and bone marrow was flushed, digested and stained as above. Samples were analyzed using FACSAria Fusion or FACSCanto II flow cytometers and FACSDiva (BD) or FlowJo v10.6.1 (Tree Star) software. The flow cytometry gating strategy used for the isolation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell populations, LepR+ cells and endothelial cells is shown in Fig. 10.
[0099] Deep imaging of half bones
[0100] Femurs were longitudinally cut in half, then stained, and deep imaged as described previously41. The staining solution contained 10%DMSO, 0.5%IgePal630 (Sigma) , and 5%donkey serum (Jackson Immuno) in PBS. Half bones were stained for 3 days at room temperature with primary antibodies. Then specimens were washed 3 times in PBS at room temperature for one day and put into staining solution containing secondary antibodies for 3 days followed by a one-day wash. Antibodies used for whole mount staining included chicken anti-GFP (Aves Labs) , Alexa Fluor 647-AffiniPure F (ab’ ) 2 Fragment Donkey Anti-Chicken IgY, Alexa Fluor 488-AffiniPure F (ab’ ) 2 Fragment Donkey Anti-Rabbit IgG, AMCA-AffiniPure F (ab’ ) 2 Fragment Donkey Anti-Rabbit Ig, Alexa Fluor 488-AffiniPure F (ab’ ) 2 Fragment Donkey Anti-Rat IgG (all from Jackson ImmunoResearch) , and 555-or 488-conjugated donkey anti-goat antibody (Life Technologies) . Images were acquired using Leica SP8 or Leica Stellaris confocal microscopes.
[0101] Quantitative reverse transcription PCR
[0102] For quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qPCR) , cells were flow cytometrically sorted from enzymatically dissociated bone marrow into Trizol (Invitrogen) . RNA was extracted and reverse transcribed into cDNA using SuperScript III (Invitrogen) and random primers. qPCR was performed using a Roche LightCycler 480. The primers used for qPCR analysis included mouse Ngf: 5’ -CTT GTT TTC CAT CAT AGA GTT GGC TTG TT -3’ (SEQ ID NO. 11) and 5’ -CTT ACC TCA CTG CGG CCA GTA TA -3’ (SEQ ID NO. 12) ; Actb: 5’ -GCT CTT TTC CAG CCT TCC TT-3’ (SEQ ID NO. 13) and 5’ -CTT CTG CAT CCT GTC AGC AA-3’ (SEQ ID NO. 14) .
[0103] Irradiation and competitive reconstitution assays
[0104] Adult recipient mice were irradiated using an XRAD 320 X-ray irradiator (Precision X-Ray Inc. ) or Cesium-137 Gammacell 1000 irradiator (Best Theratronics Ltd. ) with two doses of 540 rad at least 4 hours apart (1080 rads total) . C57BL / Ka (CD45.1 / CD45.2 heterozygous) mice were used as recipients. 500, 000 unfractionated bone marrow cells from donor (CD45.2) and competitor (CD45.1) mice were mixed and injected intravenously through the retro-orbital venous sinus. Recipient mice were bled from 4 to 16 weeks after transplantation to examine the levels of donor-derived myeloid, B, and T cells in their blood. Red blood cells were lysed with ammonium chloride potassium buffer before antibody staining. The antibodies used to analyze donor chimerism in the blood were anti-CD45.1 (A20) , anti-CD45.2 (104) , anti-Gr1 (8C5) , anti-Mac1 (M1 / 70) , anti-B220 (6B2) and anti-CD3 (KT31.1) . For sublethal irradiation, mice were irradiated using a Cesium-137 Gammacell 1000 irradiator (Best Theratronics Ltd. ) with one dose of 650 rads.
[0105] Bone marrow adipocyte isolation
[0106] Bone marrow from mice at 14 days after irradiation and bone marrow transplantation was enzymatically dissociated with DNase I (200 U / ml) , Collagenase type I (3 mg / ml) and Dispase (2 mg / ml) at 37℃ for 30 min. Centrifugation was performed at 700 rpm for 5 minutes at 4℃, pelleting most cells, including hematopoietic cells and most stromal cells. The floating cells containing mostly adipocytes were transferred to a new tube, washed twice with HBSS, then lysed with Buffer RLT plus prior to RNA extraction using the Qiagen RNeasy Plus Micro Kit.
[0107] Evans blue extravasation assay
[0108] As previously described, mice were retro-orbitally injected with 200 μl of 0.5%Evans blue in PBS and sacrificed 15 min later. Femurs and tibias were collected, crushed, and then Evans blue was eluted in 200 μl of PBS. After a brief centrifugation to pellet cells and debris, the concentration of Evans blue in the supernatant was measured using a Nanodrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA) at a wavelength of 610 nm. Femurs and tibias from mice without Evans blue injection were used as negative controls.
[0109] Statistical methods
[0110] In each type of experiment, multiple mice were tested in multiple independent experiments performed on different days. Mice were allocated to experiments randomly and samples processed in an arbitrary order, but formal randomization techniques were not used. No formal blinding was applied when performing the experiments or analyzing the data. Samples sizes were not pre-determined based on statistical power calculations but were based on our experience with these assays. No data were excluded.
[0111] Prior to analyzing the statistical significance of differences among treatments, we tested whether data were normally distributed and whether variance was similar among groups. To test for normality, we performed the Shapiro–Wilk tests when 3≤n<20 or D’A gostino Omnibus tests when n≥20. To test whether variability significantly differed among groups we performed F-tests (for experiments with two groups) or Levene’s median tests (for experiments with more than two groups) . When the data significantly deviated from normality or variability significantly differed among groups, we log2-transformed the data and tested again for normality and variability. If the transformed data no longer significantly deviated from normality and equal variability, we performed parametric tests on the transformed data. If log2-transformation was not possible or the transformed data still significantly deviated from normality or equal variability, we performed non-parametric tests on the non-transformed data.
[0112] When data or log2-transformed data were normal and equally variable, statistical analyses were performed using Student’s t-tests (when there were two groups) , one-way ANOVAs (when there were more than two groups) , or two-way ANOVAs / matched samples two-way ANOVAs (when there were two or more groups with multiple cell populations, tissues, or time points) . When the data or log2-transformed data were normally distributed but unequally variable, statistical analysis was performed using Welch’s t-tests (when there were two groups) . When the data or log2-transformed data were abnormally distributed, statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney tests (when there were two groups) , Kruskal-Wallis tests (when there were more than two groups) , or Friedman tests (when there were more than two groups and samples were matched) . After ANOVAs, P-values from multiple comparisons were adjusted using Dunnett’s (when there were more than two groups and comparisons were between a control group and other groups) , Sidak’s (when there were more than two groups and planned comparisons) , or Tukey’s method (when all the pairwise comparisons were performed) . After Kruskal-Wallis tests or Friedman tests, multiple comparisons were adjusted using Dunn’s method. Holm-Sidak’s method was used to adjust comparisons involving multiple Student’s t-tests, Welch’s t-tests or Mann-Whitney tests. Log-rank tests were used to assess the statistical significance of survival differences. All statistical tests were two-sided. All data represent mean ± standard deviation. Statistical tests were performed using GraphPad Prism V10.0.0.
[0113] Example 1: Nerve growth factor is mainly synthesized by LepR+ cells in adult bone marrow
[0114] Peripheral nerve fibers require neurotrophic factors for their maintenance but the source of such factors in the bone marrow is unknown. Reanalysis of the microarray data published in NCBI accession number GSE33158 suggested that among neurotrophic factors, only Nerve growth factor (Ngf) was detected in adult bone marrow (Fig. 1a) . Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) , Neurotrophin-3 (Ntf3) , and Neurotrophin-4 (Ntf4) were not detected (Fig. 1a) . Ngf expression was detected in Scf-GFP+CD45-Ter119-CD31-stromal cells, nearly all of which are LepR+, but little or no Ngf was detected in osteoblasts, endothelial cells, or unfractionated whole bone marrow (WBM) cells (Fig. 1a) . Similar results were obtained by RNA sequencing (NCBI accession number PRJNA914703) , which detected Ngf in PDGFRα+CD45-Ter119-CD31-stromal cells, nearly all of which are LepR+, but not in endothelial cells or WBM cells (Fig. 1b) .
[0115] Figs. 1a and 1b show he expression of neurotrophic factors by microarray analysis (Fig. 1a) and RNA sequencing (Fig. 1b) in bone marrow stromal cells (isolated based on expression of Scf- GFP (Fig. 1a) or PDGFRa (Fig. 1b) staining, both of which are nearly completely overlapping with LepR expression) , VE-Cadherin+ bone marrow endothelial cells, Col2.3-GFP+CD45-Ter119-CD31-osteoblasts, and whole bone marrow (WBM) cells (3 mice in Fig. 1a and 2 mice in Fig. 1b) .
[0116] Single cell RNA sequencing of enzymatically dissociated cells from the femurs and tibias of 8 week-old mice showed that most Ngf-expressing cells in adult bone marrow were LepR+ cells (Fig. 1c and 1d) . Ngf was also expressed by a much smaller number of SMA+NG2+ smooth muscle cells, and by rare osteoblasts (OLC-2 cells) , Schwann cells, and fibroblasts (Fig. 1c-e) . Specifically, in Fig. 1c, uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) plot shows clustering of single cell RNA sequencing analysis of 4209 non-hematopoietic cells from enzymatically dissociated bones / bone marrow in 8-week-old mice. Fig. 1d shows Ngf is mainly expressed by Lepr+ stromal cells (cell cluster 11 in Fig. 1c) and smooth muscle cells (cell cluster 12) and Fig. 1e shows Ngf expression by all cell clusters shown in Fig. 1c. Consistent with the microarray and RNA sequencing, little or no Ngf was detected in endothelial cells, chondrocytes, or other stromal cell populations (Fig. 1c-e) . Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) confirmed that Ngf was highly expressed by LepR+CD45-Ter119-CD31-stromal cells and SMA+NG2+ smooth muscle cells, with approximately 100-fold lower expression by Col2.3-GFP+CD45-Ter119-CD31-osteoblasts and no detectable expression by endothelial cells or WBM cells (Fig. 1f) . Fig. 1f shows Ngf expression by qRT-PCR in LepR+CD45-Ter119-CD31-stromal cells, NG2-DsRed+ smooth muscle cells, Col1a1-GFP+ osteoblasts, VE-cadherin+ endothelial cells, and unfractionated cells from the bone marrow of two month-old mice (3 mice from 3 independent experiments) . LepR+ cells and smooth muscle cells were thus the main sources of NGF in the bone marrow.
[0117] To identify the location of Ngf-expressing cells in adult bone marrow, we generated an Ngf-mScarlet (NgfmScarlet) knock-in reporter allele (Figs. 9a-c) . Figs. 9a-c show the mouse Ngf gene was modified by inserting an mScarlet-WPRE-pA cassette after an alternative ATG start codon in exon 4, replacing most of the coding sequence in exon 4. Open boxes indicate untranslated regions and black boxes indicate translated regions of Ngf. The correctly targeted founder mouse (F0) was identified by southern blotting (Fig. 9b) using 3’a nd WPRE probes (black bars in Fig. 9a) . Fig. 9c shows that PCR genotyping of genomic DNA confirmed germline transmission of the NgfmScarlet allele. Mice were backcrossed at least three times onto a C57BL / Ka background before analysis.
[0118] Deep confocal imaging of cleared femurs from adult NgfmScarlet / + mice showed that Ngf-mScarlet was expressed by stromal cells surrounding Endomucinlow arterioles as well as Endomucinhigh sinusoids (Fig. 1g) . Fig. 1g shows deep imaging of femur bone marrow from adult NgfmScarlet / + mouse: the Ngf-mScarlet+ cells were found around endomucinhigh sinusoids (arrowhead) as well as around endomucinlow arterioles (arrow; the images are representative of 5 mice) . While the peri-arteriolar staining appeared more prominent, the abundance of sinusoids throughout the bone marrow meant that most of the Ngf-mScarlet staining was peri-sinusoidal. The single cell RNA-seq analysis suggested that the peri-arteriolar staining likely reflected Ngf-mScarlet expression by both peri-arteriolar LepR+Osteolectin+ cells as well as SMA+NG2+ smooth muscle cells (Fig. 1e) .
[0119] Flow cytometric analysis of enzymatically dissociated bone marrow cells showed that 0.087±0.029%of all bone marrow cells were Ngf-mScarlet+ (Fig. 1h) . Consistent with the single cell RNA sequencing (Fig. 1d) , 89±5.3%of bone marrow Ngf-mScarlet+ cells were LepR+ (Fig. 1h) and 82±10%of all bone marrow LepR+ cells were Ngf-mScarlet+ (Fig. 1i) . Fig. 1h and 1i show flow cytometric analysis of enzymatically dissociated bone marrow from NgfmScarlet / + mice: 89%of Ngf-mScarlet+ cells were LepR+ and most LepR+ cells were Ngf-mScarlet+ (4 mice from 4 independent experiments) . All data represent mean ± standard deviation. The remaining ~10%of Ngf-mScarlet+cells that were negative for LepR within the bone marrow were mainly SMA+NG2+ smooth muscle cells (Figs. 9d and 9f) . Fig. 9d is the flow cytometric analysis showing that 12%of Ngf-mScarlet+bone marrow stromal cells were NG2+ smooth muscle cells in enzymatically dissociated bone marrow cells. There were also rare osteoblasts (Figs. 9e and 9g) , Schwann cells (Fig. 9h) , and macrophages (Figs. 9i and 9j) in the bone marrow that were Ngf-mScarlet+. Fig. 9e shows when bones were crushed and enzymatically dissociated, 19%of osteoblasts were Ngf-mScarlet+ (Figs. 9f-h) . Deep imaging of femur bone marrow from 2-8 month-old NgfmScarlet / + mice. The Ngf-mScarlet+cells included SMA+ periarteriolar smooth muscle cells (arrow, Fig. 9f) , a subset of Col1a1-GFP+osteoblasts associated with trabecular bone in the metaphysis (arrow, Fig. 9g) , and S100+ Schwann cells associated with nerve fibers in the bone marrow (arrow, Fig. 9h) . As shown in Figure 1, most of the Ngf-mScarlet+ cells in these images were LepR+ perisinusoidal stromal cells. Figs. 9i and 9j show flow cytometric analysis showed that only rare macrophages in the bone marrow (Fig. 9i) or blood (Fig. 9j) were Ngf-mScarlet+. The flow cytometry gates used to sort each cell population characterized in this study are shown in Figs. 10a and 10b, in which representative flow cytometry gates used to isolate hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell populations from bone marrow is shown in Fig. 10a and representative flow cytometry gates used to isolate LepR+ cells and endothelial cells from bone marrowis shown in Fig. 10b.
[0120] Example 2: NGF from LepR+ cells is required for bone marrow innervation
[0121] To test if NGF is required for bone marrow innervation mice with a floxed Ngf allele were generated (Figs. 11a-c) . Figs. 11a-c show that LoxP elements were inserted on either side of exon 3 of Ngf such that Cre-mediated recombination eliminates exon 3 and introduces a frameshift. Open boxes indicate untranslated exon sequences and black boxes indicate translated sequences. The insertion sites were selected to avoid disrupting conserved intron sequences. The NgfLacZ-Neo-flox targeting vector was obtained from the European Conditional Mouse Mutagenesis Program (EUCOMM) , linearized, and electroporated into C57BL-derived Bruce4 ES cells. Chimeric mice were generated by injecting ES clones into blastomeres and were bred with C57BL / Ka mice to obtain germline transmission of the NgfLacZ-Neo-flox allele. Fig. 11b shows NgfLacZ-Neo-flox mice were bred with Flpe mice to remove the LacZ-Neo cassette. Successful removal of the LacZ-Neo cassette was confirmed by PCR primers spanning the FRT sites, as shown by arrows on the targeting vector in Fig. 11a. Fig. 11c shows that PCR genotyping of genomic DNA confirmed germline transmission of the Ngf flox allele using the genotyping primers shown in Fig. 11a. Mice were backcrossed at least five times onto a C57BL / Ka background before analysis. Ngf was conditionally deleted in LepR+cells using Leprcre, in smooth muscle cells using NG2-creER, in osteoblasts using Col1a1-creER, and in Schwann cells using GFAP-cre. Deletion from smooth muscle cells, osteoblasts, or Schwann cells had no significant effect on bone marrow NGF levels (Fig. 2a) or the number of nerve fibers in adult bone marrow (Fig. 2b, Figs. 11d-g) . Figs. 2a and 2b show NGF protein levels in bone marrow serum (Fig. 2a) and the area occupied by peripheral nerves in bone marrow (Fig. 2b) from 6-8 month-old Ngf fl / Δ control, Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ, NG2-creER; Ngf fl / Δ, Col1a1-creER; Ngf fl / Δ, and GFAP-cre; Ngf fl / Δ mice (4-8 mice per genotype from 4 independent experiments) . Figs. 11d-g show deep imaging of peripherin+ nerve fibers in the bone marrow of 6-8 month-old Ngf fl / Δ control (Fig. 11d) , NG2-CreER; Ngf fl / Δ (Fig. 11e) , Col1a1-CreER; Ngf fl / Δ (Fig. 11f) , and GFAP-Cre; Ngf fl / Δ (Fig. 11g) mice. Therefore, smooth muscle cells, osteoblasts, and Schwann cells were not significant sources of NGF for the maintenance of nerve fibers in the bone marrow.
[0122] Adult Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice were born in expected numbers and did not differ from littermate control mice in terms of gross appearance (Fig. 12a) , body length (Fig. 12b) , or body mass (Fig. 12c) . Figs. 12a-c show 6 month-old Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice were grossly normal in size and appearance as compared to Ngf fl / Δ littermate controls (Fig. 12a) , with similar body length (Fig. 12b) and body mass (Fig. 12c) (atotal of 8 mice per genotype from 8 independent experiments) . LepR+ cells from Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice had Ngf transcript levels that were approximately 30%of control levels at 2 months of age and less than 10%of control levels at 6 months of age (Fig. 2e) . Consistent with our observation that approximately 90%of Ngf-expressing cells within the bone marrow were LepR+(Fig. 1d and 1h) , deletion of Ngf from LepR+ cells profoundly depleted NGF from the bone marrow by ELISA analysis by 6 months of age (Fig. 2a) .
[0123] No bone marrow innervation defect was apparent in Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice during development as the number of nerve fibers in the bone marrow was normal in 2 month old Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice (Fig. 2d) . However, by 6 months of age, when recombination in LepR+ cells was nearly complete, no nerve fibers were virtually observed in the bone marrow of Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice (Fig. 2b-d) . Fig. 2c shows deep imaging of femur bone marrow from 6-8 month-old Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ and Ngf fl / Δlittermate control mice (images are representative of 3 experiments with 1 mouse per genotype per experiment) , and Figs. 2d and 2e show that peripheral nerves were present in normal numbers in the bone marrow of 2 month old Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice but were absent from the bone marrow of 6 month old Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice (Fig. 2d) when the efficiency of Ngf deletion was more than 90%(Fig. 2e) (5-6 mice per genotype per age from 5-6 independent experiments) . Peripheral nerves appeared to be present in normal numbers in the quadriceps of 6 month-old Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice Figs. 12d-f) . Figs. 12d-f show immunofluorescence analysis of nerve fibers in longitudinal femur sections from 6 month-old Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ (Fig. 12d) and Ngf fl / Δ (Fig. 12e) littermate control mice, showing the presence of nerve fibers outside bone marrow in both Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ and Ngf fl / Δlittermate control mice but nerve fibers were only present inside the bone marrow of Ngf fl / Δ control mice (Fig. 12d) . Fig. 12f shows that peripheral nerves in the quadriceps of 6-8 month-old Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ and Ngf fl / Δ littermate control mice appeared to be comparable in numbers (3 mice per genotype from 3 independent experiments) . Nerve fibers thus grew into the bone marrow normally during development in Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice but became depleted within the bone marrow, but not outside of the bone marrow, by 6 months of age, when NGF protein levels were depleted to less than 10%of control levels in the bone marrow.
[0124] Consistent with prior studies, loss of nerve fibers from the bone marrow did not have any gross effect on steady-state hematopoiesis. Six month-old Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice did not differ from littermate controls in terms of bone marrow or spleen cellularity (Fig. 2f) , or the frequencies of HSCs, multipotent hematopoietic progenitors (MPPs) , granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (GMPs) , megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitors (MEPs) , common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) , or common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs) in the bone marrow (Fig. 2g) . Figs. 2f and 2g show bone marrow and spleen cellularity (Fig. 2f) and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell frequencies in the bone marrow (Fig. 2g) of 6-8 month-old Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ and Ngf fl / Δ littermate control mice (6 mice per genotype from 6 independent experiments) . There were also no differences in white blood cell, red blood cell, or platelet counts (Figs. 12g-i) or in the frequencies of B220+ B cells, CD3+ T cells, Gr1+Mac1+ myeloid cells, CD41+ megakaryocyte lineage cells, or CD71+ / Ter119+ erythroid lineage cells in the bone marrow or spleen (Figs. 12j-n) . Figs. 12g-i show that white blood cell (Fig. 12g) , red blood cell (Fig. 12h) , and platelet (Fig. 12i) counts in the blood of 6 month-old Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δmice and Ngf fl / Δ littermate controls (6 mice per genotype from 6 independent experiments) . Figs. 12j-n show that 6 month-old Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ and Ngf fl / Δ littermate controls exhibited no significant differences in the frequencies of B220+ B cells (Fig. 12j) , CD3+ T cells (Fig. 12k) , Gr-1+Mac-1+myeloid cells (Fig. 12l) , CD41+ megakaryocyte lineage cells (Fig. 12m) , and CD71+ / Ter119+erythroid lineage cells (Fig. 12n) in the bone marrow and spleen. Figs. 12j to 12n reflect a total of 6 mice per genotype in 6 independent experiments. Finally, whole bone marrow cells from 6 month-old Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice and littermate controls did not differ in their capacity to reconstitute myeloid, B, or T cells upon competitive transplantation into irradiated mice (Figs. 12o-r) . Figs. 12o-r show bone marrow cells from 6-8 month-old Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ and Ngf fl / Δ littermate control mice gave similar levels of donor cell reconstitution upon competitive transplantation into irradiated mice (bone marrow cells from 5 donor mice per genotype were transplanted into a total of 5 recipients per donor in 5 independent experiments) . Bone marrow nerve fibers thus appear to be dispensable for normal adult hematopoiesis.
[0125] In agreement with earlier studies, we did observe a defect in the circadian mobilization of Lineage-Sca1+c-kit+ (LSK) hematopoietic stem / progenitor cells (Fig. 2h) and colony-forming progenitors (Fig. 2i) into the blood during midmorning (Zeitgeiber Time 5) in 6 month-old Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ as compared to littermate control mice. Figs. 2h and 2i show defective circadian regulation of hematopoietic stem / progenitor cell mobilization into the blood of Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice based on numbers of LSK cells (Fig. 2h) and colony-forming progenitors (Fig. 2i) per milliliter of blood at different Zeitgeber times (ZT5, late morning; ZT13, just after nightfall; 5 mice per genotype from 5 independent experiments) .
[0126] Example 3: Bone marrow innervation is required for hematopoietic regeneration
[0127] Peripheral nerves are required to promote hematopoietic regeneration after myeloablation. To test if this is attributable to a lack of nerve fibers in the bone marrow or to an indirect consequence of general sympathectomy, we lethally irradiated (1080 rads) and transplanted a radioprotective dose of 1, 000, 000 whole bone marrow cells into 6 month-old LeprCre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice and littermate controls. While all control mice survived, 41% (9 of 22) of LeprCre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice died between 10 and 18 days after irradiation, consistent with hematopoietic failure (Fig. 3a) . Fig. 3a shows survival of Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ and Ngf fl / Δ littermate control mice after irradiation and transplantation of a radioprotective dose of wild-type bone marrow cells.
[0128] To further assess this, we compared several hematopoietic parameters between 6 month-old LeprCre / +; Ngf fl / Δ and littermate control mice. The LeprCre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice exhibited significantly lower white blood cell (Fig. 3b) , red blood cell (Fig. 3c) , and platelet counts (Fig. 3d) as well as bone marrow cellularity (Fig. 3e) and LSK cell numbers (Fig. 3f) at 14 and 28 days after irradiation. Figs. 3b to 3d show white blood cell (Fig. 3b) , red blood cell (Fig. 3c) , and platelet (Fig. 3d) counts from Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ and Ngf fl / Δ littermate control mice before (D0) and 7, 14, and 28 days (D7, D14, and D28) after irradiation and transplantation (5 mice per genotype from 5 independent experiments per time point) . Figs. 3e and 3f show Bone marrow cellularity (Fig. 3e) and LSK cell numbers (Fig. 3f) from 6 month-old Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ and Ngf fl / Δ littermate control mice on D0, D7, D14 and D28 after irradiation and transplantation (5 mice per genotype from 5 independent experiments per time point) . HSC numbers cannot be accurately determined in the first few weeks after irradiation due to changes in the expression of some HSC markers after myeloablation42; however, at 28 days after irradiation, HSC numbers were much lower in the bone marrow of LeprCre / +; Ngf fl / Δ as compared to littermate control mice (Fig. 3g) . Fig. 3g shows numbers of HSCs in bone marrow (one tibia and one femur) from Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ and Ngf fl / Δ littermate control mice before (D0) and 28 days (D28) after irradiation and transplantation (5 mice per genotype from 5 independent experiments per time point) . It is thus observed broad reductions in blood and bone marrow cell counts as well as the numbers of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in LeprCre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice at 14 to 28 days after irradiation.
[0129] Vascular and stromal cell regeneration in LeprCre / +; Ngf fl / Δ and littermate control mice was also assessed. At 10 days after lethal irradiation and transplantation, significantly reduced numbers of bone marrow cells (Fig. 3h) , LSK cells (Fig. 3i) , LepR+ stromal cells (Fig. 3j) and endothelial cells (Fig. 3k) , as well as increased vascular leakage (Fig. 3l) in the bone marrow of LeprCre / +; Ngf fl / Δmice as compared to littermate controls were observed. Figs. 3h to 3k show cellularity (Fig. 3h) and numbers of LSK cells, (Fig. 3i) LepR+ cells (Fig. 3j) , and endothelial cells (Fig. 3k) in the bone marrow (one tibia and one femur) of Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ and Ngf fl / Δ littermate control mice on D10 after irradiation and transplantation (atotal of 12 mice per genotype from 3 independent experiments) . At 28 days after irradiation, blood vessels were patent in control mice but remained leaky (Fig. 3m) and morphologically abnormal (Fig. 3n) in LeprCre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice. Figs. 3l to 3m show leakage of intravenously-injected Evans blue dye into femur bone marrow at D10 (Fig. 3l) , D14 and D28 (Fig. 3m) after irradiation of Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ and Ngf fl / Δ littermate control mice and transplantation of radioprotective bone marrow (5 mice per genotype from 5 independent experiments) . Fig. 3n shows endomucin staining of the vasculature in the bone marrow of Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ and Ngf fl / Δ littermate control mice 28 days after irradiation and transplantation (images are representative of 3 experiments with 1 mouse per genotype per experiment) . LeprCre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice had significantly less proliferation by LepR+ cells at 14 days after irradiation (Fig. 3o) and by endothelial cells at 14 and 28 days after irradiation (Fig. 3p) . Figs. 3o and 3p show the percentages of LepR+ cells and endothelial cells from Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ and Ngf fl / Δ littermate control mice that incorporated a 48-hour pulse of BrdU 28 days after irradiation and transplantation (5 mice per genotype from 5 independent experiments) . In this experiment the inventors observed trends toward reduced numbers of LepR+ cells and endothelial cells at 14 days after irradiation and significant reductions in the numbers of these stromal cells at 28 days after irradiation (Fig. 3q and 3r) . Figs. 3q and 3r show numbers of LepR+ cells and endothelial cells in the bone marrow on D28 after irradiation and transplantation (5 mice per genotype from 5 independent experiments) . The loss of nerve fibers from the bone marrow in LeprCre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice was thus associated with broad defects in the regeneration of hematopoietic, stromal, and vascular cells at 10 to 28 days after irradiation.
[0130] To test if defects in hematopoietic regeneration were also evident after sublethal irradiation, we administered 650 rads of irradiation to 6 month old LeprCre / +; Ngf fl / Δ and littermate control mice. The LeprCre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice exhibited significantly reduced survival from 12 to 15 days after irradiation (Fig. 13a) as well as reduced bone marrow cellularity (Fig. 13b) , HSC numbers (Fig. 13c) and LSK cell numbers (Fig. 13d) as compared to littermate controls at 28 days after irradiation. Fig. 13a shows survival of 6-8 month-old Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ and Ngf fl / Δ littermate control mice after sublethal irradiation. Figs. 13b to 13d show cellularity (Fig. 13b) , numbers of HSCs (Fig. 13c) and LSK cells (Fig. 13d) in bone marrow (one tibia and one femur) from of 6 month-old Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ and Ngf fl / Δ littermate control mice at 28 days after sublethal irradiation (5 mice per genotype from 5 independent experiments per time point) .
[0131] To test if defects in hematopoietic, vascular, and stromal cell regeneration were evident after myeloablative chemotherapy, we treated LeprCre / +; Ngf fl / Δ and littermate control mice with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) . The LeprCre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice exhibited significantly reduced survival from 12 to 15 days after irradiation (Fig. 3s) as well as reduced numbers of bone marrow cells (Fig. 3t) , HSCs (Fig. 3u) and LSK cells (Fig. 3v) as compared to littermate controls at 12 days after 5-FU treatment. Fig. 3s shows survival of 6 month-old Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ and Ngf fl / Δ littermate control mice after 5-fluorouracil treatment. Figs. 3t to 3v show cellularity (Fig. 3t) , numbers of HSCs (Fig. 3u) and LSK cells (Fig. 3v) in bone marrow (one tibia and one femur) from 6 month-old Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ and Ngf fl / Δ littermate control mice 12 days after 5-fluorouracil treatment (5 mice per genotype from 5 independent experiments per time point) . Impaired hematopoietic regeneration was thus observed in LeprCre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice irrespective of whether myeloablation was induced by 5-FU treatment, sublethal, or lethal radiation.
[0132] Example 4: NGF acts locally to promote nerve maintenance in the bone marrow
[0133] Neurotrophic factors are typically expressed by target tissues, where they act locally to promote the survival of innervating neurons. To test if NGF acts locally within the bone marrow to promote nerve fiber maintenance, we deleted Ngf using Prx1-cre. Prx1-cre recombines in limb mesenchymal cells, including in LepR+ cells that form in the bone marrow of limb bones, but not within the axial skeleton. If the NGF produced by LepR+ cells in the bone marrow acts locally to maintain nerve fibers, then we would expect Prx1-cre; Ngffl / fl mice to exhibit reduced innervation in limb bones, such as in femurs and tibias, but not in the axial skeleton, such as in vertebrae. Conversely, if the NGF that promotes bone marrow innervation is mainly produced outside of the bone marrow, or if it acts systemically, we would expect either no defect in bone marrow innervation or systemic defects in bone marrow innervation. Two month-old Prx1-cre; Ngffl / fl mice exhibited a lack of nerve fibers in femur bone marrow but normal innervation of vertebral bone marrow (Figs. 4a-4c) . Figs. 4a-4b show deep imaging of femur and vertebra bone marrow from 2 month-old Prx1-cre; Ngf fl / fl and Ngf fl / fl littermate control mice (images are representative of 3 experiments with 1 mouse per genotype per experiment) . Peripheral nerve fibers (green) were visible in femur and vertebra bone marrow from Ngf fl / fl control mice and in vertebra bone marrow from Prx1-cre; Ngf fl / fl mice but not in femur bone marrow from Prx1-cre; Ngf fl / fl mice. Fig. 4c shows the area occupied by peripherin+ nerve fibers in bone marrow sections from 2 month-old Prx1-cre; Ngf fl / fl and Ngf fl / fl littermate control mice (6 mice per genotype from 6 independent experiments) . This demonstrates that NGF acts locally within the bone marrow to promote nerve fiber maintenance.
[0134] Consistent with the phenotype observed in LeprCre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice, Prx1-cre; Ngffl / fl mice exhibited normal bone marrow hematopoiesis under steady-state conditions but impaired hematopoietic and vascular regeneration. Compared to littermate controls, Prx1-cre; Ngffl / fl mice exhibited normal femur bone marrow, vertebral bone marrow, and spleen cellularity (Fig. 4d) , and normal frequencies of HSCs and restricted hematopoietic progenitors (Fig. 4e) in femur bone marrow. Whole bone marrow cells from the femurs of Prx1-cre; Ngffl / fl mice and littermate controls did not differ in their capacity to reconstitute myeloid, B, or T cells upon competitive transplantation into irradiated mice (Fig. 4f, Figs. 13e to 13g) . Figs. 4d to 4f show under steady-state conditions, 2 month-old Prx1-cre; Ngf fl / fl mice did not significantly differ from Ngf fl / fl littermate control mice in terms of spleen, femur bone marrow, or vertebral bone marrow cellularity (Fig. 4d) , the frequencies of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell populations in femur bone marrow (Fig. 4e) (6 mice from 6 independent experiments) , or the levels of donor cell reconstitution upon competitive transplantation into irradiated mice (Fig. 4f, femur bone marrow cells from 5 donor mice were transplanted into a total of 5 recipients per donor per genotype in 5 independent experiments) . Figs. 13e to 13g show bone marrow cells from femurs of non-irradiated 2 month-old Prx1-cre; Ngf fl / fl mice and Ngf fl / fl littermate controls gave similar levels of myeloid, T cell and B cell reconstitution upon competitive transplantation into irradiated recipients (bone marrow cells from 5 donor mice were transplanted into a total of 5 recipients per donor in 5 independent experiments) .
[0135] To assess the regeneration of hematopoiesis after irradiation, we lethally irradiated (1080 rads) and transplanted a radioprotective dose of 1, 000, 000 whole bone marrow cells into 2 month-old Prx1-cre; Ngffl / fl mice and littermate controls. At 28 days after irradiation, the regeneration of bone marrow cellularity (Fig. 4g) , HSCs (Fig. 4h) , LSK cells (Fig. 4i) , LepR+ cells (Fig. 4j) , and endothelial cells (Fig. 4k) were all significantly impaired in femur, but not vertebral, bone marrow in Prx1-cre; Ngffl / fl mice. Figs. 4g-4k show at 28 days after irradiation, Prx1-cre; Ngf fl / fl and Ngf fl / fl littermate control mice did significantly differ in terms of bone marrow cellularity (Fig. 4g) , numbers of HSCs (Fig. 4h) , numbers of LSK cells (Fig. 4i) , numbers of LepR+ cells (Fig. 4j) , or numbers of endothelial cells (Fig. 4k) in the vertebrae, but all of these parameters were significantly lower in regenerating femur bone marrow (5-6 mice from 5-6 independent experiments) . Consistent with this, femur, but not vertebral, bone marrow blood vessels in Prx1-cre; Ngffl / fl mice were leaky 28 days after irradiation (Fig. 4l) . Fig. 4l shows leakage of intravenously-injected Evans blue dye into femur and vertebra bone marrow 28 days after irradiation and bone marrow transplantation (5 mice from 5 independent experiments) . Blood cell counts did not significantly differ between Prx1-cre; Ngffl / fl and littermate control mice in the absence of irradiation, or at 7, 14, or 28 days after irradiation (Figs. 13h to 13j) , consistent with the observation that hematopoietic regeneration was impaired only in limb bones, not in the axial skeleton. NGF thus acts locally within the bone marrow to promote hematopoietic, stromal, and vascular cell regeneration after myeloablation. Figs. 13h to 13j show white blood cell (Fig. 13h) , red blood cell (Fig. 13i) , and platelet (Fig. 13j) counts from 2 month-old Prx1-cre; Ngf fl / fl and Ngf fl / fl littermate control mice before (D0) and 7, 14, and 28 days after irradiation and transplantation (5 mice per genotype from 5 independent experiments per time point) .
[0136] Example 5: Nerve sprouting increases the expression of regeneration factors
[0137] When compared to non-irradiated bone marrow, a significant increase in NGF levels was observed at 14 days after irradiation in 6 month-old control mice but not in 6 month-old LeprCre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice (Fig. 5a) . Fig. 5a shows NGF protein levels in bone marrow serum from 6-8 month-old Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ and Ngf fl / Δ littermate controls mice before, or 14 (D14) or 28 (D28) days after irradiation and transplantation of a radioprotective dose of wild-type bone marrow cells (3-4 mice per genotype from 3-4 independent experiments) . In the bone marrow, Ngf-mScarlet was mainly expressed by adipocytes (Fig. 5b) and LepR+ cells (Fig. 5c, Fig. 14a) at 14 days after irradiation. Little or no Ngf-mScarlet expression was observed among hematopoietic / endothelial cells or LepR negative stromal cells in the bone marrow (Fig. 5c) . Fig. 5b shows Perilipin+ adipocytes in a 30 μm thick section from Ngf mScarlet / + femur bone marrow were positive for Ngf-mScarlet (images are representative of 3 experiments with 1 mouse per experiment) . Note that in addition to Ngf-expressing adipocytes in this image there are also Ngf-expressing LepR+ cells (see Fig. 14a) . Fig. 5c shows Flow cytometric analysis of enzymatically dissociated bone marrow from Ngf mScarlet / + mice 14 days irradiation and transplantation: nearly all LepR+ stromal cells were Ngf-mScarlet+ (4 mice from 4 independent experiments) . Fig. 14a shows LepR+ cells were positive for Ngf-mScarlet in sections from Ngf mScarlet / + femur bone marrow at 14 days after irradiation and bone marrow transplantation (images are representative of 3 experiments with 1 mouse per experiment) . By qRT-PCR, Ngf levels appeared to be similar in adipocytes and in LepR+ cells (Fig. 5d) . Fig. 5d shows Ngf expression by qRT-PCR: adipocytes and LepR+ cells had similar levels of Ngf transcripts (atotal of 3 mice for WBM analyses and 5 mice for adipocyte analyses from 3 independent experiments) .
[0138] In addition to increased NGF levels in the bone marrow at 14 days after irradiation, we observed significantly increased nerve fiber density in control bone marrow but not in the bone marrow of 6 month-old LeprCre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice (Fig. 5e) . Fig. 5e shows the area occupied by peripherin+ nerve fibers in bone marrow sections from 6-8 month-old Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ and Ngf fl / Δ littermate control mice before, or at D14 or D28 after irradiation and transplantation (5 mice per genotype per time point from 5 independent experiments) . To visualize nerve fibers using an independent marker, we irradiated Wnt1-cre; Rosa26-tdTomato mice, which express Tomato in neural crest-derived cells, including nerve fibers and Schwann cells. Whole-mount deep imaging showed that nerve fibers were much more abundant in the bone marrow at 14 days after irradiation as compared to non-irradiated control mice (Fig. 5f and 5g) . Figs. 5f and 5g show deep imaging of nerve fibers (red) in femur bone marrow sections (Fig. 5f) and the area occupied by Tomato+ nerve fibers in those sections (Fig. 5g) from 6-8 month-old Wnt1-Cre; Rosa26tdTomato mice before or at 14 or 28 days after irradiation and transplantation (images are representative of a total of 5 mice per time point from 5 experiments) . Nerve fibers were closely associated with arterioles under steady-state conditions and after irradiation (Fig. 14b) . Fig. 14b shows the percentage of nerve fibers in the bone marrow that were within 10 μm of arterioles in Ngf fl / Δ control mice before (D0) , or 14 or 28 days after irradiation and transplantation (7 mice from 7 independent experiments per time point) . By 28 days after irradiation, when NGF levels in the bone marrow returned nearly to normal (Fig. 5a) , the density of nerve fibers also returned nearly to normal (Fig. 5g) .
[0139] To test if the increase in NGF levels in the bone marrow after irradiation caused the increased nerve fiber sprouting, we examined 4-5 month-old LeprCre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice. These mice had lower levels of NGF in the bone marrow as compared to littermate controls (Fig. 14c) . Fig. 14c shows NGF levels in bone marrow serum from 4-5 month-old Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ and Ngf fl / Δ littermate control mice before, or 14 or 28 days after irradiation and transplantation (atotal of 4 mice per genotype from 4 independent experiments) . They had a normal density of nerve fibers in the bone marrow prior to irradiation but, unlike control mice, did not exhibit an increase in nerve fibers 14 days after irradiation (Fig. 14d) . Fig. 14d shows the area occupied by peripherin+ nerve fibers in bone marrow sections from 4-5 month-old Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ and Ngf fl / Δ littermate controls before, or 14 or 28 days after irradiation and transplantation (atotal of 5 mice per genotype per time point from 5 independent experiments) . These 4-5 month-old LeprCre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice exhibited delayed regeneration of bone marrow cellularity (Fig. 14e) , HSCs (Fig. 14f) , and LSK cells (Fig. 14g) as compared to littermate controls. Figs. 14e-14g show cellularity (Fig. 14e) , number of HSCs (Fig. 14f) and LSK cells (Fig. 14g) in bone marrow (one tibia and one femur) from 4-5 month-old Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice and Ngf fl / Δ littermate controls 28 days after irradiation and transplantation (atotal of 5 mice per genotype from 5 independent experiments) . Therefore, the sprouting of nerve fibers in the bone marrow after irradiation occurs in response to increased NGF production by LepR+ cells, and the adipocytes they give rise to, and this accelerates hematopoietic regeneration.
[0140] Since hematopoietic and vascular regeneration were impaired in the bone marrow of LeprCre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice after irradiation (Fig. 3) , it was hypothesized that bone marrow nerve fibers increased the production of growth factors that promote hematopoietic and vascular regeneration. It was found by ELISA analysis that SCF (Fig. 5h) , VEGF (Fig. 5i) , and Ang2 (Fig. 5j) levels increased significantly in the bone marrow of control mice at 14 days after irradiation but to a significantly lesser extent in the bone marrow of 6 month-old LeprCre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice. By 28 days after irradiation, when NGF levels and nerve fiber density had returned to normal in control mice (Figs. 5a and 5e) , SCF, VEGF, and Ang2 levels had also returned to normal (Figs. 5h-5j) . Figs. 5h -5j show levels of SCF (Fig. 5h) , VEGF (Fig. 5i) and Ang2 (Fig. 5j) protein in bone marrow serum from 6-8 month-old Leprcre / +; Ngffl / Δ and Ngf fl / Δ littermate control mice before, or 14 or 28 days after irradiation and transplantation (atotal of 8 mice per genotype per time point from 8 independent experiments) . Each of these factors is necessary for normal hematopoietic or vascular regeneration.
[0141] In contrast to what we observed in the bone marrow, the levels of NGF, SCF, VEGF, and Ang2 in the blood did not significantly differ before and after irradiation, or between LeprCre / +; Ngf fl / Δ and littermate control mice (Figs. 14h-14k) , suggesting that the changes in these regeneration factors that correlated with changes in hematopoietic and vascular regeneration occurred locally in the bone marrow, not systemically. Figs. 14h-14k show peripheral blood serum levels of NGF (Fig. 14h) , SCF (Fig. 14i) , VEGF (Fig. 14j) , and Ang2 (Fig. 14k) from 6 month-old Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice and Ngf fl / Δ littermate controls before, or 14 or 28 days after irradiation and transplantation (atotal of 5-6 mice per genotype from 5-6 independent experiments) .
[0142] To test if stromal cells regenerated immediately adjacent to nerve fibers or throughout the bone marrow, the inventors assessed the distances of LepR+ cells, Scf-GFP+ stromal cells, and Scf-GFP+adipocytes to nerve fibers in non-irradiated mice and mice 14 days after irradiation. In both cases, most LepR+ cells, Scf-GFP+ stromal cells, and Scf-GFP+ adipocytes were distant from nerve fibers and the percentages of cells in each cell population that were at least 20 μm from nerve fibers did not significantly change between non-irradiated and irradiated mice (Figs. 14l-14n) . Figs. 14l-14n show the distance from LepR+ cells (Fig. 14l) , Scf-GFP+ stromal cells (Fig. 14m) , and Scf-GFP+adipocytes (Fig. 14 Fig. 14n) to the nearest nerve fiber before or 14 days after irradiation and transplantation (atotal of 6-14 mice per genotype from 6-14 independent experiments) . This suggested that nerve fibers promoted regeneration throughout the bone marrow, not just immediately adjacent to nerve fibers. On the other hand, the percentages of LepR+ cells and Scf-GFP+ stromal cells that were within 10 μm of nerve fibers were significantly higher in irradiated as compared to non-irradiated mice. This raises the possibility that regeneration was somewhat enhanced immediately adjacent to nerve fibers.
[0143] Adiponectin-creER was also used to delete Ngf from LepR+ cells and the adipocytes they gave rise to after irradiation. Nearly all LepR+ cells and adipocytes express Adiponectin and recombine with Adiponectin-creER, including the skeletal stem cells in adult bone marrow. Tamoxifen was administered to Adiponectin-creER; Ngf fl / Δ and littermate control mice at 2-3 months of age, then 2 weeks later the mice were irradiated and transplanted with a radioprotective dose of 1, 000, 000 whole bone marrow cells. At this early timepoint, these mice still had normal numbers of nerve fibers in the bone marrow but they did not exhibit the increase in nerve fibers after irradiation that was observed in control bone marrow (Fig. 15a) . Fig. 15a shows The Adiponectin-creER; Ngf fl / Δ mice also exhibited impaired regeneration of hematopoietic cells (Figs. 15b-15d) , increased vascular leakiness (Fig. 15e) , reduced numbers of LepR+ cells and endothelial cells (Figs. 15f and 15g) and lower levels of bone marrow SCF, VEGF, and Ang2 (Figs. 15h-15j) after irradiation. Figs. 15b-15d show cellularity (Fig. 15b) , numbers of HSCs (Fig. 15c) and LSK cells (Fig. 15d) in bone marrow (one tibia and one femur) from Adiponectin-creER; Ngf fl / Δ and Ngf fl / Δ littermate control mice before (D0) and 28 days (D28) after irradiation and transplantation (5 mice per genotype from 5 independent experiments per time point) . Fig. 15e shows leakage of intravenously-injected Evans blue dye into femur bone marrow at the indicated time points after irradiation and bone marrow transplantation (5 mice per genotype from 5 independent experiments) . Figs. 15f and 15g show numbers of LepR+ cells (Fig. 15f) and endothelial cells (Fig. 15g) in the bone marrow before, or 14 or 28 days after irradiation and bone marrow transplantation (5 mice per genotype from 5 independent experiments) . Figs. 15h-15j show levels of SCF (Fig. 15h) , VEGF (Fig. 15i) and Ang2 (Fig. 15j) in bone marrow serum from 2-3 month-old Adiponectin-creER; Ngf fl / Δ and Ngf fl / Δlittermate control mice before, or 14 or 28 days after irradiation and transplantation (atotal of 8 mice per genotype per time point from 8 independent experiments) . Thus, 2-3 month old Adiponectin-creER; Ngf fl / Δ mice phenocopied 4-5 month-old LeprCre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice with reduced nerve fiber sprouting as well as impaired hematopoietic and vascular regeneration in the bone marrow after irradiation as compared to control mice.
[0144] Example 6: Nerves promote regeneration by activating β adrenergic receptors in LepR+cells
[0145] Sympathetic nerves in the bone marrow release adrenergic neurotransmitters that promote hematopoietic regeneration by activating β2 and β3 adrenergic receptors11. These receptors also modulate myelopoiesis and megakaryopoiesis in aging bone marrow. Consistent with these results, when we administered salbutamol, a β2 adrenergic receptor agonist, to LeprCre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice that lacked bone marrow nerve fibers, it rescued the regeneration of bone marrow cellularity (Fig. 5k) , HSCs (Fig. 5l) , LSK cells (Fig. 5m) , vasculature (Fig. 5n) , LepR+ cells (Fig. 15k) and endothelial cells (Fig. 15l) . Figs. 5k -5n show the β2 agonist salbutamol rescued the regeneration of bone marrow cellularity (Fig. 5k) and the numbers of HSCs (Fig. 5l) and LSK cells (Fig. 5m) as well as the patency of the vasculature (Fig. 5n) in 6-8 month-old Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice at 28 days after irradiation and transplantation (atotal of 5-6 mice per genotype per treatment from 5-6 independent experiments) . Figs. 15k-15o show when administered to Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice after irradiation, the β2 agonist salbutamol rescued the regeneration of bone marrow LepR+ cells (Fig. 15k) and endothelial cells (Fig. 15l) at 28 days after irradiation, as well as bone marrow SCF (Fig. 15m) , VEGF (Fig. 15n) , and Ang2 (Fig. 15o) levels 14 days after irradiation (atotal of 6 mice per genotype per treatment from 6 independent experiments) .
[0146] β-adrenergic receptors signal through protein kinase A (PKA) to increase the expression of VEGF by cancer cells. Consistent with this, LepR+ cells from LeprCre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice had lower levels of phosphorylated PKA (Fig. 5o) and reduced levels of SCF, VEGF and Ang2 as compared to LepR+cells from control mice at 14 days after irradiation (Figs. 15m-15o) . Fig. 5o shows Western blot of protein extracted from LepR+ cells isolated from Leprcre / +; Ngf fl / Δ and Ngf fl / Δ littermate control mice at 14 days after irradiation and transplantation (representative of 3 independent experiments) . Treatment of irradiated mice with salbutamol rescued PKA phosphorylation in LepR+ cells from LeprCre / +; Ngf fl / Δ mice (Fig. 5o) as well as SCF, VEGF and Ang2 levels in the bone marrow (Figs. 15m-15o) . These data suggest that b-adrenergic receptors in LepR+ cells increase the expression of growth factors by promoting PKA signaling.
[0147] The inventors re-analyzed the results of single-cell RNA sequencing data and found that Adrb1 was not expressed by bone marrow stromal cells (Fig. 16a) . Adrb2 and Adrb3, were mainly expressed by LepR+ cells in the bone marrow (Figs. 16b and 16c) . By qRT-PCR, we did not detect expression in unfractionated bone marrow cells but found that Adrb2 and Adrb3 were expressed at similar levels in LepR+ cells and adipocytes (Fig. 16d and 16e) . Fig. 16a shows the expression patterns of Adrb1 (Fig. 16a) , Adrb2 (Fig. 16b) , and Adrb3 (Fig. 16c) (which encode the β1, β2, and β3 adrenergic receptors, respectively) among non-hematopoietic bone marrow cells based on single cell RNA sequencing from Tikhonova (2019) (Tikhonova, A. N. et al. The bone marrow microenvironment at single-cell resolution. Nature 569, 222-228, doi: 10.1038 / s41586-019-1104-8 (2019) ) . Figs. 16d-16h show Adrb2 (Fig. 16d) , Adrb3 (Fig. 16e) , Scf (Fig. 16f) , Vegf (Fig. 16g) , and Ang2 (Fig. 16h) transcript levels by qRT-PCR in unfractionated cells, LepR+ cells, and adipocytes from adult mouse bone marrow 14 days after irradiation and transplantation of a radioprotective dose of bone marrow cells (atotal of 3-5 mice from 3 independent experiments) . Deficiency for any one of these receptors did not significantly impair hematopoietic regeneration (Figs. 6a-6c) ; however, deficiency for Adrb2 and Adrb3 did significantly impair hematopoietic regeneration (Figs. 6a-6c) . Figs. 6a-6c show 2-4 month-old mice, with or without deletion of adrb1, adrb2, and / or adrb3, were irradiated and transplanted with a radioprotective dose of wild-type whole bone marrow cells, then the cellularity (Fig. 6a) , and numbers of HSCs (Fig. 6b) and LSK cells (Fig. 6c) in the bone marrow (one tibia and one femur) were analyzed 28 days later (atotal of 6 mice per genotype from 6 independent experiments) . Therefore, consistent with the prior study, the b2 and b3 adrenergic receptors are most responsible for promoting hematopoietic regeneration while the b1 adrenergic receptor is dispensable.
[0148] To identify the cells in which the β2 / β3 adrenergic receptors signal to promote hematopoietic regeneration, the inventors made floxed alleles of Adrb2 and Adrb3 (Figs. 16i-16l) and conditionally deleted Adrb2 and Adrb3 from LepR+ cells using LeprCre. Figs. 16i-16l show generation of Adrb2 flox and Adrb3 flox mouse alleles. Specifically, Fig. 16i shows the Adrb2 flox allele was generated by inserting loxp elements on either side of exon 1. The insertion sites were chosen to avoid disrupting intron sequences that are conserved among species. Using the Adrb2 flox allele, Cre recombination removed exon 1, which contains the entire Adrb2 coding sequence. Fig. 16j shows PCR genotyping of genomic DNA with the primers shown in Fig. 16i confirmed germline transmission of the Adrb2flox allele. Mice were backcrossed at least five times onto a C57BL / Ka background before analysis. Fig. 16k shows the Adrb2 flox allele was generated by inserting loxp elements on either side of exon 2. The insertion sites were chosen to avoid disrupting intron sequences conserved among species. Cre recombination removed exon 2, which contains the start codon, generating a frameshift mutation. Fig. 16l shows PCR genotyping of genomic DNA with the primers shown in Fig. 16k confirmed germline transmission of the Adrb3flox allele. Mice were backcrossed at least five times onto a C57BL / Ka background before analysis.
[0149] Two month-old LeprCre / +; Adrb2fl / fl; Adrb3fl / fl mice had normal vasculature and hematopoiesis under steady state conditions, including normal blood cell counts (Figs. 6d-f) , and frequencies of HSCs and restricted progenitors (Fig. 6g) in the bone marrow. Figs. 6d-f show that blood from non-irradiated 2 month-old Leprcre / +; Adrb2 fl / fl; Adrb3 fl / fl mice and Adrb2 fl / fl; Adrb3 fl / fl littermate controls did not significantly differ in terms of white blood cell (Fig. 6d) , red blood cell (Fig. 6e) or platelet (Fig. 6f) counts (atotal of 5 mice per genotype from 5 independent experiments) . Fig. 6g shows hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell frequencies in the bone marrow did not significantly differ between non-irradiated 2 month-old Leprcre / +; Adrb2 fl / fl; Adrb3 fl / fl and Adrb2 fl / fl; Adrb3 fl / fl littermate controls (atotal of 6 mice per genotype from 6 independent experiments) . However, when these mice were lethally irradiated and transplanted with radioprotective wild-type bone marrow cells, they were less likely to survive (Fig. 6h) , and exhibited impaired regeneration of bone marrow cellularity (Fig. 6i) , HSCs (Fig. 6j) , LSK cells (Fig. 6k) , vasculature (Fig. 6l) , LepR+ cells (Fig. 6m) and endothelial cells (Fig. 6n) as compared to littermate controls. Fig. 6h shows survival of 2 month-old Leprcre / +; Adrb2 fl / fl; Adrb3 fl / fl and Adrb2 fl / fl; Adrb3 fl / fl littermate controls after irradiation and transplantation of a radioprotective dose of wild-type bone marrow cells. Figs. 6i-l show cellularity (Fig. 6i) , numbers of HSCs (Fig. 6j) , and LSK cells (Fig. 6k) in the bone marrow (one tibia and one femur) and leakage of intravenously-injected Evans blue dye into femur bone marrow (Fig. 6l) of 2-month-old Leprcre / +; Adrb2 fl / fl, Adrb3 fl / fl and Adrb2 fl / fl, Adrb3 fl / fl littermate control mice at 14 or 28 days after irradiation and transplantation (atotal of 6 mice per genotype per time point from 6 independent experiments) . Figs. 6m and 6n show numbers of LepR+ cells and endothelial cells in the bone marrow 28 days after irradiation and transplantation (6 mice per genotype from 6 independent experiments) . LeprCre / +; Adrb2fl / fl; Adrb3fl / fl mice also exhibited significantly reduced levels of SCF (Fig. 6o) , VEGF (Fig. 6p) , and Ang2 (Fig. 6q) in the bone marrow as compared to littermate controls, as well as reduced PKA phosphorylation in LepR+ cells (Fig. 6r) at 14 days after irradiation. Figs. 6o-q show SCF (Fig. 6o) , VEGF (Fig. 6p) and Ang2 (Fig. 6q) protein levels in bone marrow serum from 2-month-old Leprcre / +; Adrb2 fl / fl, Adrb3 fl / fl mice and Adrb2 fl / fl, Adrb3 fl / fl littermate controls before (D0) or 14 or 28 days after irradiation and transplantation (atotal of 6 mice per genotype per time point from 6 independent experiments) . Each dot represents a different mouse and all data represent mean ± standard deviation. Fig. 6r shows Western blot of protein extracted from LepR+ cells isolated from Leprcre / +; Adrb2 fl / fl, Adrb3 fl / fl and Adrb2 fl / fl, Adrb3 fl / fl littermate control mice 14 days after irradiation and transplantation (representative of three independent experiments) . Adipocytes in the bone marrow 14 days after lethal irradiation and transplantation expressed levels of Scf, Vegf, and Ang2 that were comparable to LepR+ cells (Figs. 16f-16h) . Bone marrow nerve fibers thus promote regeneration by activating β2 / β3 adrenergic receptors in LepR+cells, and potentially their adipocyte progeny, increasing the production of growth factors that promote hematopoietic and vascular regeneration.
[0150] Example 7: Blocker of β2 or β3 adrenergic receptors caused defective hematopoietic and vascular regeneration.
[0151] Intriguingly, it is showed that a beta-adrenergic blocker Carvedilol, which blocks β2 and β3 adrenergic receptors, caused increased mortality in mice receiving lethal irradiation and transplantation (Fig. 7a) . Fig. 7a shows survival of 2 month-old wild-type mice receiving Carvedilol or PBS for a consecutive 14 days starting on the day of lethal irradiation and transplantation of a radioprotective dose of wild-type bone marrow cells. Carvedilol significantly inhibited regeneration of bone marrow cellularity (Fig. 7b) , HSCs (Fig. 7c) , LSK cells (Fig. 7d) , vasculature (Fig. 7e) , LepR+ cells (Fig. 7f) and endothelial cells (Fig. 7g) with reduced levels of SCF (Fig. 7h) , VEGF (Fig. 7i) , and ANG2 (Fig. 7j) in bone marrow as compared to mice receiving vehicle control 14 days after irradiation. Figs. 7b-7d show cellularity (Fig. 7b) , numbers of HSCs (Fig. 7c) and LSK cells (Fig. 7d) in bone marrow (one tibia and one femur) from mice administered with PBS or Carvedilol before (D0) and 28 days (D28) after irradiation and transplantation (five mice per genotype from five independent experiments per time point) . Fig. 7e shows leakage of intravenously-injected Evans blue dye into femoral bone marrow at the indicated time points at D14 and D28 after irradiation and bone marrow transplantation (five mice per genotype from five independent experiments) . Figs. 7f and 7g show numbers of LepR+ cells (Fig. 7f) and endothelial cells (Fig. 7g) in the bone marrow on D28 after irradiation and transplantation (five mice per genotype from five independent experiments) . Figs. 7h-j show SCF (Fig. 7h) , VEGF (Fig. 7i) and Ang2 (Fig. 7j) protein levels in bone marrow serum from mice receiving Carvedilol or PBS before (D0) or 14 or 28 days after irradiation and transplantation (atotal of six mice per genotype per time point from six independent experiments) . Each dot represents a different mouse and all data represent mean ± standard deviation.
[0152] Treatment of Metoprolol (which blocks β1 and β2 adrenergic receptors) , in contrast, did not affect the regeneration of bone marrow cellularity (Fig. 7k) , HSCs (Fig. 7l) , LSKs (Fig. 7m) , LepR+cells (Fig. 7n) , or endothelial cells (Fig. 7o) . Figs. 7k-7o show treatment of metoprolol did not lead to changes in bone marrow cellularity (Fig. 7k) , HSCs (Fig. 7l) , LSKs (Fig. 7m) , LepR+ cells (Fig. 7n) and endothelial cells (Fig. 7o) in the bone marrow on D28 after irradiation and transplantation (five mice per genotype from five independent experiments) . Thus, these data suggest that patients receiving bone marrow transplantation may need to avoid using Carvedilol during the transplantation to prevent delayed recovery.
[0153] Example 8: Activator of β2 or β3 adrenergic receptors promoted hematopoietic and vascular regeneration.
[0154] Intriguingly, it is showed that a beta-adrenergic agonist Isoproterenol, which activates β2 and β3 adrenergic receptors, caused increased hematopoietic and vascular regeneration (Fig. 8) . Fig. 8 shows regeneration of 2 month-old wild-type mice receiving Isoproterenol or PBS for a consecutive 14 days starting on the day of lethal irradiation and transplantation of a radioprotective dose of wild-type bone marrow cells. Isoproterenol significantly accelerated regeneration of bone marrow cellularity (Fig. 8a) , HSCs (Fig. 8b) , LSK cells (Fig. 8c) , LepR+ cells (Fig. 8d) and endothelial cells (Fig. 8e) with increased levels of SCF (Fig. 8f) , VEGF (Fig. 8g) , and ANG2 (Fig. 8h) in bone marrow as compared to mice receiving vehicle control 14 days after irradiation. Thus, these data suggest that patients receiving bone marrow transplantation may benefit from using Isoproterenol during the transplantation to accelerate recovery.
[0155] Discussion
[0156] Nerve fibers in the bone marrow are known to promote hematopoietic regeneration after myeloablation but little is known about the mechanism by which nerve fibers are maintained in the bone marrow or how they promote regeneration. Our results reveal a reciprocal relationship between LepR+ stromal cells and nerve fibers in which nerve fibers are maintained by NGF produced by LepR+ cells and, in turn, promote hematopoietic and vascular regeneration by secreting adrenergic neurotransmitters that activate β2 / β3 adrenergic receptors in LepR+ cells (see model in Fig. 17) . Fig. 17 shows the nerve fibers are maintained by NGF produced by LepR+ cells and, in turn, promote hematopoietic and vascular regeneration by secreting adrenergic neurotransmitters that activate β2 / β3 adrenergic receptors in LepR+ cells and the adipocytes they give rise to after myeloablation. Adrenergic receptor activation in LepR+ cells increases the production of multiple growth factors by LepR+ cells, and the adipocytes they give rise to, that promote hematopoietic and vascular regeneration. LepR+ cells, and the adipocytes they give rise to after myeloablation, are the major sources of SCF and VEGF for hematopoietic and vascular regeneration in the bone marrow.
[0157] Some prior studies of the effects of peripheral nerves on hematopoiesis depended on systemic ablation of sympathetic nerve fibers, such as with 6-hydroxydopamine, raising the question of whether the observed effects reflected local loss of nerve fibers within the bone marrow or more systemic effects. These studies showed that sympathetic nerves regulate circadian variation in HSC mobilization into the blood, as well as the effects of G-CSF on mobilization, by influencing the expression of CXCL12 by stromal cells. Nociceptive nerve fibers promote HSC mobilization by releasing Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, which activates receptors expressed by HSCs. In agreement with these studies, we observed that the circadian mobilization of hematopoietic progenitors is dependent on bone marrow innervation (Fig. 2h, 2i) , suggesting that this reflects a local effect within the bone marrow.
[0158] Nerve fibers localize exclusively around arterioles in both irradiated and non-irradiated mice (Fig. 14b) but appear to promote the regeneration of LepR+ cells throughout the bone marrow (though the effects may be more pronounced immediately adjacent to nerve fibers) . The ability of nerve fibers to promote regeneration throughout the bone marrow may be enhanced by the sprouting of nerve fibers after myeloablation. Peripheral nerves also release adrenergic neurotransmitters through non-synaptic volume transmission in which neurotransmitters can diffuse considerable distances away from nerve fibers. LepR+ cells have long processes that allow them to interact with cells that are not adjacent to the LepR+ cell body. Thus, nerve sprouting, volume transmission, long LepR+ cell processes, and perhaps other mechanisms that propagate signals among LepR+ cells may enable nerve fibers around arterioles to promote regeneration throughout the bone marrow.
[0159] Peripheral nerve fibers are depleted by chemotherapy as well as in other contexts, such as in diabetes mellitus. Our results raise the question of whether peripheral neuropathy undermines engraftment in people who receive bone marrow, or other forms of hematopoietic stem cell, transplants. Moreover, many people take drugs that block the signaling of β2 / β3 adrenergic receptors to ameliorate cardiac conditions. Our results raise the question of whether use of such drugs delays hematopoietic recovery after hematopoietic stem cell transplants. Another interesting question for future studies is whether nerve fibers also promote the regeneration of non-hematopoietic tissues by sprouting after injury and by promoting the β adrenergic receptor-mediated expression of regeneration factors.
[0160] While various embodiments have been described and illustrated, the details description and drawings should not be considered as restrictive but merely exemplary and illustrative. Various modifications can be made to the embodiments by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the disclosure as defined by the claims.
Claims
1.A method for promoting hematopoietic regeneration in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering an effective amount of an adrenoreceptor agonist.2.A method for preventing or treating hematopoietic deficiencies in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering an effective amount of an adrenoreceptor agonist.3.A method for treating or ameliorating aplastic anemia in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering an effective amount of an adrenoreceptor agonist.4.A method for promoting recovery of a subject who has received bone marrow transplantation, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of an adrenoreceptor agonist.5.The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the adrenoreceptor agonist is a selective β2 adrenoreceptor agonist or a selective β3 adrenoreceptor agonist or a nonspecific β adrenoreceptor agonist.6.The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the adrenoreceptor agonist is a solid, preferably, the adrenoreceptor agonist is a crystalline solid, more preferably, the adrenoreceptor agonist is an amorphous solid.7.The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the adrenergic receptor agonist is a short-acting agonist, or a long-acting agonist, or an ultra-long-acting agonist.8.The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the adrenoreceptor agonist is albuterol, bambuterol, bitolterol, carmoterol, clenbuterol, fenoterol, formoterol, indacaterol, isoprenaline, levalbuterol, metaproterenol, olodaterol, pirbuterol, procaterol, ritodrine, salbutamol, terbutaline, vilanterol, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.9.The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the adrenoreceptor agonist is arfomoterol, bupherine, dopexamine, epinephrine, isoestarine, isoproterenol, levosalbutamol, orciprenaline, salmeterol, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.10.The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the adrenoreceptor agonist is mirabegron, vibegron, solabegron, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.11.The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the adrenoreceptor agonist is trimetoquinol, preferably, (S) - (-) -isomer of trimetoquinol.12.A pharmaceutical composition comprising an adrenoceptor agonist, especially a β2 and / or β3 adrenergic receptor agonist, for promoting or stimulating hematopoietic regeneration in a subject in need thereof, or preventing or treating hematopoietic deficiencies, or treating or ameliorating aplastic anemia.13.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 12, further comprising a second active agent selected from the group consisting of a TGFβ signaling inhibitor, IL-3, IL-12, a colony stimulating factor (CSF) and a sympathetic nervous system neuroprotective agent.14.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 12 or 13, wherein the colony stimulating factor is selected from the group consisting of GM-CSF, CSF-1, G-CSF, Meg-CSF, M-CSF, erythropoietin (EPO) , IL-1, IL-4, IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, LIF, B-cell growth factor, B-cell differentiation factor and eosinophil differentiation factor, stem cell factor (SCF) and combinations thereof.15.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 12 or 13, wherein the neuroprotective agent is selected from the group consisting of 4-methylcatechol (4-MC) , Glial cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Glial cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factor fusion protein, interleukin-6, insulin growth factor, neural growth factor, vitamin E, glutathione leukemia inhibitory factor, acetylcysteine, acetyl-L-carnitine, amifostine, glutathione, oxcarbazepine, E2072, 2- (phosphonomethyl) pentanedioic acid, 2- (3-mercaptopropyl) pentanedioic acid, Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase / parasite-derived neurotrophic factor, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Transforming Growth Factor-β, cardiotrophin-1, Insulin-like Growth Factor-1, basic Fibroblast Growth Factor, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Hepatocyte Growth Factor Neurotrophin 3, Neurotrophin 4 / 5, platelet-rich plasma, pifithrin, Z-1-117, 2-imino-2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7-hexahydrobenzothiazole derivatives, 2-imino-2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7-hexahydrobenzoxazole derivatives, Gambogic amide, amitriptyline, 7, 8-dihydroxyflavone, neurturin, artemin, and persephinm.16.A method for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering an effective amount of an adrenoreceptor antagonist.17.The method of claim 16, wherein the adrenoreceptor antagonist is a selective β2 adrenoreceptor antagonist or a selective β3 adrenoreceptor antagonist or a nonspecific βadrenoreceptor antagonist.18.The method of claim 16 or 17, wherein the adrenoreceptor antagonist is carteolol, carvedilol, labetalol, nadolol, penbutolol, pindolol, sotalol, timolol, oxprenolol or butaxamine, timolol, carteolol, propranolol, butoxamine, or pinbutolol, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.19.The method of claim 16 or 17, wherein the cancer is brain tumor, central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma, glioma, carcinoma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer (small cell and non-small cell) , colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, head and neck cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, or sarcoma.
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