User equipment (UE) switch physical layer (PHY) mode to improve data transmission performance
By enabling user equipment in non-terrestrial networks to dynamically switch between PHY data transmission modes based on current QoS and RF conditions, the challenges of HARQ stalling in NTNs are addressed, resulting in improved data transmission performance and QoE.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/141187
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-12-22
- Publication Date
- 2025-06-26
AI Technical Summary
In non-terrestrial networks (NTNs), Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) stalling occurs due to high delays, leading to data loss and quality of experience (QoE) issues, as existing proposals either cause data loss or introduce latency and memory requirements that are costly.
A user equipment (UE) dynamically switches between different physical layer (PHY) data transmission modes based on current quality of service (QoS) parameters and RF conditions, allowing for intelligent mode evaluation and smart mode indication to the network.
This approach enhances data transmission performance in NTNs by mitigating HARQ stalling, reducing latency, and improving QoE, while also reducing the need for additional memory and costly network configurations.
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Figure CN2023141187_26062025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
User Equipment (UE) Switch Physical Layer (PHY) Mode to Improve Data Transmission PerformanceTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to wireless communication, and in particular, to user equipment (UE) switch physical layer (PHY) mode to improve data transmission performance.BACKGROUND
[0002] Wireless communications have evolved significantly from early voice systems to today's highly sophisticated integrated communication platform. The next generation wireless communication system, fifth generation new radio (5G NR) , will expand wireless communications to users operating vastly different and sometimes conflicting services and applications. In general, 5G NR will evolve based on the third generation partnership project (3GPP) long term evolution advanced (LTE-Advanced) standard with additional potential new radio access technologies (RATs) to improve wireless connectivity solutions.
[0003] In terrestrial networks, Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) processes keep the buffer until it is acknowledged by a peer entity and do not accept new data until previous buffer is acknowledged, since the transmitting entity may have to retransmit the data if it receives a negative acknowledgment (NACK) from a peer entity. However, in non-terrestrial networks (NTN) , due to a significantly higher delay, HARQ processes may keep the buffer for a longer time and since there are a limited number of HARQ processes, all HARQ processes may be holding the buffer waiting for an acknowledgment (ACK) , resulting in “HARQ Stalling” due to an unavailability of HARQ processes for new data transmission.
[0004] Various proposals have been advanced in the 3GPP standards to address HARQ stalling. However, these proposals have various issues, in which case data loss may occur, or there may be delay and latency problems. Further, these proposals are based on PHY layer HARQ data guarantees, and the disabling of the HARQ-ACK mode without PHY layer data guarantees will be challenging and may negatively impact the quality of experience (QoE) . In addition, it may be expensive due to the need for more memory. Thus, it has been identified that there is a need to improve data transmission performance in wireless communications, particularly wireless communications in non-terrestrial networks, for all conditions.SUMMARY
[0005] Some example embodiments are related to an apparatus of a user equipment (UE) , the UE being capable of transmitting data in a plurality of data transmission modes in a non-terrestrial network, the apparatus including processing circuitry configured to evaluate current quality of service (QoS) parameters or current measured signal conditions in a physical layer (PHY) for data transmission to or from the UE to obtain current evaluation metrics; and determine, based on the current evaluation metrics, whether to dynamically switch between a first data transmission mode and a second data transmission mode.
[0006] Other example embodiments are related to an apparatus of a network node configured to communicate with a user equipment (UE) capable of transmitting data in a plurality of data transmission modes in a non-terrestrial network, the apparatus including processing circuitry configured to cause transmit circuitry to transmit configuration information to the UE, the configuration information indicating that Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request-Acknowledgment (HARQ-ACK) mode has been disabled, cause transmit circuitry to transmit data to the UE using a first data transmission mode, decode, based on signals received from the UE, an indication that the UE has dynamically switched from the first data transmission mode to a second data transmission mode and cause the transmit circuitry to transmit data to the UE using the second data transmission mode.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0007] Fig. 1 shows a network arrangement according to various example embodiments.
[0008] Fig. 2 shows a user equipment (UE) according to various example embodiments.
[0009] Fig. 3 shows a base station according to various example embodiments.
[0010] Figs. 4A and 4B illustrate non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) according to various example embodiments .
[0011] Fig. 4C is a diagram that illustrates a large delay that may be present in NTNs.
[0012] Fig. 5 illustrates example protocol functions that may be implemented in wireless communication systems according to various example embodiments.
[0013] Fig. 6A is an example flow diagram that illustrates data transmission when HARQ-ACK is disabled.
[0014] Fig. 6B is a flow diagram that illustrates a dynamic enhanced PHY transmission mode switch according to various example embodiments.
[0015] Fig. 7A is a table illustrating a first data transmission mode (Mode 1) according to various example embodiments.
[0016] Fig. 7B is a table illustrating a second data transmission mode (Mode 2) according to various example embodiments.
[0017] Fig. 7C is a table illustrating a third data transmission mode (Mode 3) according to various example embodiments.
[0018] Fig. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example dynamic enhanced PHY transmission mode switching scheme according to various example embodiments.
[0019] Fig. 9 is a flow diagram that illustrates an intelligent data transmission mode evaluation performed by an example UE according to example embodiments.
[0020] Fig. 10 is a flow diagram that illustrates an smart transmission mode indication performed by a UE according to example embodiments.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0021] The example embodiments may be further understood with reference to the following description and the related appended drawings, wherein like elements are provided with the same reference numerals. The example embodiments relate to a user equipment (UE) evaluating current RF conditions and service quality to dynamically switch between different PHY data transmission modes to improve data transmission in wireless communication networks, particularly non-terrestrial networks.
[0022] The example embodiments are described with regard to a user equipment (UE) . However, reference to a UE is merely provided for illustrative purposes. The example embodiments may be utilized with any electronic component that may establish a connection to a network and is configured with the hardware, software, and / or firmware to exchange information and data with the network. Therefore, the UE as described herein is used to represent any appropriate type of electronic component.
[0023] The example embodiments are also described with regard to a fifth generation (5G) New Radio (NR) network and a next generation node B (gNB) . However, reference to a 5G NR network and a gNB is merely provided for illustrative purposes. The example embodiments may be utilized with any appropriate type of network (e.g., 5G-Advanced, 6G, etc. ) and corresponding base stations.
[0024] Fig. 1 shows an example network arrangement 100 according to various example embodiments. The example network arrangement 100 includes a UE 110. The UE 110 may be any type of electronic component that is configured to communicate via a network, e.g., mobile phones, tablet computers, desktop computers, smartphones, embedded devices, wearables, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, etc. An actual network arrangement may include any number of UEs being used by any number of users. Thus, the example of a single UE 110 is merely provided for illustrative purposes.
[0025] The UE 110 may be configured to communicate with one or more networks. In the example of the network configuration 100, the network with which the UE 110 may wirelessly communicate is a 5G NR radio access network (RAN) 120. However, the UE 110 may also communicate with other types of networks (e.g., sixth generation (6G) RAN, 5G cloud RAN, a next generation RAN (NG-RAN) , a long-term evolution (LTE) RAN, a legacy cellular network, a wireless local area network (WLAN) , etc. ) and the UE 110 may also communicate with networks over a wired connection. With regard to the example embodiments, the UE 110 may establish a connection with the 5G NR RAN 120. Therefore, the UE 110 may have at least a 5G NR chipset to communicate with the 5G NR RAN 120.
[0026] The 5G NR RAN 120 may be a portion of a cellular network that may be deployed by a network carrier (e.g., Verizon, AT&T, T-Mobile, etc. ) . The 5G NR RAN 120 may include base stations or access nodes (Node Bs, eNodeBs, HeNBs, eNBS, gNBs, gNodeBs, macrocells, microcells, small cells, femtocells, etc. ) that are configured to send and receive traffic from UEs that are equipped with the appropriate cellular chip set. In the example embodiments, the term “base station” may refer to cells that are deployed for a non-terrestrial network (NTN) that includes base stations configured as satellite stations, aircraft, aerial drones, etc. In the network arrangement 100, the 5G NR RAN 120 deploys a gNB 120A.
[0027] Any association procedure may be performed for the UE 110 to connect to the 5G NR RAN 120. For example, as discussed above, the 5G NR RAN 120 may be associated with a particular cellular provider where the UE 110 and / or the user thereof has a contract and credential information (e.g., stored on a SIM card) . Upon detecting the presence of the 5G NR RAN 120, the UE 110 may transmit the corresponding credential information to associate with the 5G NR RAN 120. More specifically, the UE 110 may associate with a specific base station, e.g., the gNB 120A.
[0028] The network arrangement 100 also includes a cellular core network 130, the Internet 140, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) 150, and a network services backbone 160. The cellular core network 130 may refer to an interconnected set of components that manages the operation and traffic of the cellular network. It may include the evolved packet core (EPC) and / or the 5G core (5GC) . The cellular core network 130 also manages the traffic that flows between the cellular network and the Internet 140. The IMS 150 may be generally described as an architecture for delivering multimedia services to the UE 110 using the IP protocol. The IMS 150 may communicate with the cellular core network 130 and the Internet 140 to provide the multimedia services to the UE 110. The network services backbone 160 is in communication either directly or indirectly with the Internet 140 and the cellular core network 130. The network services backbone 160 may be generally described as a set of components (e.g., servers, network storage arrangements, etc. ) that implement a suite of services that may be used to extend the functionalities of the UE 110 in communication with the various networks.
[0029] Fig. 2 shows an example UE 110 according to various example embodiments. The UE 110 will be described with regard to the network arrangement 100 of Fig. 1. The UE 110 may include a processor 205, a memory arrangement 210, a display device 215, an input / output (I / O) device 220, a transceiver 225 and other components 230. The other components 230 may include, for example, an audio input device, an audio output device, a power supply, a data acquisition device, ports to electrically connect the UE 110 to other electronic devices, etc.
[0030] The processor 205 may be configured to execute a plurality of engines of the UE 110. For example, the engines may include a dynamic transmission mode switch engine 235. The dynamic transmission mode switch engine 235 may perform various operations related to dynamically switching between transmission modes.
[0031] The above referenced engine 235 being an application (e.g., a program) executed by the processor 205 is merely provided for illustrative purposes. The functionality associated with the engine 235 may also be represented as a separate incorporated component of the UE 110 or may be a modular component coupled to the UE 110, e.g., an integrated circuit with or without firmware. For example, the integrated circuit may include input circuitry to receive signals and processing circuitry to process the signals and other information. The engine may also be embodied as one application or separate applications. In addition, in some UEs, the functionality described for the processor 205 is split among two or more processors such as a baseband processor and an applications processor. The example embodiments may be implemented in any of these or other configurations of a UE.
[0032] The memory arrangement 210 may be a hardware component configured to store data related to operations performed by the UE 110. The display device 215 may be a hardware component configured to show data to a user while the I / O device 220 may be a hardware component that enables the user to enter inputs. The display device 215 and the I / O device 220 may be separate components or integrated together such as a touchscreen. The transceiver 225 may be a hardware component configured to establish a connection with the 5G NR-RAN 120, an LTE-RAN (not pictured) , a legacy RAN (not pictured) , a WLAN (not pictured) , etc. Accordingly, the transceiver 225 may operate on a variety of different frequencies or channels (e.g., set of consecutive frequencies) .
[0033] The transceiver 225 includes circuitry configured to transmit and / or receive signals (e.g., control signals, data signals) . Such signals may be encoded with information implementing any one of the methods described herein. The processor 205 may be operably coupled to the transceiver 225 and configured to receive from and / or transmit signals to the transceiver 225. The processor 205 may be configured to encode and / or decode signals (e.g., signaling from a base station of a network) for implementing any one of the methods described herein.
[0034] Fig. 3 shows an example base station 300 according to various example embodiments. The base station 300 may represent the gNB 120A or any other type of access node through which the UE 110 may establish a connection and manage network operations.
[0035] The base station 300 may include a processor 305, a memory arrangement 310, an input / output (I / O) device 315, a transceiver 320, multiple TRPs 330 and other components 325. The other components 325 may include, for example, an audio input device, an audio output device, a battery, a data acquisition device, ports to electrically connect the base station 300 to other electronic devices and / or power sources, TxRUs, transceiver chains, antenna elements, antenna panels, etc.
[0036] The processor 305 may be configured to execute a plurality of engines for the base station 300. For example, the engines may include a dynamic mode engine 335. The dynamic mode engine 335 may perform various operations related to switching modes for data transmission to and from a UE.
[0037] The above noted engine 335 being an application (e.g., a program) executed by the processor 305 is only an example. The functionality associated with the engine 335 may also be represented as a separate incorporated component of the base station 300 or may be a modular component coupled to the base station 300, e.g., an integrated circuit with or without firmware. For example, the integrated circuit may include input circuitry to receive signals and processing circuitry to process the signals and other information. In addition, in some base stations, the functionality described for the processor 305 is split among a plurality of processors (e.g., a baseband processor, an applications processor, etc. ) . The example embodiments may be implemented in any of these or other configurations of a base station.
[0038] The memory 310 may be a hardware component configured to store data related to operations performed by the base station 300. The I / O device 315 may be a hardware component or ports that enable a user to interact with the base station 300. The transceiver 320 may be a hardware component configured to exchange data with the UE 110 and any other UEs in the network arrangement 100. The transceiver 320 may operate on a variety of different frequencies or channels (e.g., set of consecutive frequencies) . Therefore, the transceiver 320 may include one or more components to enable the data exchange with the various networks and UEs.
[0039] The transceiver 320 includes circuitry configured to transmit and / or receive signals (e.g., control signals, data signals) . Such signals may be encoded with information implementing any one of the methods described herein. The processor 305 may be operably coupled to the transceiver 320 and configured to receive from and / or transmit signals to the transceiver 320. The processor 305 may be configured to encode and / or decode signals (e.g., signaling from a UE) for implementing any one of the methods described herein.
[0040] To increase network coverage and support various use cases that are beyond the capabilities of ground-based infrastructure, 3GPP has released standards which integrate non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) into the 5G NR framework. In general, a NTN includes a network, or a segment of a network, which uses an airborne or space-borne platform to embark a transmission equipment relay node or base station (BS) . In the 5G context, NTNs may have a wide variety of architectures and configurations as described in 3GPP Technical Specification (TS) 38.811 and TS 38.821, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0041] For example, FIG. 4A shows a NTN 400 serving UEs 401 a-c within a cell 402 and having an airborne or space-borne platform 404. The platform 404 may be configured in a bent pipe configuration. The UEs 401 a-c (collectively referred to as “UEs 401” ) may be any type of UE (e.g., a UE 110) and may communicate with the platform 404 either directly or through an intermediate terminal, such as a very small aperture terminal (VSAT) , using service links 403 a-c. In some examples, the platform 404 may be an airborne vehicle, such as an unmanned aircraft system (UAS) (e.g., a tethered UAS (TUA) , a lighter than air UAS (LTA) , a heavier than air UAS (HTA) ) , or a space-borne vehicle, such as a satellite (e.g., a low earth orbiting (LEO) satellite, a medium earth orbiting (MEO) satellite, a geostationary earth orbiting (GEO) satellite, or a highly elliptical orbiting (HEO) satellite, among others) . The platform 404 may perform radio frequency filtering, frequency conversion, and amplification on signals received from the UEs 401 and may transmit the processed signals to a gateway 406 using a feeder link 405 (or vice versa) . The platform 404 may act as an airborne or space-borne relay node (e.g., a “bent pipe” ) between one or more of the UEs 401 and the gateway 406. The gateway 406 may provide the signals received from the platform 404 to a BS 408 (e.g., a gNB 120A) that interfaces with a core network 410 (e.g., a 5G core network or other core network 130) to connect the NTN 400 to the core network 410. In some examples, the BS 408 may include or otherwise perform the function of the gateway 406.
[0042] FIG. 4B illustrates another example NTN 420 for serving UEs 401 within a cell 402. Unlike NTN 400, NTN 420 includes an airborne or space-borne platform 422 in a regenerative configuration. In this configuration, the platform 422 may perform demodulation / decoding, switching / routing, and coding / modulation operations on signals received from the UEs 401 in addition to the radio frequency filtering, frequency conversion, and amplification operations performed by a platform in a bent-pipe configuration (e.g., platform 404) . In this manner, the platform 422 effectively operates as an airborne or space-borne BS (e.g., a gNB or other RAN node 120A) . Because of this added functionality, the platform 422 need not interface with a terrestrial BS (e.g., the BS 408) and may instead communicate with a gateway 406 that is part of or interfaces with the core network 410.
[0043] Regardless of the particular configuration, supporting NTNs within the 5G NR framework presents certain challenges. One challenge stems from the large signal propagation delay between a UE and a BS over the airborne or space-borne link, as the propagation delay may exceed one transmission time interval (TTI) in some cases. In addition, the variation of the signal propagation delay between a particular UE and the BS, as well as among UEs within the cell, is much larger in NTNs relative to terrestrial networks due to, for example, the large NTN cell size, topographic relief within the cell, and fast changes in the overall distance between a UE and the BS caused by moving platforms, among others.
[0044] Fig. 4C is a diagram that illustrates the large delay that may be present in NTNs. Due to the large delay, the HARQ processes may remain in the buffer for a longer time and since there are a limited number of HARQ processes, all HARQ processes may be holding the buffer waiting for an acknowledgment (ACK) , resulting in “HARQ stalling” due to an unavailability of HARQ processes for new data transmission.
[0045] Before describing methods and devices for addressing the problem of HARQ stalling, example protocol functions for a wireless communication device will be discussed. FIG. 5 illustrates various protocol functions that may be implemented in a wireless communication device (s) . In particular, FIG. 5 includes an arrangement 500 showing interconnections between various protocol layers / entities. The following description of FIG. 5 is provided for various protocol layers and entities that operate in conjunction with the 5G NR system standards and the LTE system standards, but some or all of the aspects of FIG. 5 may be applicable to other wireless communication network systems as well. The protocol layers of arrangement 500 may include one or more of PHY (Physical Layer) 510, MAC (Medium Access Control) 520, RLC (Radio Link Control) 530, PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol) 540, SDAP (Service Data Adaptation Protocol) 547, RRC (Radio Resource Control) 555, and NAS (Non Access Stratum) layer 557, in addition to other higher layer functions not illustrated.
[0046] The protocol layers may include one or more service access points (e.g., items 559, 556, 550, 549, 545, 535, 525, and 515 in FIG. 5) that may provide communication between two or more protocol layers.
[0047] The PHY 510 may transmit and receive physical layer signals 505 that may be received from or transmitted to one or more other communication devices. The physical layer signals 505 may include one or more physical channels, such as those discussed herein. The PHY 510 may further perform link adaptation or adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) , power control, cell search (e.g., for initial synchronization and handover purposes) , and other measurements used by higher layers, such as the RRC 555. The PHY 510 may still further perform error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding and decoding of the transport channels, modulation and demodulation of physical channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. In some examples, an instance of PHY 510 may process requests from and provide indications to an instance of MAC 520 using one or more PHY-SAP 515. In some examples, requests and indications communicated using PHY-SAP 515 may comprise one or more transport channels.
[0048] Instance (s) of MAC 520 may process requests from, and provide indications to, an instance of RLC 530 using one or more MAC-SAPs 525. These requests and indications communicated using the MAC-SAP 525 may include one or more logical channels. The MAC 520 may perform mapping between the logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs from one or more logical channels onto transport blocks (TBs) to be delivered to PHY 510 using the transport channels, de-multiplexing MAC SDUs to one or more logical channels from TBs delivered from the PHY 510 using transport channels, multiplexing MAC SDUs onto TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, and logical channel prioritization.
[0049] Instance (s) of RLC 530 may process requests from and provide indications to an instance of PDCP 540 using one or more radio link control service access points (RLC-SAP) 535. These requests and indications communicated using RLC-SAP 535 may include one or more RLC channels. The RLC 530 may operate in a plurality of modes of operation, including: Transparent Mode (TM) , Unacknowledged Mode (UM) , and Acknowledged Mode (AM) . The RLC 530 may execute transfer of upper layer protocol data units (PDUs) , error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ) for AM data transfers, and concatenation, segmentation and reassembly of RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfers. The RLC 530 may also execute re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs for AM data transfers, reorder RLC data PDUs for UM and AM data transfers, detect duplicate data for UM and AM data transfers, discard RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfers, detect protocol errors for AM data transfers, and perform RLC re-establishment.
[0050] Instance (s) of PDCP 540 may process requests from and provide indications to instance (s) of RRC 555 or instance (s) of SDAP 547, or both, using one or more packet data convergence protocol service access points (PDCP- SAP) 545. These requests and indications communicated using PDCP-SAP 545 may include one or more radio bearers. PDCP 540 may execute header compression and decompression of IP data, maintain PDCP Sequence Numbers (SNs) , perform in-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs at re-establishment of lower layers, eliminate duplicates of lower layer SDUs at re-establishment of lower layers for radio bearers mapped on RLC AM, cipher and decipher control plane data, perform integrity protection and integrity verification of control plane data, control timer-based discard of data, and perform security operations (e.g., ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, or integrity verification) .
[0051] Instance (s) of SDAP 547 may process requests from and provide indications to one or more higher layer protocol entities using one or more SDAP-SAP 549. These requests and indications communicated using SDAP-SAP 549 may include one or more QoS flows. The SDAP 547 may map QoS flows to data radio bearers (DRBs) , and vice versa, and may also mark QoS flow identifiers (QFIs) in DL and UL packets. A single SDAP entity 547 may be configured for an individual PDU session. In the UL direction, the NG-RAN 110 may control the mapping of QoS Flows to DRB (s) in two different ways, reflective mapping or explicit mapping. For reflective mapping, the SDAP 547 of a UE 110 may monitor the QFIs of the DL packets for each DRB, and may apply the same mapping for packets flowing in the UL direction. For a DRB, the SDAP 547 of the UE 110 may map the UL packets belonging to the QoS flows (s) corresponding to the QoS flow ID (s) and PDU session observed in the DL packets for that DRB. To enable reflective mapping, the NG-RAN may mark DL packets over the Uu interface with a QoS flow ID. The explicit mapping may involve the RRC 555 configuring the SDAP 547 with an explicit QoS flow to DRB mapping rule, which may be stored and followed by the SDAP 547. In some examples, the SDAP 547 may only be used in NR implementations and may not be used in LTE implementations.
[0052] The RRC 555 may configure, using one or more management service access points (M-SAP) , aspects of one or more protocol layers, which may include one or more instances of each of PHY 510, MAC 520, RLC 530, PDCP 540 and SDAP 547. In some examples, an instance of RRC 555 may process requests from and provide indications to one or more NAS entities 557 using one or more RRC-SAPs 556. The main services and functions of the RRC 555 may include broadcast of system information (e.g., included in master information blocks (MIBs) or system information blocks (SIBs) related to the NAS) , broadcast of system information related to the access stratum (AS) , paging, establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the UE 110 and RAN 120 (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release) , establishment, configuration, maintenance and release of point to point Radio Bearers, security functions including key management, inter-RAT mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting. The MIBs and SIBs may comprise one or more information elements, which may each comprise individual data fields or data structures.
[0053] The NAS 557 may support the mobility of the UEs 110 and the session management procedures to establish and maintain IP connectivity between the UE 110 and a P-GW in LTE systems.
[0054] In some examples, a user plane protocol stack may include, in order from highest layer to lowest layer, SDAP 547, PDCP 540, RLC 530, MAC 520, and PHY 510. The user plane protocol stack may be used for communication between the UE 110 and the RAN node 120A in NR or other implementations. In this example, upper layers 551 may be built on top of the SDAP 547 and may include a user datagram protocol (UDP) and IP security layer (UDP / IP) 552, a General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Tunneling Protocol for the user plane layer (GTP-U) 553, and a User Plane PDU layer (UP PDU) 563.
[0055] The transport network layer 554 (also referred to as a “transport layer” ) may be built on IP transport, and the GTP-U 553 may be used on top of the UDP / IP layer 552 (comprising a UDP layer and IP layer) to carry user plane PDUs (UP-PDUs) . The IP layer (also referred to as the “Internet layer” ) may be used to perform packet addressing and routing functionality. The IP layer may assign IP addresses to user data packets in any of IPv4, IPv6, or PPP formats, for example.
[0056] The GTP-U 553 may be used for carrying user data within the GPRS core network and between the radio access network and the core network. The user data transported may be packets in any of IPv4, IPv6, or PPP formats, for example. The UDP / IP 552 may provide checksums for data integrity, port numbers for addressing different functions at the source and destination, and encryption and authentication on the selected data flows. The RAN node 120A may utilize an S1-U interface to exchange user plane data using a protocol stack comprising an L1 layer (e.g., PHY 510) , an L2 layer (e.g., MAC 520, RLC 530, PDCP 540, and / or SDAP 547) , the UDP / IP layer 552, and the GTP-U 553.
[0057] Moreover, although not shown by FIG. 5, an application layer may be present above the AP 563 and / or the transport network layer 554. The application layer may be a layer in which a user of the UE 110, RAN node 120A, or other network element interacts with software applications being executed. The application layer may also provide one or more interfaces for software applications to interact with communications systems of the UE 110 or RAN node 120A. In some examples, the IP layer or the application layer, or both, may provide the same or similar functionality as layers 5-7, or portions thereof, of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model (e.g., OSI Layer 7-the application layer, OSI Layer 6-the presentation layer, and OSI Layer 5-the session layer) .
[0058] Various proposals have been advanced in the 3GPP standards to address HARQ stalling. However, these proposals have various issues, in which case data loss may occur, or there may be delay and latency problems. Further, these proposals are based on PHY layer HARQ data guarantees, and the disabling of the HARQ-ACK mode without PHY layer data guarantee will be challenging and may negatively impact the quality of experience (QoE) . In addition, it may be expensive due to the need for more memory. Thus, it has been identified that there is a need to improve data transmission performance in wireless communications, particularly wireless communications in non-terrestrial networks, for all conditions.
[0059] To avoid the possibility of HARQ stalling due to long delay to receive HARQ-ACK caused by the higher propagation time in a NTN, in Release 17 of 3GPP (38.811) , updates were proposed for NTN, where it is allowed for the network to disable HARQ-ACK for an individual DL HARQ process. Further, new uplink (UL) HARQ modes (Mode A and Mode B) are added to allow to configure UL HARQ with or without retransmission mode and new logical channel prioritization has been added to be able to map a UL logical channel to the UL HARQ with or without retransmission mode. In addition, the number of HARQ processes was increased to 32 (from 16) , although theoretically there may be as many as 50, even for low earth orbit (LEO) NTNs, and theoretically up to 600 HARQ processes for geostationary earth orbit (GEO) NTNs (see Fig. 4C) . However, the added features are UE capability based, i.e., the network would only use them if supported by the UE. In the 3GPP TR Solutions for NR to support Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) (38821-g20) , the enabling / disabling of HARQ uplink retransmission may be configurable on a per UE basis, a per HARQ process basis, and / or a per LCH basis. Multiple transmissions of the same TB in a bundle (e.g., MAC schedules packets in a bundle with pdsch-AggregationFactor > 1 in downlink and pusch-AggregationFactor > 1 in the uplink) according to NR Rel. 15 are possible and might be useful to lower the residual block error rate (BLER) , particularly in case HARQ feedback is disabled.
[0060] There may be problems in NTN downlink HARQ processes. For example, if HARQ-ACK is enabled, the HARQ process may run out, and a user will experience data service interruption due to HARQ Stalling. If HARQ-ACK is disabled, there is a lack of PHY layer data guarantee (by HARQ retransmission combination) . In the specific link condition, this may cause serious bad performance, such as data loss and long delays. Special radio link conditions may include a big pathloss (may be 170 dB) , high doppler (may be dozens of kHz) , and / or a large round trip delay (RTD) (may be up to 540 milliseconds (ms) in GEO.
[0061] Current Radio Link Control (RLC) transmission modes, such as acknowledgment mode (AM) , unacknowledgment mode (UM) , and / or transparent mode (TM) are all based on a PHY Layer HARQ data guarantee. Disabling the HARQ-ACK mode, without a PHY data guarantee, will cause serious challenges and may negatively impact user experience. For example, there might be a negative impact on RLC AM mode (like data service) , where there is no PHY feedback and retransmission -RLC / PDCP (packet data convergence protocol) re-transmission may be relied upon, but the RLC / PDCP RetransmissionTime may reach 3.0 seconds. In addition, high PHY BLER may lead to data pending in RLC reassembly and PDCP reordering. Further, it may lead to long data delay and a requirement for more RLC / PDCP memory.
[0062] Disabling the HARQ-ACK mode, without a PHY data guarantee, will would also have an impact on RLC UM / TM mode (like Voice over NR (VoNR) call service) . There might be no PHY feedback and retransmission. There may be high PHY BLER, leading to serious data loss. Also, it may lead to intermittent data transmission and bad voice quality, or even RTT timeout call drop. In R17 of 3GPP, the Disabled / Enabled mode may only be configured by RRC messaging.
[0063] According to certain aspects of this disclosure, a variety of approaches may be considered to address the NTN HARQ Stalling issue. In particular, schemes for dynamic enhanced PHY transmission mode switching are proposed. In one embodiment, a UE will evaluate the current RF conditions and service quality and switch to a different transmission mode if the current RF conditions and service quality falls below a defined threshold. The dynamic enhanced PHY transmission mode switch has two components: (1) intelligent transmission mode evaluation, where the UE uses its own algorithm for best transmission mode evaluation in PHY layer; and (2) smart transmission mode indication, where the UE makes its own decision for the best method to indicate to the network the preferred mode.
[0064] Fig. 6A is an example flow diagram that illustrates data transmission when HARQ-ACK is disabled, which may lead to serious data loss and Quality of Service (QoS) not being satisfied. In some examples, Fig. 6A may also illustrate HARQ stalling. In a process 600, a network (such as a NTN) will cause the gNB to transmit configuration information to the UE to disable HARQ-ACK (610) . At 620, the gNB will transmit downlink (DL) data to the UE without feedback. In some instances, RF conditions (e.g., radio link quality) falling below a threshold may result in Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) cyclic redundancy check (CRC) errors (630a, 630b, 630c) . In such instances, continuous error without feedback may occur and PHY layer service may not work.
[0065] Fig. 6B is an example flow diagram that illustrates an example scheme to address issues caused by disabling the HARQ-ACK, e.g., as shown in Fig. 6A, by implementing a dynamic enhanced PHY transmission mode switch. This example scheme may help address the situation where the PHY layer service does not work due to high DL BLER caused by the disabling of the HARQ-ACK. In one embodiment, as seen in Fig. 6B, a UE will evaluate the current RF and service quality and switch to a different transmission mode if the current RF and service quality falls below a defined threshold. In the process 640, a network (such as a NTN) will cause the gNB to transmit configuration information to the UE to disable HARQ-ACK (650) . At 660, the gNB will transmit downlink (DL) data to the UE without feedback. In some examples, RF conditions (e.g., radio link quality) falling below a threshold may cause a PDSCH error (665) . If the UE determines the RF conditions are below a threshold or otherwise determines a potential loss of QoS or QoE, the UE will perform an intelligent transmission mode evaluation, where the UE uses its own algorithm to determine the best transmission mode in PHY layer (670) . The UE may also determine the best method to indicate to the network the preferred mode (smart transmission mode indication) (680) . The UE may transmit an indication of the preferred mode using the determined best method to the gNB
[0066] . The gNB may then transmit a message to the UE indicating the switch to the preferred mode and will transmit data using the preferred mode (695) , which will result in better data transmission performance.
[0067] In the scheme shown in Fig. 6B, there may be three modes defined for data transmission, according to one embodiment. Fig. 7A is an example table illustrating a first example data transmission mode (Mode 1) according to various example embodiments. Fig. 7B is an example table illustrating a second example data transmission mode (Mode 2) according to various example embodiments. Fig. 7C is an example table illustrating a third example data transmission mode (Mode 3) according to various example embodiments.
[0068] Mode 1 is a mode where the HARQ-ACK is disabled, meaning there is no retransmission. Further, transmission time interval (TTI) bundling is disabled. Mode 2 is a mode where the HARQ-ACK is disabled, but where TTI bundling is enabled, which means that retransmission is done without waiting for HARQ feedback. Mode 3 is a mode with HARQ-ACK / NACK and TTI bundling both enabled. In this mode, retransmission is done, but the TTI bundling with less NACK will reduce the HARQ buffering time, which may mitigate HARQ process stalling. In a normal case, when a network sends a DL grant (DCI 1) , the UE transmits a PDSCH at only one specific subframe (typically 4 ms after the DCI 1 reception) . TTI Bundling is a method in which the UE transmits a PDSCH in multiple subframes in a row (4 subframes according to current specification) . In other words, the UE transmits a PDSCH in a “BUNDLED TTI” . The UE transmits the same data multiple times in a row to increase the possibility of data reception and decoding.
[0069] Each of the three transmission modes has benefits in certain conditions compared to the other transmission modes. For example, in good RF conditions, Mode 1 will reduce the large delay inherent in NTN by using HARQ feedback and will provide better performance for delay sensitive services. In some RF conditions with BLER expected, the TTI bundling solution implemented in Mode 2 will provide more endurance for PHY layer performance while not causing too much delay. In bad RF conditions, Mode 3, where both HARQ-ACK and TTI bundling are enabled, will avoid the retransmission delay by using HARQ feedback for multiple retransmissions. By dynamically switching between the three modes depending on the conditions, the methods and devices disclosed herein may take advantage of the benefits of each of the three data transmission modes. Though three transmission modes are discussed with respect to Figs. 7A-7C, this is only an example, and more or less than three data transmission modes may be used in the disclosed dynamic enhanced PHY transmission mode switching scheme.
[0070] Fig. 8 is an example diagram illustrating an example dynamic enhanced PHY transmission mode switching scheme according to various example embodiments. In Fig. 8, switching between the three data transmission modes disclosed above may be based on an RF conditions evaluation in the physical layer, and estimation of service QoS impact in the physical layer, and / or a combination thereof.
[0071] In one embodiment, two thresholds for the evaluated RF conditions and / or the service QoS impact estimation may be defined. A first threshold may be a high threshold (Threshold_High) and a second threshold may be a low threshold (Threshold_Low) . Referring to Fig. 8, if the Threshold_High is exceeded for the RF conditions or the QoS impact, the transmission mode is dynamically changed from Mode 1 to Mode 2 (Threshold_High_1_to_2) , or is dynamically changed from Mode 2 to Mode 3 (Threshold_High_2_to_3) . If the RF conditions or the QoS impact drops below the Threshold_Low, the mode may be dynamically changed from Mode 2 to Mode 1 (Threshold_Low_2_to_1) , or dynamically changed from Mode 3 to Mode 2 (Threshold_Low_3_to_2) . The evaluation metrics may include one or more of Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) , Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) , PHY_BLER, RLC_BLER, Service QoS delay, Service QoS packets error rate, motion status or speed, satellite category, or a combination thereof. Notably, there may be different thresholds for each of the various evaluation metrics. In addition, although two thresholds are discussed above for each of the evaluation metrics, this is only example, and more or less than two thresholds may be used in the disclosed dynamic enhanced PHY transmission mode switching scheme for one or more of the various evaluation metrics.
[0072] Fig. 9 is an example flow diagram that illustrates an example intelligent data transmission mode evaluation performed by an example UE according to example embodiments. As discussed above with respect to Figs. 6B and 8, an example UE may perform an intelligent transmission mode evaluation, where the UE uses its own algorithm to determine the best transmission mode in PHY layer. For example, the UE may take measurements on the quality of received signals and QoS and decide based on the defined data transmission modes and thresholds when to dynamically switch between the various data transmission modes. This decision may be based on any of the factors discussed above (Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) , Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) , PHY_BLER, RLC_BLER, Service QoS delay, Service QoS packets error rate, motion status or speed, satellite category, or a combination thereof) .
[0073] Referring to Fig. 9, a process 900 begins when a network (such as a NTN) causes the gNB to transmit configuration information to the UE to disable HARQ-ACK for DL transmission (910) . A first mode, such as Mode 1, is enabled for the UE’s data transmissions (915) . In one embodiment, the UE will evaluate one or more of the current RF conditions, the DL PDSCH BLER, and the current service QoS (920) . The UE may also consider other conditions and / or the current motion speed and satellite category. If the conditions are not good, e.g., the RSRP and / or SNR is below a certain first threshold, and / or the PHY BLER or RLC BLER is above a certain first threshold, and / or the current motion speed is above a given first threshold, or the current QoS is bad (e.g., the current packet error rate is above a given first threshold) , then the UE determines that a switch to Mode 2 is necessary (925) . Otherwise, the UE stays in the current Mode 1 (930) . For example, if the UE is using all of the above factors in the intelligent transmission mode evaluation, and if RSRP < Threshold_RSRP_High_1_to_2 and SNR < Threshold_SNR_high_1_to_2 and PHY BLER > Threshold_PHY_BLER_high_1_to_2 and RLC BLER > Threshold_RLC_BLER_high_1_to_2 and Current motion speed > Threshold__Speed_high_1_to_2 and Current service PacketsErrorRate > Threshold_Service_QOS_Requested_PacketsErrorRate_high_1_to_2, then the UE decides to switch to transmission Mode 2. In some embodiments, the UE may not use each of the above evaluation metrics in the evaluation, in which case they are not considered as part of the determination process.
[0074] Still referring to Fig. 9, if the UE determines a switch to Mode 2 is necessary, then the UE will perform the smart transmission mode indication to determine what is the best method to indicate to the network the new preferred transmission mode (935) . More details of this determination will be discussed later with reference to Fig. 10. After the UE has indicated to the network (gNB) the preferred data transmission mode is now Mode 2, transmission Mode 2 is now enabled (940) .
[0075] The UE will continue to evaluate one or more of the current RF conditions, the DL PDSCH BLER, and the current service QoS (945) . The UE may also consider other conditions and / or the current motion speed and satellite category. If the conditions continue to worsen, e.g., the RSRP and / or SNR falls below a second threshold, and / or the PHY BLER or RLC BLER is above a second threshold, and / or the current motion speed is above a second threshold, or the current QoS is bad (e.g., the current packet error rate is above a given second threshold or the current Service Packets Delay is below a given second threshold) , then the UE determines that a switch to Mode 3 is necessary (950) . Otherwise, the UE stays in the current Mode 2 (955) . For example, if the UE is using all of the above factors in the intelligent transmission mode evaluation, and if RSRP < Threshold_RSRP_High_2_to_3 and SNR < Threshold_SNR_high_2_to_3 and PHY BLER > Threshold_PHY_BLER_high_2_to_3 and RLC BLER > Threshold_RLC_BLER_high_2_to_3 and Current motion speed > Threshold__Speed_high_2_to_3 and Current service PacketsErrorRate > Threshold_Service_QOS_Requested_PacketsErrorRate_high_2_to_3 and Current Service Packet Delay < Threshold_Service_QoS_Requested_Delay_high_2_to_3 and Satellite Category is LEO or MEO, then the UE decides to switch to transmission Mode 3. In some embodiments, if the UE is not using every one of these factors, then only a subset of the factors are part of the evaluation performed by the UE.
[0076] Still referring to Fig. 9, if the UE determines a switch to Mode 3, then the UE will perform the smart transmission mode indication to determine what is the best method to indicate to the network the new preferred transmission mode (960) . More details of this determination will be discussed later with reference to Fig. 10. After the UE has indicated to the network (gNB) the preferred data transmission mode is now Mode 3, transmission Mode 3 is now enabled (965) .
[0077] If conditions improve while the UE is in transmission mode 3, then the UE may dynamically switch back to Mode 2 or even down to Mode 1. For example, while in Mode 3, the UE will continue to evaluate one or more of the current RF conditions, the DL PDSCH BLER, and the current service QoS (970) . The UE may also consider other conditions and / or the current motion speed and satellite category. If the conditions improve, e.g., the RSRP and / or SNR moves above the second threshold, and / or the PHY BLER or RLC BLER moves below the second threshold, and / or the current motion speed moves below the second threshold, or the current QoS improves (e.g., the current packet error rate is now below the given second threshold or the current Service Packet Delay is now above the given second threshold) , then the UE determines that a switch back to Mode 2 is possible (975) . Otherwise, if the conditions do not improve, the UE stays in transmission mode 3 (980) . For example, in one embodiment, if RSRP > Threshold_RSRP_High_3_to_2 and SNR > Threshold_SNR_high_3_to_2 and PHY BLER < Threshold_PHY_BLER_high_3_to_2 and RLC BLER < Threshold_RLC_BLER_high_3_to_2 and Current motion speed < Threshold__Speed_high_3_to_2 and Satellite category + GEO and Current service PacketsErrorRate < Threshold_Service_QOS_Requested_PacketsErrorRate_high_3_to_2, and current service packet delay > Threshold_Service_QOS_Requested_Delay_high_3_to_2 and Satellite Category is GEO, then the UE decides to switch to transmission Mode 2. Otherwise, the UE stays in Mode 3. If the UE is not using one or more of these factors in certain embodiments, then those factors are not part of the evaluation the UE performs.
[0078] Still referring to Fig. 9, if the UE determines a switch from Mode 3 to Mode 2, then the UE will perform the smart transmission mode indication to determine what is the best method to indicate to the network the new preferred transmission mode (985) . More details of this determination will be discussed later with reference to Fig. 10. After the UE has indicated to the network (gNB) the preferred data transmission mode is now Mode 2, transmission Mode 2 is now enabled (990) .
[0079] The UE will continue to evaluate one or more of the current RF conditions, the DL PDSCH BLER, and the current service QoS (992) . The UE may also consider other conditions and / or the current motion speed and satellite category. If the conditions continue to improve, e.g., the RSRP and / or SNR is above the first threshold, and / or the PHY BLER or RLC BLER falls below the first threshold, and / or the current motion speed falls below the first threshold, or the current QoS improves even more (e.g., the current packet error rate is now below its respective first threshold) , then the UE determines that a switch to Mode 1 is possible (994) . For example, if RSRP > Threshold_RSRP_High_2_to_1 and SNR > Threshold_SNR_high_2_to_1 and PHY BLER < Threshold_PHY_BLER_high_2_to_1 and RLC BLER < Threshold_RLC_BLER_high_2_to_1 and Current motion speed < Threshold__Speed_high_2_to_1 and Current service PacketsErrorRate < Threshold_Service_QOS_Requested_PacketsErrorRate_high_2_to_1, then the UE decides to switch to transmission Mode 1. Otherwise, the US stays in Mode 2. If the UE is not using one or more of these factors, then they are not part of the evaluation the UE performs.
[0080] Still referring to Fig. 9, if the UE determines a switch from Mode 2 to Mode 1, then the UE will perform the smart transmission mode indication to determine what is the best method to indicate to the network the new preferred transmission mode (998) . More details of this determination will be discussed later with reference to Fig. 10. After the UE has indicated to the network (gNB) the preferred data transmission mode is now Mode 1, transmission Mode 1 is now enabled and the process may start over at 915.
[0081] As disclosed above, whenever the UE performs the intelligent transmission mode evaluation and decides a switch between modes is to take place, the UE will then perform a smart transmission mode indication to determine what is the best method to indicate to the network the new preferred transmission mode. The smart indication method for the mode change indication between the UE and the network may take place in at least two ways. In a first embodiment (UE implementation) , in the AM, the UE triggers early RLC feedback to indicate to the network the DL performance changes and that a mode switch is needed. When the UE detects a RLC SN jump, a RLC NACK may be fed back without waiting for polling or the expiration of a prohibit timer. In a second embodiment (UE / network implementation) , in the AM / UM / TM, the UE may trigger a reserved MAC-CE (Medium Access Control -Control Element) to indicate the mode preference.
[0082] Fig. 10 is an example flow diagram that illustrates an example smart transmission mode indication performed by an example UE according to example embodiments. In the process 1000, the UE determines a mode switch is desired and triggers an indication for a preferred mode (1010) . If in AM / UM / TM and if the UE and the network have synced implementation with legacy reserved MAC-CE (1020) , then the UE may send an indication to the network (gNB) by the legacy MAC-CE (1025) . Otherwise, the UE checks to see if in AM mode and whether the UE would like switch from mode 3 to Mode 2 or from Mode 2 to Mode 1, or from disabled mode to enabled mode (1030) . If not, the UE stays in the current transmission mode without transmitting any indication (1035) . If in AM mode and the UE would like switch from mode 3 to Mode 2 or from Mode 2 to Mode 1, then the UE evaluates the current PHY continuous BLER / QoS packet error rate (PER) (1040) . If PHY PDSCH CRC error count >Threshold_N in T period and QoS PER < current BLER, then the UE triggers via RLC an early RLC status report with all NACK based current status to indicate to the network that the current transmission mode is not fulfilling the QoS service requirement (1050) . Otherwise, the UE follows legacy behavior. The UE will determine if RLC NACK feedback is to be used, and if not, the UE stays in the current mode without any indication (1055) . If RLC NACK feedback is to be used, the UE will transmit an indication to the network (gNB) by early RLC feedback (1060) .
[0083] By the UE implementing the intelligent transmission mode evaluation and the smart transmission mode indication schemes disclosed herein, the UE may evaluate the current RF conditions and service quality to dynamically switch between different PHY data transmission modes to improve data transmission in wireless communication networks, particularly non-terrestrial networks.
[0084] Examples
[0085] In a first example, a method performed by a user equipment (UE) capable of transmitting data in a plurality of data transmission modes in a non-terrestrial network, the method comprising evaluating current quality of service (QoS) parameters or current measured signal conditions in a physical layer (PHY) for data transmission to or from the UE to obtain current evaluation metrics and determining, based on the current evaluation metrics, whether to dynamically switch between a first data transmission mode and a second data transmission mode.
[0086] In a second example, the method of the first example, wherein the UE has received configuration information from a network that indicates Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request-Acknowledgment (HARQ-ACK) mode has been disabled, and wherein the UE has received downlink data without feedback information.
[0087] In a third example, the method of the first example, further comprising determining a method for transmitting an indication to a network node that the UE has switched from the first data transmission mode to the second data transmission mode.
[0088] In a fourth example, the method of the third example, the method further comprising causing transmit circuitry to transmit an indication to the network node that the UE has switched from the first data transmission mode to the second transmission mode, the indication comprising an identification of the second data transmission mode.
[0089] In a fifth example, the method of the first example, wherein the plurality of data transmission modes comprises one or more of a first data transmission mode, wherein Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request-Acknowledgment (HARQ-ACK) mode is disabled and no data retransmission is to be attempted to or from the UE or a second data transmission mode, wherein the HARQ-ACK mode is disabled and transmission time interval (TTI) bundling is enabled, such that data retransmission takes place without waiting for HARQ feedback or a third data transmission mode, wherein the HARQ-ACK mode and the TTI bundling are both enabled, such that retransmission of data occurs using TTI bundling.
[0090] In a sixth example, the method of the first example, further comprising determining to dynamically switch from the first data transmission mode to the second data transmission mode when one or more of the obtained current evaluation metrics exceeds a predefined threshold for a respective current evaluation metric.
[0091] In a seventh example, the method of the sixth example, further comprising determining to dynamically switch from the second data transmission mode back to the first data transmission mode when one or more of the obtained current evaluation metrics falls below the threshold for a respective current evaluation metric.
[0092] In an eighth example, the method of the fifth example, further comprising determining to dynamically switch from the first data transmission mode to the second data transmission mode when one or more of the obtained current evaluation metrics exceeds a predefined first threshold for the respective current evaluation metric, continuing to evaluate one or more of current quality of service (QoS) parameters and current measured signal conditions in a physical layer (PHY) for data transmission to or from the UE to obtain a second set of current evaluation metrics and determining to dynamically switch from the second data transmission mode to the third data transmission mode when one or more of the obtained current evaluation metrics from the second set of current evaluation metrics exceeds a predefined second threshold for the respective current evaluation metric.
[0093] In a ninth example, the method of the fifth example, wherein the UE is initially operating in the third data transmission mode, the method further comprising determining to dynamically switch from the third data transmission mode to the second data transmission mode when one or more of the obtained current evaluation metrics falls below a predefined first threshold for the respective current evaluation metric, continuing to evaluate one or more of current quality of service (QoS) parameters and current measured signal conditions in a physical layer (PHY) for data transmission to or from the UE to obtain a second set of current evaluation metrics and determining to dynamically switch from the second data transmission mode to the first data transmission mode when one or more of the obtained current evaluation metrics from the second set of current evaluation metrics falls below a predefined second threshold for the respective current evaluation metric.
[0094] In a tenth example, the method of the third example, further comprising determining the method for transmitting the indication to the network node that the UE has switched from one data transmission mode to another data transmission mode by determining whether the UE and the network node have synced implementation with a legacy reserved Medium Access Control -Control Element (MAC-CE) .
[0095] In an eleventh example, the method of the tenth example, further comprising causing transmit circuitry to transmit an indication to the network node by the legacy reserved MAC-CE that the UE has switched from one data transmission mode to another data transmission mode.
[0096] In a twelfth example, the method of the fifth example, further comprising determining a method for transmitting the indication to the network node that the UE has switched data transmission modes by determining if the UE is in acknowledgement mode (AM) and if the UE would like switch from the first data transmission mode to the second data transmission mode, or from the second data transmission mode to the third data transmission mode.
[0097] In a thirteenth example, the method of the twelfth example, further comprising evaluating current physical layer (PHY) continuous block error rates (BLER) or Quality of Service (QoS) packet error rate (PER) , and if a PHY Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) cyclic redundancy check (CRC) error count is greater than a threshold in a given time period and the QoS PER is less than the current BLER, then the processing circuitry is configured to trigger via radio link control (RLC) an early RLC status report with all negative acknowledgement (NACK) based current status to indicate to the network node that the current data transmission mode is not fulfilling the QoS service requirements.
[0098] In a fourteenth example, the method of the twelfth example, wherein if the UE is in the AM, the method further comprises causing transmit circuitry to send an indication to the network node via early radio link control (RLC) feedback without waiting for polling or the expiration of a prohibit timer, wherein the indication is configured to indicate to the network node downlink (DL) performance changes and that a mode switch is needed.
[0099] In a fifteenth example, the method of the first example, wherein the current evaluation metrics comprise one or more of Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) , Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) , physical layer (PHY) block error rates (PHY_BLER) , radio link control block error rates (RLC_BLER) , Service QoS delay, Service QoS packets error rate, motion status or speed, satellite category, or a combination thereof.
[0100] In a sixteenth example, a processor configured to perform any of the methods of the first through fifteenth examples.
[0101] In a seventeenth example, a user equipment (UE) comprising a transceiver configured to communicate with a network and a processor communicatively coupled to the transceiver and configured to perform any of the methods of the first through fifteenth examples.
[0102] In an eighteenth example, a method performed by a network node configured to communicate with a user equipment (UE) capable of transmitting data in a plurality of data transmission modes in a non-terrestrial network, the method comprising causing transmit circuitry to transmit configuration information to the UE, the configuration information indicating that Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request-Acknowledgment (HARQ-ACK) mode has been disabled, causing transmit circuitry to transmit data to the UE using a first data transmission mode, decoding, based on signals received from the UE, an indication that the UE has dynamically switched from the first data transmission mode to a second data transmission mode and causing the transmit circuitry to transmit data to the UE using the second data transmission mode.
[0103] In a nineteenth example, the method of the eighteenth example, wherein the data transmitted to the UE in the first data transmission mode comprises downlink data without feedback information.
[0104] In a twentieth example, the method of the eighteenth example, wherein the plurality of data transmission modes comprises one or more of a first data transmission mode, wherein Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request-Acknowledgment (HARQ-ACK) mode is disabled and no data retransmission is to be attempted to or from the UE, a second data transmission mode, wherein the HARQ-ACK mode is disabled and transmission time interval (TTI) bundling is enabled, such that data retransmission takes place without waiting for HARQ feedback and a third data transmission mode, wherein the HARQ-ACK mode and the TTI bundling are both enabled, such that retransmission of data occurs using TTI bundling.
[0105] In a twenty first example, the method of the eighteenth example, further comprising decoding, based on signals received from the UE, an indication that the UE has dynamically switched from the second data transmission mode to the third data transmission mode and causing the transmit circuitry to transmit data to the UE using the third data transmission mode.
[0106] In a twenty second example, the method of the twenty first example, wherein after the UE is operating in the third data transmission mode, the method further comprises decoding, based on additional signals received from the UE, that the UE has dynamically switched from the third data transmission mode to the second data transmission mode, causing the transmit circuitry to transmit data to the UE using the second data transmission mode, decoding, based on additional signals received from the UE, that the UE has dynamically switched from the second data transmission mode to the first data transmission mode and causing the transmit circuitry to transmit data to the UE using the first data transmission mode.
[0107] In a twenty third example, the method of the eighteenth example, further comprising decoding, based on signals from the UE, an indication that the UE has switched from the first data transmission mode to the second transmission mode, wherein the indication is received in a legacy reserved Medium Access Control -Control Element (MAC-CE) .
[0108] In a twenty fourth example, the method of the eighteenth example, further comprising decoding, based on signals from the UE, an indication that the UE has switched from the first data transmission mode to the second data transmission mode, wherein indication is received in early radio control link (RLC) feedback information.
[0109] In a twenty fifth example, a processor configured to perform any of the methods of the eighteenth through twenty fourth examples.
[0110] In a twenty sixth example, a network node comprising a transceiver configured to communicate with a user equipment (UE) and a processor communicatively coupled to the transceiver and configured to perform any of the methods of the eighteenth through twenty fourth examples.
[0111] Those skilled in the art will understand that the above-described example embodiments may be implemented in any suitable software or hardware configuration or combination thereof. An example hardware platform for implementing the example embodiments may include, for example, an Intel x86 based platform with compatible operating system, a Windows OS, a Mac platform and MAC OS, a mobile device having an operating system such as iOS, Android, etc. The example embodiments described above may be embodied as a program containing lines of code stored on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium that, when compiled, may be executed on a processor or microprocessor.
[0112] In some embodiments, a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium (e.g., a non-transitory memory element) may be configured so that it stores program instructions and / or data, where the program instructions, if executed by a computer system, cause the computer system to perform a method, e.g., any of a method embodiments described herein, or, any combination of the method embodiments described herein, or, any subset of any of the method embodiments described herein, or, any combination of such subsets.
[0113] In some embodiments, a device (e.g., a UE) may be configured to include a processor (or a set of processors) and a memory medium (or memory element) , where the memory medium stores program instructions, where the processor is configured to read and execute the program instructions from the memory medium, where the program instructions are executable to implement any of the various method embodiments described herein (or, any combination of the method embodiments described herein, or, any subset of any of the method embodiments described herein, or, any combination of such subsets) . The device may be realized in any of various forms.
[0114] Embodiments of the present invention may be realized in any of various forms. For example, in some embodiments, the present invention may be realized as a computer-implemented method, a computer-readable memory medium, or a computer system. In other embodiments, the present invention may be realized using one or more custom-designed hardware devices such as ASICs. In other embodiments, the present invention may be realized using one or more programmable hardware elements such as FPGAs.
[0115] Although this application described various embodiments each having different features in various combinations, those skilled in the art will understand that any of the features of one embodiment may be combined with the features of the other embodiments in any manner not specifically disclaimed or which is not functionally or logically inconsistent with the operation of the device or the stated functions of the disclosed embodiments.
[0116] It is well understood that the use of personally identifiable information should follow privacy policies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining the privacy of users. In particular, personally identifiable information data should be managed and handled so as to minimize risks of unintentional or unauthorized access or use, and the nature of authorized use should be clearly indicated to users.
[0117] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications may be made in the present disclosure, without departing from the spirit or the scope of the disclosure. Thus, it is intended that the present disclosure cover modifications and variations of this disclosure provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalent.
Claims
1.An apparatus of a user equipment (UE) , the UE being capable of transmitting data in a plurality of data transmission modes in a non-terrestrial network, the apparatus comprising processing circuitry configured to:evaluate current quality of service (QoS) parameters or current measured signal conditions in a physical layer (PHY) for data transmission to or from the UE to obtain current evaluation metrics; anddetermine, based on the current evaluation metrics, whether to dynamically switch between a first data transmission mode and a second data transmission mode.2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the UE has received configuration information from a network that indicates Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request-Acknowledgment (HARQ-ACK) mode has been disabled, and wherein the UE has received downlink data without feedback information.3.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to determine a method for transmitting an indication to a network node that the UE has switched from the first data transmission mode to the second data transmission mode.4.The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to use the method to cause transmit circuitry to transmit an indication to the network node that the UE has switched from the first data transmission mode to the second transmission mode, the indication comprising an identification of the second data transmission mode.5.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of data transmission modes comprises one or more of:a first data transmission mode, wherein Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request-Acknowledgment (HARQ-ACK) mode is disabled and no data retransmission is to be attempted to or from the UE;a second data transmission mode, wherein the HARQ-ACK mode is disabled and transmission time interval (TTI) bundling is enabled, such that data retransmission takes place without waiting for HARQ feedback; anda third data transmission mode, wherein the HARQ-ACK mode and the TTI bundling are both enabled, such that retransmission of data occurs using TTI bundling.6.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to determine to dynamically switch from the first data transmission mode to the second data transmission mode when one or more of the obtained current evaluation metrics exceeds a predefined threshold for a respective current evaluation metric.7.The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to determine to dynamically switch from the second data transmission mode back to the first data transmission mode when one or more of the obtained current evaluation metrics falls below the threshold for a respective current evaluation metric.8.The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to:determine to dynamically switch from the first data transmission mode to the second data transmission mode when one or more of the obtained current evaluation metrics exceeds a predefined first threshold for the respective current evaluation metric;continue to evaluate one or more of current quality of service (QoS) parameters and current measured signal conditions in a physical layer (PHY) for data transmission to or from the UE to obtain a second set of current evaluation metrics; anddetermine to dynamically switch from the second data transmission mode to the third data transmission mode when one or more of the obtained current evaluation metrics from the second set of current evaluation metrics exceeds a predefined second threshold for the respective current evaluation metric.9.The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the UE is initially operating in the third data transmission mode, and wherein the processing circuitry is configured to:determine to dynamically switch from the third data transmission mode to the second data transmission mode when one or more of the obtained current evaluation metrics falls below a predefined first threshold for the respective current evaluation metric;continue to evaluate one or more of current quality of service (QoS) parameters and current measured signal conditions in a physical layer (PHY) for data transmission to or from the UE to obtain a second set of current evaluation metrics; anddetermine to dynamically switch from the second data transmission mode to the first data transmission mode when one or more of the obtained current evaluation metrics from the second set of current evaluation metrics falls below a predefined second threshold for the respective current evaluation metric.10.The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to determine the method for transmitting the indication to the network node that the UE has switched from one data transmission mode to another data transmission mode by determining whether the UE and the network node have synced implementation with a legacy reserved Medium Access Control -Control Element (MAC-CE) .11.The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to cause transmit circuitry to transmit an indication to the network node by the legacy reserved MAC-CE that the UE has switched from one data transmission mode to another data transmission mode.12.The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to determine a method for transmitting the indication to the network node that the UE has switched data transmission modes by determining if the UE is in acknowledgement mode (AM) and if the UE would like switch from the first data transmission mode to the second data transmission mode, or from the second data transmission mode to the third data transmission mode.13.The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to evaluate current physical layer (PHY) continuous block error rates (BLER) or Quality of Service (QoS) packet error rate (PER) , and if a PHY Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) cyclic redundancy check (CRC) error count is greater than a threshold in a given time period and the QoS PER is less than the current BLER, then the processing circuitry is configured to trigger via radio link control (RLC) an early RLC status report with all negative acknowledgement (NACK) based current status to indicate to the network node that the current data transmission mode is not fulfilling the QoS service requirements.14.The apparatus of claim 12, wherein if the UE is in the AM, the processing circuitry is configured to cause transmit circuitry to send an indication to the network node via early radio link control (RLC) feedback without waiting for polling or the expiration of a prohibit timer, wherein the indication is configured to indicate to the network node downlink (DL) performance changes and that a mode switch is needed.15.An apparatus of a network node configured to communicate with a user equipment (UE) capable of transmitting data in a plurality of data transmission modes in a non-terrestrial network, the apparatus comprising processing circuitry configured to:cause transmit circuitry to transmit configuration information to the UE, the configuration information indicating that Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request-Acknowledgment (HARQ-ACK) mode has been disabled;cause transmit circuitry to transmit data to the UE using a first data transmission mode;decode, based on signals received from the UE, an indication that the UE has dynamically switched from the first data transmission mode to a second data transmission mode; andcause the transmit circuitry to transmit data to the UE using the second data transmission mode.16.The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the data transmitted to the UE in the first data transmission mode comprises downlink data without feedback information.17.The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the plurality of data transmission modes comprises one or more of:a first data transmission mode, wherein Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request-Acknowledgment (HARQ-ACK) mode is disabled and no data retransmission is to be attempted to or from the UE;a second data transmission mode, wherein the HARQ-ACK mode is disabled and transmission time interval (TTI) bundling is enabled, such that data retransmission takes place without waiting for HARQ feedback; anda third data transmission mode, wherein the HARQ-ACK mode and the TTI bundling are both enabled, such that retransmission of data occurs using TTI bundling.18.The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to:decode, based on signals received from the UE, an indication that the UE has dynamically switched from the second data transmission mode to the third data transmission mode; andcause the transmit circuitry to transmit data to the UE using the third data transmission mode.19.The apparatus of claim 18, wherein after the UE is operating in the third data transmission mode, the processing circuitry is configured to:decode, based on additional signals received from the UE, that the UE has dynamically switched from the third data transmission mode to the second data transmission mode;cause the transmit circuitry to transmit data to the UE using the second data transmission mode;decode, based on additional signals received from the UE, that the UE has dynamically switched from the second data transmission mode to the first data transmission mode; andcause the transmit circuitry to transmit data to the UE using the first data transmission mode.20.The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to decode, based on signals from the UE, an indication that the UE has switched from the first data transmission mode to the second transmission mode, wherein the indication is received in a legacy reserved Medium Access Control -Control Element (MAC-CE) .
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