Uses of lipid nanoparticle compositions
Lipid nanoparticles are used to deliver mRNA encoding proteins systemically, achieving higher liver accumulation and improving the therapeutic effect of protein therapeutic agents for liver diseases.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/140537
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-12-22
- Filing Date
- 2024-12-19
- Publication Date
- 2025-06-26
AI Technical Summary
Current methods for delivering protein therapeutic agents, such as biodegradable gel microspheres and nanogels, face challenges including short half-life, low bioavailability, and immunogenicity, which limit their effectiveness in treating liver diseases.
The use of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to deliver messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding proteins systemically, which results in higher accumulation of the protein in the liver compared to direct protein administration, and has a half-life of less than 46 hours in mouse serum.
This approach enhances the therapeutic effect of protein therapeutic agents by achieving higher liver accumulation and potentially reducing side effects associated with systemic protein administration.
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Figure PCTCN2024140537-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2024140537-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2024140537-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
USES OF LIPID NANOPARTICLE COMPOSITIONSSEQUENCE LISTINGThis application is submitted concurrently with a computer readable Sequence Listing in XML file format, the entire content of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The Sequence Listing XML file submitted is entitled “14783-001-228_SEQ_LISTING. xml” , was created on December 21, 2023, and is 51, 901 bytes in size.1. FIELDThe present application relates to use of lipid nanoparticles for the delivery of biologically active molecules, such as nucleic acids (e.g. mRNA) encoding proteins.2. BACKGROUNDProteins, when used as therapeutic agents, have shown good curative effects on different tumors and autoimmune diseases. However, various physical and chemical properties of proteins, such as short half-life, low bioavailability, the need for long-term and frequent injection administration, and immunogenicity, creates challenges in the delivery of protein therapeutic agents in clinical applications. Currently, commonly used delivery methods of protein therapeutic agents include (1) biodegradable gel microspheres, which are used for the slow targeted delivery of protein therapeutic agents (such as PD-1 antibodies, PD-L1 antibodies, Herceptin, IL-2, IL-12, etc. ) ; (2) biodegradable nanogels and polymer vesicles for tumor-targeted delivery of intracellular protein drugs (such as intrabodies, granzyme B, saporin proteins, etc. ) .In messenger RNA (mRNA) therapy, synthetic mRNA can be used as template for the synthesis of any protein, fragment of a protein, or peptide, which can be used in a wide range of pharmaceutical applications. When compared with DNA-related therapies, mRNA therapy mediates higher level of transfection efficiency and longer protein expression time. mRNA therapy also shows the following advantageous: (1) after reaching the cytoplasm, mRNA can start protein translation and function without entering the nucleus; (2) when compared with DNA and viral vectors, mRNA does not insert into the genome, but transiently expresses the encoded protein, which can be safer; (3) mRNA can be easily synthesized through the in vitro transcription (IVT) process, the cost of which can be lower; (4) mRNA can theoretically express any protein, which can be used in a wide range of indications. Therefore, mRNA is a preferred vehicle in the delivery of protein therapeutic agents.3. SUMMARYIn one aspect, provided herein are methods of preventing, treating or managing a liver disease. In certain embodiments, provided herein is a method of preventing, treating or managing a liver disease in a subject, comprising administration of a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein to the subject having the liver disease via a systemic administration route, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 46 hours as determined in mouse serum, and wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is determined after intravenous injection of the protein into the mouse. In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is determined after intravenous injection of the protein into the mouse in an amount of about 0.5 μg, about 1 μg, about 1.5 μg, about 2 μg, about 2.5 μg, about 3 μg, about 3.5 μg, about 4 μg, about 4.5 μg, about 5 μg, about 5.5 μg, about 6 μg, about 6.5 μg, about 7 μg, about 7.5 μg, about 8 μg, about 8.5 μg, about 9 μg, about 9.5 μg, about 10 μg, about 10.5 μg, about 11 μg, about 11.5 μg, about 12 μg, about 12.5 μg, about 13 μg, about 13.5 μg, about 14 μg, about 14.5 μg, about 15 μg, about 15.5 μg, about 16 μg, about 16.5 μg, about 17 μg, about 17.5 μg, about 18 μg, about 18.5 μg, about 19 μg, about 19.5 μg, about 20 μg, about 20.5 μg, about 21 μg, about 21.5 μg, about 22 μg, about 22.5 μg, about 23 μg, about 23.5 μg, about 24 μg, about 24.5 μg, or about 25 μg.In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is less than about 45 hours, less than about 42 hours, less than about 40 hours, less than about 35 hours, less than about 30 hours, less than about 25 hours, less than about 20 hours, less than about 15 hours, less than about 10 hours, less than about 5 hours, less than about 4 hours, less than about 3 hours, less than about 2 hours, less than about 1.73 hours, less than about 1.5 hours, less than about 1 hours, less than about 0.5 hours, or less than about 0.4 hours.In a preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is less than about 46 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is greater than about 12 hours and less than about 46 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is less than about 12 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is greater than about 6 hours and less than about 12 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is less than about 6 hours.In certain embodiments, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver is determined by the ratio of the accumulation level of the protein in the liver to the accumulation level of the protein in the blood.In certain embodiments, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is at least about 1.1 times, at least about 1.5 times, at least about 2 times, at least about 2.5 times, at least about 3 times, at least about 3.5 times, at least about 4 times, at least about 4.5 times, at least about 5 times, at least about 5.5 times, at least about 6 times, at least about 6.5 times, at least about 6.75 times, at least about 6.85 times, or at least about 7 times of the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.In certain embodiments, the protein is a secretory protein or a derivative thereof. In certain embodiments, the secretory protein is a cytokine or a derivative thereof.In certain embodiments, the protein is an antigen binding protein. In certain embodiments, the antigen binding protein is an antibody or a fragment or derivative thereof.In certain embodiments, the protein is a bispecific antibody. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to an antigen on a T cell, natural killer (NK) cell, a dendritic cell (DC) , or a macrophage. In a preferred embodiment, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to an antigen on a T cell. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to CD3, CD28, OX40, PD-1, CTAL4, CD16A, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp46, CD40, or CD47. In a preferred embodiment, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to CD3. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to a tumor antigen. In certain embodiments, the tumor antigen is a liver cancer antigen. In certain embodiments, the tumor antigen is glypican-3 (GPC3) , PD-L1 / L2, VEGF EGFR, ALK, HER2, NY-ESO-1, MUC-1, AFP, c-MET, CD133, CEA, Ca19.9, CA50, HCC, FGFR, PDGFR, IGFR, AFP, CXCR2, ErbB, CLDN18.2, FGFR, 4-1BB, Eph, GPER, LPAR6, ROS1, RET, AXL, NTRK, KIT, TRKA, TRKB, MER, FLT-3, p38γ, PDGFR, DDR1, IL-15, UCK2, SSH3, CBX6, SRD5A3, MTMR14, ID1, PES1, TCP1, NUPR1, CCT3, SPIN1, TMOD3, TGFb, c-Raf, or TRAIL.In certain embodiments, the protein is a fusion protein. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein is an antibody fragment fusion-protein, a cytokine recombinant fusion protein, or an antibody fragment cytokine fusion protein. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein is an Fc-fusion protein, a Fab-fusion protein, a Human Serum Albumin (HSA) fusion protein, an scFv-fusion protein or a VHH-fusion protein.In certain embodiments, the systemic administration route is intravenous injection or intravenous infusion.In certain embodiments, the liver disease is hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, hepatitis E, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, Wilson disease, hemochromatosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) , nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) , cirrhosis, alcohol-related fatty liver disease, or liver cancer.In another aspect, provided herein are methods of improving or enhancing the effect of protein therapeutic agents in preventing, treating or managing a liver disease. In certain embodiments, provided herein is a method of improving or enhancing the effect of a protein therapeutic agent in preventing, treating or managing a liver disease in a subject, comprising administration of a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein to the subject having the liver disease via a systemic administration route, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 46 hours as determined in mouse serum, and wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is determined after intravenous injection of the protein into the mouse. In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is determined after intravenous injection of the protein into the mouse in an amount of about 0.5 μg, about 1 μg, about 1.5 μg, about 2 μg, about 2.5 μg, about 3 μg, about 3.5 μg, about 4 μg, about 4.5 μg, about 5 μg, about 5.5 μg, about 6 μg, about 6.5 μg, about 7 μg, about 7.5 μg, about 8 μg, about 8.5 μg, about 9 μg, about 9.5 μg, about 10 μg, about 10.5 μg, about 11 μg, about 11.5 μg, about 12 μg, about 12.5 μg, about 13 μg, about 13.5 μg, about 14 μg, about 14.5 μg, about 15 μg, about 15.5 μg, about 16 μg, about 16.5 μg, about 17 μg, about 17.5 μg, about 18 μg, about 18.5 μg, about 19 μg, about 19.5 μg, about 20 μg, about 20.5 μg, about 21 μg, about 21.5 μg, about 22 μg, about 22.5 μg, about 23 μg, about 23.5 μg, about 24 μg, about 24.5 μg, or about 25 μg.In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is less than about 45 hours, less than about 42 hours, less than about 40 hours, less than about 35 hours, less than about 30 hours, less than about 25 hours, less than about 20 hours, less than about 15 hours, less than about 10 hours, less than about 5 hours, less than about 4 hours, less than about 3 hours, less than about 2 hours, less than about 1.73 hours, less than about 1.5 hours, less than about 1 hours, less than about 0.5 hours, or less than about 0.4 hours.In a preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is less than about 46 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is greater than about 12 hours and less than about 46 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is less than about 12 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is greater than about 6 hours and less than about 12 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is less than about 6 hours.In certain embodiments, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver is determined by the ratio of the accumulation level of the protein in the liver to the accumulation level of the protein in the blood.In certain embodiments, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is at least about 1.1 times, at least about 1.5 times, at least about 2 times, at least about 2.5 times, at least about 3 times, at least about 3.5 times, at least about 4 times, at least about 4.5 times, at least about 5 times, at least about 5.5 times, at least about 6 times, at least about 6.5 times, at least about 6.75 times, at least about 6.85 times, or at least about 7 times of the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.In certain embodiments, the protein is a secretory protein or a derivative thereof. In certain embodiments, the secretory protein is a cytokine or a derivative thereof.In certain embodiments, the protein is an antigen binding protein. In certain embodiments, the antigen binding protein is an antibody or a fragment or derivative thereof.In certain embodiments, the protein is a bispecific antibody. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to an antigen on a T cell, natural killer (NK) cell, a dendritic cell (DC) , or a macrophage. In a preferred embodiment, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to an antigen on a T cell. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to CD3, CD28, OX40, PD-1, CTAL4, CD16A, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp46, CD40, or CD47. In a preferred embodiment, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to CD3. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to a tumor antigen. In certain embodiments, the tumor antigen is a liver cancer antigen. In certain embodiments, the tumor antigen is glypican-3 (GPC3) , PD-L1 / L2, VEGF EGFR, ALK, HER2, NY-ESO-1, MUC-1, AFP, c-MET, CD133, CEA, Ca19.9, CA50, HCC, FGFR, PDGFR, IGFR, AFP, CXCR2, ErbB, CLDN18.2, FGFR, 4-1BB, Eph, GPER, LPAR6, ROS1, RET, AXL, NTRK, KIT, TRKA, TRKB, MER, FLT-3, p38γ, PDGFR, DDR1, IL-15, UCK2, SSH3, CBX6, SRD5A3, MTMR14, ID1, PES1, TCP1, NUPR1, CCT3, SPIN1, TMOD3, TGFb, c-Raf, or TRAIL.In certain embodiments, the protein is a fusion protein. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein is an antibody fragment fusion-protein, a cytokine recombinant fusion protein, or an antibody fragment cytokine fusion protein. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein is an Fc-fusion protein, a Fab-fusion protein, a Human Serum Albumin (HSA) fusion protein, an scFv-fusion protein or a VHH-fusion protein.In certain embodiments, the systemic administration route is intravenous injection or intravenous infusion.In certain embodiments, the liver disease is hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, hepatitis E, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, Wilson disease, hemochromatosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) , nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) , cirrhosis, alcohol-related fatty liver disease, or liver cancer.In another aspect, provided herein are methods of increasing the liver enrichment of protein therapeutic agents used for preventing, treating or managing a liver disease. In certain embodiments, provided herein is a method of increasing the liver enrichment of a protein therapeutic agent used for preventing, treating or managing a liver disease in a subject, comprising administration of a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein to the subject having the liver disease via a systemic administration route, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 46 hours as determined in mouse serum, and wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is determined after intravenous injection of the protein into the mouse. In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is determined after intravenous injection of the protein into the mouse in an amount of about 0.5 μg, about 1 μg, about 1.5 μg, about 2 μg, about 2.5 μg, about 3 μg, about 3.5 μg, about 4 μg, about 4.5 μg, about 5 μg, about 5.5 μg, about 6 μg, about 6.5 μg, about 7 μg, about 7.5 μg, about 8 μg, about 8.5 μg, about 9 μg, about 9.5 μg, about 10 μg, about 10.5 μg, about 11 μg, about 11.5 μg, about 12 μg, about 12.5 μg, about 13 μg, about 13.5 μg, about 14 μg, about 14.5 μg, about 15 μg, about 15.5 μg, about 16 μg, about 16.5 μg, about 17 μg, about 17.5 μg, about 18 μg, about 18.5 μg, about 19 μg, about 19.5 μg, about 20 μg, about 20.5 μg, about 21 μg, about 21.5 μg, about 22 μg, about 22.5 μg, about 23 μg, about 23.5 μg, about 24 μg, about 24.5 μg, or about 25 μg.In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is less than about 45 hours, less than about 42 hours, less than about 40 hours, less than about 35 hours, less than about 30 hours, less than about 25 hours, less than about 20 hours, less than about 15 hours, less than about 10 hours, less than about 5 hours, less than about 4 hours, less than about 3 hours, less than about 2 hours, less than about 1.73 hours, less than about 1.5 hours, less than about 1 hours, less than about 0.5 hours, or less than about 0.4 hours.In a preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is less than about 46 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is greater than about 12 hours and less than about 46 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is less than about 12 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is greater than about 6 hours and less than about 12 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is less than about 6 hours..In certain embodiments, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver is determined by the ratio of the accumulation level of the protein in the liver to the accumulation level of the protein in the blood.In certain embodiments, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is at least about 1.1 times, at least about 1.5 times, at least about 2 times, at least about 2.5 times, at least about 3 times, at least about 3.5 times, at least about 4 times, at least about 4.5 times, at least about 5 times, at least about 5.5 times, at least about 6 times, at least about 6.5 times, at least about 6.75 times, at least about 6.85 times, or at least about 7 times of the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.In certain embodiments, the protein is a secretory protein or a derivative thereof. In certain embodiments, the secretory protein is a cytokine or a derivative thereof.In certain embodiments, the protein is an antigen binding protein. In certain embodiments, the antigen binding protein is an antibody or a fragment or derivative thereof.In certain embodiments, the protein is a bispecific antibody. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to an antigen on a T cell, natural killer (NK) cell, a dendritic cell (DC) , or a macrophage. In a preferred embodiment, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to an antigen on a T cell. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to CD3, CD28, OX40, PD-1, CTAL4, CD16A, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp46, CD40, or CD47. In a preferred embodiment, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to CD3. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to a tumor antigen. In certain embodiments, the tumor antigen is a liver cancer antigen. In certain embodiments, the tumor antigen is glypican-3 (GPC3) , PD-L1 / L2, VEGF EGFR, ALK, HER2, NY-ESO-1, MUC-1, AFP, c-MET, CD133, CEA, Ca19.9, CA50, HCC, FGFR, PDGFR, IGFR, AFP, CXCR2, ErbB, CLDN18.2, FGFR, 4-1BB, Eph, GPER, LPAR6, ROS1, RET, AXL, NTRK, KIT, TRKA, TRKB, MER, FLT-3, p38γ, PDGFR, DDR1, IL-15, UCK2, SSH3, CBX6, SRD5A3, MTMR14, ID1, PES1, TCP1, NUPR1, CCT3, SPIN1, TMOD3, TGFb, c-Raf, or TRAIL.In certain embodiments, the protein is a fusion protein. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein is an antibody fragment fusion-protein, a cytokine recombinant fusion protein, or an antibody fragment cytokine fusion protein. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein is an Fc-fusion protein, a Fab-fusion protein, a Human Serum Albumin (HSA) fusion protein, an scFv-fusion protein or a VHH-fusion protein.In certain embodiments, the systemic administration route is intravenous injection or intravenous infusion.In certain embodiments, the liver disease is hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, hepatitis E, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, Wilson disease, hemochromatosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) , nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) , cirrhosis, alcohol-related fatty liver disease, or liver cancer.In another aspect, provided herein are methods of reducing side effect of protein therapeutic agents used for preventing, treating or managing a liver disease. In certain embodiments, provided herein is a method of reducing side effect of a protein therapeutic agent used for preventing, treating or managing a liver disease in a subject, comprising administration of a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein to the subject having the liver disease via a systemic administration route, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 46 hours as determined in mouse serum, and wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.In certain embodiments, said side effect is caused by the off-target effect of the protein therapeutic agent in vivo. In certain embodiments, said side effect is caused by high maximum concentration (Cmax) of the protein therapeutic agent in blood after systemic administration of the protein therapeutic agent. In certain embodiments, said side effect is caused by Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) triggered by high maximum concentration (Cmax) of the protein therapeutic agent in blood after systemic administration of the protein therapeutic agent. In certain embodiments, said side effect is caused by that the protein therapeutic agent quickly reaches the maximum concentration (Cmax) in blood after systemic administration of the protein therapeutic agent. In certain embodiments, said side effect is caused by Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) triggered by that the protein therapeutic agent quickly reaches the maximum concentration (Cmax) in blood after systemic administration of the protein therapeutic agent.In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is determined after intravenous injection of the protein into the mouse. In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is determined after intravenous injection of the protein into the mouse in an amount of about 0.5 μg, about 1 μg, about 1.5 μg, about 2 μg, about 2.5 μg, about 3 μg, about 3.5 μg, about 4 μg, about 4.5 μg, about 5 μg, about 5.5 μg, about 6 μg, about 6.5 μg, about 7 μg, about 7.5 μg, about 8 μg, about 8.5 μg, about 9 μg, about 9.5 μg, about 10 μg, about 10.5 μg, about 11 μg, about 11.5 μg, about 12 μg, about 12.5 μg, about 13 μg, about 13.5 μg, about 14 μg, about 14.5 μg, about 15 μg, about 15.5 μg, about 16 μg, about 16.5 μg, about 17 μg, about 17.5 μg, about 18 μg, about 18.5 μg, about 19 μg, about 19.5 μg, about 20 μg, about 20.5 μg, about 21 μg, about 21.5 μg, about 22 μg, about 22.5 μg, about 23 μg, about 23.5 μg, about 24 μg, about 24.5 μg, or about 25 μg.In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is less than about 45 hours, less than about 42 hours, less than about 40 hours, less than about 35 hours, less than about 30 hours, less than about 25 hours, less than about 20 hours, less than about 15 hours, less than about 10 hours, less than about 5 hours, less than about 4 hours, less than about 3 hours, less than about 2 hours, less than about 1.73 hours, less than about 1.5 hours, less than about 1 hours, less than about 0.5 hours, or less than about 0.4 hours.In a preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is less than about 46 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is greater than about 12 hours and less than about 46 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is less than about 12 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is greater than about 6 hours and less than about 12 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is less than about 6 hours.In certain embodiments, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver is determined by the ratio of the accumulation level of the protein in the liver to the accumulation level of the protein in the blood.In certain embodiments, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is at least about 1.1 times, at least about 1.5 times, at least about 2 times, at least about 2.5 times, at least about 3 times, at least about 3.5 times, at least about 4 times, at least about 4.5 times, at least about 5 times, at least about 5.5 times, at least about 6 times, at least about 6.5 times, at least about 6.75 times, at least about 6.85 times, or at least about 7 times of the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.In certain embodiments, the protein is a secretory protein or a derivative thereof. In certain embodiments, the secretory protein is a cytokine or a derivative thereof.In certain embodiments, the protein is an antigen binding protein. In certain embodiments, the antigen binding protein is an antibody or a fragment or derivative thereof.In certain embodiments, the protein is a bispecific antibody. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to an antigen on a T cell, natural killer (NK) cell, a dendritic cell (DC) , or a macrophage. In a preferred embodiment, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to an antigen on a T cell. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to CD3, CD28, OX40, PD-1, CTAL4, CD16A, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp46, CD40, or CD47. In a preferred embodiment, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to CD3. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to a tumor antigen. In certain embodiments, the tumor antigen is a liver cancer antigen. In certain embodiments, the tumor antigen is glypican-3 (GPC3) , PD-L1 / L2, VEGF EGFR, ALK, HER2, NY-ESO-1, MUC-1, AFP, c-MET, CD133, CEA, Ca19.9, CA50, HCC, FGFR, PDGFR, IGFR, AFP, CXCR2, ErbB, CLDN18.2, FGFR, 4-1BB, Eph, GPER, LPAR6, ROS1, RET, AXL, NTRK, KIT, TRKA, TRKB, MER, FLT-3, p38γ, PDGFR, DDR1, IL-15, UCK2, SSH3, CBX6, SRD5A3, MTMR14, ID1, PES1, TCP1, NUPR1, CCT3, SPIN1, TMOD3, TGFb, c-Raf, or TRAIL.In certain embodiments, the protein is a fusion protein. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein is an antibody fragment fusion-protein, a cytokine recombinant fusion protein, or an antibody fragment cytokine fusion protein. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein is an Fc-fusion protein, a Fab-fusion protein, a Human Serum Albumin (HSA) fusion protein, an scFv-fusion protein or a VHH-fusion protein.In certain embodiments, the systemic administration route is intravenous injection or intravenous infusion.In certain embodiments, the liver disease is hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, hepatitis E, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, Wilson disease, hemochromatosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) , nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) , cirrhosis, alcohol-related fatty liver disease, or liver cancer.In another aspect, provided herein are methods of predicting or determining whether a protein therapeutic agent used in preventing, treating or managing a liver disease is suitable for the administration via a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the protein. In certain embodiments, provided herein is a method of predicting or determining whether a protein therapeutic agent used in preventing, treating or managing a liver disease is suitable for the administration via a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the protein, said method comprising determining the half-life of the protein in mouse serum, wherein if the half-life of the protein is less than about 46 hours as determined in mouse serum, the protein is suitable for the administration via a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the protein to prevent, treat or manage a liver disease.In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is determined after intravenous injection of the protein into the mouse. In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is determined after intravenous injection of the protein into the mouse in an amount of about 0.5 μg, about 1 μg, about 1.5 μg, about 2 μg, about 2.5 μg, about 3 μg, about 3.5 μg, about 4 μg, about 4.5 μg, about 5 μg, about 5.5 μg, about 6 μg, about 6.5 μg, about 7 μg, about 7.5 μg, about 8 μg, about 8.5 μg, about 9 μg, about 9.5 μg, about 10 μg, about 10.5 μg, about 11 μg, about 11.5 μg, about 12 μg, about 12.5 μg, about 13 μg, about 13.5 μg, about 14 μg, about 14.5 μg, about 15 μg, about 15.5 μg, about 16 μg, about 16.5 μg, about 17 μg, about 17.5 μg, about 18 μg, about 18.5 μg, about 19 μg, about 19.5 μg, about 20 μg, about 20.5 μg, about 21 μg, about 21.5 μg, about 22 μg, about 22.5 μg, about 23 μg, about 23.5 μg, about 24 μg, about 24.5 μg, or about 25 μg.In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is less than about 45 hours, less than about 42 hours, less than about 40 hours, less than about 35 hours, less than about 30 hours, less than about 25 hours, less than about 20 hours, less than about 15 hours, less than about 10 hours, less than about 5 hours, less than about 4 hours, less than about 3 hours, less than about 2 hours, less than about 1.73 hours, less than about 1.5 hours, less than about 1 hours, less than about 0.5 hours, or less than about 0.4 hours.In a preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is less than about 46 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is greater than about 12 hours and less than about 46 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is less than about 12 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is greater than about 6 hours and less than about 12 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is less than about 6 hours.In certain embodiments, the protein is a secretory protein or a derivative thereof. In certain embodiments, the secretory protein is a cytokine or a derivative thereof.In certain embodiments, the protein is an antigen binding protein. In certain embodiments, the antigen binding protein is an antibody or a fragment or derivative thereof.In certain embodiments, the protein is a bispecific antibody. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to an antigen on a T cell, natural killer (NK) cell, a dendritic cell (DC) , or a macrophage. In a preferred embodiment, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to an antigen on a T cell. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to CD3, CD28, OX40, PD-1, CTAL4, CD16A, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp46, CD40, or CD47. In a preferred embodiment, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to CD3. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to a tumor antigen. In certain embodiments, the tumor antigen is a liver cancer antigen. In certain embodiments, the tumor antigen is glypican-3 (GPC3) , PD-L1 / L2, VEGF EGFR, ALK, HER2, NY-ESO-1, MUC-1, AFP, c-MET, CD133, CEA, Ca19.9, CA50, HCC, FGFR, PDGFR, IGFR, AFP, CXCR2, ErbB, CLDN18.2, FGFR, 4-1BB, Eph, GPER, LPAR6, ROS1, RET, AXL, NTRK, KIT, TRKA, TRKB, MER, FLT-3, p38γ, PDGFR, DDR1, IL-15, UCK2, SSH3, CBX6, SRD5A3, MTMR14, ID1, PES1, TCP1, NUPR1, CCT3, SPIN1, TMOD3, TGFb, c-Raf, or TRAIL.In certain embodiments, the protein is a fusion protein. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein is an antibody fragment fusion-protein, a cytokine recombinant fusion protein, or an antibody fragment cytokine fusion protein. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein is an Fc-fusion protein, a Fab-fusion protein, a Human Serum Albumin (HSA) fusion protein, an scFv-fusion protein or a VHH-fusion protein.In certain embodiments, the systemic administration route is intravenous injection or intravenous infusion.In certain embodiments, the liver disease is hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, hepatitis E, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, Wilson disease, hemochromatosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) , nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) , cirrhosis, alcohol-related fatty liver disease, or liver cancer.In another aspect, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition for use in the method of preventing, treating or managing a liver disease provided herein. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.In yet another aspect, provided herein is a kit for use in the method of preventing, treating or managing a liver disease provided herein. In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein.In one aspect, provided herein are methods of preventing, treating or managing a lung disease. In certain embodiments, provided herein is a method of preventing, treating or managing a lung disease in a subject, comprising administration of a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein to the subject having the lung disease via a systemic administration route, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 52.6 hours as determined in mouse serum, and wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is determined after intravenous injection of the protein into the mouse. In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is determined after intravenous injection of the protein into the mouse in an amount of about 0.5 μg, about 1 μg, about 1.5 μg, about 2 μg, about 2.5 μg, about 3 μg, about 3.5 μg, about 4 μg, about 4.5 μg, about 5 μg, about 5.5 μg, about 6 μg, about 6.5 μg, about 7 μg, about 7.5 μg, about 8 μg, about 8.5 μg, about 9 μg, about 9.5 μg, about 10 μg, about 10.5 μg, about 11 μg, about 11.5 μg, about 12 μg, about 12.5 μg, about 13 μg, about 13.5 μg, about 14 μg, about 14.5 μg, about 15 μg, about 15.5 μg, about 16 μg, about 16.5 μg, about 17 μg, about 17.5 μg, about 18 μg, about 18.5 μg, about 19 μg, about 19.5 μg, about 20 μg, about 20.5 μg, about 21 μg, about 21.5 μg, about 22 μg, about 22.5 μg, about 23 μg, about 23.5 μg, about 24 μg, about 24.5 μg, or about 25 μg.In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is less than about 51 hours, less than about 50 hours, less than about 48 hours, less than about 45 hours, less than about 42 hours, less than about 40 hours, less than about 38 hours, less than about 35 hours, less than about 32 hours, less than about 31 hours, less than about 30 hours, less than about 25 hours, less than about 20 hours, less than about 15 hours, less than about 10 hours, less than about 5 hours, less than about 4 hours, less than about 3 hours, less than about 2 hours, less than about 1.73 hours, less than about 1.5 hours, less than about 1 hours, less than about 0.5 hours, or less than about 0.4 hours.In a preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is less than about 52 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is greater than about 12 hours and less than about 52 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is less than about 12 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is greater than about 6 hours and less than about 12 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is less than about 6 hours.In certain embodiments, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung is determined by the ratio of the accumulation level of the protein in the lung to the accumulation level of the protein in the blood. In certain embodiments, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is at least about 1.1 times, at least about 1.5 times, at least about 2 times, at least about 2.5 times, at least about 3 times, at least about 3.5 times, at least about 4 times, at least about 4.5 times, at least about 5 times, at least about 5.5 times, a least about 6 times, at least about 6.5 times, at least about 7 times, at least about 7.5 times, at least about 8 times, at least about 8.5 times, at least about 9 times, at least about 9.5 times, at least about 10 times, at least about 11 times, at least about 12 times, at least about 13 times, at least about 14 times, at least about 15 times, at least about 16 times, at least about 16.5 times, at least about 17 times, at least about 18 times, at least about 19 times, at least about 20 times, at least about 21 times, at least about 22 times, at least about 23 times, at least about 24 times, at least about 25 times, at least about 26 times, at least about 27 times, at least about 28 times , at least about 28.5 times or at least about 29 times of the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same administrative route.In certain embodiments, the protein is a secretory protein or a derivative thereof. In certain embodiments, the secretory protein is a cytokine or a derivative thereof.In certain embodiments, the protein is a bispecific antibody. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to an antigen on a T cell, natural killer (NK) cell, a dendritic cell (DC) or a macrophage. In a preferred embodiment, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to an antigen on a T cell. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to CD3, CD28, OX40, PD-1, CTAL4, CD16A, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp46, CD40, or CD47. In a preferred embodiment, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to CD3. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to a tumor antigen.In certain embodiments, the tumor antigen is a lung cancer antigen. In certain embodiments, the tumor antigen is glypican-3 (GPC3) , delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3) , PD-L1 / L2, VEGF, EGFR, ALK, BRAF, KRAS, NTRK, ROS1, MET, RET, CEA, CD39, CD70, NSE, TPA, cyfra21.1, FLI1, FRA1, MIF, PRMT5, ROR1, RSPO, SHP2, TNFR2, PIK3CA, MEK1, EGFR 20ins, HER3, NRG1, TROP2, or HER2.In certain embodiments, the protein is a fusion protein. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein is an antibody fragment fusion-protein, a cytokine recombinant fusion protein, or an antibody fragment cytokine fusion protein. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein is an Fc-fusion protein, a Fab-fusion protein, a Human Serum Albumin (HSA) fusion protein, an scFv-fusion protein or a VHH-fusion protein.In certain embodiments, the systemic administration route is intravenous injection or intravenous infusion.In certain embodiments, the lung disease is asthma, pneumothorax, atelectasis, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) , pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pulmonary tuberculosis, upper respiratory tract infection, influenza, Pulmonary abscess, invasive pulmonary fungal disease (IPFD) , Non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM) , sarcoidosis, diffuse-panbronchiolitis (DPB) , bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis (CF) , bronchiolitis obliterans, Mesothelioma, chronic pulmonary heart disease, pulmonary embolism (PE) , pulmonary hypertension (PH) , pulmonary fibrosis, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) , acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) , acute lung injury (ALI) , respiratory failure, interstitial pneumonia, or lung cancer.In another aspect, provided herein are methods of improving or enhancing the effect of protein therapeutic agents in preventing, treating or managing a lung disease. In certain embodiments, provided herein is a method of improving or enhancing the effect of a protein therapeutic agent in preventing, treating or managing a lung disease in a subject, comprising administration of a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein to the subject having the lung disease via a systemic administration route, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 52.6 hours as determined in mouse serum, and wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is determined after intravenous injection of the protein into the mouse. In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is determined after intravenous injection of the protein into the mouse in an amount of about 0.5 μg, about 1 μg, about 1.5 μg, about 2 μg, about 2.5 μg, about 3 μg, about 3.5 μg, about 4 μg, about 4.5 μg, about 5 μg, about 5.5 μg, about 6 μg, about 6.5 μg, about 7 μg, about 7.5 μg, about 8 μg, about 8.5 μg, about 9 μg, about 9.5 μg, about 10 μg, about 10.5 μg, about 11 μg, about 11.5 μg, about 12 μg, about 12.5 μg, about 13 μg, about 13.5 μg, about 14 μg, about 14.5 μg, about 15 μg, about 15.5 μg, about 16 μg, about 16.5 μg, about 17 μg, about 17.5 μg, about 18 μg, about 18.5 μg, about 19 μg, about 19.5 μg, about 20 μg, about 20.5 μg, about 21 μg, about 21.5 μg, about 22 μg, about 22.5 μg, about 23 μg, about 23.5 μg, about 24 μg, about 24.5 μg, or about 25 μg.In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is less than about 51 hours, less than about 50 hours, less than about 48 hours, less than about 45 hours, less than about 42 hours, less than about 40 hours, less than about 38 hours, less than about 35 hours, less than about 32 hours, less than about 31 hours, less than about 30 hours, less than about 25 hours, less than about 20 hours, less than about 15 hours, less than about 10 hours, less than about 5 hours, less than about 4 hours, less than about 3 hours, less than about 2 hours, less than about 1.73 hours, less than about 1.5 hours, less than about 1 hours, less than about 0.5 hours, or less than about 0.4 hours.In a preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is less than about 52 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is greater than about 12 hours and less than about 52 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is less than about 12 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is greater than about 6 hours and less than about 12 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is less than about 6 hours.In certain embodiments, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung is determined by the ratio of the accumulation level of the protein in the lung to the accumulation level of the protein in the blood. In certain embodiments, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is at least about 1.1 times, at least about 1.5 times, at least about 2 times, at least about 2.5 times, at least about 3 times, at least about 3.5 times, at least about 4 times, at least about 4.5 times, at least about 5 times, at least about 5.5 times, a least about 6 times, at least about 6.5 times, at least about 7 times, at least about 7.5 times, at least about 8 times, at least about 8.5 times, at least about 9 times, at least about 9.5 times, at least about 10 times, at least about 11 times, at least about 12 times, at least about 13 times, at least about 14 times, at least about 15 times, at least about 16 times, at least about 16.5 times, at least about 17 times, at least about 18 times, at least about 19 times, at least about 20 times, at least about 21 times, at least about 22 times, at least about 23 times, at least about 24 times, at least about 25 times, at least about 26 times, at least about 27 times, at least about 28 times , at least about 28.5 times or at least about 29 times of the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same administrative route.In certain embodiments, the protein is a secretory protein or a derivative thereof. In certain embodiments, the secretory protein is a cytokine or a derivative thereof.In certain embodiments, the protein is a bispecific antibody. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to an antigen on a T cell, natural killer (NK) cell, a dendritic cell (DC) or a macrophage. In a preferred embodiment, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to an antigen on a T cell. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to CD3, CD28, OX40, PD-1, CTAL4, CD16A, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp46, CD40, or CD47. In a preferred embodiment, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to CD3. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to a tumor antigen.In certain embodiments, the tumor antigen is a lung cancer antigen. In certain embodiments, the tumor antigen is glypican-3 (GPC3) , delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3) , PD-L1 / L2, VEGF, EGFR, ALK, BRAF, KRAS, NTRK, ROS1, MET, RET, CEA, CD39, CD70, NSE, TPA, cyfra21.1, FLI1, FRA1, MIF, PRMT5, ROR1, RSPO, SHP2, TNFR2, PIK3CA, MEK1, EGFR 20ins, HER3, NRG1, TROP2, or HER2.In certain embodiments, the protein is a fusion protein. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein is an antibody fragment fusion-protein, a cytokine recombinant fusion protein, or an antibody fragment cytokine fusion protein. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein is an Fc-fusion protein, a Fab-fusion protein, a Human Serum Albumin (HSA) fusion protein, an scFv-fusion protein or a VHH-fusion protein.In certain embodiments, the systemic administration route is intravenous injection or intravenous infusion.In certain embodiments, the lung disease is asthma, pneumothorax, atelectasis, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) , pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pulmonary tuberculosis, upper respiratory tract infection, influenza, Pulmonary abscess, invasive pulmonary fungal disease (IPFD) , Non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM) , sarcoidosis, diffuse-panbronchiolitis (DPB) , bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis (CF) , bronchiolitis obliterans, Mesothelioma, chronic pulmonary heart disease, pulmonary embolism (PE) , pulmonary hypertension (PH) , pulmonary fibrosis, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) , acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) , acute lung injury (ALI) , respiratory failure, interstitial pneumonia, or lung cancer.In another aspect, provided herein are methods of increasing the lung enrichment of protein therapeutic agents used for preventing, treating or managing a lung disease. In certain embodiments, provided herein is a method of increasing the lung enrichment of a protein therapeutic agent used for preventing, treating or managing a lung disease in a subject, comprising administration of a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein to the subject having the lung disease via a systemic administration route, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 52.6 hours as determined in mouse serum, and wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is determined after intravenous injection of the protein into the mouse. In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is determined after intravenous injection of the protein into the mouse in an amount of about 0.5 μg, about 1 μg, about 1.5 μg, about 2 μg, about 2.5 μg, about 3 μg, about 3.5 μg, about 4 μg, about 4.5 μg, about 5 μg, about 5.5 μg, about 6 μg, about 6.5 μg, about 7 μg, about 7.5 μg, about 8 μg, about 8.5 μg, about 9 μg, about 9.5 μg, about 10 μg, about 10.5 μg, about 11 μg, about 11.5 μg, about 12 μg, about 12.5 μg, about 13 μg, about 13.5 μg, about 14 μg, about 14.5 μg, about 15 μg, about 15.5 μg, about 16 μg, about 16.5 μg, about 17 μg, about 17.5 μg, about 18 μg, about 18.5 μg, about 19 μg, about 19.5 μg, about 20 μg, about 20.5 μg, about 21 μg, about 21.5 μg, about 22 μg, about 22.5 μg, about 23 μg, about 23.5 μg, about 24 μg, about 24.5 μg, or about 25 μg.In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is less than about 51 hours, less than about 50 hours, less than about 48 hours, less than about 45 hours, less than about 42 hours, less than about 40 hours, less than about 38 hours, less than about 35 hours, less than about 32 hours, less than about 31 hours, less than about 30 hours, less than about 25 hours, less than about 20 hours, less than about 15 hours, less than about 10 hours, less than about 5 hours, less than about 4 hours, less than about 3 hours, less than about 2 hours, less than about 1.73 hours, less than about 1.5 hours, less than about 1 hours, less than about 0.5 hours, or less than about 0.4 hours.In a preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is less than about 52 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is greater than about 12 hours and less than about 52 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is less than about 12 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is greater than about 6 hours and less than about 12 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is less than about 6 hours..In certain embodiments, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung is determined by the ratio of the accumulation level of the protein in the lung to the accumulation level of the protein in the blood. In certain embodiments, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is at least about 1.1 times, at least about 1.5 times, at least about 2 times, at least about 2.5 times, at least about 3 times, at least about 3.5 times, at least about 4 times, at least about 4.5 times, at least about 5 times, at least about 5.5 times, a least about 6 times, at least about 6.5 times, at least about 7 times, at least about 7.5 times, at least about 8 times, at least about 8.5 times, at least about 9 times, at least about 9.5 times, at least about 10 times, at least about 11 times, at least about 12 times, at least about 13 times, at least about 14 times, at least about 15 times, at least about 16 times, at least about 16.5 times, at least about 17 times, at least about 18 times, at least about 19 times, at least about 20 times, at least about 21 times, at least about 22 times, at least about 23 times, at least about 24 times, at least about 25 times, at least about 26 times, at least about 27 times, at least about 28 times , at least about 28.5 times or at least about 29 times of the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same administrative route.In certain embodiments, the protein is a secretory protein or a derivative thereof. In certain embodiments, the secretory protein is a cytokine or a derivative thereof.In certain embodiments, the protein is a bispecific antibody. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to an antigen on a T cell, natural killer (NK) cell, a dendritic cell (DC) or a macrophage. In a preferred embodiment, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to an antigen on a T cell. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to CD3, CD28, OX40, PD-1, CTAL4, CD16A, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp46, CD40, or CD47. In a preferred embodiment, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to CD3. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to a tumor antigen.In certain embodiments, the tumor antigen is a lung cancer antigen. In certain embodiments, the tumor antigen is glypican-3 (GPC3) , delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3) , PD-L1 / L2, VEGF, EGFR, ALK, BRAF, KRAS, NTRK, ROS1, MET, RET, CEA, CD39, CD70, NSE, TPA, cyfra21.1, FLI1, FRA1, MIF, PRMT5, ROR1, RSPO, SHP2, TNFR2, PIK3CA, MEK1, EGFR 20ins, HER3, NRG1, TROP2, or HER2.In certain embodiments, the protein is a fusion protein. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein is an antibody fragment fusion-protein, a cytokine recombinant fusion protein, or an antibody fragment cytokine fusion protein. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein is an Fc-fusion protein, a Fab-fusion protein, a Human Serum Albumin (HSA) fusion protein, an scFv-fusion protein or a VHH-fusion protein.In certain embodiments, the systemic administration route is intravenous injection or intravenous infusion.In certain embodiments, the lung disease is asthma, pneumothorax, atelectasis, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) , pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pulmonary tuberculosis, upper respiratory tract infection, influenza, Pulmonary abscess, invasive pulmonary fungal disease (IPFD) , Non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM) , sarcoidosis, diffuse-panbronchiolitis (DPB) , bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis (CF) , bronchiolitis obliterans, Mesothelioma, chronic pulmonary heart disease, pulmonary embolism (PE) , pulmonary hypertension (PH) , pulmonary fibrosis, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) , acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) , acute lung injury (ALI) , respiratory failure, interstitial pneumonia, or lung cancer.In another aspect, provided herein are methods of reducing side effect of protein therapeutic agents used for preventing, treating or managing a lung disease. In certain embodiments, provided herein is a method of reducing side effect of a protein therapeutic agent used for preventing, treating or managing a lung disease in a subject, comprising administration of a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein to the subject having the lung disease via a systemic administration route, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 52.6 hours as determined in mouse serum, and wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.In certain embodiments, said side effect is caused by the off-target effect of the protein therapeutic agent in vivo. In certain embodiments, said side effect is caused by high maximum concentration (Cmax) of the protein therapeutic agent in blood after systemic administration of the protein therapeutic agent. In certain embodiments, said side effect is caused by Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) triggered by high maximum concentration (Cmax) of the protein therapeutic agent in blood after systemic administration of the protein therapeutic agent. In certain embodiments, said side effect is caused by that the protein therapeutic agent quickly reaches the maximum concentration (Cmax) in blood after systemic administration of the protein therapeutic agent. In certain embodiments, said side effect is caused by Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) triggered by that the protein therapeutic agent quickly reaches the maximum concentration (Cmax) in blood after systemic administration of the protein therapeutic agent.In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is determined after intravenous injection of the protein into the mouse. In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is determined after intravenous injection of the protein into the mouse in an amount of about 0.5 μg, about 1 μg, about 1.5 μg, about 2 μg, about 2.5 μg, about 3 μg, about 3.5 μg, about 4 μg, about 4.5 μg, about 5 μg, about 5.5 μg, about 6 μg, about 6.5 μg, about 7 μg, about 7.5 μg, about 8 μg, about 8.5 μg, about 9 μg, about 9.5 μg, about 10 μg, about 10.5 μg, about 11 μg, about 11.5 μg, about 12 μg, about 12.5 μg, about 13 μg, about 13.5 μg, about 14 μg, about 14.5 μg, about 15 μg, about 15.5 μg, about 16 μg, about 16.5 μg, about 17 μg, about 17.5 μg, about 18 μg, about 18.5 μg, about 19 μg, about 19.5 μg, about 20 μg, about 20.5 μg, about 21 μg, about 21.5 μg, about 22 μg, about 22.5 μg, about 23 μg, about 23.5 μg, about 24 μg, about 24.5 μg, or about 25 μg.In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is less than about 51 hours, less than about 50 hours, less than about 48 hours, less than about 45 hours, less than about 42 hours, less than about 40 hours, less than about 38 hours, less than about 35 hours, less than about 32 hours, less than about 31 hours, less than about 30 hours, less than about 25 hours, less than about 20 hours, less than about 15 hours, less than about 10 hours, less than about 5 hours, less than about 4 hours, less than about 3 hours, less than about 2 hours, less than about 1.73 hours, less than about 1.5 hours, less than about 1 hours, less than about 0.5 hours, or less than about 0.4 hours.In a preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is less than about 52 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is greater than about 12 hours and less than about 52 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is less than about 12 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is greater than about 6 hours and less than about 12 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is less than about 6 hours.In certain embodiments, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung is determined by the ratio of the accumulation level of the protein in the lung to the accumulation level of the protein in the blood. In certain embodiments, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is at least about 1.1 times, at least about 1.5 times, at least about 2 times, at least about 2.5 times, at least about 3 times, at least about 3.5 times, at least about 4 times, at least about 4.5 times, at least about 5 times, at least about 5.5 times, a least about 6 times, at least about 6.5 times, at least about 7 times, at least about 7.5 times, at least about 8 times, at least about 8.5 times, at least about 9 times, at least about 9.5 times, at least about 10 times, at least about 11 times, at least about 12 times, at least about 13 times, at least about 14 times, at least about 15 times, at least about 16 times, at least about 16.5 times, at least about 17 times, at least about 18 times, at least about 19 times, at least about 20 times, at least about 21 times, at least about 22 times, at least about 23 times, at least about 24 times, at least about 25 times, at least about 26 times, at least about 27 times, at least about 28 times , at least about 28.5 times or at least about 29 times of the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same administrative route.In certain embodiments, the protein is a secretory protein or a derivative thereof. In certain embodiments, the secretory protein is a cytokine or a derivative thereof.In certain embodiments, the protein is a bispecific antibody. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to an antigen on a T cell, natural killer (NK) cell, a dendritic cell (DC) or a macrophage. In a preferred embodiment, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to an antigen on a T cell. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to CD3, CD28, OX40, PD-1, CTAL4, CD16A, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp46, CD40, or CD47. In a preferred embodiment, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to CD3. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to a tumor antigen.In certain embodiments, the tumor antigen is a lung cancer antigen. In certain embodiments, the tumor antigen is glypican-3 (GPC3) , delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3) , PD-L1 / L2, VEGF, EGFR, ALK, BRAF, KRAS, NTRK, ROS1, MET, RET, CEA, CD39, CD70, NSE, TPA, cyfra21.1, FLI1, FRA1, MIF, PRMT5, ROR1, RSPO, SHP2, TNFR2, PIK3CA, MEK1, EGFR 20ins, HER3, NRG1, TROP2, or HER2.In certain embodiments, the protein is a fusion protein. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein is an antibody fragment fusion-protein, a cytokine recombinant fusion protein, or an antibody fragment cytokine fusion protein. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein is an Fc-fusion protein, a Fab-fusion protein, a Human Serum Albumin (HSA) fusion protein, an scFv-fusion protein or a VHH-fusion protein.In certain embodiments, the systemic administration route is intravenous injection or intravenous infusion.In certain embodiments, the lung disease is asthma, pneumothorax, atelectasis, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) , pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pulmonary tuberculosis, upper respiratory tract infection, influenza, Pulmonary abscess, invasive pulmonary fungal disease (IPFD) , Non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM) , sarcoidosis, diffuse-panbronchiolitis (DPB) , bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis (CF) , bronchiolitis obliterans, Mesothelioma, chronic pulmonary heart disease, pulmonary embolism (PE) , pulmonary hypertension (PH) , pulmonary fibrosis, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) , acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) , acute lung injury (ALI) , respiratory failure, interstitial pneumonia, or lung cancer.In another aspect, provided herein are methods of predicting or determining whether a protein therapeutic agent used in preventing, treating or managing a lung disease is suitable for the administration via a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the protein. In certain embodiments, provided herein is a method of predicting or determining whether a protein therapeutic agent used in preventing, treating or managing a lung disease is suitable for the administration via a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the protein, said method comprising determining the half-life of the protein in mouse serum, wherein if the half-life of the protein is less than about 52.6 hours as determined in mouse serum, the protein is suitable for the administration via a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the protein to prevent, treat or manage a lung disease.In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is determined after intravenous injection of the protein into the mouse. In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is determined after intravenous injection of the protein into the mouse in an amount of about 0.5 μg, about 1 μg, about 1.5 μg, about 2 μg, about 2.5 μg, about 3 μg, about 3.5 μg, about 4 μg, about 4.5 μg, about 5 μg, about 5.5 μg, about 6 μg, about 6.5 μg, about 7 μg, about 7.5 μg, about 8 μg, about 8.5 μg, about 9 μg, about 9.5 μg, about 10 μg, about 10.5 μg, about 11 μg, about 11.5 μg, about 12 μg, about 12.5 μg, about 13 μg, about 13.5 μg, about 14 μg, about 14.5 μg, about 15 μg, about 15.5 μg, about 16 μg, about 16.5 μg, about 17 μg, about 17.5 μg, about 18 μg, about 18.5 μg, about 19 μg, about 19.5 μg, about 20 μg, about 20.5 μg, about 21 μg, about 21.5 μg, about 22 μg, about 22.5 μg, about 23 μg, about 23.5 μg, about 24 μg, about 24.5 μg, or about 25 μg.In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is less than about 51 hours, less than about 50 hours, less than about 48 hours, less than about 45 hours, less than about 42 hours, less than about 40 hours, less than about 38 hours, less than about 35 hours, less than about 32 hours, less than about 31 hours, less than about 30 hours, less than about 25 hours, less than about 20 hours, less than about 15 hours, less than about 10 hours, less than about 5 hours, less than about 4 hours, less than about 3 hours, less than about 2 hours, less than about 1.73 hours, less than about 1.5 hours, less than about 1 hours, less than about 0.5 hours, or less than about 0.4 hours.In a preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is less than about 52 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is greater than about 12 hours and less than about 52 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is less than about 12 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is greater than about 6 hours and less than about 12 hours. In another preferred embodiment, the half-life of the protein is less than about 6 hours.In certain embodiments, the protein is a secretory protein or a derivative thereof. In certain embodiments, the secretory protein is a cytokine or a derivative thereof.In certain embodiments, the protein is a bispecific antibody. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to an antigen on a T cell, natural killer (NK) cell, a dendritic cell (DC) or a macrophage. In a preferred embodiment, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to an antigen on a T cell. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to CD3, CD28, OX40, PD-1, CTAL4, CD16A, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp46, CD40, or CD47. In a preferred embodiment, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to CD3. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to a tumor antigen.In certain embodiments, the tumor antigen is a lung cancer antigen. In certain embodiments, the tumor antigen is glypican-3 (GPC3) , delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3) , PD-L1 / L2, VEGF, EGFR, ALK, BRAF, KRAS, NTRK, ROS1, MET, RET, CEA, CD39, CD70, NSE, TPA, cyfra21.1, FLI1, FRA1, MIF, PRMT5, ROR1, RSPO, SHP2, TNFR2, PIK3CA, MEK1, EGFR 20ins, HER3, NRG1, TROP2, or HER2.In certain embodiments, the protein is a fusion protein. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein is an antibody fragment fusion-protein, a cytokine recombinant fusion protein, or an antibody fragment cytokine fusion protein. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein is an Fc-fusion protein, a Fab-fusion protein, a Human Serum Albumin (HSA) fusion protein, an scFv-fusion protein or a VHH-fusion protein.In certain embodiments, the systemic administration route is intravenous injection or intravenous infusion.In certain embodiments, the lung disease is asthma, pneumothorax, atelectasis, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) , pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pulmonary tuberculosis, upper respiratory tract infection, influenza, Pulmonary abscess, invasive pulmonary fungal disease (IPFD) , Non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM) , sarcoidosis, diffuse-panbronchiolitis (DPB) , bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis (CF) , bronchiolitis obliterans, Mesothelioma, chronic pulmonary heart disease, pulmonary embolism (PE) , pulmonary hypertension (PH) , pulmonary fibrosis, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) , acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) , acute lung injury (ALI) , respiratory failure, interstitial pneumonia, or lung cancer.In another aspect, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition for use in the method of preventing, treating or managing a lung disease provided herein. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.In yet another aspect, provided herein is a kit for use in the method of preventing, treating or managing a lung disease provided herein. In certain embodiments, the kit comprises the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein.In yet another aspect, provided herein are methods of delivering or expressing a protein in an organ or tissue of a subject. In certain embodiments, provided herein is a method of delivering or expressing a protein in an organ or tissue of a subject comprising delivering a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the protein to the organ or tissue of the subject via a systemic administration route, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 46 hours as determined in mouse serum, wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the organ or tissue when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is delivered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the organ or tissue when the protein is delivered via the same systemic administration route, and wherein the organ or tissue is liver or lung.In certain embodiments, the protein is capable of binding to CD3, CD19, CD28, CD33, OX40, PD-1, CTAL4, CD16A, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp46, CD40, CEA, PSMA, EpCAM, or CD47. In certain embodiments, the protein is a secretory protein or a derivative thereof, a cytokine or a derivative thereof, a bispecific antibody, or a fusion protein. In certain embodiments, the protein is GPC2 bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) , DLL3 BiTE, muIL2, 15scFv, FcB, 15Fc, or albiglutide.4. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSFIGs. 1A-1B illustrate exemplary bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) structures. FIG. 1A illustrates that a BiTE binds to an antigen expressed on T cell (e.g., CD3) and to a tumor antigen expressed on tumor cell. FIG. 1B illustrates exemplary structures of BiTE.FIGs. 2A-2C illustrate exemplary proteins. FIG. 2A illustrates 15scfv (IL15-linker-IL15Rasushi-linker-scfv (GPC3) ) . FIG. 2B illustrates an Fc-fusion protein. FIG. 2C illustrates 15Fc (IL15-linker-IL15Rsushi-IgG1Fc-fusion protein) .FIG. 3 shows details of the animal studies and the half-life of the protein determined.FIGs. 4A-4B illustrate the comparison of muIL2 concentrations in serum and lung after the administration of muIL2 or mRNA-containing LNPs. FIG. 4A: mulL2 concentration in serum after the administration of muIL2 or mRNA-containing LNPs. FIG. 4B: mulL2 concentration in lung after the administration of muIL2 or mRNA-containing LNPs.FIG 5A illustrates the comparison of GPC3-BiTE concentrations in serum and liver after the administration of GPC3-BiTE or mRNA-containing LNPs. Top: GPC3-BiTE concentration in serum; bottom: GPC3-BiTE concentration in liver.FIG. 5B illustrates the comparison of GPC3 BiTE concentrations in serum and lung after the administration of GPC3 BiTE or mRNA-containing LNPs. Top: GPC3 BiTE concentration in serum; bottom: GPC3 BiTE concentration in lung.FIGs. 6A-6B illustrate the comparison of DLL3 BiTE concentrations in serum and lung after the administration of DLL3 BiTE or mRNA-containing LNPs. FIG. 6A: DLL3 BiTE concentration in serum after the administration of DLL3-BiTE or mRNA-containing LNPs. FIG. 6B: DLL3 BiTE concentration in lung after the administration of DLL3 BiTE or mRNA-containing LNPs.FIG 7A illustrates the comparison of 15scfv concentrations in serum and liver after the administration of 15scfv or mRNA-containing LNPs. Top: 15scfv concentration in serum; bottom: 15scfv concentration in liver.FIG. 7B illustrates the comparison of 15scfv concentrations in serum and lung after the administration of 15scfv or mRNA-containing LNPs. Top: 15scfv concentration in serum; bottom: 15scfv concentration in lung.FIG 8A illustrates the comparison of FcB concentrations in serum and liver after the administration of FcB or mRNA-containing LNPs. Top: FcB concentration in serum; bottom: FcB concentration in liver.FIG. 8B illustrates the comparison of FcB concentrations in serum and lung after the administration of FcB or mRNA-containing LNPs. Top: FcB concentration in serum; bottom: FcB concentration in lung.FIG. 9A illustrates the comparison of 15Fc concentrations in serum and liver after the administration of 15Fc or mRNA-containing LNPs. Top: FcB concentration in serum; bottom: 15Fc concentration in liver.FIG. 9B illustrates the comparison of 15Fc concentrations in serum and lung after the administration of 15Fc or mRNA-containing LNPs. Top: 15Fc concentration in serum; bottom: 15Fc concentration in lung.FIG. 10 shows the comparison and analysis of liver Cmax and AUC resulted from the delivery of liver-targeting LNPs containing mRNAs that encodes different proteins and the delivery of recombinant proteins via intravenous injection.FIG. 11 shows the comparison and analysis of lung Cmax and AUC resulted from the delivery of lung-targeting LNPs containing mRNAs that encodes different proteins and the delivery of recombinant proteins via intravenous injection.5. DETAILED DESCRIPTIONAfter administration of a protein as a therapeutic agent into a subject, the concentration of the protein in the blood may quickly reach the maximum concentration (Cmax) , which may increase the risk of Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) . The present application relates to the method of delivering a protein as a therapeutic agent using a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the protein. In comparison to administration of the protein itself, the method provided herein may provide the advantage of promoting organ accumulation and correspondingly avoiding the side effects caused by direct administration of the protein. One aspect of the present application relates to the discovery of the correlation between the half-life of the protein and the advantage of delivering the protein using a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the protein. More specifically, it was unexpectedly found that, when a protein has a half-life that is lower than certain level, delivering the protein using a LNP comprising an mRNA encoding the protein via a systemic administration route leads to a higher the comparative accumulation level of the protein in an organ (e.g., liver or lung) than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the organ (e.g., liver or lung) when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route. On the other hand, when a protein has a half-life that is higher than certain level, delivering the protein using a LNP comprising an mRNA encoding the protein via a systemic administration route does not lead to a higher the comparative accumulation level of the protein in an target organ or tissue (e.g., liver or lung) than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the non-target organ or tissue (e.g., blood) when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route. In one aspect, the instant application relates to the surprising effect that the half-life of a protein can be an indicator on whether superior organ accumulation can be achieved by delivering the protein using a LNP comprising an mRNA encoding the protein via systemic administration route. Various methods of measuring protein concentration are known in the art. A person of ordinary skill in the art can use a known method to measure a protein concentration, based on which, calculate the half-life of the protein using a known formula in the art (e.g., the half-life = 0.693 / λZ) . When measured using a specific set of experimental parameters, for example, at a specific dosage of the protein, in a specific species of subject (e.g., mouse) , in a specific tissue or organ (e.g., serum) , using a specific administration method (e.g., intravenous administration) and a specific method of measuring the protein concentration, the resulting half-life value of the protein is expected to be a reliable value that could be repeatedly obtained by a person of ordinary skill in the art. As observed in the Example section, for example, in the liver, when the half-life of a protein is below about 46 hours as determined using the methods described herein, superior liver accumulation can be achieved by delivering the protein using a LNP comprising an mRNA encoding the protein via systemic administration route. In the lung, when the half-life of a protein is below about 52.6 hours as determined using the methods described herein, superior lung accumulation can be achieved by delivering the protein using a LNP comprising an mRNA encoding the protein via systemic administration route.In one aspect, provided herein is a method of preventing, treating or managing a disease (e.g., a liver disease or a lung disease) in a subject by administering a protein using a lipid nanoparticle composition. In one embodiment, the method provided herein prevents, treats, or manages a disease by administering a protein that is described in Section 5.2, which includes but is not limited to a bispecific antibody (e.g., a bispecific antibody that is capable of binding to CD3) (Section 5.2.1) , a fusion protein (e.g., a Fc-fusion protein) (Section 5.2.2) , or a secretory protein or a derivative thereof (e.g., a cytokine or a growth factor) (Section 5.2.3) . In one embodiment, the half-life of the protein is measured to determine if the method provided herein shall be used (Section 5.2.4) . In one embodiment, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in an organ (e.g., liver or lung) is determined (Section 5.2.5) . In one embodiment, the method provided herein uses a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) that encodes the protein (Section 5.3) . The method of preventing, treating or managing a disease is provided in Section 5.4. A pharmaceutical composition that can be used in the method provided herein is provided in Section 5.5.5.1 DefinitionsUnless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. All patents, applications, published applications and other publications are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In the event that there are a plurality of definitions for a term herein, those in this section prevail unless stated otherwise.The term “comparative accumulation level” of a protein as used herein is the ratio of accumulation level of the protein in a target organ or tissue (e.g., liver or lung) to the accumulation level of the protein in a non-target organ or tissue (e.g., blood) . The comparative accumulation level of a protein can be observed after administering a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the protein or after administering the protein.The term “about” is used herein to mean approximately, roughly, around, or in the regions of. When the term “about” is used in conjunction with a numerical range, it modifies that range by extending the boundaries above and below the numerical values set forth. In general, the term “about” can modify a numerical value above and below the stated value by a variance of, e.g., 10 percent, up or down (higher or lower) . In certain embodiments, the term “about” or “approximately” means within 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, or 0.05%of a given value or range.The term “antibody, ” “immunoglobulin, ” or “Ig” is used interchangeably herein, and is used in the broadest sense and specifically covers, for example, monoclonal antibodies (including agonist, antagonist, neutralizing antibodies, full length or intact monoclonal antibodies) , antibody compositions with polyepitopic or monoepitopic specificity, polyclonal or monovalent antibodies, multivalent antibodies, multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies) , formed from at least two intact antibodies, single chain antibodies, and fragments thereof (e.g., domain antibodies) . An antibody can be human, humanized, chimeric and / or affinity matured, as well as an antibody from other species, for example, mouse, rabbit, llama, etc. The term “antibody” is intended to include a polypeptide product of B cells within the immunoglobulin class of polypeptides that is able to bind to a specific molecular antigen and is composed of two identical pairs of polypeptide chains, wherein each pair has one heavy chain (about 50-70 kDa) and one light chain (about 25 kDa) , each amino-terminal portion of each chain includes a variable region of about 100 to about 130 or more amino acids, and each carboxy-terminal portion of each chain includes a constant region. See, e.g., Antibody Engineering (Borrebaeck ed., 2d ed. 1995) ; and Kuby, Immunology (3d ed. 1997) . Antibodies also include, but are not limited to, synthetic antibodies, recombinantly produced antibodies, single domain antibodies including from Camelidae species (e.g., llama or alpaca) or their humanized variants, intrabodies, anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies, and functional fragments (e.g., antigen-binding fragments) of any of the above, which refers to a portion of an antibody heavy or light chain polypeptide that retains some or all of the binding activity of the antibody from which the fragment was derived. Non-limiting examples of functional fragments (e.g., antigen-binding fragments) include single-chain Fvs (scFv) (e.g., including monospecific, bispecific, etc. ) , Fab fragments, F (ab’ ) fragments, F (ab) 2 fragments, F (ab’ ) 2 fragments, disulfide-linked Fvs (dsFv) , Fd fragments, Fv fragments, diabody, triabody, tetrabody, and minibody. In particular, antibodies provided herein include immunoglobulin molecules and immunologically active portions of immunoglobulin molecules, for example, antigen-binding domains or molecules that contain an antigen-binding site that binds to an antigen (e.g., one or more CDRs of an antibody) . Such antibody fragments can be found in, for example, Harlow and Lane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual (1989) ; Mol. Biology and Biotechnology: A Comprehensive Desk Reference (Myers ed., 1995) ; Huston et al., 1993, Cell Biophysics 22: 189-224; Plückthun and Skerra, 1989, Meth. Enzymol. 178: 497-515; and Day, Advanced Immunochemistry (2d ed. 1990) . The antibodies provided herein can be of any class (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, and IgA) or any subclass (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, and IgA2) of immunoglobulin molecule. Antibodies may be agonistic antibodies or antagonistic antibodies. Antibodies may be neither agonistic nor antagonistic.An “antigen” is a structure to which an antibody can selectively bind. A target antigen may be a polypeptide, carbohydrate, nucleic acid, lipid, hapten, or other naturally occurring or synthetic compound. In some embodiments, the target antigen is a polypeptide. In certain embodiments, an antigen is associated with a cell, for example, is present on or in a cell.“Nucleic acids” refers to single-or double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules and their heterozygous molecules. Examples of nucleic acid molecules include, but are not limited to, messenger RNA (mRNA) , microRNA (miRNA) , small interfering RNA (siRNA) , self-amplified RNA (saRNA) , and antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) , etc. Nucleic acids may be further chemically modified, and the chemical modifier selected from one of, or a combination of: pseudouridine, N1-methyl-pseudouridine, 5-methoxyuridine, and 5-methylcytosine. mRNA molecules contain protein coding regions and may further contain expression regulatory sequences. Typical expression regulatory sequences include, but are not limited to, 5’ cap, 5’ untranslated region (5’ UTR) , 3’ untranslated region (3’ UTR) , polyadenylate sequence (PolyA) , miRNA binding sites.“Disease” , “disorder” , and “condition” can be used interchangeably herein.Unless otherwise indicated, the term “treatment” or “treating” as used herein includes the effect on a subject who is suffering from a particular disease, disorder, or condition, which reduces or reverses the severity of the disease, disorder, or condition, or delays or slows the progression of the disease, disorder or condition ( “therapeutic treatment” ) . The term also includes the effect that occurs before the subject begins to suffer from a specific disease, disorder or condition ( “prophylactic treatment” ) . In the context of the present invention, terms such as “protect” , “prevent” , “prophylactic” , “preventive” , or “protective” relate to the prevention or treatment or both of the occurrence and / or the propagation of a disease in a subject and, in particular, to minimizing the chance that a subject will develop a disease or to delaying the development of a disease. For example, a person at risk for cancer would be a candidate for therapy to prevent cancer. By “being at risk” is meant a subject that is identified as having a higher than normal chance of developing a disease, in particular cancer, compared to the general population. In addition, a subject who has had, or who currently has, a disease, in particular cancer, is a subject who has an increased risk for developing a disease, as such a subject may continue to develop a disease. Subjects who currently have, or who have had, a cancer also have an increased risk for cancer metastases. As used herein and unless otherwise indicated, the term “managing” encompasses preventing the recurrence of the particular disease or disorder in a patient who had suffered from it, lengthening the time a patient who had suffered from the disease or disorder remains in remission, reducing mortality rates of the patients, and / or maintaining a reduction in severity or avoidance of a symptom associated with the disease or condition being managed.Generally, the “effective amount” of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) refers to an amount sufficient to elicit a target biological response. As understood by those skilled in the art, the effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of the disclosure can vary depending on the following factors, such as the desired biological endpoint, the pharmacokinetics of the pharmaceutical composition, the diseases being treated, the mode of administration, and the age, health status and symptoms of the subjects. The effective amount includes therapeutically effective amount and prophylactically effective amount.Unless otherwise indicated, the “therapeutically effective amount” of the pharmaceutical composition as used herein is an amount sufficient to provide therapeutic benefits in the course of treating a disease, disorder or condition, or to delay or minimize one or more symptoms associated with the disease, disorder or condition. The therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition refers to the amount of the therapeutic agent that, when used alone or in combination with other therapies, provides a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of a disease, disorder or condition. The term “therapeutically effective amount” can include an amount that improves the overall treatment, reduces or avoids the symptoms or causes of the disease or condition, or enhances the therapeutic effect of other therapeutic agents.“Subjects” to which administration is contemplated include, but are not limited to, humans (e.g., males or females of any age group, e.g., paediatric subjects (e.g., infants, children, adolescents) or adult subjects (e.g., young adults, middle-aged adults or older adults) and / or non-human animals, such as mammals, e.g., primates (e.g., cynomolgus monkeys, rhesus monkeys) , cattle, pigs, horses, sheep, goats, rodents, cats and / or dogs. In some embodiments, the subject is a human. In some embodiments, the subject is a non-human animal. The terms “human” , “patient” and “subject” can be used interchangeably herein.As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical composition” refers to the combination of an active agent with a carrier, inert or active, making the composition especially suitable for diagnostic or therapeutic use in vivo or ex vivo.As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to any of the standard pharmaceutical carriers, such as a phosphate buffered saline solution, water, emulsions (e.g., such as an oil / water or water / oil emulsions) , and various types of wetting agents. The compositions also can include stabilizers and preservatives. For examples of carriers, stabilizers and adjuvants, see, e.g., Martin, Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, 15th Ed., Mack Publ. Co., Easton, PA
[1975] .Unless otherwise indicated, the term “half-life” as used herein is the time it takes for the concentration of a composition (e.g., a protein or a lipid nanoparticle) to reduce to half of the initial value. A half-life of a composition may be determined by the method as described herein. Exemplary methods of determining the half-life of a protein include but are not limited to half-life = 0.693 / λZ or half-life = 0.693×Vss / CL, wherein Vss = apparent volume of distribution and CL = clearance rate) .For native proteins, generally their half-lives in vivo vary in a wide range, and may be divided into three categories: short (minutes to hours) , medium (less than a week) , and long (more than a week) . For example, cytokines often have a half-life of only a few minutes to several hours in vivo. However, immunoglobulins, such as IgG, often have a half-life of 1-2 weeks or more in vivo.5.2 ProteinIn one aspect, the method provided herein prevents, treats, or manages a disease by administering a protein to the subject having the disease via a systemic administration of a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the protein.In another aspect, provided herein is a method of improving or enhancing the effect of a protein therapeutic agent in preventing, treating or managing a liver disease or a lung disease in a subject, comprising administration of a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the protein to the subject having the liver disease or the lung disease via a systemic administration route.In another aspect, provided herein is a method of increasing the liver enrichment or the lung enrichment of a protein therapeutic agent used for preventing, treating or managing a liver disease or a lung disease in a subject, comprising administration of a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the protein to the subject having the liver disease or the lung disease via a systemic administration route.In another aspect, provided herein is a method of reducing side effect of a protein therapeutic agent used for preventing, treating or managing a liver disease or a lung disease in a subject, comprising administration of a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein to the subject having the liver disease or the lung disease via a systemic administration route.In another aspect, provided herein is a method of predicting or determining whether a protein therapeutic agent used in preventing, treating or managing a liver disease or a lung disease is suitable for the administration via a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the protein, said method comprising determining the half-life of the protein in mouse serum.5.2.1. Bispecific antibodyIn certain embodiments, the protein provided herein is an antigen binding protein. In certain embodiments, the protein provided herein is a bispecific antibody.In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to an antigen on a T cell, natural killer (NK) cell, a dendritic cell (DC) , or a macrophage. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to CD3, CD28, OX40, PD-1, CTAL4, CD16A, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp46, CD40, or CD47. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to CD3. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody binds to an antigen on a T cell, natural killer (NK) cell, a dendritic cell (DC) , or a macrophage. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody binds to CD3, CD28, OX40, PD-1, CTAL4, CD16A, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp46, CD40, or CD47. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody binds to CD3.In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to a tumor antigen. In certain embodiments, the tumor antigen is a liver cancer antigen. In certain embodiments, the tumor antigen is a lung cancer antigen. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to glypican-3 (GPC3) , delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3) , PD-L1 / L2, VEGF, EGFR, ALK, or HER2. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to GPC3. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to DLL3. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody binds to a tumor antigen. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody binds to a liver cancer antigen. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody binds to a lung cancer antigen. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody binds to glypican-3 (GPC3) , delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3) , PD-L1 / L2, VEGF, EGFR, ALK, or HER2. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody binds to GPC3. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody binds to DLL3.In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody comprises a first peptide that is capable of binding to a tumor antigen and a second peptide that is capable of binding to an antigen on an immune cell. In certain embodiments, the first and second peptides are independently in any known antigen-binding format, such as an single-chain variable fragment (scFv) , variable domain of a heavy chain of a heavy-chain antibody (VHH) , or Fab fragment. In certain embodiments, the first peptide and the second peptide is linked to each other via a linker. In certain embodiments, the first and second peptides are both scFvs (as illustrated in FIG. 1B) . In certain embodiments, the first or second scFv comprises a light chain variable region linked to a heavy chain variable region. In certain embodiments, the light chain variable region (VL) of the scFv is linked to the heavy chain variable region (VH) of the scFv via a linker. In certain embodiments, the C-terminus of the VL of the scFv is the N-terminus of the VH of the scFv via a linker. In certain embodiments, the N-terminus of the VL of the scFv is the C-terminus of the VH of the scFv via a linker.In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is a bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) . In certain embodiments, the BiTE is capable of binding to a tumor antigen expressed on a tumor cell and a target expressed on a T cell (as illustrated in FIG. 1A) . In certain embodiments, the BiTE comprises a first scFv that is capable of binding to a tumor antigen and a second scFv that is capable of binding to a target expressed on a T cell.In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to CD3 and GPC3. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody binds to CD3 and GPC3. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody comprises an scFv that binds to GPC3 and an scFv that binds to CD3. In certain embodiments, the scFv that binds to GPC3 comprises a VL and a VH that are linked via a linker. In certain embodiments, the C-terminus of the VL is linked to the N-terminus of the VH via a linker. In certain embodiments, the linker between the VL and VH of the scFv that binds to GPC3 is (G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 16) . In certain embodiments, the scFv that binds to CD3 comprises a VL and a VH that are linked via a linker. In certain embodiments, the C-terminus of the VL is linked to the N-terminus of the VH via a linker. In certain embodiments, the linker between the VL and VH of the scFv that binds to CD3 is (G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 16) . In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is GPC3 BiTE.In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to CD3 and DLL3. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody binds to CD3 and DLL3. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody comprises an scFv that binds to DLL3 and an scFv that binds to CD3. In certain embodiments, the scFv that binds to DLL3 comprises a VL and a VH that are linked via a linker. In certain embodiments, the C-terminus of the VL is linked to the N-terminus of the VH via a linker. In certain embodiments, the linker between the VL and VH of the scFv that binds to DLL3 is (G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 16) . In certain embodiments, the scFv that binds to CD3 comprises a VL and a VH that are linked via a linker. In certain embodiments, the C-terminus of the VL is linked to the N-terminus of the VH via a linker. In certain embodiments, the linker between the VL and VH of the scFv that binds to CD3 is (G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 16) . In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody is DLL3 BiTE.In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody further comprises a signal peptide. In certain embodiments, the signal peptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody further comprises the amino acid sequence HHHHHH (6×His tag) (SEQ ID NO: 18) . In certain embodiments, the 6×His tag (SEQ ID NO: 18) is linked to the C-terminus of the rest of the bispecific antibody. In certain embodiments, the 6×His tag (SEQ ID NO: 18) is linked to the C-terminus of the rest of the bispecific antibody via a linker. In certain embodiments, the linker between the 6×His tag (SEQ ID NO: 18) and the rest of the bispecific antibody is GGS. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody can be illustrated, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] - [tumor-antigen-binding VL] -linker 1-[tumor-antigen-binding VH] -linker 2- [immune-cell-targeting VH] -linker 3- [immune-cell-targeting VL] -linker 4- [6×His tag (SEQ ID NO: 18) ] , wherein the linkers 1, 2, 3, and 4 independently comprises the amino acid sequence of (GxS) n, x = 1, 2, 3, or 4 and n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 (SEQ ID NO: 19) . In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody can be illustrated, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] -[tumor-antigen-binding VL] -linker 1- [tumor-antigen-binding VH] -linker 2- [immune-cell-targeting VH] -linker 3- [immune-cell-targeting VL] - [GGS] - [6×His tag (SEQ ID NO: 18) ] , wherein the linkers 1, 2, and 3 each independently comprises the amino acid sequence of (G4S) n, n each independently is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 (SEQ ID NO: 20) . In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody can be illustrated, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] - [GPC3-binding VL] -linker 1- [GPC3-binding VH] -linker 2- [CD3-binding VH] -linker 3- [CD3-binding VL] - [GGS] - [6×His tag (SEQ ID NO: 18) ] , wherein the linkers 1, 2, and 3 each independently comprises the amino acid sequence of (G4S) n, n each independently is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 (SEQ ID NO: 20) . In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody can be illustrated, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] - [DLL3-binding VL] -linker 1- [DLL3-binding VH] -linker 2- [CD3-binding VH] -linker 3- [CD3-binding VL] - [GGS] - [6×His tag (SEQ ID NO: 18) ] , wherein the linkers 1, 2, and 3 each independently comprises the amino acid sequence of (G4S) n, n each independently is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 (SEQ ID NO: 20) .In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody can be illustrated, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] - [tumor-antigen-binding VL] - [ (G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 16) ] - [tumor-antigen-binding VH] - [G4S (SEQ ID NO: 21) ] - [immune-cell-targeting VH] - [ (G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 16) ] - [immune-cell-targeting VL] -[GGS] - [6×His tag (SEQ ID NO: 18) ] . In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody can be illustrated, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] - [GPC3-binding VL] - [ (G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 16) ] - [GPC3-binding VH]- [G4S (SEQ ID NO: 21) ] - [CD3-binding VH] - [ (G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 16) ] - [CD3-binding VL] - [GGS] -[6×His tag (SEQ ID NO: 18) ] . In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody can be illustrated, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] - [DLL3-binding VL] - [ (G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 16) ] - [DLL3-binding VH]- [G4S (SEQ ID NO: 21) ] - [CD3-binding VH] - [ (G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 16) ] - [CD3-binding VL] - [GGS] -[6×His tag (SEQ ID NO: 18) ] .In certain embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the bispecific antibody comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the bispecific antibody comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the bispecific antibody comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. In certain embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the bispecific antibody comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. In certain embodiments, the bispecific antibody comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6.5.2.2. Fusion proteinIn certain embodiments, the protein provided herein is a fusion protein. In certain embodiments, a fusion protein consists of at least two domains that are joined so that they are transcribed and translated as a single unit, producing a single polypeptide. In certain embodiments, a fusion protein is created through the joining of two or more nucleic acid molecules that originally encode separate proteins. In certain embodiments, the translation of the fusion gene results in a single or multiple polypeptides with functional properties derived from each of the original proteins.In certain embodiments, the fusion protein is an antibody fragment fusion protein, a cytokine recombinant fusion protein, or an antibody fragment cytokine fusion protein. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein is an Fc-fusion protein, a Fab-fusion protein, a Human Serum Albumin (HSA) fusion protein, an scFv-fusion protein, or a VHH-fusion protein.Fc-fusion proteinIn certain embodiments, the protein provided herein is an Fc-fusion protein. In certain embodiments, the Fc-fusion protein comprises an Fc domain of an immunoglobin. In certain embodiments, the immunoglobulin belongs to the subclass IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, IgA2, or other subclasses. In certain embodiments, the Fc-fusion protein comprises a Fc domain of an IgG1 immunoglobin. In certain embodiments, the Fc-fusion protein further comprises a peptide that is linked to the Fc domain of an immunoglobin. In certain embodiments, the peptide and the Fc domain of an immunoglobin is linked via a linker (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 2B) .In certain embodiments, the Fc-fusion protein further comprises a signal peptide. In certain embodiments, the signal peptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. In certain embodiments, the Fc-fusion protein can be illustrated as, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] -[Fc domain of an immunoglobin] - [linker] - [peptide] . In certain embodiments, the Fc-fusion protein can be illustrated as, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] - [peptide] - [linker] - [Fc domain of an immunoglobin] . In certain embodiments, the Fc-fusion protein is FcB.In certain embodiments, the Fc-fusion protein comprises an Fc domain of an IgG1 immunoglobin and a thrombopoietin (TPO) -receptor-binding peptide. In certain embodiments, the Fc-fusion protein can be illustrated, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] - [Fc domain of an IgG1 immunoglobin] -linker-[TPO-receptor-binding peptide] -linker- [TPO-receptor-binding peptide] , wherein the linker each is independently Gn and n is 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 (SEQ ID NO: 22) . In certain embodiments, the Fc-fusion protein can be illustrated, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] - [Fc domain of an IgG1 immunoglobin] -GGGGG (SEQ ID NO: 34) - [TPO-receptor-binding peptide] -GGGGGGGG (SEQ ID NO: 35) -[TPO-receptor-binding peptide] . In certain embodiments, the Fc-fusion protein is 15Fc.In certain embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the Fc-fusion protein comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain embodiments, the Fc-fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the Fc-fusion protein comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain embodiments, the Fc-fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10.In certain embodiments, the Fc-fusion protein comprises an Fc domain of an IgG1 immunoglobin and a first peptide derived from a cytokine. In certain embodiments, the Fc-fusion protein further comprises a second peptide derived from a cytokine receptor. In certain embodiments, the first peptide is derived from Interleukin-15 (IL15) . In certain embodiments, the second peptide is derived from IL-15 receptor (IL-15R) . In certain embodiments, the second peptide is derived from the sushi domain (1–65 amino acid residues) of IL-15Rα. In certain embodiments, the Fc-fusion protein can be illustrated, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] - [peptide derived from a cytokine] -linker 1- [peptide derived from a cytokine receptor] -linker 2- [Fc domain of an IgG1 immunoglobin] , wherein the linkers 1 and 2 each independently comprises the amino acid sequence of (GxS) n, x = 1, 2, 3, or 4 and n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 (SEQ ID NO: 19) . In certain embodiments, linker 1 is GGS (G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 33) . In certain embodiments, linker 2 is GGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 21) . In certain embodiments, the Fc-fusion protein can be illustrated, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] - [peptide derived from a cytokine] -GGS (G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 33) - [peptide derived from a cytokine receptor] -GGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 21) - [Fc domain of an IgG1 immunoglobin] . In certain embodiments, the Fc-fusion protein can be illustrated, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] -[peptide derived from IL15] -GGS (G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 33) - [peptide derived from the sushi domain of IL-15Rα] -GGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 21) - [Fc domain of an IgG1 immunoglobin] .In certain embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the Fc-fusion protein comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, the Fc-fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the Fc-fusion protein comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12. In certain embodiments, the Fc-fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12.Human serum albumin (HSA) fusion proteinIn certain embodiments, the fusion protein is a Human serum albumin (HSA) fusion protein. In certain embodiments, the HSA fusion protein comprises a first peptide derived from glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) . In certain embodiments, the first peptide derived from GLP-1 comprises an amino acid sequence derived from amino acid residues 7 to 36 of human GLP-1. In certain embodiments, the HSA fusion protein comprises a second peptide derived from GLP-1. In certain embodiments, the second peptide derived from GLP-1 comprises an amino acid sequence derived from amino acid residues 7 to 36 of human GLP-1. In certain embodiments, the HSA fusion protein comprises one or more Gly-to-Ala substitutions, which confers enhanced resistance to DPP-4-mediated protein aggregation. In certain embodiments, the HSA fusion protein comprises the first peptide derived from GLP-1 and the second peptide derived from GLP-1 genetically linked in series to human albumin. In certain embodiments, the HSA fusion protein is a protein described in U.S. Patent Appl. Pub. No. US 2008 / 0293629 A1, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. In certain embodiments, the HSA fusion protein is albiglutide or a derivative thereof.In certain embodiments, the fusion protein further comprises a signal peptide. In certain embodiments, the signal peptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein can be illustrated as, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] - [first peptide derived from GLP-1] - [second peptide derived from GLP-1] - [human serum albumin] .In certain embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the fusion protein comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31. In certain embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the fusion protein comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32.Other types of fusion proteinsIn certain embodiments, the fusion protein comprises a first peptide derived from a cytokine. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein further comprises a second peptide derived from a cytokine receptor. In certain embodiments, the first peptide is derived from Interleukin-15 (IL15) . In certain embodiments, the second peptide is derived from IL-15 receptor (IL-15R) . In certain embodiments, the second peptide is derived from the sushi domain (1-65 amino acid residues) of IL-15Rα. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein further comprises a third peptide. In certain embodiments, the third peptide is in any known antigen-binding format, such as an a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) , a variable domain of a heavy chain of a heavy-chain antibody (VHH) , or a Fab fragment. In certain embodiments, the third peptide is an scFv. In certain embodiments, the third peptide scFv is capable of binding to a tumor antigen. In certain embodiments, the third peptide scFv is capable of binding to GPC3. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein is 15scFv.In certain embodiments, the fusion protein further comprises a signal peptide. In certain embodiments, the signal peptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein can be illustrated as, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] - [peptide derived from a cytokine] -linker 1- [peptide derived from a cytokine receptor] -linker 2- [tumor-antigen-binding scFv] , wherein the linkers 1 and 2 each independently comprises the amino acid sequence of (GxS) n, x = 1, 2, 3, or 4 and n =1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 (SEQ ID NO: 19) . In certain embodiments, linker 1 is GGS (G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 33) . In certain embodiments, linker 2 is GGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 21) . In certain embodiments, the scFv that is capable of binding to a tumor antigen comprises a VL and a VH that are linked via a linker. In certain embodiments, the linker between the VL and the VH is (G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 16) . In certain embodiments, the fusion protein can be illustrated, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] - [peptide derived from a cytokine] -GGS (G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 33) - [peptide derived from a cytokine receptor] -GGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 21) - [tumor-antigen-binding scFv] . In certain embodiments, the fusion protein can be illustrated, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] - [peptide derived from IL15] -GGS (G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 33) -[peptide derived from the sushi domain of IL-15Rα] -GGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 21) -- [GPC3-binding scFv] .In certain embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the fusion protein comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7. In certain embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the fusion protein comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8.5.2.3. Secretory protein and derivative thereofIn certain embodiments, the protein provided herein is a secretory protein or a derivative thereof. In certain embodiments, the protein provided herein is a cytokine or a derivative thereof. In certain embodiments, the protein provided herein comprises the amino acid sequence of a secretory protein or a derivative thereof. In certain embodiments, the protein comprises the amino acid sequence of Interleukin-2 (IL-2) or a derivative thereof.In certain embodiments, the protein provided herein is a growth factor or a derivative thereof. In certain embodiments, the protein provided herein comprises the amino acid sequence of a growth factor or a derivative thereof. In certain embodiments, the protein comprises the amino acid sequence of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) or a derivative thereof. In certain embodiments, the protein comprises the amino acid sequence of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) or a derivative thereof. In certain embodiments, the protein is muIL2.In certain embodiments, the protein comprises a peptide of a secretory protein or a derivative thereof and further comprises a tag peptide. In certain embodiments, the tag peptide is capable of facilitating the measurement of the amount of the protein in a tissue. In certain embodiments, the tag peptide is a HIBIT tag comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23.In certain embodiments, the protein comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments, the protein comprises the amino acid sequence of IL-2. In certain embodiments, the protein comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.5.2.4. Half-life of a proteinOne aspect of the present application relates to the discovery on the correlation between the half-life of a protein and the advantage of delivering the protein using a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the protein.The half-life of a protein referred to herein can be determined using any known method in the art. In certain embodiments, the half-life of a protein is determined in a non-human animal or in a human. In certain embodiments, the half-life of a protein is determined in a mouse. In certain embodiments, the half-life of a protein is determined in the serum of a mouse. In certain embodiments, the half-life of a protein is determined by measuring the concentration of the protein in the mouse serum at different time points post intravenous (IV) administration of the protein into the tail vein of a mouse.In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is determined after intravenous injection of the protein into the mouse. In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is determined after intravenous injection of the protein into the mouse in an amount of about 0.5 μg, about 1 μg, about 1.5 μg, about 2 μg, about 2.5 μg, about 3 μg, about 3.5 μg, about 4 μg, about 4.5 μg, about 5 μg, about 5.5 μg, about 6 μg, about 6.5 μg, about 7 μg, about 7.5 μg, about 8 μg, about 8.5 μg, about 9 μg, about 9.5 μg, about 10 μg, about 10.5 μg, about 11 μg, about 11.5 μg, about 12 μg, about 12.5 μg, about 13 μg, about 13.5 μg, about 14 μg, about 14.5 μg, about 15 μg, about 15.5 μg, about 16 μg, about 16.5 μg, about 17 μg, about 17.5 μg, about 18 μg, about 18.5 μg, about 19 μg, about 19.5 μg, about 20 μg, about 20.5 μg, about 21 μg, about 21.5 μg, about 22 μg, about 22.5 μg, about 23 μg, about 23.5 μg, about 24 μg, about 24.5 μg, or about 25 μg. In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is determined after intravenous injection of the protein into the mouse in an amount of about 1.5 μg, about 2.5 μg, about 5.5 μg, about 6 μg, about 6.5 μg, about 7.5 μg, about 8 μg, about 10 μg, or about 20 μg. In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is determined after intravenous injection of the protein into the mouse in an amount of about 7.5 μg. In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is determined after intravenous injection of the protein into the mouse in an amount of about 5.5 μg.In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is determined after intravenous injection of the protein into the mouse in an amount of 0.5 μg, 1 μg, 1.5 μg, 2 μg, 2.5 μg, 3 μg, 3.5 μg, 4 μg, 4.5 μg, 5 μg, 5.5 μg, 6 μg, 6.5 μg, 7 μg, 7.5 μg, 8 μg, 8.5 μg, 9 μg, 9.5 μg, 10 μg, 10.5 μg, 11 μg, 11.5 μg, 12 μg, 12.5 μg, 13 μg, 13.5 μg, 14 μg, 14.5 μg, 15 μg, 15.5 μg, 16 μg, 16.5 μg, 17 μg, 17.5 μg, 18 μg, 18.5 μg, 19 μg, 19.5 μg, 20 μg, 20.5 μg, 21 μg, 21.5 μg, 22 μg, 22.5 μg, 23 μg, 23.5 μg, 24 μg, 24.5 μg, or 25 μg. In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is determined after intravenous injection of the protein into the mouse in an amount of 1.5 μg, 2.5 μg, 5.5 μg, 6 μg, 6.5 μg, 7.5 μg, 8 μg, 10 μg, or 20 μg. In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is determined after intravenous injection of the protein into the mouse in an amount of 7.5 μg. In certain embodiments, the half-life of the protein is determined after intravenous injection of the protein into the mouse in an amount of 5.5 μg.In certain embodiments, the half-life of a protein is determined by linear regression analysis of time versus natural log concentration values that provides the regression intercept Lambda Z, and the half-life =0.693 / Lambda Z. In certain embodiments, the half-life of a protein is determined as half-life = 0.693×Vss / CL, wherein Vss = apparent volume of distribution and CL = clearance rate) .In certain embodiments, the concentration of a protein can be determined using any known method in the art. In certain embodiments, the concentration of a protein is determined using Ultraviolet (UV) detection, Kjeldahl Method, Biuret Method, Lowry Assay, Bicinchoninic Acid Assay, Colloidal Gold Assay, Bradford Assay, Silver Staining Assay, or Fluorescence Assay. In certain embodiments, the concentration of a protein is determined using a method as described in Protein Quantitation, Cold Spring Harb Protoc. 2018 (6) , Biotechnology (Second Edition) , Exercise 13 -Protein Assays, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.In certain embodiments, the concentration of a protein can be determined using a bead based method. For example, total protein level in plasma can be analyzed using a bead based kit (e.g., bead based Millipleximmunoassay kit, HLPPMAG-57K, Merck Millipore, MA, USA) . In certain embodiments, the concentration of a protein is determined using a method as described in Bertesaghi et al. Subcutaneous delivery of FGF21 mRNA therapy reverses obesity, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in diet-induced obese mice. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2022 Apr 18: 28: 500-513. eCollection 2022 Jun 14, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.In certain embodiments, the concentration of a protein can be determined using an epitope tag (E-tag) and measured by ELISA assays. In certain embodiments, an E-tag (13aa, GAPVPYPDPLEPR (SEQ ID NO: 36) ) is added to the protein and the concentration is measured based on the epitope tag (E-tag) by ELISA assays. In certain embodiments, the concentration of a protein is determined using a method as described in Wang et al. mRNA Delivery of a Bispecific Single-Domain Antibody to Polarize Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Synergize Immunotherapy against Liver Malignancies. Adv Mater. 2021 Jun; 33 (23) : e2007603. Epub 2021 May 4, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.In certain embodiments, the concentration of a protein can be determined using the Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) method. In certain embodiments, the concentration of a protein is determined using a method as described in Hotz et al, Local delivery of mRNA-encoded cytokines promotes antitumor immunity and tumor eradication across multiple preclinical tumor models. Sci Transl Med. 2021 Sep 8; 13 (610) : eabc7804. Epub 2021 Sep 8, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.In certain embodiments, the concentration of a protein can be determined using an anti-idiotype antibody to capture protein and anti-6×His tag-HRP antibody for detection. In certain embodiments, the concentration of a protein is determined using a method as described in Stadler et al, Elimination of large tumors in mice by mRNA-encoded bispecific antibodies. Nature Medicine volume 23, pages 815–817 (2017) , the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.In certain embodiments, when the half-life of a protein is less than about 46 hours as determined in mouse serum, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when a lipid nanoparticle comprising an mRNA encoding the protein is administered via a systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route. In certain embodiments, when the half-life of a protein is less than about 45 hours, less than about 42 hours, less than about 40 hours, less than about 35 hours, less than about 30 hours, less than about 25 hours, less than about 20 hours, less than about 15 hours, less than about 10 hours, less than about 5 hours, less than about 4 hours, less than about 3 hours, less than about 2 hours, less than about 1.73 hours, less than about 1.5 hours, less than about 1 hours, less than about 0.5 hours, or less than about 0.4 hours as determined in mouse serum, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when a lipid nanoparticle comprising an mRNA encoding the protein is administered via a systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route. In certain embodiments, when the half-life of a protein is less than about 45 hours as determined in mouse serum, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when a lipid nanoparticle comprising an mRNA encoding the protein is administered via a systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route. In certain embodiments, when the half-life of a protein is less than about 8 hours as determined in mouse serum, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when a lipid nanoparticle comprising an mRNA encoding the protein is administered via a systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route. In certain embodiments, when the half-life of a protein is less than about 7 hours as determined in mouse serum, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when a lipid nanoparticle comprising an mRNA encoding the protein is administered via a systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route. In certain embodiments, when the half-life of a protein is less than about 1.1 hours as determined in mouse serum, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when a lipid nanoparticle comprising an mRNA encoding the protein is administered via a systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route. In certain embodiments, when the half-life of a protein is less than about 0.5 hours as determined in mouse serum, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when a lipid nanoparticle comprising an mRNA encoding the protein is administered via a systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route. In certain embodiments, when the half-life of a protein is less than about 0.4 hours as determined in mouse serum, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when a lipid nanoparticle comprising an mRNA encoding the protein is administered via a systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.In a preferred embodiment, when the half-life of the protein is greater than about 12 hours and less than about 46 hours as determined in mouse serum, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when a lipid nanoparticle comprising an mRNA encoding the protein is administered via a systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route. In another preferred embodiment, when the half-life of the protein is less than about 12 hours as determined in mouse serum, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when a lipid nanoparticle comprising an mRNA encoding the protein is administered via a systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route. In another preferred embodiment, when the half-life of the protein is greater than about 6 hours and less than about 12 hours as determined in mouse serum, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when a lipid nanoparticle comprising an mRNA encoding the protein is administered via a systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route. In another preferred embodiment, when the half-life of the protein is less than about 6 hours as determined in mouse serum, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when a lipid nanoparticle comprising an mRNA encoding the protein is administered via a systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.In certain embodiments, when the half-life of the protein is about 45 hours, about 42 hours, about 40 hours, about 35 hours, about 30 hours, about 25 hours, about 20 hours, about 15 hours, about 7 hours, about 10 hours, about 5 hours, about 1.1 hours, about 0.5 hour, or about 0.4 hour as determined in mouse serum, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when a lipid nanoparticle comprising an mRNA encoding the protein is administered via a systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.In certain embodiments, when the half-life of a protein is less than about 52.6 hours as determined in mouse serum, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when a lipid nanoparticle comprising an mRNA encoding the protein is administered via a systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route. In certain embodiments, when the half-life of a protein is less than about 51 hours, less than about 50 hours, less than about 48 hours, less than about 45 hours, less than about 42 hours, less than about 40 hours, less than about 38 hours, less than about 35 hours, less than about 32 hours, less than about 31 hours, less than about 30 hours, less than about 25 hours, less than about 20 hours, less than about 15 hours, less than about 10 hours, less than about 5 hours, less than about 4 hours, less than about 3 hours, less than about 2 hours, less than about 1 hour, or less than about 0.5 hour as determined in mouse serum, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when a lipid nanoparticle comprising an mRNA encoding the protein is administered via a systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route. In certain embodiments, when the half-life of a protein is less than about 52 hours as determined in mouse serum, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when a lipid nanoparticle comprising an mRNA encoding the protein is administered via a systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route. In certain embodiments, when the half-life of a protein is less than about 51 hours as determined in mouse serum, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when a lipid nanoparticle comprising an mRNA encoding the protein is administered via a systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route. In certain embodiments, when the half-life of a protein is less than about 32 hours as determined in mouse serum, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when a lipid nanoparticle comprising an mRNA encoding the protein is administered via a systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route. In certain embodiments, when the half-life of a protein is less than about 31 hours as determined in mouse serum, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when a lipid nanoparticle comprising an mRNA encoding the protein is administered via a systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route. In certain embodiments, when the half-life of a protein is less than about 6 hours as determined in mouse serum, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when a lipid nanoparticle comprising an mRNA encoding the protein is administered via a systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route. In certain embodiments, when the half-life of a protein is less than about 1.8 hours as determined in mouse serum, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when a lipid nanoparticle comprising an mRNA encoding the protein is administered via a systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route. In certain embodiments, when the half-life of a protein is less than about 1 hour as determined in mouse serum, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when a lipid nanoparticle comprising an mRNA encoding the protein is administered via a systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route. In certain embodiments, when the half-life of a protein is less than about 0.5 hour as determined in mouse serum, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when a lipid nanoparticle comprising an mRNA encoding the protein is administered via a systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.In a preferred embodiment, when the half-life of the protein is greater than about 12 hours and less than about 52 hours as determined in mouse serum, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when a lipid nanoparticle comprising an mRNA encoding the protein is administered via a systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route. In another preferred embodiment, when the half-life of the protein is less than about 12 hours as determined in mouse serum, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when a lipid nanoparticle comprising an mRNA encoding the protein is administered via a systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route. In another preferred embodiment, when the half-life of the protein is greater than about 6 hours and less than about 12 hours as determined in mouse serum, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when a lipid nanoparticle comprising an mRNA encoding the protein is administered via a systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route. In another preferred embodiment, when the half-life of the protein is less than about 6 hours as determined in mouse serum, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when a lipid nanoparticle comprising an mRNA encoding the protein is administered via a systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.In certain embodiments, when the half-life of a protein is about 51 hours, about 50 hours, about 48 hours, about 45 hours, about 42 hours, about 40 hours, about 38 hours, about 35 hours, about 32 hours, about 31 hours, about 30 hours, about 25 hours, about 20 hours, about 15 hours, about 10 hours, about 6 hours, about 5 hours, about 1.8 hours, about 1 hour, or about 0.5 hour as determined in mouse serum, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when a lipid nanoparticle comprising an mRNA encoding the protein is administered via a systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.5.2.5. Comparative accumulation level of a protein in an organ or a tissueOne aspect of the present application relates to that, it was unexpectedly found that, when a protein has a half-life that is lower than certain level, delivering the protein using an LNP comprising an mRNA encoding the protein via a systemic administration route leads to a higher the comparative accumulation level of the protein in an organ or a tissue (e.g., liver or lung) than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the organ or tissue (e.g., liver or lung) when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.The comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver is determined by the ratio of the accumulation level of the protein in the liver to the accumulation level of the protein in a non-liver organ or tissue (e.g., blood, serum, or other organs) . In certain embodiments, the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver is determined by the ratio of the accumulation level of the protein in the liver to the accumulation level of the protein in blood. In certain embodiment, the accumulation level of the protein in the liver is the area under the curve (AUC) in the plot of concentration of the protein in the liver versus time after administration. In certain embodiments, an LNP containing a mRNA encoding the protein is administered. In other embodiments, the protein is administered. In certain embodiment, the accumulation level of the protein in the blood is the area under the curve (AUC) in the plot of concentration of the protein in the serum versus time after administration. In certain embodiments, the accumulation level of a protein in the liver is determined by the ratio of the AUC in the liver to the AUC in the serum (AUCliver / serum) . In certain embodiments, administration of an LNP comprising an mRNA encoding a protein to the subject having a liver disease via a systemic administration route results in a first accumulation level of the protein in the liver (mRNA-AUCliver / serum) , whereas administration of the protein to the subject having a liver disease via the same systemic administration route results in a second accumulation level of the protein in the liver (protein-AUCliver / serum) . In certain embodiments, the first accumulative level of the protein in the liver is at least about 1.1 times, at least about 1.5 times, at least about 2 times, at least about 2.5 times, at least about 3 times, at least about 3.5 times, at least about 4 times, at least about 4.5 times, at least about 5 times, at least about 5.5 times, a least about 6 times, at least about 6.5 times, at least about 6.75 times, at least about 6.85 times, or at least about 7 times of the second accumulative level of the protein in the liver. In certain embodiments, (mRNA-AUCliver / serum) / (protein-AUCliver / serum) is at least about 1.1, at least about 1.5, at least about 2, at least about 2.5, at least about 3, at least about 3.5, at least about 4, at least about 4.5, at least about 5, at least about 5.5, a least about 6, at least about 6.5, or at least about 7. In certain embodiments, (mRNA-AUCliver / serum) / (protein-AUCliver / serum) is about 1.1, about 1.5, about 2, about 2.5, about 3, about 3.5, about 4, about 4.5, about 5, about 5.5, about 6, about 6.5, or about 7. In certain embodiments, (mRNA-AUCliver / serum) / (protein-AUCliver / serum) is about 6.86, about 2.57, about 2.47, or about 2.31.The comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung is determined by the ratio of the accumulation level of the protein in the lung to the accumulation level of the protein in a non-lung organ or tissue (e.g., blood, serum, or other organs) . In certain embodiments, the comparative accumulation level of a protein in the lung is determined by the ratio of the accumulation level of the protein in the lung to the accumulation level of the protein in the non-lung organ or tissue (e.g., blood, serum, other organs or tissues) . In certain embodiment, the accumulation level of the protein in the lung is the area under the curve (AUC) in the plot of concentration of the protein in the lung versus time after administration. In certain embodiment, the accumulation level of the protein in the blood is the area under the curve (AUC) in the plot of concentration of the protein in the serum versus time after administration. In certain embodiments, the comparative accumulation level of a protein in the lung is determined by the ratio of the AUC in the lung to the AUC in the serum (AUClung / serum) . In certain embodiments, administration of an LNP comprising an mRNA encoding a protein to the subject having a lung disease via a systemic administration route results in a first comparative accumulation level of the protein (mRNA-AUClung / serum) , whereas administration of the protein to the subject having a lung disease via the same systemic administration route results in a second comparative accumulation level of the protein (protein-AUClung / serum) . In certain embodiments, the first comparative accumulative level of the protein in the lung is at least about 1.1 times, at least about 1.5 times, at least about 2 times, at least about 2.5 times, at least about 3 times, at least about 3.5 times, at least about 4 times, at least about 4.5 times, at least about 5 times, at least about 5.5 times, a least about 6 times, at least about 6.5 times, at least about 7 times, at least about 7.5 times, at least about 8 times, at least about 8.5 times, at least about 9 times, at least about 9.5 times, at least about 10 times, at least about 11 times, at least about 12 times, at least about 13 times, at least about 14 times, at least about 15 times, at least about 16 times, at least about 17 times, at least about 18 times, at least about 19 times, at least about 20 times, at least about 21 times, at least about 22 times, at least about 23 times, at least about 24 times, at least about 25 times, at least about 26 times, at least about 27 times, at least about 28 times, at least about 28.8 times, or at least about 29 times of the second comparative accumulative level of the protein in the lung. In certain embodiments, (mRNA-AUClung / serum) / (protein-AUClung / serum) is at least about 1.1, at least about 1.5, at least about 2, at least about 2.5, at least about 3, at least about 3.5, at least about 4, at least about 4.5, at least about 5, at least about 5.5, a least about 6, at least about 6.5, at least about 7, at least about 7.5, at least about 8, at least about 8.5, at least about 9, at least about 9.5, at least about 10, at least about 11, at least about 12, at least about 13, at least about 14, at least about 15, at least about 16, at least about 17, at least about 18, at least about 19, at least about 20, at least about 21, at least about 22, at least about 23, at least about 24, at least about 25, at least about 26, at least about 27, at least about 28 or at least about 30. In certain embodiments, (mRNA-AUClung / serum) / (protein-AUClung / serum) is about 1.1, about 1.5, about 2, about 2.5, about 3, at least about 3.5, about 4, about 4.5, about 5, about 5.5, about 6, about 6.5, about 7, about 7.5, about 8, about 8.5, about 9, about 9.5, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, about 25, about 26, about 27, or about 28. In certain embodiments, (mRNA-AUClung / serum) / (protein-AUClung / serum) is about 28.53, about 17.20, about 16.89, about 5.52, or about 2.24.5.3 A lipid nanoparticle (LNP) comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a proteinIn certain embodiments, the method provided herein comprises administration of a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein.5.3.1. mRNAmRNA encoding a bispecific antibodyIn certain embodiments, the method provided herein comprises administration of a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein.In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that is capable of binding to an antigen on a T cell, natural killer (NK) cell, a dendritic cell (DC) , or a macrophage. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that is capable of binding to CD3, CD28, OX40, PD-1, CTAL4, CD16A, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp46, CD40, or CD47. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that is capable of binding to CD3. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that binds to an antigen on a T cell, natural killer (NK) cell, a dendritic cell (DC) , or a macrophage. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that binds to CD3, CD28, OX40, PD-1, CTAL4, CD16A, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp46, CD40, or CD47. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that binds to CD3.In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that is capable of binding to a tumor antigen. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that is capable of binding to a liver cancer antigen. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that is capable of binding to a lung cancer antigen. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that is capable of binding to glypican-3 (GPC3) , delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3) , PD-L1 / L2, VEGF, EGFR, ALK, HER2, NY-ESO-1, MUC-1, AFP, c-MET, CD133, CEA, Ca19.9, CA50, HCC, FGFR, PDGFR, IGFR, CXCR2, ErbB, CLDN18.2, 4-1BB, Eph, GPER, LPAR6, ROS1, RET, AXL, NTRK, KIT, TRKA, TRKB, MER, FLT-3, p38γ, DDR1, IL-15, UCK2, SSH3, CBX6, SRD5A3, MTMR14, ID1, PES1, TCP1, NUPR1, CCT3, SPIN1, TMOD3, TGFβ, c-Raf, BRAF, KRAS, MET, CD39, CD70, NSE, TPA, cyfra21.1, FLI1, FRA1, MIF, PRMT5, ROR1, RSPO, SHP2, TNFR2, PIK3CA, MEK1, EGFR 20ins, HER3, NRG1, TROP2, or TRAIL. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that is capable of binding to GPC3. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that is capable of binding to DLL3. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that binds to a tumor antigen. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that binds to a liver cancer antigen. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that binds toa lung cancer antigen. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that binds to glypican-3 (GPC3) , delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3) , PD-L1 / L2, VEGF, EGFR, ALK, or HER2. In certain embodiments, the tumor antigen is GPC3. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that binds to DLL3.In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that comprises a first peptide that is capable of binding to a tumor antigen and a second peptide that is capable of binding to an antigen on an immune cell. In certain embodiments, the first and second peptides are independently in any known antigen-binding format, such as a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) , variable domain of a heavy chain of a heavy-chain antibody (VHH) , or Fab fragment. In certain embodiments, the first peptide and the second peptide are linked to each other via a linker. In certain embodiments, the first and second peptides are both scFvs (as illustrated in FIG. 1B) . In certain embodiments, the first or second scFv comprises a light chain variable region linked to a heavy chain variable region. In certain embodiments, the light chain variable region (VL) of the scFv is linked to the heavy chain variable region (VH) of the scFv via a linker. In certain embodiments, the C-terminus of the VL of the scFv is the N-terminus of the VH of the scFv via a linker. In certain embodiments, the N-terminus of the VL of the scFv is the C-terminus of the VH of the scFv via a linker.In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that is a bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) . In certain embodiments, the BiTE is capable of binding to a tumor antigen expressed on a tumor cell and a target expressed on a T cell (as illustrated in FIG. 1A) . In certain embodiments, the BiTE comprises a first scFv that is capable of binding to a tumor antigen and a second scFv that is capable of binding to a target expressed on a T cell.In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that is capable of binding to CD3 and GPC3. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that binds to CD3 and GPC3. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that comprises an scFv that binds to GPC3 and an scFv that binds to CD3. In certain embodiments, the scFv that binds to GPC3 comprises a VL and a VH that are linked via a linker. In certain embodiments, the C-terminus of the VL is linked to the N-terminus of the VH via a linker. In certain embodiments, the linker between the VL and VH is (G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 16) . In certain embodiments, the scFv that binds to CD3 comprises a VL and a VH that are linked via a linker. In certain embodiments, the C-terminus of the VL is linked to the N-terminus of the VH via a linker. In certain embodiments, the linker between the VL and VH is (G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 16) .In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that is capable of binding to CD3 and DLL3. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that binds to CD3 and DLL3. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that comprises an scFv that binds to DLL3 and an scFv that binds to CD3. In certain embodiments, the scFv that binds to DLL3 comprises a VL and a VH that are linked via a linker. In certain embodiments, the C-terminus of the VL is linked to the N-terminus of the VH via a linker. In certain embodiments, the linker between the VL and VH is (G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 16) . In certain embodiments, the scFv that binds to CD3 comprises a VL and a VH that are linked via a linker. In certain embodiments, the C-terminus of the VL is linked to the N-terminus of the VH via a linker. In certain embodiments, the linker between the VL and VH is (G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 16) .In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that further comprises a signal peptide. In certain embodiments, the signal peptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that further comprises the amino acid sequence HHHHHH (6×His tag) (SEQ ID NO: 18) . In certain embodiments, the 6×His tag (SEQ ID NO: 18) is linked to the C-terminus of the rest of the bispecific antibody. In certain embodiments, the 6×His tag (SEQ ID NO: 18) is linked to the C-terminus of the rest of the bispecific antibody via a linker. In certain embodiments, the linker between the 6×His tag (SEQ ID NO: 18) and the rest of the bispecific antibody is GGS. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that can be illustrated, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] - [tumor-antigen-binding VL] -linker 1- [tumor-antigen-binding VH] -linker 2-[immune-cell-targeting VH] -linker 3- [immune-cell-targeting VL] -linker 4- [6×His tag (SEQ ID NO: 18) ] , wherein the linkers 1, 2, 3, and 4 independently comprises the amino acid sequence of (GxS) n, x = 1, 2, 3, or 4 and n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 (SEQ ID NO: 19) . In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that can be illustrated, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] - [tumor-antigen-binding VL] -linker 1- [tumor-antigen-binding VH] -linker 2- [immune-cell-targeting VH] -linker 3- [immune-cell-targeting VL] - [GGS] - [6×His tag (SEQ ID NO: 18) ] , wherein the linkers 1, 2, and 3 each independently comprises the amino acid sequence of (G4S) n, n each independently is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 (SEQ ID NO: 20) . In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that can be illustrated, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] - [GPC3-binding VL] -linker 1- [GPC3-binding VH] -linker 2- [CD3-binding VH] -linker 3- [CD3-binding VL] - [GGS] - [6×His tag (SEQ ID NO: 18) ] , wherein the linkers 1, 2, and 3 each independently comprises the amino acid sequence of (G4S) n, n each independently is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 (SEQ ID NO: 20) . In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that can be illustrated, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] - [DLL3-binding VL] -linker 1- [DLL3-binding VH]-linker 2- [CD3-binding VH] -linker 3- [CD3-binding VL] - [GGS] - [6×His tag (SEQ ID NO: 18) ] , wherein the linkers 1, 2, and 3 each independently comprises the amino acid sequence of (G4S) n, n each independently is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 (SEQ ID NO: 20) .In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that can be illustrated, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] - [tumor-antigen-binding VL] - [ (G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 16) ] - [tumor-antigen-binding VH] - [G4S (SEQ ID NO: 21) ] - [immune-cell-targeting VH] - [ (G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 16) ] -[immune-cell-targeting VL] - [GGS] - [6×His tag (SEQ ID NO: 18) ] . In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that can be illustrated, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] -[GPC3-binding VL] - [ (G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 16) ] - [GPC3-binding VH] - [G4S (SEQ ID NO: 21) ] - [CD3-binding VH] - [ (G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 16) ] - [CD3-binding VL] - [GGS] - [6×His tag (SEQ ID NO: 18) ] . In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody that can be illustrated, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] - [DLL3-binding VL] - [ (G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 16) ] - [DLL3-binding VH] - [G4S (SEQ ID NO: 21) ] - [CD3-binding VH] - [ (G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 16) ] - [CD3-binding VL] - [GGS] - [6×His tag (SEQ ID NO: 18) ] .In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody comprising s an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a bispecific antibody comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6.In certain embodiments, the mRNA comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25. In certain embodiments, the mRNA comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25. In certain embodiments, the mRNA comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26. In certain embodiments, the mRNA comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26.mRNA encoding a fusion proteinIn certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a fusion protein. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a fusion protein that consists of at least two domains that are joined so that they are transcribed and translated as a single unit, producing a single polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a fusion protein that is created through the joining of two or more nucleic acid molecules that originally encode separate proteins. In certain embodiments, the translation of the fusion gene results in a single or multiple polypeptides with functional properties derived from each of the original proteins.In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes an Fc-fusion protein. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes an Fc-fusion protein that comprises an Fc domain of an immunoglobin. In certain embodiments, the immunoglobulin belongs to the subclass IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, IgA2, or other subclasses. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes an Fc-fusion protein that comprises a Fc domain of an IgG1 immunoglobin. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes an Fc-fusion protein that further comprises peptide that is linked to the Fc domain of an immunoglobin. In certain embodiments, the peptide and the Fc domain of an immunoglobin is linked via a linker (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 2B) .In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes an Fc-fusion protein that further comprises a signal peptide. In certain embodiments, the signal peptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes an Fc-fusion protein that can be illustrated as, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] - [Fc domain of an immunoglobin] - [linker] - [peptide] . In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes an Fc-fusion protein that can be illustrated as, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] - [peptide] - [linker] - [Fc domain of an immunoglobin] .In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes an Fc-fusion protein that comprises an Fc domain of an IgG1 immunoglobin and a thrombopoietin (TPO) -receptor-binding peptide. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes an Fc-fusion protein that can be illustrated, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] - [Fc domain of an IgG1 immunoglobin] -linker- [TPO-receptor-binding peptide] -linker- [TPO-receptor-binding peptide] , wherein the linker each is independently Gn and n is 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 (SEQ ID NO: 22) . In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes an Fc-fusion protein that can be illustrated, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] - [Fc domain of an IgG1 immunoglobin] -GGGGG (SEQ ID NO: 34) - [TPO-receptor-binding peptide] -GGGGGGGG (SEQ ID NO: 35) - [TPO-receptor-binding peptide] .In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes an Fc-fusion protein comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes an Fc-fusion protein that comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes an Fc-fusion protein comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes an Fc-fusion protein that comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10.In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes an Fc-fusion protein that comprises an Fc domain of an IgG1 immunoglobin and a first peptide derived from a cytokine. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes an Fc-fusion protein that further comprises a second peptide derived from a cytokine receptor. In certain embodiments, the first peptide is derived from Interleukin-15 (IL15) . In certain embodiments, the second peptide is derived from IL-15 receptor (IL-15R) . In certain embodiments, the second peptide is derived from the sushi domain (1–65 amino acid residues) of IL-15Rα. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes an Fc-fusion protein that can be illustrated, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] - [peptide derived from a cytokine] -linker 1- [peptide derived from a cytokine receptor] -linker 2- [Fc domain of an IgG1 immunoglobin] , wherein the linkers 1 and 2 each independently comprises the amino acid sequence of (GxS) n, x = 1, 2, 3, or 4 and n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 (SEQ ID NO: 19) . In certain embodiments, linker 1 is GGS(G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 33) . In certain embodiments, linker 2 is GGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 21) . In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes an Fc-fusion protein that can be illustrated, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] - [peptide derived from a cytokine] -GGS (G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 33) - [peptide derived from a cytokine receptor] -GGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 21) - [Fc domain of an IgG1 immunoglobin] . In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes an Fc-fusion protein that can be illustrated, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] - [peptide derived from IL15] -GGS (G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 33) - [peptide derived from the sushi domain of IL-15Rα] -GGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 21) - [Fc domain of an IgG1 immunoglobin] .In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes an Fc-fusion protein comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes an Fc-fusion protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes an Fc-fusion protein comprising s an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes an Fc-fusion protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12.In certain embodiments, the mRNA comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29. In certain embodiments, the mRNA comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29.In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a fusion protein that comprises a first peptide derived from a cytokine. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a fusion protein that further comprises a second peptide derived from a cytokine receptor. In certain embodiments, the first peptide is derived from Interleukin-15 (IL15) . In certain embodiments, the second peptide is derived from IL-15 receptor (IL-15R) . In certain embodiments, the second peptide is derived from the sushi domain (1-65 amino acid residues) of IL-15Rα. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a fusion protein that further comprises a third peptide. In certain embodiments, the third peptide is in any known antigen-binding format, such as an single-chain variable fragment (scFv) , variable domain of a heavy chain of a heavy-chain antibody (VHH) , or Fab fragment. In certain embodiments, the third peptide is an scFv. In certain embodiments, the third peptide scFv is capable of binding to a tumor antigen. In certain embodiments, the third peptide scFv is capable of binding to GPC3.In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a fusion protein that further comprises a signal peptide. In certain embodiments, the signal peptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a fusion protein that can be illustrated as, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] - [peptide derived from a cytokine] -linker 1- [peptide derived from a cytokine receptor] -linker 2- [tumor-antigen-binding scFv] , wherein the linkers 1 and 2 each independently comprises the amino acid sequence of (GxS) n, x = 1, 2, 3, or 4 and n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 (SEQ ID NO: 19) . In certain embodiments, linker 1 is GGS (G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 33) . In certain embodiments, linker 2 is GGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 21) . In certain embodiments, the scFv that is capable of binding to a tumor antigen comprises a VL and a VH that are linked via a linker. In certain embodiments, the linker between the VL and the VH is (G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 16) . In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a fusion protein that can be illustrated, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] - [peptide derived from a cytokine] -GGS (G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 33) -[peptide derived from a cytokine receptor] -GGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 21) - [tumor-antigen-binding scFv] . In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a fusion protein that can be illustrated, from N-terminus to C-terminus, as [signal peptide] - [peptide derived from IL15] -GGS (G4S) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 33) - [peptide derived from the sushi domain of IL-15Rα] -GGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 21) -- [GPC3-binding scFv] .In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a fusion protein comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a fusion protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a fusion protein comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a fusion protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8.In certain embodiments, the mRNA comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27. In certain embodiments, the mRNA comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27.mRNA encoding a secretory protein or a derivative thereofIn certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a secretory protein or a derivative thereof. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a cytokine or a derivative thereof. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a protein that comprises the amino acid sequence of a secretory protein or a derivative thereof. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a protein that comprises the amino acid sequence of Interleukin-2 (IL-2) or a derivative thereof.In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a growth factor or a derivative thereof. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a protein that comprises the amino acid sequence of a growth factor or a derivative thereof. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a protein that comprises the amino acid sequence of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) or a derivative thereof. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a protein that comprises the amino acid sequence of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) or a derivative thereof.In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a protein that comprises a peptide of a secretory protein or a derivative thereof and further comprises a tag peptide. In certain embodiments, the tag peptide is capable of facilitating the measurement of the amount of the protein in a tissue. In certain embodiments, the tag peptide is a HIBIT tag comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23.In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a secretory protein or a derivative thereof comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a secretory protein or a derivative thereof comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a secretory protein or a derivative thereof comprising s an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes a secretory protein or a derivative thereof comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. In certain embodiments, the mRNA encodes the amino acid sequence of IL-2.In certain embodiments, the mRNA comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24. In certain embodiments, the mRNA comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24.5.3.2. LNPIn certain embodiments, the method provided herein uses a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) . In certain embodiments, any LNP known in the art can be used in the method provided herein. In certain embodiments, the method provided herein uses an LNP as described in International Publication No. WO 2020 / 051223 A1, International Publication No. WO 2009 / 127060 A1, Chinese Patent Publication No. CN 112996519 A, or Chinese Patent Publication No. CN 115887674 A, the disclosure of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. In certain embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle (LNP) provided herein comprises an mRNA provided herein. In certain embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle (LNP) provided herein comprises a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein provided herein.In certain embodiments, the LNP provided herein comprises an ionizable lipid. In certain embodiments, the LNP comprises an ionizable lipid known in the art. In certain embodiments, the LNP comprises an ionizable lipid as described in Chinese Patent Publication No. CN 115850104 A, International Publication No. WO 2013 / 086354 A1, or International Publication No. WO 2011 / 153493 A2, the disclosure of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.In certain embodiments, the LNP comprises a structural lipid. In certain embodiments, the LNP comprises cholesterol. In certain embodiments, the LNP comprises a phospholipid: In certain embodiments, the LNP comprises DSPC, i.e., 1, 2-distearoyl-SN-glycero-3-phosphocholine (Distearoylphosphatidylcholine) . In certain embodiments, the LNP comprises DOPE, i.e., dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine. In certain embodiments, the LNP comprises a polyethylene glycosylated lipid. In certain embodiments, the LNP comprises DMG-PEG2000, i.e., dimyristoylglycero-polyethylene glycol 2000 (1, 2-dimyristoyl-rac-glycero-3-methoxypolyethylene glycol-2000. In certain embodiments, the LNP comprises lung-targeting lipid. In certain embodiments, the LNP provided herein comprises a liver-targeting lipid.In certain embodiments, provided herein is a lipid nanoparticle for use in a method of preventing, treating or managing a liver disease in a subject, wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein, wherein the method comprises administration of the lipid nanoparticle to the subject having the liver disease via a systemic administration route, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 46 hours as determined in mouse serum, and wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route. In certain embodiments, the LNP is for use in a method of preventing a liver disease. In certain embodiments, the LNP is for use in a method of treating a liver disease. In certain embodiments, the LNP is for use in a method of managing a liver disease. In a preferred embodiment of above embodiments, the half-life of the protein is greater than about 12 hours and less than about 46 hours. In another preferred embodiment of above embodiments, the half-life of the protein is less than about 12 hours. In another preferred embodiment of above embodiments, the half-life of the protein is greater than about 6 hours and less than about 12 hours. In another preferred embodiment of above embodiments, the half-life of the protein is less than about 6 hours.In certain embodiments, provided herein is a lipid nanoparticle for use in a method of preventing, treating or managing a lung disease in a subject, wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein, wherein the method comprises administration of the lipid nanoparticle to the subject having the lung disease via a systemic administration route, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 52.6 hours as determined in mouse serum, and wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route. In certain embodiments, the LNP is for use in a method of preventing a lung disease. In certain embodiments, the LNP is for use in a method of treating a lung disease. In certain embodiments, the LNP is for use in a method of managing a lung disease. In a preferred embodiment of above embodiments, the half-life of the protein is greater than about 12 hours and less than about 52 hours. In another preferred embodiment of above embodiments, the half-life of the protein is less than about 12 hours. In another preferred embodiment of above embodiments, the half-life of the protein is greater than about 6 hours and less than about 12 hours. In another preferred embodiment of above embodiments, the half-life of the protein is less than about 6 hours.5.4 Method of preventing, treating or managing a liver disease or a lung diseaseThe present application provides a method of preventing, treating or managing a liver disease in a subject, comprising administration of a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein to the subject having the liver disease via a systemic administration route, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 46 hours as determined in mouse serum, and wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route. In certain embodiments, the method provided herein prevents a liver disease. In certain embodiments, the method provided herein treats a liver disease. In certain embodiments, the method provided herein manages a liver disease.The present application provides a method of improving or enhancing the effect of a protein therapeutic agent in preventing, treating or managing a liver disease in a subject, comprising administration of a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein to the subject having the liver disease via a systemic administration route, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 46 hours as determined in mouse serum, and wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.The present application provides a method of increasing the liver enrichment of a protein therapeutic agent used for preventing, treating or managing a liver disease in a subject, comprising administration of a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein to the subject having the liver disease via a systemic administration route, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 46 hours as determined in mouse serum, and wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.The present application provides a method of reducing side effect of a protein therapeutic agent used for preventing, treating or managing a liver disease in a subject, comprising administration of a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein to the subject having the liver disease via a systemic administration route, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 46 hours as determined in mouse serum, and wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.The present application provides a method of predicting or determining whether a protein therapeutic agent used in preventing, treating or managing a liver disease is suitable for the administration via a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the protein, said method comprising determining the half-life of the protein in mouse serum, wherein if the half-life of the protein is less than about 46 hours as determined in mouse serum, the protein is suitable for the administration via a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the protein to prevent, treat or manage a liver disease.The present application provides a method of preventing, treating or managing a lung disease in a subject, comprising administration of a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein to the subject having the lung disease via a systemic administration route, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 52.6 hours as determined in mouse serum, and wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route. In certain embodiments, the method provided herein prevents a lung disease. In certain embodiments, the method provided herein treats a lung disease. In certain embodiments, the method provided herein manages a lung disease.The present application provides a method of improving or enhancing the effect of a protein therapeutic agent in preventing, treating or managing a lung disease in a subject, comprising administration of a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein to the subject having the lung disease via a systemic administration route, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 52.6 hours as determined in mouse serum, and wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.The present application provides a method of increasing the lung enrichment of a protein therapeutic agent used for preventing, treating or managing a lung disease in a subject, comprising administration of a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein to the subject having the lung disease via a systemic administration route, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 52.6 hours as determined in mouse serum, and wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.The present application provides a method of reducing side effect of a protein therapeutic agent used for preventing, treating or managing a lung disease in a subject, comprising administration of a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein to the subject having the lung disease via a systemic administration route, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 52.6 hours as determined in mouse serum, and wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.The present application provides a method of predicting or determining whether a protein therapeutic agent used in preventing, treating or managing a lung disease is suitable for the administration via a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the protein, said method comprising determining the half-life of the protein in mouse serum, wherein if the half-life of the protein is less than about 52.6 hours as determined in mouse serum, the protein is suitable for the administration via a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the protein to prevent, treat or manage a lung disease.The present application provides use of a lipid nanoparticle in the manufacture of a medicament for preventing, treating or managing a liver disease in a subject, wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein, wherein the medicament is manufactured to be administered to the subject having the liver disease via a systemic administration route, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 46 hours as measured in mouse serum, and wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same administrative route. In certain embodiments, the medicament is for preventing a liver disease. In certain embodiments, the medicament is for treating a liver disease. In certain embodiments, the medicament is for managing a liver disease.The present application provides use of a lipid nanoparticle in the manufacture of a medicament for preventing, treating or managing a lung disease in a subject, wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein, wherein the medicament is manufactured to be administered to the subject having the lung disease via a systemic administration route, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 52.6 hours as measured in mouse serum, and wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same administrative route. In certain embodiments, the medicament is for preventing a lung disease. In certain embodiments, the medicament is for treating a lung disease. In certain embodiments, the medicament is for managing a lung disease.In certain embodiments, the systemic administration route is intravenous administration. In one embodiment, the systemic administration route is intravenous injection. In one embodiment, the systemic administration route is intravenous infusion. In certain embodiments, the systemic administration route is oral administration. In certain embodiments, the systemic administration route is intramuscular administration. In certain embodiments, the systemic administration route is inhalation administration. In certain embodiments, the systemic administration route is intraarterial administration. In certain embodiments, the systemic administration route is intraperitoneal administration.The present application also provides a method of preventing, treating or managing a liver disease in a subject, comprising (i) measuring the half-life of a protein in mouse serum after administering the protein to the mouse via a systemic administrative route; (ii) if the half-life of the protein is less than about 46 hours, administer a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein to the subject having the liver disease via a systemic administration route, wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route. In certain embodiments, the method provided herein prevents a liver disease. In certain embodiments, the method provided herein treats a liver disease. In certain embodiments, the method provided herein manages a liver disease.The present application provides a method of preventing, treating or managing a lung disease in a subject, comprising (i) measuring the half-life of a protein in mouse serum after administering the protein to the mouse via a systemic administrative route; (ii) if the half-life of the protein is less than about 52.6 hours, administer a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein to the subject having the liver disease via a systemic administration route, wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route. In certain embodiments, the method provided herein prevents a lung disease. In certain embodiments, the method provided herein treats a lung disease. In certain embodiments, the method provided herein manages a lung disease.5.4.1. Liver diseaseIn one aspect, the present application provides a method of preventing, treating or managing a liver disease in a subject. In certain embodiments, the liver disease is hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, hepatitis E, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, Wilson disease, hemochromatosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) , nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) , cirrhosis, alcohol-related fatty liver disease, or liver cancer. In certain embodiments, the liver disease is liver cancer.5.4.2. Lung diseaseIn one aspect, the present application provides a method of preventing, treating or managing a lung disease in a subject. In certain embodiments, the lung disease is asthma, pneumothorax, atelectasis, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) , pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pulmonary tuberculosis, upper respiratory tract infection, influenza, Pulmonary abscess, invasive pulmonary fungal disease (IPFD) , Non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM) , sarcoidosis, diffuse-panbronchiolitis (DPB) , bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis (CF) , bronchiolitis obliterans, Mesothelioma, chronic pulmonary heart disease, pulmonary embolism (PE) , pulmonary hypertension (PH) , pulmonary fibrosis, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) , acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) , acute lung injury (ALI) , respiratory failure, interstitial pneumonia, or lung cancer. In certain embodiments, the liver disease is lung cancer.5.5 Pharmaceutical CompositionsThe present application provides a pharmaceutical composition for preventing, treating or managing a liver disease in a subject, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is used such that the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered to the subject having the liver disease via a systemic administration route, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 46 hours as measured in mouse serum, and wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same administrative route. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is for preventing a liver disease. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is for treating a liver disease. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is for managing a liver disease.The present application also provides a pharmaceutical composition for preventing, treating or managing a lung disease in a subject, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is used such that the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered to the subject having the lung disease via a systemic administration route, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 52.6 hours as determined in mouse serum, and wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is for preventing a lung disease. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is for treating a lung disease. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is for managing a lung disease.The present application also provides a pharmaceutical composition for use in a method provided herein, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for use in the present application includes a non-toxic carrier, adjuvant or vehicle which does not destroy the pharmacological activity of the compound formulated together. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that may be used in the compositions of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins (e.g., human serum albumin) , buffer substances (such as phosphate) , glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, a mixture of partial glycerides of saturated plant fatty acids, water, salt or electrolyte (such as protamine sulfate) , disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salt, silica gel, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based materials, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, polyacrylate, wax, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene block polymers, polyethylene glycol and lanolin.In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions are formulated for oral administration. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions are formulated for intravenous administration. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions are formulated for intravenous injection. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions are formulated for intravenous infusion. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions are formulated for intramuscular administration. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions are formulated for inhalation administration. In one embodiment, the administration is intraarterial administration. In one embodiment, the administration is intraperitoneal administration.Generally, the pharmaceutical composition provided herein is administered in an effective amount. The amount of the pharmaceutical composition actually administered will typically be determined by a physician, in the light of the relevant circumstances, including the condition to be treated or prevented, the chosen route of administration, the actual pharmaceutical composition administered, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, the severity of the patient’s symptoms, and the like.When used to prevent the disorder of the present disclosure (e.g., a liver disease or a lung disease) , the pharmaceutical composition provided herein is administered to a subject at risk for developing the condition, typically on the advice and under the supervision of a physician, at the dosage levels described above. Subjects at risk for developing a particular condition generally include those that have a family history of the condition, or those who have been identified by genetic testing or screening to be particularly susceptible to developing the condition.The pharmaceutical composition provided herein can also be administered chronically ( “chronic administration” ) . Chronic administration refers to administration of a compound or pharmaceutical composition thereof over an extended period of time, e.g., for example, over 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 5 years, etc., or may be continued indefinitely, for example, for the rest of the subject’s life. In certain embodiments, the chronic administration is intended to provide a constant level of the compound in the blood, e.g., within the therapeutic window over the extended period of time.The pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure may be further delivered using a variety of dosing methods. For example, in certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition may be given as a bolus, e.g., in order to raise the concentration of the compound in the blood to an effective level. The placement of the bolus dose depends on the systemic levels of the active ingredient desired throughout the body, e.g., an intramuscular or subcutaneous bolus dose allows a slow release of the active ingredient, while a bolus delivered directly to the veins (e.g., through an IV drip) allows a much faster delivery which quickly raises the concentration of the active ingredient in the blood to an effective level. In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition may be administered as a continuous infusion, e.g., by IV drip, to provide maintenance of a steady-state concentration of the active ingredient in the subject’s body. Furthermore, in still yet other embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition may be administered as first as a bolus dose, followed by continuous infusion.The compositions for oral administration can take the form of bulk liquid solutions or suspensions, or bulk powders. More commonly, however, the compositions are presented in unit dosage forms to facilitate accurate dosing. The term “unit dosage forms” refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human subjects and other mammals, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with a suitable pharmaceutical excipient. Typical unit dosage forms include prefilled, premeasured ampules or syringes of the liquid compositions or pills, tablets, capsules or the like in the case of solid compositions. In such compositions, the active substance is usually a minor component (from about 0.1 to about 50%by weight or alternatively from about 1 to about 40%by weight) with the remainder being various vehicles or excipients and processing aids helpful for forming the desired dosing form.Injectable compositions are typically based upon injectable sterile saline or phosphate-buffered saline or other injectable excipients known in the art. As before, the active compound in such compositions is typically a minor component, often being from about 0.05 to 10%by weight with the remainder being the injectable excipient and the like.The above-described components for orally administrable, injectable or topically administrable compositions are merely representative. Other materials as well as processing techniques and the like are set forth in Part 8 of Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th edition, 1985, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pennsylvania, which is incorporated herein by reference.The present application also provides a kit for use in a method provided herein, wherein the kit comprises the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein. Also provided herein is a kit (e.g., pharmaceutical packs) comprising the pharmaceutical composition for use provided herein. A kits described herein may include the pharmaceutical composition and other therapeutic, or diagnostic, or prophylactic agents, and a first and a second containers (e.g., vials, ampoules, bottles, syringes, and / or dispersible packages or other materials) containing the pharmaceutical composition or other therapeutic, or diagnostic, or prophylactic agents. In some embodiments, kits provided can also optionally include a third container containing a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient for diluting or suspending the lipid nanoparticle composition of the present disclosure and / or other therapeutic, or diagnostic, or prophylactic agent. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle composition of the present application provided in the first container and the other therapeutic, or diagnostic, or prophylactic agents provided in the second container is combined to form a unit dosage form.6. EXAMPLESIn order to make the technical solutions of the present disclosure clearer and more explicit, the present disclosure is further elaborated through the following examples. The following examples are used only to illustrate specific embodiments of the present disclosure so that a person skilled in the art can understand the present application, but are not intended to limit the scope of protection of the application. The technical means or methods, etc. not specifically described in the specific embodiments of the present disclosure are conventional technical means or methods, etc. in the art. The materials, reagents, etc. used in examples are commercially available if not otherwise specified.6.1 Example 1: Preparation of the LNPsMaterials used for lipid nanoparticle preparation include but may not be limited to: (1) ionizable lipid compounds, e.g., ionizable lipids as described in Chinese Patent Publication No. CN115850104A (compound 46) and DLin-MC3-DMA (MC3) ; (2) structural lipid, e.g., cholesterol (Sigma-Aldrich) ; (3) phospholipids: e.g., DSPC, i.e., 1, 2-distearoyl-SN-glycero-3-phosphocholine (Distearoylphosphatidylcholine) , and DOPE, i.e., dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine, purchased from AVT; (4) polymer-conjugated lipid: e.g., DMG-PEG2000, i.e., dimyristoylglycero-polyethylene glycol 2000 (1, 2-dimyristoyl-rac-glycero-3-methoxypolyethylene glycol-2000, purchased from AVT) ; (5) optionally organ targeting compounds, e.g., BHEM-Chol and a permanently cationic lipid as described in International Publication No. WO 2020 / 051223 A1; (6) mRNAs that encode different proteins, the SEQ ID NOs of which are provided in Table 1 below. The exemplary materials used in LNPs are listed in Table 1A, and the exemplary formulations are listed in Table 1B.Table 1: Exemplary proteins and mRNAsTable 1A: Exemplary lipids used in LNPsTable 1B: Exemplary compositions of LNPsLipid nanoparticles were prepared by (1) dissolving and mixing ionizable lipid compounds, cholesterol, phospholipids, polyethylene glycosylated lipids, etc. in ethanol; (2) dissolving the mRNA therapeutic agent in 25 mM sodium acetate solution (pH = 4.5) ; (3) using an automated high-throughput microfluidic system to mix the organic phase containing the lipid mixture and the aqueous phase containing the mRNA component in the flow ratio range of 1: 1 to 1: 4 at a mixing speed of 2 mL / min to 20 mL / min; (4) the prepared lipid nanoparticles were diluted with phosphate buffer solution and the lipid nanoparticle solutions were ultrafiltered to the original preparation volume using ultrafiltration tubes (Millipore) with a cut-off molecular weight of 30 kDa; and (5) the obtained nanoparticles were filtered through a sterile 0.2 μm filter membrane and then stored in a sealed glass vial at low temperature.The preparation method of lipid nanoparticles includes microfluidic mixing systems, but is not limited to this method. Other methods include T-type mixers, and ethanol injection method, and the like.6.2 Example 2: Characterization of the LNPsThe particle size and particle size dispersity index (PDI) of the prepared lipid nanoparticles were measured using a Zetasizer Pro instrument (Malvern Instruments Ltd) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) of a DynaPro NanoStar (Wyatt) instrument. The level of RNA encapsulation by lipid nanoparticles was characterized by the Encapsulation Efficiency %, which reflects the level of binding of lipid nanoparticles to RNA fragments. This parameter was measured by the method of Quant-itTM RiboGreen RNA Assay (Invitrogen) . Lipid nanoparticle samples were diluted in TE buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH =7.5) . A portion of the sample solution was removed, to which 0.5%Triton (Triton X-100) was added, and then allowed to stand at 37℃ for 30 minutes. Immediately after the addition ofreaction solution, the fluorescence values were read on a Varioskan LUX multifunctional microplate reader (Thermo Fisher) at 485 nm for absorption and 528 nm for emission to give the encapsulation efficiency values. The Characterization of the LNPs is summarized in Table 2.Table 2: Characterization of the LNPs6.3 Example 3: Plasmid construction and mRNA in vitro transcriptionThe mRNA in vitro transcription template is provided in Table 3 (Tsingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. ) . The plasmid includes a T7 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 13) , 5’ UTR (SEQ ID NO: 14) , coding sequence (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 3) , 3’ UTR (SEQ ID NO: 15) , and polyA tail (120 nt) . The templated plasmid was linearized using restriction enzyme SpeI-HF or XbaI-HF (NEB) , the resulted product from which was recovered by isopropanol precipitation. Using the linearized plasmid as a template, in vitro transcription was carried out with the reagents according to Table 3 at 37 ℃ with a incubation time of 3 hours. After the reaction, DNaseI was added to digest and remove the DNA template. RNA was purified using RNA clean Beads (Nanjing Novozan Biotechnology Co., Ltd) and stored at -80 ℃. The concentration of the RNA was detected using NanoDrop.Table 3: In vitro transcription system6.4 Example 4: Animal study using LNPs6.4.1 Intravenous injection of a protein or LNPs containing mRNA that encodes the protein and collection of serum or organ samplesSPF C57BL / 6 mice, which are male, 6 –8 weeks old, and weighted 18 to 22 g (SPF Biotechnology Co., Ltd. ) , were maintained for at least 7 days before starting of the experiments. During the experiments, mice have access to food and water freely. Lighting alternated between light and dark on according to a 12 / 12-hour schedule. The indoor temperature was 20-26 ℃ whereas the humidity was 40-70%. Mice are randomized, and intravenously injected with the LNPs containing mRNA that encodes a protein or the protein according to the Table as shown in FIG. 3. Exemplary proteins are illustrated in FIGs. 1A-1B and 2A-2C. Serum and organs were collected according to the Table as shown in FIG. 3. At each time point, the mouse eyeballs were collected, and the blood were collected into 1.5 mL centrifuge tubes, let stand in room temperature for 30 minutes, and then centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes at 4 ℃. The supernatants were collected and stored at -80 ℃. After blood collection via eyeballs, mice were euthanized, and liver or lung tissues were collected, put into liquid nitrogen immediately and moved to -80 ℃ for storage. The concentration in mouse serum or organs were measured using the exemplary procedures described in following sections of the Example.6.4.2 Preparation of tissue homogenateThe mouse liver or lung was added into a 2 mL grinding tube with small steel beads, to which 500 mL homogenate (pre-cooled PBS + 1%protease inhibitor) was added. The grinding tube was placed into a grinder (Wuhan Sevier Biotechnology Co., Ltd., model: KZ-III-F) using the following grinding parameters: 60Hz, grinding time 30s, interval 15s, and grinding 2 times. After grinding, the tube was placed on ice for 20 minutes and centrifuged at 10,000g for 10 minutes at 4℃, and the supernatant was collected. Total protein amount in the tissue homogenate was quantified using BCA kit (Thermo Scientific) .6.4.3 Measurement of muIL2 concentration in serum or organ (s)The muIL2 concentration or recombinant protein concentration in serum or tissue homogenate was measured using the HiBiT tag with theHiBiT Extracellular Detection System (Promega) . The serum or tissue homogenate was diluted in proper ratio, added into the reaction system that contains LgBiT protein and reaction substrates, and incubated in the dark for 3 to 10 minutes. Luminescence intensity was measured, from which the muIL2 concentration in serum or tissue homogenate was calculated based on the standard curve drawn by HiBiT control protein (Promega) .The muIL2 concentration in the organ was calculated following the formula: the muIL2 concentration in lung (nmol / g tissue) = the muIL2 concentration in the lung homogenate (nM) measured × total volume of the tissue homogenate (L) / total weight of lung (g) . The results were shown in FIGs. 4A and 4B.6.4.4 Measurement of GPC3 BiTE concentration in serum or organ (s)The exemplary structural and functional feature of a BiTE is illustrated in FIG. 1A-1B. The mRNA-encoded GPC3 BiTE concentration or recombinant protein concentration in serum or tissue homogenate was measured using the Double-antigen sandwich ELISA method. 2 μg / mL recombinant GPC3-Fc protein (Novoprotein Scientific Inc. ) was used to coat the ELISA plate (Thermo scientific) at 4℃ overnight. The plate was washed using PBS containing 0.05%Tween-20 and blocked for at least 1 hour using PBS containing 1%BSA. Serially diluted recombinant GPC3-BiTE was used as standard. The serum or tissue homogenate was added into the ELISA plate wells, incubated at room temperature for 2 hours and then washed, to which biotinylated human CD3 epsilon protein (Acrobiosystems Co., Ltd. ) was added and incubation was carried out for 90 minutes at room temperature. After washing, streptavidin-HRP (Abcam) was added and incubation was carried out for 50 minutes at room temperature. After washing, TMB was added and reaction was carried out for 5 to 20 minutes and stopped by adding 2%H2SO4. The plate was read by VarioskanTM LUX multimode microplate reader (Thermo Scientific) at OD450 and 620 nm. The protein concentration in serum or tissue homogenate was calculated based on the OD450nm standard curve.The GPC3 BiTE concentration in the organ was calculated following the formula: the GPC3 BiTE concentration in lung or liver (ng / mg total protein) = the GPC3 BiTE concentration as measured in the ELISA assay (ng / mL) / total protein in the lung or liver homogenate as measured by the BCA method (mg / mL) . The results were shown in FIGs. 5A and 5B.6.4.5 Measurement of DLL3 BiTE concentration in serum or tissue homogenateThe exemplary structural and functional feature of a BiTE is illustrated in FIG. 1A-1B. The mRNA-encoded DLL3 BiTE concentration or recombinant protein concentration in serum or tissue homogenate was measured using the Double-antigen sandwich ELISA method. 2 μg / mL recombinant human DLL3-LIama IgG2b Fc tag protein (Acrobiosystems Co., Ltd. ) was used to coat the ELISA plate (Thermo scientific) at 4 ℃overnight. The plate was washed using PBS containing 0.05%Tween-20 and blocked for at least 1 hour using PBS containing 1%BSA. Serially diluted recombinant DLL3 BiTE was used as standard. The serum or tissue homogenate was added into the ELISA plate wells, incubated at 4 ℃ overnight and then washed, to which biotinylated human CD3 epsilon protein (Acrobiosystems Co., Ltd. ) was added and incubation was carried out for 90 minutes at room temperature. After washing, streptavidin-HRP (Abcam) was added and incubation was carried out for 50 minutes at room temperature. After washing, TMB was added and reaction was carried out for 5 to 20 minutes and stopped by adding 2%H2SO4. The plate was read by VarioskanTM LUX multimode microplate reader (Thermo Scientific) at OD450 and 620 nm. The DLL3 BiTE concentration in serum or tissue homogenate was calculated based on the OD450nm standard curve.The DLL3 BiTE concentration in the organ was calculated following the formula: the DLL3 BiTE concentration in lung (ng / g tissue) = the DLL3 BiTE concentration in the lung homogenate measured in the ELISA assay (ng / mL) × total volume of the tissue homogenate (mL) / total weight of lung (g) . The results were shown in FIGs. 6A and 6B.6.4.6 Measurement of 15scfv concentration in serum or tissue homogenateThe structure of 15scfv is illustrated in FIG. 2A. The mRNA-encoded 15scfv concentration or recombinant protein concentration in serum or tissue homogenate was measured using the double sandwich ELISA method with the Human IL-15 / IL-15R alpha Complex DuoSet ELISA kit (R&D) . 4 μg / mL Human IL-15 / IL-15 Rα Complex Capture Antibody was used to coat the ELISA plate (Thermo scientific) at 4 ℃overnight. The plate was washed using PBS containing 0.05%Tween-20 and blocked for at least 1 hour using PBS containing 1%BSA. Serially diluted recombinant 15scfv was used as standard. The serum or tissue homogenate was added into the ELISA plate wells, incubated at room temperature for 2 hours and then washed, to which 50 ng / mL human IL-15 / IL-15 Rα Complex Detection Antibody was added and incubation was carried out for 2 hours at room temperature. After washing, streptavidin-HRP was added and incubation was carried out for 30 minutes at room temperature. After washing, TMB was added and reaction was carried out for 5 to 20 minutes and stopped by adding 2%H2SO4. The plate was read by VarioskanTM LUX multimode microplate reader (Thermo Scientific) at OD450 and 620 nm. The 15scfv concentration in serum or tissue homogenate was calculated based on the OD450nm standard curve.The 15scfv concentration in the organ was calculated following the formula: the 15scfv concentration in liver or lung (ng / g tissue) = the 15scfv concentration in the liver or lung homogenate measured in the ELISA assay (ng / mL) × total volume of the tissue homogenate (mL) / total weight of liver or lung (g) . The results were shown in FIGs. 7A and 7B.6.4.7 Measurement of FcB or 15Fc concentration in serum or tissue homogenateThe structure of FcB is illustrated in FIG. 2B; the structure of 15Fc is illustrated in FIG. 2C. The mRNA-encoded FcB or 15Fc concentration or recombinant protein concentration in serum or tissue homogenate was measured using the Human IgG ELISA Kit (Abcam) . The properly diluted samples were added into the pre-coated ELISA plate wells, to which antibody cocktail (containing capture antibody and detector antibody) was added, and incubation was carried out while oscillating for 40 minutes. Serially diluted recombinant FcB or 15Fc was used as standard. After washing for three times with washing solution, TMB was added and reaction was carried out for 5 to 20 minutes and stopped by adding stop solution. The plate was read by VarioskanTM LUX multimode microplate reader (Thermo Scientific) at OD450 and 620 nm.The FcB or 15Fc concentration in serum or tissue homogenate was calculated based on the OD450nm standard curve.The FcB or 15Fc concentration in the organ was calculated following the formula: the FcB or 15Fc concentration in liver or lung (ng / g tissue) = the FcB or 15Fc concentration in the liver or lung homogenate measured in the ELISA assay (ng / mL) × total volume of the tissue homogenate (mL) / total weight of liver or lung (g) . The results were shown in FIGs. 8A, 8B, 9A, and 9B.6.5 Example 5: Determination of the half-life of the proteinsAfter administration of a protein or LNPs containing mRNA that encodes the protein to mouse, the concentration of the protein in a organ or tissue and the concentration of the protein in the serum were measured using a known method in the art, for example a method used in Section 6.4. The concentration of a protein can also be determined using Ultraviolet (UV) detection, Kjeldahl Method, Biuret Method, Lowry Assay, Bicinchoninic Acid Assay, Colloidal Gold Assay, Bradford Assay, Silver Staining Assay, or Fluorescence Assay. As additional examples, the concentration of the protein in a organ or tissue and the concentration of the protein in the serum can be measured using an exemplary method described below.In an exemplary method, the concentration of a protein is determined using a bead based method. Total protein level in plasma is analyzed using a bead based kit (e.g., bead based Millipleximmunoassay kit, HLPPMAG-57K, Merck Millipore, MA, USA) . Quantification of the protein is made against the kit standards. Quantification of the protein is made against a reference protein. To fall within the calibration range, samples are diluted (e.g., 50-2000 fold) using the kit assay buffer prior to the fold (e.g., 2-fold) dilution with serum matrix specified in the kit protocol.As another example, the concentration of a protein is determined using an epitope tag (E-tag) and measured by ELISA assays. An E-tag (13aa, GAPVPYPDPLEPR (SEQ ID NO: 36) ) is added to the protein and the concentration is measured based on the epitope tag (E-tag) by ELISA assays. The protein (engineered with a C-terminal E-tag) expression in the different organs and serum is measured based on the epitope tag (E-tag) . ELISA assay can be performed according to the manufacturer’s protocols after appropriate titration. Briefly, tissue samples are prepared using a radio-immunoprecipitation (RIPA) buffer containing protease inhibitor cocktail mix and 5 mM EDTA. The cell lysates are centrifuged, and the supernatant proteins are collected. A bicinchoninic acid (BCA) kit is used to measure the protein concentration according to the manufacturer’s protocols. For ELISA, flat-bottomed 96-well plates (ThermoFisher Scientific) is precoated with anti-E-tag antibody (Abcam, ab3397) at a concentration of 2 μg / mL per well in 100 mM carbonate buffer (pH 9.6) at 4 ℃ overnight. Then 5%BSA in PBST is used to block the non-specific binding. The samples from tissues (e.g., liver tissue or serum) are diluted 50 times in PBST buffer and added to the wells, while the samples from other organs are added to wells without dilution. After incubation at R. T for 2 hr, the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) -conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (G-21040, Invitrogen) is used at a dilution of 1: 2000 in the PBST buffer with 5%BSA. After incubation at R. T for 1 hr, the HRP substrates are added, and the optical densities are determined at a wavelength of 450 nm in the plate reader.As yet another example, the concentration of a protein is determined using the Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) method. Tumor tissue is homogenized with a Precellys 24 Dual homogenizer using ice-cold MSD tris lysis buffer supplemented with Halt Protease and Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail. Lysates are cleared by centrifugation, and protein concentrations are measured using Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit. Normalized protein concentrations are used for cytokine measurements with electrochemiluminescence assay from MSD and custom Simoa assay (Quanterix) .As yet another example, the concentration of a protein is determined using an anti-idiotype antibody to capture protein and anti-6×His tag-HRP antibody for detection. For detection of a bispecific antibody, MaxiSorp plates (Thermo Scientific) are coated overnight at 4 ℃ with a mouse anti-idiotype antibody to capture the one binding region (e.g., a CD3 scFv region) , washed with 0.05%Tween-20 in PBS, and blocked at room temperature with 3%BSA in PBS for 2 h. A serial dilution of the corresponding purified recombinant protein (e.g., a CD3 × TAA or TAA × CD3 protein) as a concentration standard and K562 producer cell supernatants or NSG mouse plasma diluted in 0.2%BSA in PBS is added to the coated plates as replicates for 2 h at room temperature. For detection, polyclonal (1: 5,000; ab1187, Abcam) or monoclonal (clone GG11-8F3.5.1; 1: 625; 130-092-783, Miltenyi) anti-6×His-HRP antibody is added in 0.2%BSA in PBS and plates are incubated for 1 h at room temperature. Plates are incubated with TMB substrate solution (Kem-En-Tec) at room temperature in the dark for 15 min, and the reaction is stopped by the addition of 2.5%H2SO4. Analysis is conducted on a Tecan M200 microplate reader at 450 and 620 nm.To determine the half-life of the protein, the natural log concentration values of the protein was plotted on the y‐axis, whereas the time post administration was plotted on the x‐axis. The regression intercept Lambda Z was determined by linear regression analysis, and the half-life was calculated as 0.693 / Lambda Z.Base on the half-life value and (mRNA-AUClung / serum) / (protein-AUClung / serum) value observed in the Section 6.4 (FIGs. 3 and 11) , the half-life value of a protein when (mRNA-AUClung / serum) / (protein-AUClung / serum) = 1 was predicted using the method below. The observed half-life was plotted as the x axis and the observed (mRNA-AUClung / serum) / (protein-AUClung / serum) value was plotted as the y axis. Using linear regression analysis, the relationship equation between the observed half-life and the observed (mRNA-AUClung / serum) / (protein-AUClung / serum) was obtained, from which the half-life of the protein was predicted to be 52.6 hours when (mRNA-AUClung / serum) / (protein-AUClung / serum) = 1.6.6 Example 6: The relationship between the half-life of the protein and the organ accumulationFIG. 10 shows the comparison and analysis of liver Cmax and AUC resulted from the delivery of liver-targeting LNPs containing mRNAs that encodes different proteins and the delivery of recombinant proteins via intravenous injection. When delivered using the liver-targeting LNP1, the half-life of the protein was elongated in both the serum and the liver, which was observed in all proteins except for 15Fc that has the longest half-life. The LiverAUC / SerumAUC ratio of the mRNA encoded protein is more than 2 times of that of the recombinant protein. The observation indicated that, when compared to delivery of the protein molecule via intravenous injection, delivering the protein via LNP containing mRNA that encodes such protein evidently increased the protein concentration in liver. Similar live accumulation was also observed using a different liver-targeting LNP4 in the delivery of GPC3 BiTE (FIGs. 5A and 5B) . Moreover, when compared to delivery of the protein molecule via intravenous injection, delivering the protein via LNP containing mRNA that encodes such protein resulted in an evidently lower Cmax but similar AUC, leading to a lower risk of Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) . When 15Fc was delivered via the LNPs containing mRNAs that encodes 15Fc, the LiverAUC / SerumAUC ratio of the mRNA encoded protein is evidently smaller than that of the recombinant protein, suggesting that using mRNA that encodes the protein did not have the advantage of liver accumulation. The observations indicate that, when the half-life of the protein was less than or equaled to 45.72 hours, using LNP containing mRNA that encodes a protein possessed advantages over delivery of the protein molecule via intravenous injection. Such advantages include significant liver accumulation and reduced risk of CRS.FIG. 11 shows the comparison and analysis of lung Cmax and AUC resulted from the delivery of lung-targeting LNPs containing mRNAs that encodes different proteins and the delivery of recombinant proteins via intravenous injection. When delivered using the lung-targeting LNP3, the half-life of the protein was elongated in both the serum and the lung. The LungAUC / SerumAUC ratio of the mRNA encoded protein is evidently higher than that of the recombinant protein. Additonally, the protein having a long half-life showed a lower (mRNA-AUClung / serum) / (protein-AUClung / serum) value, and vice versa. With respect to 15Fc that had the longest half-life, the (mRNA-AUClung / serum) / (protein-AUClung / serum) was less than one, indicating that delivering the protein via LNP containing mRNA that encodes such protein did not result in liver accumulation when compared to delivery of the protein molecule via intravenous injection. Additionally, delivering using another lung-targeting LNP, LNP2, also evidently increased protein concentration in lung. Also when using lung-targeting LNP2 to deliver GPC3 BiTE, an accumulation similar to the liver accumulation was observed (FIG. 5B) . Moreover, when compared to delivery of the protein molecule via intravenous injection, delivering the protein via LNP containing mRNA that encodes such protein resulted in an evidently lower Cmax but similar AUC, leading to a lower risk of Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) . This effect was observed in all proteins except for 15Fc. The observations indicate that, when the half-life of the protein was less than or equaled to 31.86 hours, using LNP containing mRNA that encodes a protein possessed advantages over delivery of the protein molecule via intravenous injection. Such advantages include significant lung accumulation and reduced risk of CRS.7. SEQUENCES
Claims
1.A method of preventing, treating or managing a liver disease in a subject, comprising administration of a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein to the subject having the liver disease via a systemic administration route, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 46 hours as determined in mouse serum, and wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.2.A method of improving or enhancing the effect of a protein therapeutic agent in preventing, treating or managing a liver disease in a subject, comprising administration of a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the protein to the subject having the liver disease via a systemic administration route, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 46 hours as determined in mouse serum, and wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.3.A method of increasing the liver enrichment of a protein therapeutic agent used for preventing, treating or managing a liver disease in a subject, comprising administration of a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein to the subject having the liver disease via a systemic administration route, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 46 hours as determined in mouse serum, and wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.4.A method of reducing side effect of a protein therapeutic agent used for preventing, treating or managing a liver disease in a subject, comprising administration of a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein to the subject having the liver disease via a systemic administration route, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 46 hours as determined in mouse serum, and wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.5.A method of predicting or determining whether a protein therapeutic agent used in preventing, treating or managing a liver disease is suitable for the administration via a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the protein, said method comprising determining the half-life of the protein in mouse serum, wherein if the half-life of the protein is less than about 46 hours as determined in mouse serum, the protein is suitable for the administration via a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the protein to prevent, treat or manage a liver disease.6.The method of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the half-life of the protein is determined after intravenous injection of the protein into the mouse.7.The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the half-life of the protein is determined after intravenous injection of the protein into the mouse in an amount of about 0.5 μg, about 1 μg, about 1.5 μg, about 2 μg, about 2.5 μg, about 3 μg, about 3.5 μg, about 4 μg, about 4.5 μg, about 5 μg, about 5.5 μg, about 6 μg, about 6.5 μg, about 7 μg, about 7.5 μg, about 8 μg, about 8.5 μg, about 9 μg, about 9.5 μg, about 10 μg, about 10.5 μg, about 11 μg, about 11.5 μg, about 12 μg, about 12.5 μg, about 13 μg, about 13.5 μg, about 14 μg, about 14.5 μg, about 15 μg, about 15.5 μg, about 16 μg, about 16.5 μg, about 17 μg, about 17.5 μg, about 18 μg, about 18.5 μg, about 19 μg, about 19.5 μg, about 20 μg, about 20.5 μg, about 21 μg, about 21.5 μg, about 22 μg, about 22.5 μg, about 23 μg, about 23.5 μg, about 24 μg, about 24.5 μg, or about 25 μg.8.The method of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 45 hours, less than about 42 hours, less than about 40 hours, less than about 35 hours, less than about 30 hours, less than about 25 hours, less than about 20 hours, less than about 15 hours, less than about 10 hours, less than about 5 hours, less than about 4 hours, less than about 3 hours, less than about 2 hours, less than about 1.73 hours, less than about 1.5 hours, less than about 1 hours, less than about 0.5 hours, or less than about 0.4 hours; preferably, the half-life of the protein is greater than about 12 hours and less than about 46 hours, or the half-life of the protein is less than about 12 hours, or the half-life of the protein is greater than about 6 hours and less than about 12 hours, or the half-life of the protein is less than about 6 hours.9.The method of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver is determined by the ratio of the accumulation level of the protein in the liver to the accumulation level of the protein in the blood.10.The method of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is at least about 1.1 times, at least about 1.5 times, at least about 2 times, at least about 2.5 times, at least about 3 times, at least about 3.5 times, at least about 4 times, at least about 4.5 times, at least about 5 times, at least about 5.5 times, a least about 6 times, at least about 6.5 times, at least about 6.75 times, at least about 6.85 times, or at least about 7 times of the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the liver when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.11.The method of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the protein is a secretory protein or a derivative thereof.12.The method of claim 11, wherein the secretory protein is a cytokine or a derivative thereof.13.The method of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the protein is an antigen binding protein.14.The method of claim 13, wherein the antigen binding protein is an antibody or a fragment or derivative thereof.15.The method of claim 14, wherein the antibody is a bispecific antibody.16.The method of claim 15, wherein the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to an antigen on a T cell, natural killer (NK) cell, a dendritic cell (DC) , or a macrophage.17.The method of claim 16, wherein the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to an antigen on a T cell.18.The method of claim 16, wherein the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to CD3, CD28, OX40, PD-1, CTAL4, CD16A, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp46, CD40, or CD47.19.The method of any one of claims 15-18, wherein the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to a tumor antigen.20.The method of claim 19, wherein the tumor antigen is a liver cancer antigen.21.The method of claim 19, wherein the tumor antigen is glypican-3 (GPC3) , PD-L1 / L2, VEGF EGFR, ALK, HER2, NY-ESO-1, MUC-1, AFP, c-MET, CD133, CEA, Ca19.9, CA50, HCC, FGFR, PDGFR, IGFR, AFP, CXCR2, ErbB, CLDN18.2, FGFR, 4-1BB, Eph, GPER, LPAR6, ROS1, RET, AXL, NTRK, KIT, TRKA, TRKB, MER, FLT-3, p38γ, PDGFR, DDR1, IL-15, UCK2, SSH3, CBX6, SRD5A3, MTMR14, ID1, PES1, TCP1, NUPR1, CCT3, SPIN1, TMOD3, TGFb, c-Raf, or TRAIL.22.The method of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the protein is a fusion protein.23.The method of claim 22, wherein the fusion protein is an antibody fragment fusion protein, a cytokine recombinant fusion protein, or an antibody fragment cytokine fusion protein.24.The method of claim 22, wherein the fusion protein is an Fc-fusion protein, a Fab-fusion protein, a HSA-fusion protein, an scFv-fusion protein, or a VHH-fusion protein.25.The method of any one of claims 1-24, wherein the systemic administration route is intravenous injection or intravenous infusion.26.The method of any one of claims 1-25, wherein the liver disease is hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, hepatitis E, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, Wilson disease, hemochromatosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) , nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) , cirrhosis, alcohol-related fatty liver disease, or liver cancer.27.A pharmaceutical composition for use in the method of any one of claims 1-26, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.28.A kit for use in the method of any one of claims 1-26, wherein the kit comprises the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein.29.A method of preventing, treating or managing a lung disease in a subject, comprising administration of a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein to the subject having the lung disease via a systemic administration route, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 52.6 hours as determined in mouse serum, and wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.30.A method of improving or enhancing the effect of a protein therapeutic agent in preventing, treating or managing a lung disease in a subject, comprising administration of a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the protein to the subject having the lung disease via a systemic administration route, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 52.6 hours as determined in mouse serum, and wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.31.A method of increasing the lung enrichment of a protein therapeutic agent used for preventing, treating or managing a lung disease in a subject, comprising administration of a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein to the subject having the lung disease via a systemic administration route, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 52.6 hours as determined in mouse serum, and wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.32.A method of reducing side effect of a protein therapeutic agent used for preventing, treating or managing a lung disease in a subject, comprising administration of a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a protein to the subject having the lung disease via a systemic administration route, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 52.6 hours as determined in mouse serum, and wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same systemic administration route.33.A method of predicting or determining whether a protein therapeutic agent used in preventing, treating or managing a lung disease is suitable for the administration via a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the protein, said method comprising determining the half-life of the protein in mouse serum, wherein if the half-life of the protein is less than about 52.6 hours as determined in mouse serum, the protein is suitable for the administration via a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the protein to prevent, treat or manage a lung disease.34.The method of any one of claims 29-33, wherein the half-life of the protein is determined after intravenous injection of the protein into the mouse.35.The method of any one of claims 29-34, wherein the half-life of the protein is determined after intravenous injection of the protein into the mouse in an amount of about 0.5 μg, about 1 μg, about 1.5 μg, about 2 μg, about 2.5 μg, about 3 μg, about 3.5 μg, about 4 μg, about 4.5 μg, about 5 μg, about 5.5 μg, about 6 μg, about 6.5 μg, about 7 μg, about 7.5 μg, about 8 μg, about 8.5 μg, about 9 μg, about 9.5 μg, about 10 μg, about 10.5 μg, about 11 μg, about 11.5 μg, about 12 μg, about 12.5 μg, about 13 μg, about 13.5 μg, about 14 μg, about 14.5 μg, about 15 μg, about 15.5 μg, about 16 μg, about 16.5 μg, about 17 μg, about 17.5 μg, about 18 μg, about 18.5 μg, about 19 μg, about 19.5 μg, about 20 μg, about 20.5 μg, about 21 μg, about 21.5 μg, about 22 μg, about 22.5 μg, about 23 μg, about 23.5 μg, about 24 μg, about 24.5 μg, or about 25 μg.36.The method of any one of claims 29-35, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 51 hours, less than about 50 hours, less than about 48 hours, less than about 45 hours, less than about 42 hours, less than about 40 hours, less than about 38 hours, less than about 35 hours, less than about 32 hours, less than about 31 hours, less than about 30 hours, less than about 25 hours, less than about 20 hours, less than about 15 hours, less than about 10 hours, less than about 5 hours, less than about 4 hours, less than about 3 hours, less than about 2 hours, less than about 1.73 hours, less than about 1.5 hours, less than about 1 hours, less than about 0.5 hours, or less than about 0.4 hours; preferably, the half-life of the protein is greater than about 12 hours and less than about 52 hours, or the half-life of the protein is less than about 12 hours, or the half-life of the protein is greater than about 6 hours and less than about 12 hours, or the half-life of the protein is less than about 6 hours.37.The method of any one of claims 29-36, wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung is determined by the ratio of the accumulation level of the protein in the lung to the accumulation level of the protein in the blood.38.The method of any one of claims 29-37, wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is administered via the systemic administrative route is at least about 1.1 times, at least about 1.5 times, at least about 2 times, at least about 2.5 times, at least about 3 times, at least about 3.5 times, at least about 4 times, at least about 4.5 times, at least about 5 times, at least about 5.5 times, a least about 6 times, at least about 6.5 times, at least about 7 times, at least about 7.5 times, at least about 8 times, at least about 8.5 times, at least about 9 times, at least about 9.5 times, at least about 10 times, at least about 11 times, at least about 12 times, at least about 13 times, at least about 14 times, at least about 15 times, at least about 16 times, at least about 16.5 times, at least about 17 times, at least about 18 times, at least about 19 times, at least about 20 times, at least about 21 times, at least about 22 times, at least about 23 times, at least about 24 times, at least about 25 times, at least about 26 times, at least about 27 times, at least about 28 times, at least about 28.5 times or at least about 29 times of the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the lung when the protein is administered via the same administrative route.39.The method of any one of claims 29-38, wherein the protein is a secretory protein or a derivative thereof.40.The method of claim 39, wherein the secretory protein is a cytokine or a derivative thereof.41.The method of any one of claims 29-38, wherein the protein is an antigen binding protein.42.The method of claim 41, wherein the antigen binding protein is an antibody or a fragment or derivative thereof.43.The method of claim 42, wherein the antibody is a bispecific antibody.44.The method of claim 43, wherein the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to an antigen on a T cell, natural killer (NK) cell, a dendritic cell (DC) or a macrophage.45.The method of claim 44, wherein the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to CD3, CD28, OX40, PD-1, CTAL4, CD16A, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp46, CD40, or CD47.46.The method of any one of claims 43-45, wherein the bispecific antibody is capable of binding to a tumor antigen.47.The method of claim 46, wherein the tumor antigen is a lung cancer antigen.48.The method of claim 46, wherein the tumor antigen is glypican-3 (GPC3) , delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3) , PD-L1 / L2, VEGF, EGFR, ALK, BRAF, KRAS, NTRK, ROS1, MET, RET, CEA, CD39, CD70, NSE, TPA, cyfra21.1, FLI1, FRA1, MIF, PRMT5, ROR1, RSPO, SHP2, TNFR2, PIK3CA, MEK1, EGFR 20ins, HER3, NRG1, TROP2, or HER2.49.The method of any one of claims 29-38, wherein the protein is a fusion protein.50.The method of claim 49, wherein the fusion protein is an antibody fragment fusion protein, a cytokine recombinant fusion protein, or antibody fragment cytokine fusion protein.51.The method of claim 49, wherein the fusion protein is an Fc-fusion protein, a Fab-fusion protein, a Human Serum Albumin (HSA) fusion protein, an scFv-fusion protein or a VHH-fusion protein.52.The method of any one of claims 29-51, wherein the systemic administration route is intravenous injection or intravenous infusion.53.The method of any one of claims 29-52, wherein the lung disease is asthma, pneumothorax, atelectasis, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) , pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pulmonary tuberculosis, upper respiratory tract infection, influenza, Pulmonary abscess, invasive pulmonary fungal disease (IPFD) , Non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM) , sarcoidosis, diffuse-panbronchiolitis (DPB) , bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis (CF) , bronchiolitis obliterans, Mesothelioma, chronic pulmonary heart disease, pulmonary embolism (PE) , pulmonary hypertension (PH) , pulmonary fibrosis, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) , acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) , acute lung injury (ALI) , respiratory failure, interstitial pneumonia, or lung cancer.54.A pharmaceutical composition for use in the method of any one of claims 29-53, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises (i) the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.55.A kit for use in the method of any one of claims 29-53, wherein the kit comprises the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein.56.A method of delivering or expressing a protein in an organ or tissue of a subject comprising delivering a lipid nanoparticle comprising a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the protein to the organ or tissue of the subject via a systemic administration route, wherein the half-life of the protein is less than about 46 hours as determined in mouse serum, wherein the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the organ or tissue when the lipid nanoparticle comprising the mRNA encoding the protein is delivered via the systemic administrative route is higher than the comparative accumulation level of the protein in the organ or tissue when the protein is delivered via the same systemic administration route, and wherein the organ or tissue is liver or lung.57.The method of claim 56, wherein the protein is capable of binding to CD3, CD19, CD28, CD33, OX40, PD-1, CTAL4, CD16A, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp46, CD40, CEA, PSMA, EpCAM, or CD47.58.The method of claim 56, wherein the protein is a secretory protein or a derivative thereof, a cytokine or a derivative thereof, a bispecific antibody, or a fusion protein.59.The method of claim 58, wherein the protein is GPC3 bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) , DLL3 BiTE, muIL2, 15scFv, FcB, 15Fc, or albiglutide.
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