Methods, architectures, apparatuses and systems for uplink transmit power control and beam determination for sensing

Abstract

A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may receive configuration information indicating sets of reference signals. The WTRU may measure plural reference signal received path power (RSRPP) values and / or multiple angles of arrival (AoAs) corresponding to received RSs for multiple paths. The WTRU may determine delay time information corresponding to the received RSs for the multiple paths relative to a reference time. The WTRU may determine (i) a path loss (PL) path from the paths based on a comparison of the RSRPP values and a threshold, and (ii) a PL RS from the received RSs. The WTRU may determine a transmission (Tx) power based on the RSRPP values associated with the PL path and a Tx beam based on the AoAs associated with the PL path. The WTRU may report information indicating any of the determined parameters. The WTRU may transmit an uplink RS using the determined Tx power and Tx beam.

Description

METHODS, ARCHITECTURES, APPARATUSES AND SYSTEMS FOR UPLINKTRANSMIT POWER CONTROL AND BEAM DETERMINATION FOR SENSINGCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U. S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 620,205 filed 12-Jan-2024, which is incorporated herein by reference.BACKGROUND

[0002] The present application is related to the fields of communications, software and encoding, including, for example, to methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems directed to multipath sensing. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to procedures for path index determination, to procedures for transmit power control, and to procedures for transmit beam determination.

[0003] In 5G New Radio (NR), there is not currently any special functionalities or support dedicated to sensing. However, 3 GPP Rel. 16 has defined various features for NR positioning including definitions of the DL and the UL reference signals, the architecture, and protocols including power control and transmit beam protocols. It is desirable that sensing features take into consideration NR positioning features as a baseline.BRIEF SUMMARY

[0004] Briefly stated, in one embodiment, a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may receive configuration information associated with a set of downlink (DL) reference signals (RSs). The WTRU may measure a plurality of reference signal received path powers (RSRPPs) and / or a plurality of angle of arrivals (AoAs) for a plurality of paths corresponding to the set of DL RSs. The WTRU may determine a plurality of delay time amounts for the plurality of paths and the set of DL RSs with respect to a common reference time. The WTRU may determine path indices for two or more paths of the plurality of paths based the measured RSRPPs, the measured AoAs, and / or the delay time amounts satisfying threshold information. The WTRU may send a report including information indicating the determined path indices, an identifier of a reference DL RS associated with the common reference time, and / or measurement information associated with each of the two or more paths.

[0005] In one embodiment, a WTRU may receive configuration information associated with a set of DL RSs. The WTRU may measure a plurality of RSRPPs and / or a plurality of AoAs for aplurality of paths corresponding to the set of DL RSs. The WTRU may receive information indicating a pathloss (PL) path index associated with a path of the plurality of paths. The WTRU may determine a PL DL RS from the set of DL RSs. The WTRU may determine a transmission (Tx) power for an uplink (UL) RS based on the RSRPP of the PL DL RS and power control configuration information and / or determining a beam direction for the UL RS based on the AoA of the PL DL RS. The WTRU may transmit the UL RS using the determined transmission power and / or the determined beam direction.

[0006] In one embodiment, a WTRU may receive configuration information indicating (i) a set of DL RSs, and (ii) a set of UL RSs. The WTRU may measure a plurality of RSRPP values and / or a plurality of AoAs corresponding to the set of DL RSs for a plurality of paths. The WTRU may determine a plurality of delay time amounts corresponding to the set of DL RSs for the plurality of paths with respect to a common reference time. The WTRU may determine (i) a PL path from the plurality of paths based on a comparison of the plurality of RSRPP values and a threshold, and (ii) a PL DL RS from the set of DL RSs associated with the PL path. The WTRU may determine a Tx power based on (e.g., at least) one of the RSRPP values associated with the PL path and a Tx beam based on (e.g., at least) one of the AoAs associated with the PL path. The WTRU may report information indicating any of: (i) the determined Tx power, (ii) the determined Tx beam, (iii) the determined PL DL RS, and / or (iv) the determined PL path. The WTRU may transmit an UL RS, of the set of UL RSs, using the determined Tx power and the determined Tx beam.

[0007] In one embodiment, a WTRU may receive configuration information indicating (i) a first DL RS, and (ii) a set of UL RSs. The WTRU may receive a request to report a spatial relationship between the first DL RS and the set of UL RSs. The WTRU may measure, using the first DL RS, a plurality of AoAs corresponding to a plurality of paths. The WTRU may send measurement information associated with the plurality of AoAs. For example, the measurement information may associate respective AoAs with respective paths. The WTRU may receive information indicating an UL RS, of the set of UL RSs, and / or a path, of the plurality of paths. The WTRU may transmit the indicated UL RS via the indicated path.

[0008] In one embodiment, a WTRU may receive configuration information indicating (i) a set of DL RSs, and (ii) a set of UL RSs. The WTRU may measure a plurality of RSRPP values and / or a plurality of AoAs corresponding to the set of DL RSs for a plurality of paths. The WTRU 102 may determine a plurality of delay time amounts corresponding to the set of DL RSs for the plurality of paths with respect to a common reference time. The WTRU may determine (i) a PL path and one or more interference paths from the plurality of paths, and (ii) a PL DL RS from the set of DL RSs associated with the PL path. The WTRU may determine a Tx power based on oneor more of the RSRPP values associated with the one or more interference paths and a Tx beam based on one of the AoAs associated with the PL path. The WTRU may report information indicating any of: (i) the determined Tx power, (ii) the determined Tx beam, (iii) the determined PL DL RS, and / or (iv) the determined PL path. The WTRU may transmit an UL RS, of the set of UL RSs, using the determined Tx power and / or the determined Tx beam.

[0009] In one embodiment, a WTRU may receive configuration information indicating (i) a set of DL RSs, and (ii) a set of UL RSs. The WTRU may measure, for a plurality of paths, the set of DL RSs. The WTRU may determine delay time information associated with reception of the set of DL RSs for the plurality of paths. The WTRU may determine (i) a PL path from the plurality of paths based on measurement information associated with the set of DL RSs, and (ii) a PL DL RS from the set of DL RSs which is associated with the PL path. The WTRU may determine a Tx power and / or a Tx beam based on the measurement information associated with the PL path. The WTRU may report information indicating any of: (i) the determined Tx power, and / or (ii) the determined Tx beam, (iii) the determined PL DL RS, and / or (iv) the determined PL path. The WTRU may transmit an UL RS of the set of UL RSs using the determined Tx power and / or the determined Tx beam.

[0010] In one embodiment, a WTRU may receive configuration information indicating (i) a first DL RS, and (ii) a set of UL RSs. The WTRU may receive a request to report multipath information associated with the first DL RS. The WTRU may measure, using the first DL RS, a plurality of AoAs. The WTRU may send measurement information indicating the plurality of AoAs in association with a plurality of paths. The WTRU may receive information indicating an UL RS, of the set of UL RSs. The WTRU may transmit the indicated UL RS via one of the plurality of paths associated with the indicated UL RS.

[0011] In one embodiment, a WTRU may receive configuration information indicating (i) a first DL RS, and (ii) a set of UL RSs. The WTRU may receive a request to report multipath information associated with the first DL RS. The WTRU may measure, using the first DL RS, a plurality of AoAs. The WTRU may send measurement information indicating the plurality of AoAs in association with a plurality of paths. The WTRU may receive information indicating a path of the plurality of paths. The WTRU may transmit, via the indicated path, an UL RS, of the set of UL RSs, associated with the indicated path.

[0012] In one embodiment, a WTRU may receive configuration information indicating (i) a set of DL RSs, and (ii) a set of UL RSs. The WTRU may measure the set of DL RSs. The WTRU may determine delay time information associated with reception of the set of DL RSs. The WTRU may determine (i) a path loss (PL) path and one or more interference paths from the plurality ofpaths based on the measurement information and the delay time information, and (ii) a PL DL RS from the set of DL RSs associated with the PL path. The WTRU may determine Tx power and a Tx beam based on the measurement information associated with the one or more interference paths. The WTRU may report information indicating any of: (i) the determined Tx power, (ii) the determined Tx beam, (iii) the determined PL DL RS, and / or (iv) the determined PL path. The WTRU may transmit an UL RS, of the set of UL RSs, using the determined Tx power and the determined Tx beam.

[0013] In one embodiment, a WTRU may receive a request to report multipath information. The WTRU may measure, via reception of one or more DL RSs, a plurality of arrival times and AoAs. The WTRU may send measurement information associated with the measured one or more DL RSs and a plurality of paths. The WTRU may receive information indicating a path of the plurality of paths. The WTRU may transmit, based on an association with the indicated path, an UL RS.

[0014] In one embodiment, a WTRU may measure a set of DL RSs. The WTRU may determine delay time information associated with the measured set of DL RSs. The WTRU may determine (i) a PL path and / or one or more interference paths from a plurality of paths based on the measured set of DL RSs and the delay time information, and (ii) a PL DL RS from the set of DL RSs associated with the PL path. The WTRU may determine a Tx power based on the measured set of DL RSs associated with the PL path and / or the one or more interference paths. The WTRU may transmit an UL RS using the determined Tx power via the PL path.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015] The following detailed description will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings, in which there are shown examples of one or more of the multiple embodiments of the present disclosure. It should be understood, however, that the embodiments described herein are not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown in the drawings. In the drawings:

[0016] FIG. 1 A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0017] FIG. IB is a system diagram illustrating an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0018] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0019] FIG. ID is a system diagram illustrating a further example RAN and a further example CN that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0020] FIG. 2 is a system diagram illustrating an example of the reception of DL RSs through different multipath components, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0021] FIG. 3 is a timing diagram illustrating RSRPP measurements across multiple DL RSs with a common reference time as the time of arrival (To A) of a reference DL RS, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0022] FIG. 4 is a timing diagram illustrating RSRPP measurements across multiple DL RSs with a common reference time as the start time of a measurement window, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0023] FIG. 5 is a system diagram illustrating an example cause for the WTRU to determine a new reference RS, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0024] FIG. 6 is a timing diagram illustrating an example for determining a normalized excess delay when the common reference time is the first arrival path of a reference DL RS, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0025] FIG. 7 is a timing diagram illustrating an example for determining a normalized excess delay when the common reference time is a start time of a measurement window, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0026] FIG. 8 is a timing diagram illustrating an example of path allocation based on a reference DL RS, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0027] FIG. 9 is a timing diagram illustrating an example of path allocation based on all of the measured DL RSs, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0028] FIG. 10 is a signaling diagram illustrating an example path association procedure based on a common reference time, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0029] FIG. 11 is a channel profile diagram illustrating an example of path ID assignments to groups of correlated multipaths, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0030] FIG. 12 is a signaling diagram illustrating an example path association procedure based on reference times for each DL RS measurement, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0031] FIG. 13 is a system diagram illustrating an example spatial relationship determination procedure, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0032] FIG. 14 is a system diagram illustrating an example per path spatial relationship determination procedure using PRSs and SRSs, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0033] FIG. 15 is a system diagram illustrating an example of determining a multipath channel profile using multiples RSs, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0034] FIG. 16 is a system diagram illustrating another example of determining a multipath channel profile using multiples RSs, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0035] FIG. 17 is a system diagram illustrating an example of angle of arrival (AoA) and a transmission direction of a SRS, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0036] FIG. 18 is a system diagram illustrating an example of AoA where a WTRU is configured with multiple SRSs, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0037] FIG. 19 is a signaling diagram illustrating an example procedure to reporting path association information between a path and a SRS, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0038] FIG. 20 is a system diagram illustrating an example relationship between DL RSs and UL RSs, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0039] FIG. 21 is a path diagram illustrating an example interference path determination as a function of WTRU beamwidth capability, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0040] FIG. 22 is a system diagram illustrating an example of transmit power and beam direction which are associated with a path, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0041] FIG. 23 is a system diagram illustrating an example of transmit power and beam direction which are associated with interference power, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0042] FIG. 24 is a transmission diagram illustrating examples of UL RS spatial resources, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0043] FIG. 25 is a transmission diagram illustrating an example of beam sweeping, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0044] FIG. 26 is a system diagram illustrating an example of path ID allocation for multiple TRP sensing, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0045] FIG. 27 is a system diagram illustrating an example of transmit power and beam determination with respect to multiple TRPs, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0046] FIG. 28 is a procedural diagram illustrating an example path index determination procedure, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0047] FIG. 29 is a procedural diagram illustrating an example transmit power and / or beam direction determination procedure, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0048] FIG. 30 is a procedural diagram illustrating an example transmit power and transmit beam determination procedure using a sensing path, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0049] FIG. 31 is a procedural diagram illustrating an example spatial relationship reporting procedure, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0050] FIG. 32 is a procedural diagram illustrating an example transmit power and transmit beam determination procedure using one or more interference paths, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0051] FIG. 33 is a procedural diagram illustrating an example transmit power and / or transmit beam determination procedure, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0052] FIG. 34 is a procedural diagram illustrating an example uplink transmission procedure using multipath information, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0053] FIG.35 is a procedural diagram illustrating another example uplink sensing procedure using multipath information, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0054] FIG.36 is a procedural diagram illustrating another example transmit power and / or transmit beam determination procedure using one or more interference paths, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0055] FIG. 37 is a procedural diagram illustrating another example uplink sensing procedure using multipath information, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; and

[0056] FIG. 38 is a procedural diagram illustrating another example transmit power determination procedure, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0057] In describing the various embodiments of the present disclosure, certain terminology is used herein for convenience only and should not be considered as limiting such embodiments. In the drawings, the same reference numerals are employed for designating the same elements throughout the several figures and the present description.

[0058] In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments and / or examples disclosed herein. However, it will beunderstood that such embodiments and examples may be practiced without some or all of the specific details set forth herein. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components and circuits have not been described in detail, so as not to obscure the following description. Further, embodiments and examples not specifically described herein may be practiced in lieu of, or in combination with, the embodiments and other examples described, disclosed or otherwise provided explicitly, implicitly and / or inherently (collectively "provided") herein. Although various embodiments are described and / or claimed herein in which an apparatus, system, device, etc. and / or any element thereof carries out an operation, process, algorithm, function, etc. and / or any portion thereof, it is to be understood that any embodiments described and / or claimed herein assume that any apparatus, system, device, etc. and / or any element thereof is configured to carry out any operation, process, algorithm, function, etc. and / or any portion thereof.

[0059] Example Communications System

[0060] The methods, apparatuses and systems provided herein are well-suited for communications involving both wired and wireless networks. An overview of various types of wireless devices and infrastructure is provided with respect to FIGs. 1A-1D, where various elements of the network may utilize, perform, be arranged in accordance with and / or be adapted and / or configured for the methods, apparatuses and systems provided herein.

[0061] FIG. 1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communications system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users. The communications system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications systems 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), singlecarrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail (ZT) unique-word (UW) discreet Fourier transform (DFT) spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block- filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.

[0062] As shown in FIG. 1A, the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a radio access network (RAN) 104 / 113, a core network (CN) 106 / 115, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in awireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as a "station" and / or a "STA", may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include (or be) a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi- Fi device, an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0063] The communications systems 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, e.g., to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or the networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be any of a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B (NB), an eNode-B (eNB), a Home Node-B (HNB), a Home eNode-B (HeNB), a gNode-B (gNB), a NR Node-B (NR NB), a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0064] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. The base station 114a and / or the base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for a wireless service to a specific geographical area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over time. The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in an embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each or any sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and / or receive signals in desired spatial directions.

[0065] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0066] More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104 / 113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0067] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE- Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[0068] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR Radio Access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[0069] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for instance using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., an eNB and a gNB).

[0070] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 IX, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.

[0071] The base station 114b in FIG. 1 A may be a wireless router, Home Node-B, Home eNode- B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a roadway, and the like. In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish any of a small cell, picocell or femtocell. As shown in FIG. 1 A, the base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Thus, the base station 114b may not be required to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106 / 115.

[0072] The RAN 104 / 113 may be in communication with the CN 106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have varying quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as differing throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1 A, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 / 113 and / or the CN 106 / 115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104 / 113, which may be utilizing an NR radio technology, the CN 106 / 115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing any of a GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or Wi-Fi radio technology.

[0073] The CN 106 / 115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include circuit-switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and / or the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired and / or wireless communications networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CNconnected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 114 or a different RAT.

[0074] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links). For example, the WTRU 102c shown in FIG. 1A may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0075] FIG. IB is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. IB, the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other elements / peripherals 138, among others. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0076] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. While FIG. IB depicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together, e.g., in an electronic package or chip.

[0077] The transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 116. For example, in an embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In an embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an emitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In an embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0078] Although the transmit / receive element 122 is depicted in FIG. IB as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. For example, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in an embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0079] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit / receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11, for example.

[0080] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to, and may receive user input data from, the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and / or the removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM), readonly memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0081] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and / or control the power to the other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

[0082] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information over the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and / or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquirelocation information by way of any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0083] The processor 118 may further be coupled to other elements / peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules / units that provide additional features, functionality and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the elements / peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (e.g., for photographs and / or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like. The elements / peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, the sensors may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[0084] The WTRU 102 may include a full duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for both the uplink (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full duplex radio may include an interference management unit to reduce and or substantially eliminate self-interference via either hardware (e.g., a choke) or signal processing via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In an embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for either the uplink (e.g., for transmission) or the downlink (e.g., for reception)).

[0085] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0086] The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In an embodiment, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNode-B 160a, forexample, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a.

[0087] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the uplink (UL) and / or downlink (DL), and the like. As shown in FIG. 1C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another over an X2 interface.

[0088] The CN 106 shown in FIG. 1C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any one of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0089] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c in the RAN 104 via an SI interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0090] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via the SI interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to / from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during inter-eNode-B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0091] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0092] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0093] Although the WTRU is described in FIGs. 1A-1D as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments that such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) wired communication interfaces with the communication network.

[0094] In representative embodiments, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0095] A WLAN in infrastructure basic service set (BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have an access or an interface to a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic into and / or out of the BSS. Traffic to STAs that originates from outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and may be delivered to the STAs. Traffic originating from STAs to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to respective destinations. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where the source STA may send traffic to the AP and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. The traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and / or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. The peer-to-peer traffic may be sent between (e.g., directly between) the source and destination STAs with a direct link setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use an 802. l ie DLS or an 802.1 Iz tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and the STAs (e.g., all of the STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS mode of communication may sometimes be referred to herein as an "ad-hoc" mode of communication.

[0096] When using the 802.1 lac infrastructure mode of operation or a similar mode of operations, the AP may transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a dynamically set width via signaling. The primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA / CA) may be implemented, for example in in 802.11 systems. For CSMA / CA, the STAs (e.g., every STA), including the AP, may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0097] High throughput (HT) STAs may use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, via a combination of the primary 20 MHz channel with an adjacent or nonadj acent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0098] Very high throughput (VHT) STAs may support 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz wide channels. The 40 MHz, and / or 80 MHz, channels may be formed by combiningcontiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel may be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which may be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the data, after channel encoding, may be passed through a segment parser that may divide the data into two streams. Inverse fast fourier transform (IFFT) processing, and time domain processing, may be done on each stream separately. The streams may be mapped on to the two 80 MHz channels, and the data may be transmitted by a transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above-described operation for the 80+80 configuration may be reversed, and the combined data may be sent to a medium access control (MAC) layer, entity, etc.

[0099] Sub 1 GHz modes of operation are supported by 802.1 laf and 802.11 ah. The channel operating bandwidths, and carriers, are reduced in 802.1 laf and 802.1 lah relative to those used in802.1 In, and 802.1 lac. 802.1 laf supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV white space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.1 lah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment,802.1 lah may support meter type control / machine-type communications (MTC), such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities including support for (e.g., only support for) certain and / or limited bandwidths. The MTC devices may include a battery with a battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[0100] WLAN systems, which may support multiple channels, and channel bandwidths, such as802.1 In, 802.1 lac, 802.1 laf, and 802.1 lah, include a channel which may be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and / or limited by a STA, from among all STAs in operating in a BSS, which supports the smallest bandwidth operating mode. In the example of 802.1 lah, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e.g., MTC type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1 MHz mode, even if the AP, and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or network allocation vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to a STA (which supports only a 1 MHz operating mode), transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency bands may be considered busy even though a majority of the frequency bands remains idle and may be available.

[0101] In the United States, the available frequency bands, which may be used by 802.1 lah, are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.1 lah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz depending on the country code.

[0102] FIG. ID is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 may employ an NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.

[0103] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a, 180b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. Thus, the gNB 180a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and / or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0104] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with a scalable numerology. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframe or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., including a varying number of OFDM symbols and / or lasting varying lengths of absolute time).

[0105] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non- standalone configuration. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c). In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility anchor point. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non- standaloneconfiguration WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with / connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating with / connecting to another RAN such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In the non- standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may serve as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and / or throughput for servicing WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0106] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and / or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards user plane functions (UPFs) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards access and mobility management functions (AMFs) 182a, 182b, and the like. As shown in FIG. ID, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may communicate with one another over an Xn interface.

[0107] The CN 115 shown in FIG. ID may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one session management function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and at least one Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0108] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N2 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, support for network slicing (e.g., handling of different protocol data unit (PDU) sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, management of the registration area, termination of NAS signaling, mobility management, and the like. Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182a, 182b, e.g., to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the types of services being utilized WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for MTC access, and / or the like. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies such as WiFi.

[0109] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to an AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via an N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to a UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via an N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b and configure the routing of traffic through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP address, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notifications, and the like. A PDU session type may be IP -based, non-IP based, Ethernet-based, and the like.

[0110] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, e.g., to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multihomed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, and the like.

[0111] The CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers. In an embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to a local Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b through the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.

[0112] In view of FIGs. 1 A-1D, and the corresponding description of FIGs. 1 A-1D, one or more, or all, of the functions described herein with regard to any of: WTRUs 102a-d, base stations 114a- b, eNode-Bs 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNBs 180a-c, AMFs 182a-b, UPFs 184a- b, SMFs 183a-b, DNs 185a-b, and / or any other element(s) / device(s) described herein, may be performed by one or more emulation elements / devices (not shown). The emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described herein. For example, the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and / or to simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0113] The emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a lab environment and / or in an operator network environment. For example, the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network in orderto test other devices within the communication network. The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for purposes of testing and / or may performing testing using over-the-air wireless communications.

[0114] The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, including all, functions while not being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the emulation devices may be utilized in a testing scenario in a testing laboratory and / or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication network in order to implement testing of one or more components. The one or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communications via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation devices to transmit and / or receive data.

[0115] Introduction

[0116] The following acronyms and abbreviations may be used throughout the disclosure:

[0117] ACK Acknowledgement

[0118] AoA Angle of Arrival

[0119] AoD Angle of Departure

[0120] BCH Broadcast Channel

[0121] BLER Block Error Rate

[0122] BWP Bandwidth Part

[0123] CAP Channel Access Priority

[0124] CAPC Channel access priority class

[0125] CCA Clear Channel Assessment

[0126] CCE Control Channel Element

[0127] CE Control Element

[0128] CG Configured grant or cell group

[0129] CP Cyclic Prefix

[0130] CP-OFDM Conventional OFDM (relying on cyclic prefix)

[0131] CQI Channel Quality Indicator

[0132] CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check

[0133] CSI Channel State Information

[0134] CW Contention Window

[0135] CWS Contention Window Size

[0136] CO Channel Occupancy

[0137] DAI Downlink Assignment Index

[0138] DCI Downlink Control Information

[0139] DFI Downlink feedback information

[0140] DG Dynamic grant

[0141] DL Downlink

[0142] DM-RS Demodulation Reference Signal

[0143] DRB Data Radio Bearer

[0144] eLAA enhanced Licensed Assisted Access

[0145] FeLAA Further enhanced Licensed Assisted Access

[0146] HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request

[0147] KPI Key Performance Indicator

[0148] LAA License Assisted Access

[0149] LBT Listen-Before-Talk

[0150] LPP LTE Positioning Protocol

[0151] LTE Long Term Evolution e.g. from 3 GPP LTE R8 and up

[0152] NACK Negative ACK

[0153] MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme

[0154] MIB Master Information Block

[0155] MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output

[0156] NR New Radio

[0157] NRPPa NR Positioning Protocol A

[0158] OFDM Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing

[0159] PHY Physical Layer

[0160] PID Process ID

[0161] PO Paging Occasion

[0162] PFL Positioning Frequency Layer

[0163] PL Pathloss

[0164] PRACH Physical Random Access Channel

[0165] PRS Positioning Reference Signal

[0166] PSS Primary Synchronization Signal

[0167] QoS Quality of Service

[0168] RA Random Access (or procedure)

[0169] RACH Random Access Channel

[0170] RAR Random Access Response

[0171] RCU Radio access network Central Unit

[0172] RF Radio Front end

[0173] RLF Radio Link Failure

[0174] RLM Radio Link Monitoring

[0175] RNTI Radio Network Identifier

[0176] RO RACH occasion

[0177] RRC Radio Resource Control

[0178] RRM Radio Resource Management

[0179] RS Reference Signal

[0180] RSRP Reference Signal Received Power

[0181] RSRPP Reference Signal Received Path Power

[0182] RS SI Received Signal Strength Indicator

[0183] Rx Reception

[0184] SDU Service Data Unit

[0185] SIB System Information Block

[0186] SRS Sounding Reference Signal

[0187] SRSp SRS for positioning

[0188] SS Synchronization Signal

[0189] SSB SS Block

[0190] SSS Secondary Synchronization Signal

[0191] SWG Switching Gap (in a self-contained subframe)

[0192] SPS Semi-persistent scheduling

[0193] SUL Supplemental Uplink

[0194] TB Transport Block

[0195] TBS Transport Block Size

[0196] To A Time of arrival

[0197] TRP Transmission / Reception Point

[0198] TSC Time-sensitive communications

[0199] TSN Time-sensitive networking

[0200] Tx Transmission

[0201] UL Uplink

[0202] URLLC Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications

[0203] WBWP Wide Bandwidth Part

[0204] WLAN Wireless Local Area Networks and related technologies (IEEE 8O2.xx domain)

[0205] UL Uplink

[0206] ZC Zadoff-Chu

[0207] Sensing

[0208] NR Sensing, as defined by 3GPP SAI, involves detecting, estimating, and monitoring of conditions of the environment and / or objects within the environment (e.g., shape, size, orientation, speed, location, distances, or relative motion between objects, etc.) using NR RF signals. The technologies envisioned for 5G Advance and 6G systems, such as high carrier frequencies, large available bandwidth, large number of antennas, device-to-device communications, network densification and / or AI / ML all contribute to relevant information extraction with high resolution, hence enabling a highly accurate sensing.

[0209] 3GPP SAI has been undertaking a study item on sensing in the context of Integrated Sensing and Communications (ISAC) including studying of the use cases, potential enhancements to the 5G systems, different sensing modes and KPIs related to sensing. For example, different modes of sensing were defined, and mainly categorized into monostatic sensing and bistatic sensing depending on the transmitter and receiver location. Monostatic sensing refers to a sensing mode with co-located transmitter and receiver. Bistatic sensing refers to a sensing mode with non- co-located transmitter and receiver.

[0210] Monostatic Sensing

[0211] The term ‘monostatic’ and its intended functionality are borrowed from radar where the transmitter transmits reference pulses which bounce back from a target as a backscattered signal which is received by the receiver to perform various radar tasks (e.g., target detection, estimation, tracking and classification). In NR, monostatic sensing utilizes the co-located transmitter and receiver and may be employed at the WTRU 102 side or at the gNB side. An advantage of this mode of sensing is only one terminal is required for sensing and the clock is synchronized. The challenge, however, is that this mode requires full duplex (FD) capabilities as it needs to transmit and receive transmitted signals simultaneously.

[0212] Bistatic Sensing

[0213] In NR, bistatic sensing refers to the sensing mode where a transmitter transmits the reference signals which bounce (e.g., reflects, refracts, diffracts, etc.) off any target objects and is received by the receiver. In contrast to monostatic sensing, in bistatic sensing, the transmitter and the receiver are not co-located. The architecture may include either combinations of the gNB(s) or the WTRU(s) as the transmitter(s) and another gNB(s) or another WTRU(s) as the receiver(s). Such setups avoid the full duplex requirements and the self-interference problems of monostaticsensing. However, multiple terminals are required for this mode of sensing and in case of timebased measurements, the terminals must be clock synchronized.

[0214] NR Positioning

[0215] As sensing has been considered an extension of NR positioning, positioning reference signals, architectures, signaling frameworks, methods and protocols defined by 3GPP may be considered as a baseline for NR sensing.

[0216] Positioning Architecture

[0217] 5G positioning architecture includes three main entities - the target WTRU, the NG-RAN (e.g., NR gNB or LTE ng-eNB TRPs), and the core network 5GC (e.g., the AMF and LMF).Depending on whether the positioning is WTRU-based or WTRU-assisted, the role of each of these entities may include at least one of the following: (i) requesting or transmitting positioning assistance information, (ii) requesting or transmitting DL-PRS / UL-SRS resources, (iii) measuring and / or transmitting the positioning metrics, and / or (iv) measuring and transmitting the final position estimate.

[0218] Positioning Protocols

[0219] 3GPP Rel. 16 also defines various interfaces over which the messages are transmitted to the different entities. The ones relevant to this disclosure are as follows. The NG-C interface serves to connect the NG-RAN and the 5G core network. The NR / LTE Uu interface serves to connect the WTRU 102 and the NG-RAN.

[0220] Additionally, there are also different signaling protocols for exchanging positioning information and measurements between the entities. NRPPa may be used between the NG-RAN Node and the LMF over the NG-C interface. RRC may be used between the gNB / ng-eNB and the WTRU 102 over the NR / LTE-Uu interface. LPP may be used between the WTRU 102 and the LMF over the NG-C and NR / LTE-Uu interface.

[0221] Uplink Power Control Framework for Positioning

[0222] Power control is an important issue in NR for both DL and UL transmissions as a means to improve system capacity, coverage, and QoS while limiting interference to neighbor cells. The power control for uplink channel transmissions is composed of a few components including maximum transmit power, gNB’s target Rx power, pathloss compensation factor, MCS and RB factors, and the closed loop power control command to be indicated by the gNB.

[0223] 3 GPP has defined the protocol for the uplink power control for positioning in for SRSp resources. The main difference for uplink power control for SRSp in comparison to SRS resources for communication is that for positioning, due to its defined architecture requiring multiple TRPs for accurate positioning, the transmit power needs to be determined with respect to multiple TRPs.This implies the pathloss compensation factor is dependent to the locations of the serving, as well as neighboring TRPs.

[0224] Uplink Transmit Beam Selection for Positioning

[0225] In addition to the power control, transmit beam selection is another important aspect for positioning. For a WTRU 102 with beamforming capabilities, optimal beam selection allows the WTRU 102 to directits power to the gNBs. This improves the received SNR of the SRSp resources improving the accuracy of positioning as well as reduces interference to other gNB(s) and / or WTRU(s). 3GPP has defined procedures for transmit beam selection for uplink SRSp resources. The procedure includes the network configuring the WTRU 102 with a higher layer parameter (e.g., spatialrelationlnfoPos) that provides an index of a downlink reference RS. The WTRU 102, upon receiving the reference RS, determines the transmit beam direction as the receive filter used for reception of the RS. In case the WTRU 102 is not configured with the parameter, or the WTRU 102 does not receive the indicated reference RS, the WTRU 102 can determine the transmit direction as a fixed or a different spatial domain transmit filter.

[0226] 3GPP has specified uplink SRSp power control for uplink positioning where the power is a function of the measured path loss between the WTRU 102 and the TRP(s). The TRP(s) may be associated with the serving cell or a neighboring cell. Likewise, for the SRSp beam direction, 3 GPP has specified the beam direction may be based on Rx filter used to receive a reference DL RS (e.g., SSB, CSI-RS, DL-PRS) or based on a fixed or a configured order (e.g., beam sweeping).

[0227] For multipath measurement, 3 GPP has specified RSRPP measurement for DL-PRS and per path reporting of RSTD / UE Rx-Tx time difference / PRS-RSRPP.

[0228] Allocating enough transmission power for SRS transmission for bistatic sensing is important to accurately detect and locate obstacles in the vicinity. However, allocating too much power may create interference to or with other WTRU 102s in the vicinity due to reflected signals from the obstacle. Similarly, choosing the Tx beam direction that is aligned in the direction of the object may be important to accurately locate the object. Hence, determination of the correct SRSp resources (e.g., beams) and the transmit power are important for effective uplink sensing.

[0229] Overview

[0230] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may perform a procedure for determining a path (e.g., path index).

[0231] For example, a WTRU 102 may receive configuration information associated with one or more DL RSs. A DL RS may be associated with an RS ID, a Ref. DL RS ID, and / or one or more thresholds (e.g., from the network). A DL RS may be (or may be associated with), for example,any of a SSB, CSI-RS, and / or DL-PRS. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine Rx spatial information for receiving the DL RS based on any of the SSB, CSI-RS, and / or DL-PRS.

[0232] For example, the configuration for a DL RS may include DL RS resources for receiving the DL RS.

[0233] For example, a reference DL RS ID may be one of the configured RS IDs.

[0234] For example, a WTRU 102 may receive the DL RSs in the configured DL RS resource(s). For example, the WTRU 102 may measure RS-RSRPP and / or AoA for any (e.g., each) DL RS. When multiple paths are detected for a DL RS, the WTRU 102 measures RS-RSRPP and / or AoA for any (e.g., each) detected path. The WTRU 102 may measure excess delay for the detected paths of each DL RS with respect to a common reference time. The common reference time may be the arrival (e.g., received) time of a path of the reference DL RS, such as the arrival time of the first detected path of the reference DL RS.

[0235] For example, a WTRU 102 may determine a set of one or more path ID(s) based on the RSRPP of the detected paths of the reference DL RS. The WTRU 102 may associate a path index (e.g., Path 1, Path 2 in Figure 7) to each detected path of the reference DL RS for which the measured RSRPP satisfies a condition (e.g., is above a threshold). The path indexes may be associated with the respective Ref. DL RS measurements (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, excess delay) that were measured and / or determined for those paths.

[0236] For example, a WTRU 102 may associate the measurements (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, excess delay, etc.) of the detected paths of the DL RSs that are not the Ref DL RS with the path indexes in the determined set. The WTRU 102 may associate the measurements (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, excess delay) of a detected path of a non-Ref. DL RS measurement to a path index based on any (e.g., combination) of the following: (i)the measured RSRPP is above a threshold; (ii) the difference between the measured AoA and the AoA of the Ref DL RS associated with the path index is below a threshold; and / or (iii) the difference between a normalized excess delay and the excess delay of the Ref. DL RS associated with the path index is below a threshold. For example, the normalized excess delay may account for a difference in transmission time between the DL RS and the Ref. DL RS. T

[0237] In some representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine the normalized excess delay by subtracting the difference of the Tx time between the DL RS and Ref DL RS from the measured excess delay associated with the DL RS path (e.g., RS #N aligned excess delay = RS #N excess delay - (T_N - T_ref) where T_N and T_ref are Tx times of the RS #N and the Ref DL RS).

[0238] For example, a WTRU 102 may report (e.g., send a report) including indicating any (e.g., combination) of the following (e.g., to the network): (i) the path indices (e.g., for Paths 1 and Path 2); (ii) the Ref. DL RS ID; and / or (iii) for each path index and for each DL RS (e.g., including the Ref. DL RS), for which the WTRU 102 associated a (e.g., any) measurement with the path index, the DL RS ID (e.g., CRI, SSBRI, etc.) and the respective measurement(s) the WTRU 102 associated with the path index (e.g., AoA and / or RSRPPs and excess delay).

[0239] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may perform a procedure for transmit power control and beam determination.

[0240] For example, a WTRU 102 may receive power control configuration information, a DL RS Tx power, a PL path index (e.g., one of the WTRU 102 reported path indices), and / or one or more UL RS (e.g., SRSp) configurations (e.g., from the network).

[0241] For example, a WTRU 102 may determine a PL DL RS as a first DL RS associated with the indicated PL path index. If more than one DL RS is associated with the indicated path index, the first DL RS may be selected as the one with the highest or best RSRPP. The WTRU 102 may determine the Tx power for an UL RS based on the path loss, such as may be determined as a function of the PL DL RS RSRPP (e.g., previously measured and reported to the gNB) and the PL DL RS Tx power. The WTRU 102 may determine the Tx beam spatial direction for a UL RS based on the measured AoA of the PL DL RS (e.g., previously measured and reported to the gNB).

[0242] For example, the WTRU 102 may report (e.g., send a report) including information indicating any (e.g., combination) of the following (e.g., to the network): (i) the determined Tx power for UL RS; (ii) the determined Tx spatial beam direction for UL RS; (iii) the PL DL RS ID; and / or (iv) the associated PL path index.

[0243] For example, a WTRU 102 may transmit the UL RS in (e.g., using) the UL RS resources for sensing using the determined UL transmit power and / or the determined Tx spatial beam direction.

[0244] Common Terminology

[0245] As used herein, the phrase “TRP” may be used interchangeably with “gNB” or “PRU”.

[0246] As used herein, the phrase “Network” may refer to the AMF, LMF or gNB.

[0247] As used herein, the phrase “location” may be used interchangeably with “position”.

[0248] As used herein, the phrase “measurement occasion” may be defined as or refer to an instance where the WTRU 102 measures the different positioning metrics (e.g., RSRP, ToF, etc.).

[0249] As used herein, the phrase “RS” may refer to any of the positioning and / or reference signals, such as PRS, SRSp, CSLRS, DM-RS, and SSB, for example.

[0250] As used herein, the phrase “DL RS” may refer to any of the downlink positioning and / or reference signals that may be received by the WTRU 102, such as DL PRS, SSB, and / or CSLRS, for example.

[0251] As used herein, the phrase “UL RS” may refer to any of the uplink positioning and / or reference signals to be transmitted by the WTRU 102, such as SRSp, SRS, and / or SL-PRS, for example.

[0252] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may receive configurations (e.g., RS configurations) from the network (e.g., LMF, gNB) via downlink physical channel (e.g., PDSCH, PDCCH, etc.) transmission and / or via lower or higher layer signalling (e.g., DCI, MAC- CE, RRC or LPP message).

[0253] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may receive (pre)configured threshold(s) from the network (e.g., LMF, gNB) via downlink physical channel (e.g., PDSCH, PDCCH, etc.) transmissions and / or via lower or higher layer signalling (e.g., DCI, MAC-CE, RRC or LPP message).

[0254] As used herein, the phrase “reference DL RS” may be referred to, interchangeably, as a Ref. DL RS and / or an index associated with a reference DL RS may be referred to, interchangeably, as a Ref DL RS ID.

[0255] In certain representative embodiments, a LMF is a non-limiting example of a node or entity (e.g., network node or entity) that may be used for or to support positioning. Any other node or entity (e.g., server WTRU 102) may be substituted for the LMF and still be consistent with this disclosure.

[0256] In certain representative embodiments, normalizing of the measurements associated with different received RS resources with each other may refer to the WTRU 102 realigning the measurements such that they may be compared against each other. This may involve the WTRU 102 eliminating the conditions (e.g., different RS transmit times, different transmit power), in the measurements that may result in additional biases and / or surpluses in certain measurements associated with a certain condition. For example, a different transmit time of a DL RS by a TRP may result in a different receive time of the DL RS by the WTRU 102. The WTRU 102 may normalize this measurement by eliminating (e.g., subtracting) the Tx time difference from the measurements to make the metrics (e.g., time of arrival, delay) comparable with each other.

[0257] As used herein, the phrase “ID” may be used interchangeably with “index”.

[0258] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may send a measurement report, containing information indicating or associated with measurements, to the network (e.g., LMF, gNB) via a semi-static (e.g., LPP, RRC) or dynamic message (e.g., UCI, MAC-CE).

[0259] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may indicate a RS resource index and / or RS index or ID, associated with measurements, in the report to indicate which RS(s) the WTRU 102 measured to derive the measurements (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, etc.). The WTRU 102 may include a TRP ID or index in the measurement report to indicate which TRP’s PRS(s) the WTRU 102 made the measurements on.

[0260] RS Configurations

[0261] Configuration for PRS

[0262] In certain representative embodiments, a PRS configuration may include information indicating at least one of the following parameters: number of symbols, transmission power, number of PRS resources included in PRS resource set, muting pattern for PRS (for example, the muting pattern may be expressed via a bitmap), periodicity, type of PRS (e.g., periodic, semi- persistent, or aperiodic), slot offset for periodic transmission for PRS, vertical shift of PRS pattern in the frequency domain, time gap during repetition, repetition factor, RE (resource element) offset, comb pattern, comb size, spatial relation, QCL information (e.g., QCL target, QCL source) for PRS, number of PRUs, number of TRPs, Absolute Radio-Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN), subcarrier spacing, expected RSTD, uncertainty in expected RSTD, start Physical Resource Block (PRB), bandwidth, BWP ID, number of frequency layers, start / end time for PRS transmission, on / off indicator for PRS, TRP ID, PRS ID, cell ID, global cell ID, PRU ID, and / or applicable time window. For example, a WTRU 102 may apply a PRS configuration under a condition that the current time is within the applicable time window. “ID” may be used interchangeably with “index”. The WTRU 102 may receive information indicating a beam width of a PRS or boresight direction (e.g., AoD) of a PRS from the network. The configuration described herein is not limited to PRS. For example, the PRS configuration may be applicable to any DL RS.

[0263] Configuration for SRSp

[0264] In certain representative embodiments, a SRSp or SRS configuration may include information indicating at least one of resource ID; comb offset values, cyclic shift values; start position in the frequency domain; number of SRSp symbols; shift in the frequency domain for SRSp; frequency hopping pattern; type of SRSp (e.g., aperiodic, semi-persistent or periodic); sequence ID used to generate SRSp, or other IDs used to generate SRSp sequence; spatial relation information, indicating which reference signal (e.g., DL RS, UL RS, CSI-RS, SRS, DM-RS) or SSB (e.g., SSB ID, cell ID of the SSB) the SRSp is related to spatially where the SRSp and DL RS may be aligned spatially; QCL information (e.g., a QCL relationship between SRSp and other reference signals or SSB); QCL type (e.g., QCL type A, QCL type B, QCL type D); resource setID; list of SRSp resources in the resource set; transmission power related information; pathloss reference information which may contain index for SSB, CSI-RS or PRS; periodicity of SRSp transmission; and / or spatial information, such as spatial direction information of SRSp transmission (e.g., beam information, angles of transmission), and / or spatial direction information of DL RS reception (e.g., beam ID used to receive DL RS, angle of arrival). “ID” may be used interchangeably with “index”.

[0265] Configuration for CSI-RS

[0266] In certain representative embodiments, a CSI-RS resource set configuration (e.g., a NZP- CSI-RS-ResourceSef) may include information indicating at least one of: resource ID, periodicity and slot offset, resource mapping to define the number of CSI-RS ports, CDM-type, and OFDM symbol and subcarrier occupancy of the CSI-RS resource within a slot, bandwidth part ID, scrambling ID, power control configurations including power control offset, (e.g., a QCL relationship between CSI-RS and other reference signals), QCL type (e.g., QCL type A, QCL type B, QCL type D), resource set ID, list of CSI-RS resources in the resource set, and / or list of CSI- RS resource sets. “ID” may be used interchangeably with “index”.

[0267] Configuration for SSB

[0268] In certain representative embodiments, an SSB configuration may include information indicating at least one of: subcarrier offset, physical cell ID, subcarrier spacing, power configurations for SSB transmissions, SSB position QCL relationship between SSB positions on the frequency (e.g., QCL type A, QCL type B, QCL type D), SSB transmission beams and patterns (e.g., via bit strings in ssb-PositionsInBursf), and / or periodicity. Additionally, SSB can also be configured by CSI-RS configurations (e.g., CSI-ResourceConfig) where the configuration may contain at least one of the: resource ID, resource set ID, list of SSB resources in the resource set, list of SSB resource sets, list of references to SSB resources used for CSI measurement and reporting in a CSI-RS resource set etc. These configurations may be in addition to one or more of the configurations listed for CSI-RS. “ID” may be used interchangeably with “index”.

[0269] Measurements

[0270] In certain representative embodiments, RSRPP (e.g., in terms of dBm, dBW, or the like) may be defined as a path-wise power measurement that may be associated with a path. For example, a path may be characterized by an i-th measurement component (e.g., i-th delay component, i-th AoA component, etc.) of the resource elements that carry a DL RS signal(s). For example, the RSRPP associated with the 1stpath measurements (e.g., 1stdelay component, 1stAoA component) may correspond to the power contribution associated with the first detected path in time and so on.

[0271] In certain representative embodiments, the AoA (e.g., measured in degrees, radians, or the like) may be defined as the azimuth and / or the vertical angle with which the WTRU 102 receives the transmitted RS with respect to a reference direction. A reference direction may either be defined in a global coordinate system (e.g., geographical north) or in a local coordinate system (e.g., orientation of the WTRU 102). In one example, the WTRU 102 may measure the AoA per path associated with the received DL RS. The WTRU 102 may determine the AoA based on an algorithm (e.g., subspace-based algorithms such as MUSIC / ESPIRIT) and / or based on the angles of the receive beam used to receive the RS (e.g., angle associated with the Rx filter), such as where the WTRU 102 is able to perform Rx beamforming (e.g., based on WTRU 102 capability). The resolution of the measured AoA may depend on the number of antenna elements and / or the antenna pattern at the WTRU 102, and / or the granularity of Rx beams by the WTRU 102, for example.

[0272] In certain representative embodiments, an excess delay (e.g., measured in terms of number of symbols, slots, frames, subframes, seconds, or other transmission time interval) measurement of a path (e.g., i-th path) may be defined as the time duration associated with the delay component (e.g., i-th delay component) of the resource elements that carry the received DL RS with respect to a reference delay component (e.g., 1-st delay component of the DL RS). The reference delay component for an excess delay measurement for a DL RS may be a delay path component measured with the same DL RS, in one example, or another DL RS, in another example. The reference delay component may either be determined by the WTRU 102 or indicated by the network to the WTRU 102. The granularity of measuring the excess delay may be dependent on the time measurement resolution capability of the WTRU 102. This capability, in one example, may depend on the signal bandwidth for sensing. The resolution may (e.g., also) depend on the ability of the WTRU 102 to process (e.g., compute FFT) large frequency domain samples.

[0273] Positioning Methods

[0274] In 3 GPP Rel. 16, downlink, uplink, and downlink and uplink positioning methods are used.

[0275] In certain representative embodiments, any of the following positioning methods may be used and / or considered.

[0276] For example, a “DL positioning method” may refer to any positioning method that uses downlink reference signals, such as PRS. A WTRU 102 may receive multiple reference signals from one or more Transmission Points (TPs) and measure DL RSTD and / or RSRP. Examples of DL positioning methods are DL-AoD or DL-TDOA positioning.

[0277] For example, a “UL positioning method” may refer to any positioning method that uses uplink reference signals, such as SRS for positioning. The WTRU 102 may transmit an SRS tomultiple Reception Points (RPs) and the RPs measure the UL RTOA and / or RSRP. Examples of UL positioning methods are UL-TDOA or UL-AoA positioning.

[0278] For example, a “DL and UL positioning method” may refer to any positioning method that uses both uplink and downlink reference signals for positioning. In one example, a WTRU 102 may transmit a SRS to multiple Transmission and Reception Points (TRPs) and a gNB measures a Rx-Tx time difference which is calculated based on the time of arrival of a DL RS (e.g., PRS). The gNB can measure RSRP for the received SRS. The WTRU 102 measures the Rx- Tx time difference for PRS transmitted from multiple TRPs. The WTRU 102 can measure RSRP for the received PRS. The Rx-TX difference (e.g., and RSRP) measured at WTRU 102 and gNB may be used to compute round trip time. A “UE Rx - Tx time difference” refers to the difference between the arrival time of the reference signal transmitted by the TRP and the transmission time of the reference signal transmitted from the WTRU 102. An example of a DL and UL positioning method is multi-RTT positioning.

[0279] As used herein, the phrases “positioning” and “sensing” may be used interchangeably. This solution enables multipath detection based on received DL resources with same or different transmit spatial filters. Additionally, the solution also enables the WTRU 102 to transmit the SRSp resources with optimal transmit power and transmit spatial filter. These features allow for:

[0280] In certain representative embodiments, accurate object detection and / or location with DL RS resources may be performed with same or different spatial filters.

[0281] In certain representative embodiments, improved accuracy of uplink bistatic object sensing may be performed with optimal power allocation,

[0282] In certain representative embodiments, uplink sensing with minimized interference both for WTRU(s) in the vicinity of the sensing WTRU 102, and for the gNB(s) may be achieved through power control in consideration of any non-sensing path.

[0283] Uplink Power Control and Beam Determination Procedures

[0284] Path Index Determination Procedures

[0285] Initial Configuration

[0286] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may receive one or more DL RS (e.g., SSB, CSLRS, DL-PRS) configurations from the network.

[0287] For example, a WTRU 102 may receive a DL RS configuration (e.g., SSB, CSI-RS, DL- PRS, etc.) from the network (e.g., LMF, gNB, or other entity that configures reference signals to the WTRU 102).

[0288] For example, a WTRU 102 may receive and decode SSB configurations from a MIB and SIB (e.g., SIB type 1) during the cell search procedure. The WTRU 102 may first decode the MIBand use that information to decode the SIB and gather the configurations relevant to SSBs. The WTRU 102 may decode the MIB and SIB that may be transmitted over the BCH.

[0289] For example, a WTRU 102 may receive one or more SSB configurations (e.g., NZP-CSI- RS-SSB) via CSI RS configurations (e.g., SSB to be transmitted and / or measured and / or reported). The WTRU 102 may receive a configuration in the downlink physical channels (e.g., PDSCH or PDCCH), via higher layer signaling (e.g., MAC-CE, RRC, DCI), and / or via LPP messages.

[0290] For example, a WTRU 102 may receive one or more CSI-RS configurations from the network via the downlink physical channels (e.g., PDSCH or PDCCH), via higher layer signaling (e g., MAC-CE, RRC, DCI), and / or via LPP messages.

[0291] For example, a WTRU 102 may receive one or more CSI-RS configurations (e.g., NZP- CSI-RS-Re source, NZP-CSI-RS-Resource-Sef) via CSI RS configurations (e.g., CSI-RS to be transmitted and / or measured and / or reported). The WTRU 102 may receive a configuration via the downlink physical channels (e.g., PDSCH or PDCCH), via higher layer signaling (e.g., MAC-CE, RRC, DCI), and / or via LPP messages.

[0292] For example, a WTRU 102 may receive one or more DL-PRS configurations via the downlink physical channels (e.g., PDSCH or PDCCH), via higher layer signaling (e.g., MAC-CE, RRC, DCI), and / or via LPP messages.

[0293] For example, a WTRU 102 may receive one or more DL RS configurations based on a request from the WTRU 102. The WTRU 102 may send the request to the network for a DL RS configuration via the uplink physical channels (e.g., PDSCH or PDCCH), via higher layer signaling (e.g., MAC-CE, RRC, DCI), and / or via LPP messages.

[0294] Measurements

[0295] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine to measure a multipath profile across multiple DL RSs.

[0296] For example, the WTRU 102 may be configured by the network to determine a multipath channel profile from the DL measurements across one or more DL RSs. A multipath channel profile may include the WTRU 102 determining any (e.g., combination) of the following: (i) the multipath measurements (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, excess delay, doppler shift, delay spread etc.) associated with on or more DL RS(s); (ii) the association of the multipath measurements between the DL RS(s); and / or (iii) the association between different DL RS(s) and / or UL RS(s) based on multipath measurements.

[0297] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine any of the foregoing associations based on at least one of the following conditions: (i) the measured delay spread based on DL measurement is above a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) the number of present multipath components (e.g., basedon DL measurements) above a (pre)configured threshold; (iii) the change in measurements (e.g., RSRP, RSRPP, AoA, etc.) within a (pre)configured duration (e.g., measurement window, N consecutive measurement occasions, etc.) is above a (pre)configured threshold; (iv) the increase in re-transmission requests above a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (v) the LoS / NLoS ID associated with one or more TRP(s) is below a (pre)configured threshold.

[0298] In certain representative embodiments, based on the above trigger conditions, the WTRU 102 may report the events to the network and be configured with DL RS resources for sensing.

[0299] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may receive configuration and / or assistance information from the network for sensing.

[0300] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive further configuration and / or assistance information from the network for determining a multipath (e.g., channel) profile including at least one of the following: (i) reference DL RS IDs; (ii) path indices; (iii) a reference time and / or spatial direction indication; (iv) geographic location of TRPs; (v) a sensing time window; and / or (vi) transmission power of the configured DL RSs.

[0301] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive one or more indicated reference DL RS ID(s) (e.g., Ref. DL RS ID) from the network. In one example, a reference DL RS (e.g., Ref DL RS ID) may be one or a subset of the ID(s) associated with a (pre)configured DL RS(s). In one example, the WTRU 102 may use the reference resource(s) as an implicit reference time, frequency and / or spatial direction from the network for sensing.

[0302] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive a set of path ID(s) from the network to allocate to different paths. In one example, the received path ID(s) may be associated with reference measurement values (e.g., reference AoA, such as with respect to an indicated reference direction, and / or reference excess delay, such as with respect to the first arrival path), etc.).

[0303] For example, the number of (pre)configured path indices may implicitly indicate to the WTRU 102 the number of paths the WTRU 102 may allocate and / or report to the network. In another example, the WTRU 102 may receive an indication from the network of the total number of paths the WTRU 102 may allocate.

[0304] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive an indication from the network indicating a reference time (e.g., in terms of symbol index, slot index, frame index, absolute time, relative time with respect to a reference point) and / or spatial direction (e.g., in terms of degrees, radians, cell ID, sector ID, reference AoA, relative angle with respect to the TRP location, etc.). In an example, these indications may serve as a reference for the WTRU 102 for sensing in certain time and / or direction.

[0305] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive the co-ordinates (e.g., 2D, 3D) of the serving TRP(s).

[0306] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive the time window for sensing from the network which may include at least one of the following: (i) start or end time of the window (e.g., in terms of symbol index, slot index, frame index, absolute time, relative time with respect to a reference point), and / or (ii) duration of the window (e.g., in terms of number of symbols, slots, frames, subframes, seconds). For example, the sensing window may indicate the time that the WTRU 102 may need to reserve for sensing.

[0307] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive the transmitted power (e.g., in dBm, dBW) of the configured DL RS(s) (e.g., DL-PRS, CSI-RS, SSB, etc.). In an example, the transmission power may be specific to a resource. In another example, all the resources within the resource set may be transmitted with the same power. The WTRU 102 may receive an indication of the transmitted power with the associated DL RS resource and / or resource set ID.

[0308] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may receive one or more DL RS resource(s) and measure the corresponding metrics.

[0309] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may start a timer upon reaching a start time of the (pre)configured sensing time window.

[0310] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive one or more DL RSs in the configured DL RS resources transmitted by the one or more TRPs. Each of the received DL RS may be associated with a (e.g., unique) DL RS ID. The WTRU 102 may receive each RS through one or more paths, each characterized by a different set of path-wise measurements (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, excess delay, etc.). The WTRU 102 may be (pre)configured by the network to perform per path measurements and / or reporting including at least one of the RSRPP and / or AoA and / or excess delays per path for the received DL RS(s). As the WTRU 102 may measure each RS resource through one or more paths, one or more of the measurements may be associated with each received DL RS.

[0311] FIG. 2 is a system diagram illustrating an example of the reception of DL RSs through different multipath components, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. In FIG. 2, measurements may be performed on multiple transmitted DL RSs which may be received by a WTRU 102 via multiple paths.

[0312] In FIG. 2, the WTRU 102 receives the configured DL RSs (e.g., indicated with the IDs of DL RS #1, DL RS #2 and DL RS #3) which are transmitted by a base station, such as a TRP 202. These resources may be transmitted in the DL RS resources with the Tx times of Tl, T2 and T3 respectively with one or more Tx spatial filters (e.g., AoDs). The WTRU 102 receives these DL RS(s) through multiple paths. For example, for DL RS #1, the WTRU 102 receives thetransmitted signal through two paths, a direct path 204 and a reflected path 206 through (e.g., reflection from) an object 208. Likewise, the DL RS #2 transmitted at time T2 is received by the WTRU 102 with three paths, the direct path 204, the reflected path 206, and another reflected path 210 through (e.g., reflection from) another object 212. Each of these paths may yield a unique path-wise measurement. However, a subset of path-wise measurements associated with any two DL RSs (e.g., DL RS #1 and DL RS #2) may be similar. For example, the paths 206 through the object 208 (e.g., a car in FIG. 2) may be associated, based on similar measurements (e.g., AoA, delay, doppler shift etc.) within a threshold interval, by the WTRU 102 as the (e.g., same) locations of the transmitter, the scatterer and the receiver for both the RS(s) measurements.

[0313] For example, the WTRU 102 may (e.g., also) measure the excess delay, associated with each of the respectively performed path-wise measurements. In an example, the excess delay for the measurements corresponding to one or more received DL RS(s) may be measured with reference to one common reference time. This reference time may be any (e.g., combination) of the following: (i) the time of reception of a first received DL RS; (ii) the time of reception of an indicated reference DL RS (for e.g., Ref. DL RS); (iii) the start time of the sensing time window; and / or (iv) a (pre)configured reference time (e.g., SFN timing, etc.). For example, the reference time may be the (e.g., first) time instance when the measured RSRPP of the first received DL RS is above a (pre)configured threshold. For example, the reference time may be the (e.g., first) time instance when the measured RSRPP of the received DL RS is above a (pre)configured threshold.

[0314] For example, the common reference time may be indicated to the WTRU 102 by the network (e.g., as configuration / assistance information). For example, the WTRU 102 may receive a resource ID or index for the reference RS. For example, each ID may be associated with (e.g., a set of) time and / or frequency resources.

[0315] FIG. 3 is a timing diagram illustrating RSRPP measurements across multiple DL RSs with a common reference time as the ToA of a reference DL RS, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 3, the RSRPP measurements vary with the excess delay associated with different DL RS transmissions (e.g., DL RS #1, DL RS #2 and DL RS #3). In FIG. 3, the indicated common reference DL RS (e.g., Ref. DL RS) is DL RS #1 and the time of its first arrival path is considered as the common reference time (e.g., 0 ms). In FIG. 3, the times tl, t2, •••, tk represent the time instances of the 2nd, 3rdand (k+l)thmeasured paths respectively with respect to the common reference time (e.g., 0 ms).

[0316] FIG. 4 is a timing diagram illustrating RSRPP measurements across multiple DL RSs with a common reference time as the start time of a measurement window, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. In FIG. 4, a WTRU 102 measurements of the DL RSRSRPP are shown where the common reference time is the start time of the measurement window. In this example, the excess delay durations of tl, t2 and tk represent the delay measurements with respect to the 1st, 2ndand kthpaths, respectively.

[0317] For example, a WTRU 102 may determine to use a reference DL RS (e.g., Ref. DL RS) different than a reference DL RS configured by the network based on at least one of the following conditions. The measured RSRP and / or RSRPP associated with the configured Ref DL RS is below a (pre)configured threshold. The total number of multipath components (e.g., the number of paths with RSRPP measurements above a (pre)configured threshold) is below a (pre)configured threshold. The difference between the direction of reception (e.g., measured AoA, angle of Rx filter used by the WTRU 102 for reception) of the reference RS path (e.g., first arrival path of the reference RS (Ref DL RS) with measured RSRPP above a (pre)configured threshold) and the (pre)configured reference direction (e.g., indicated reference AoA) is above a (pre)configured threshold.

[0318] In another example, the WTRU 102 may determine the reference RS (e.g., Ref DL RS) if the WTRU 102 did not receive any indication about the reference RS from the network.

[0319] In another example, the WTRU 102 may be configured with more than one reference RS. The WTRU 102 may determine to choose one reference RS for the determining of the common reference time and / or allocating the path IDs. For example, the WTRU 102 may receive a set of resource IDs or indices from which the WTRU 102 may choose the ID corresponding to the reference RS.

[0320] In the above two examples, the WTRU 102 may determine the reference RS (e.g., other than the (pre)configured RS, one of many (pre)configured RS(s) etc.) based on at least one of the following: (i) a DL RS with measured RSRP / RSRPP above a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) a DL RS with a number of measured multipath components (e.g., number of path measurements with RSRPP above a (pre)configured threshold) above a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (iii) a reference RS with the difference between the Rx direction (e.g., measured AoA, angle of Rx filter) of an associated path measurement and the (pre)configured reference direction (e.g., AoA) below a (pre)configured threshold.

[0321] FIG. 5 is a system diagram illustrating an example cause for the WTRU 102 to determine a new reference RS, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. In FIG. 5, Gref represents the configured reference AoA direction and 0Th represents the (pre)configured threshold indicated by the network. Similarly, DL RS#3 is the indicated Ref DL RS by the network. Since the signal received from the Ref DL RS does not have a path in the indicated direction withinthe threshold (e.g., between [0ref - 0Th, 0ref + 0Th], the WTRU 102 may determine to choose a different Ref. DL RS based on the described procedures.

[0322] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine to report the (e.g., new) reference DL RS to the network. The WTRU 102 may determine to report the DL RS index (e.g., associated with the new reference DL RS) to the network.

[0323] Path Allocation

[0324] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine a path allocation.

[0325] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may receive one or more (pre)configured DL RSs transmitted by the TRPs. For example, the received DL RSs may be configured with and / or characterized by any (e.g., combination) of the following: transmission times, zenith and / or azimuth AoD, resource sets, beamwidths, polarizations, RS sequence (e.g., ZC, Gold sequence), transmit power, time (e.g., symbols) and frequency (e.g., PRBs, sub-carriers) resources allocated for the RS transmission, and / or TCI state (e.g., QCL’ed SSB or CSI-RS) associated with RS transmission.

[0326] A WTRU 102 may receive a RS transmission within the allocated resources through channel multipath conditions including a direct path (no bounce), a single bounce, and / or multiple bounces through one or more scattering (e.g., reflecting, diffracting, etc.) elements in a propagation environment. A DL RS transmission may thus arrive over a set of multipaths at a WTRU 102 receiver. Accordingly, a WTRU 102 may detect and measure a multipath version of a same transmitted reference signal at each multipath and determine a channel profile based on the measurements. For example, a WTRU 102 may determine a set of multipaths (or multipath components) based on an aforementioned channel profile measurement. As described herein, a multipath may be interchangeably referred to as a multipath component.

[0327] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine any (e.g., combination) of the following parameters associated with each measured multipath component: (i) a measured RSRPP; (ii) an excess delay; (iii) a delay spread; (iv) a doppler shift; (v) a doppler spread; and / or (vi) an Ao A.

[0328] For example, a WTRU 102 may determine an excess delay as the time duration associated with the delay component (e.g., i-th delay component) of the resource elements that carry received DL RS with respect to the reference delay component (e.g., 1stdelay component of the DL RS). The reference time may (e.g., either) be determined by the WTRU 102 and / or indicated by the network to the WTRU 102.

[0329] For example, the reference time may be common to all the path-wise delay measurements corresponding to one or more received DL RS(s). A WTRU 102 may determine the first arrivalpath of a DL RS (e.g., Ref. DL RS) as the first multipath where the measured RSRPP may exceed a (pre)configured threshold. A WTRU 102 may denote the first arrival path of a DL RS (e.g., Ref DL RS) as zero.

[0330] For example, a WTRU 102 may measure an excess delay of a DL RS as a time duration relative to a its first arrival path. For each received DL RS, the excess delay reference may be different (e.g., unique). A WTRU 102 may determine a first arrival path of the DL RS as the first multipath where the measured RSRPP associated with the DL RS may exceed a (pre)configured threshold. A WTRU 102 may denote the excess delay of the first arrival path of the DL RS as zero.

[0331] In certain representative embodiments, the granularity of measuring the excess delays may be dependent on a time measurement resolution capability of the WTRU 102. This capability, in one example, may depend on the signal bandwidth for sensing. Additionally, the resolution may also depend on the ability of the WTRU 102 to process (e.g., FFT size) large frequency domain samples.

[0332] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may associate a measured channel profile with any (e.g., combination) of the following: (i) one or more configuration parameters of the measured DL RS transmission (e.g., RS identity, RS index, RS resource, TCI state, Tx port, AoD, Tx beamwidth, Tx beam indication, Tx spatial filter); (ii) one or more parameters of the measurement configuration (e.g., a Rx beam identity, Rx beamwidth, AoA, Rx port, Rx spatial filter); (iii) a time instance and / or time stamp denoting the time of channel profile measurement; and / or (iv) a validity period denoting the period within which a WTRU 102 may determine the channel profile measurement may apply (e.g., a WTRU 102 may consider that the channel profile may not change).

[0333] For example, the sets of multipaths associated with any two received DL RS transmissions may either be fully intersecting, partially intersecting or completely disjointed. This may depend on one or more of the following regarding the DL RS transmissions: (i) the difference between the AoDs; (ii) the difference of the Tx beamwidths; (iii) the difference between the Rx beamwidths; and / or (iv) the difference of the transmission power levels.

[0334] In certain representative embodiments, in order for the WTRU 102 to determine whether two set of measurements associated with more than one DL RS(s) correspond to the same multipath component(s), the WTRU 102 may compare the path-wise measurements associated with different received DL RS(s).

[0335] The RSRPP measurements associated with different RSs received through the same path may be different. This may be due to variations in Tx power transmitted in more than one directiondue to the different spatial properties (e.g., Tx beam shape, width, spatial filter etc.) associated with the DL RS(s).

[0336] The AoA per path measurements associated with different RSs received through the same path may be the same as this may depend on the location of the scatterer and the location of the WTRU 102 which may be considered to be constant during the measurement occasions.

[0337] The excess delays associated with different RSs received through the same multipath component also may be different. This may be mainly due to the difference in the transmit times of the different RSs. As the resources for different RS beams may be allocated sequentially, the excess delay measurements for the different RSs may be different. The WTRU 102, in one example, may be configured to normalize the measurements to eliminate the effect of different transmission times associated with the different DL RS(s) by aligning the delay measurements.

[0338] Excess Delay Measured With A Common Reference Time

[0339] In certain representative embodiments, excess delay may be measured with respect to a common reference time.

[0340] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine the normalized pathwise excess delay measurements associated with different DL RSs.

[0341] For example, the excess delays for more than one DL RS may be measured with respect to a common reference time. The procedures herein describe WTRU 102 behaviours to normalize the excess delay measurements associated with more than one DL RS(s).

[0342] For example, the WTRU 102 may perform excess delay normalization based on the transmit time and the common reference time associated with the measurement. For the measurements associated with each received DL RS, the WTRU 102 may determine the difference between the (e.g., indicated / determined) common reference time and the transmit time associated with the received reference DL RS (e.g., Ref. DL RS). The WTRU 102 may then, for each measured DL RS, subtract the difference from the measured excess delays associated with the corresponding DL RS. As the determined difference just changes the reference time for the excess delays for each RS, the (e.g., pair of) associated measurements (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, etc.) may remain the same and still may be associated with the corresponding (e.g., subtracted) normalized excess delay.

[0343] FIG. 6 is a timing diagram illustrating an example for determining normalized excess delay when the common reference time is determined from the first arrival path of the Ref. DL RS, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 6, the WTRU 102 may measure the RSRPP from RS #1, RS #2 and RS #3, with the common reference time for the excess delay measurement as the first arrival path of the indicated Ref. DL RS. In FIG.6, the transmit times (e.g., t) for the RSs are Tl, T2 and T3 respectively. The WTRU 102 may determine the normalized excess delay by first determining the difference (e.g., Diff_RS#K) between the RS Tx times between an RS (e.g., with ID RS #K) and the Ref. DL RS (e.g., RS #1) as TK - Tl. The WTRU 102 may then determine the normalized excess delay (rKn) as the difference between the measured excess delay (tKn) associated with the RS (e.g., RS#K) and the computed difference (e.g., Diff_RS#K), asKn= tKn— Diff_RS#K.

[0344] FIG. 7 is a timing diagram illustrating an example for determining a normalized excess delay when the common reference time is a start time of a measurement window, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. In FIG. 7, a WTRU 102 may determine the normalized excess delay when the excess delay is measured using the measurement window start time (e.g., StartTime) as a reference. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine the difference (e.g., Diff_RS#K) between an RS (e.g., with ID RS #K) and the measurement window start time as TK - StartTime. The WTRU 102 may then determine the normalized excess delay as the difference between the measured excess delay associated with the RS (e.g., RS#K) and the computed difference (e.g., Diff_RS#K), asKn= tKn— Diff_RS#K.

[0345] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine the path indices based on multipath measurement groups.

[0346] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may be configured by the network to allocate the path indices to the path-wise measurements.

[0347] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine to allocate the path indices to the measurements associated with the multipath based on any (e.g., combination) of the following conditions: (i) the total number of measurements (e.g., with RSRPP above a threshold) is above a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) the total number of measurements (e.g., with a difference between their measured Rx direction (e.g., measured AoAs) below a threshold) is above a (pre)configured threshold; (iii) the difference between the (e.g., any) two (e.g., unique) AoDs of the transmitted RS resources is below a (pre)configured threshold; (iv) the beamwidth of the transmitted RS resources is above a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (v) the WTRU 102 receives an indication from the network to perform measurement alignment.

[0348] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine which of the above criterion or combination of above criteria to use based on a configuration and / or indication from the network. For example, the WTRU 102 may receive an indication from the network to use AoA to associate paths measured in different RSs. The WTRU 102 may receive, from the network, any of the criterion described herein. In another example, the WTRU 102 may indicate to the network how the paths measured in different RSs are associated. For example, the WTRU 102 may indicate AoAmeasurements are used to determine the association between paths. The WTRU 102 may indicate any of the criterion described herein.

[0349] In certain representative embodiments, the path indices may include (e.g., unique) identifiers. For example, the identifiers may be provided by the network to the WTRU 102, or in another example, generated by the WTRU 102. For example, the WTRU 102 may be configured with a range of path IDs associated with a DL RS (e.g., reference DL RS). An example of the range associated with a DL RS can be 1 though n (e.g., 5) , indicating the WTRU 102 may measure up to n (e.g., 5) paths for the associated DL RS. The WTRU 102 may determine to assign up to n (e.g., 5) paths if the WTRU 102 detects multipaths in the measurement.

[0350] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine a reference multipath profile where the reference multipath profile is determined based on measurements made on the reference DL RS. Each path in the reference multipath profile may have an ID associated with it.

[0351] The WTRU 102 may associate one or more measurements associated with one or more DL RS resource(s) with the path ID. The WTRU 102 may allocate a path ID to one or more measurements and / or one or more DL RS resource(s) if the measurements correspond to the same path. Example procedures for the WTRU 102 to allocate the ID(s) to the path measurements are given in the following paragraphs below.

[0352] For example, a WTRU 102 may be configured or indicated by the network to assign a path ID to the multipath measured in the reference DL RS. For example, if the WTRU 102 determines N paths from the measurement, the WTRU 102 may assign path IDs ranging from 1 through N for the detected paths.

[0353] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine to associate a path to the multipath detected through more than one measurement occasion and / or samples. Different measurement occasions or samples may correspond to measurements made at different time instances. The WTRU 102 may process measurements made at different occasions or samples and average the measurements or filter the paths with the lowest RSRPP, for example. The WTRU 102 may indicate (e.g., via UCI, MAC-CE, RRC, and / or LPP) to the network that the determined path IDs are based on more than one measurement occasion or samples, or one measurement occasion or sample.

[0354] FIG. 8 is a timing diagram illustrating an example of path allocation based on a reference DL RS, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. In FIG. 8, the WTRU 102 may initially allocate the path ID(s) to the measurements associated with the indicated (e.g., one or more) reference RS resource(s) (e.g., Ref. DL RS ID). The WTRU 102 may allocate a path ID to path measurements (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, doppler shift, etc.) based on any (e.g., combination) of the following conditions: (i) the RSRPP measurement associated with the reference RS resourceis above a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) the difference in the measured normalized excess delay associated with a path and the (e.g., average) normalized excess delay associated with an allocated path ID is above a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (iii) the difference in the measured Rx direction (e.g., AoA, angle of the Rx filter, etc.) associated with a path and the Rx direction of the allocated path ID ((e.g., average) AoA, (e.g., average) angle of the Rx spatial filter, etc.) associated with an allocated path ID is above a (pre)configured threshold.

[0355] For example, the WTRU 102 may be further configured to associate the path-wise measurements that are not associated with the path ID(s) (e.g., associated with Ref. DL RS and non reference received DL RS(s)) with an allocated path ID based on any (e.g., combination) of the following conditions: (i) the measured RSRPP is above a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) the difference in the measured normalized excess delay associated with a path and the (e.g., average) normalized excess delay associated with the path ID is above a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (iii) the difference in the measured Rx direction (e.g., AoA, angle of the Rx filter, etc.) associated with a path and the Rx direction ((e.g., average) AoA, (e.g., average) angle of Rx spatial filter, etc.) associated with the path ID is above a (pre)configured threshold.

[0356] For example, as illustrated in FIG. 8, the path ID(s) may (e.g., only) be allocated to the measurements associated with the Ref. DL RS and the measurements associated with the non reference RS(s) are associated with the allocated paths.

[0357] FIG. 9 is a timing diagram illustrating an example of path allocation based on all of the measured DL RSs, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 9, a WTRU 102 may allocate the path IDs to the path-wise measurements (e.g., associated with non-reference and / or reference RS resource(s)) based on the following condition: the measured RSRPP is above a (pre)configured threshold.

[0358] For example, the WTRU 102 may additionally allocate the same path ID to two sets of measurements (e.g., either associated with the same DL RS or different DL RSs) based on at least one of the following conditions: (i) the difference between the measured normalized excess delay associated with the two measurements is below a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (ii) the measured Rx direction (e.g., AoA, angle of the Rx spatial filter, etc.) associated with the two measurements are the same and / or their difference is below a (pre)configured threshold.

[0359] In FIG. 9, all the path-wise measurements including those measured with non-reference DL RS(s) satisfying the indicated conditions may be associated with a path ID. This difference between the approaches can be seen in FIGs. 8 and 9, where in FIG. 8, as the paths IDs are only allocated based on the measurements associated with the Ref. DL RS measurements, only two path IDs (e.g., Path ID 1 and Path ID 2) are allocated. In contrast, in FIG. 9, the WTRU 102 allocatesthree path IDs (e.g., Path ID 1, Path ID 2 and Path ID 3) where the Path ID 3 is allocated based on the measurements associated with the non-reference DL RS(s).

[0360] FIG. 10 is a signaling diagram illustrating a path association procedure based on a common reference time, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As illustrated in FIG. 10, the WTRU 102 may be configured with a DL RS configuration and a sensing window configuration at 1002. measures the excess delays associated with the reception of multiple DL RS(s) at 1004, 1006 and 1008 based on a common reference time (e.g., for a first path of the Ref. DL RS). The WTRU 102 may receive a request for path association information at 1010. The WTRU 102 then determines the paths based on further procedures involving excess delay normalization and determining the similarities in other measurements (e.g., AoA, excess delay, etc.). The WTRU 102 may send a measurement and / or path association report to the network (e.g., TRP 202) at 1012. FIG. 10 also illustrates the sensing window configuration indicated by the network to the WTRU 102.

[0361] Excess Delay Measured Per DL RS Reference Time

[0362] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine the multipath groups and associated path identification based on channel profile parameters measured on RS transmissions.

[0363] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may perform the excess delay normalization based on the measured excess delay, RSRRP, delay spread and / or AoA of the multipaths in different channel profile measurements.

[0364] For example, a WTRU 102 may perform a normalization when the excess delay associated with a DL RS may be measured as a time duration relative to the first arrival path of the DL RS. A WTRU 102 may determine a LOS path as the first arrival multi-path in one or more channel measurements on different RS transmissions. A WTRU 102 may align the first arrival multipath of different channel profile measurements based on any (e.g., combination) of the following conditions: (i) the difference between RSRPP values of the first arrival path in each measurement may be smaller than a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) the difference between the path loss specific to the first arrival paths in each measurement may be smaller than a (pre)configured threshold; (iii) The difference between AoA values of the first arrival path in each measurement may be smaller than a (pre)configure threshold; (iv) the difference between AoDs of the measured RS transmissions may be smaller than a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (v) the difference between beamwidths of the measured RS transmissions may be smaller than a (pre)configured threshold.

[0365] For example, a WTRU 102 may determine a path loss specific to the first arrival path based on the measured RSRPP and the RS transmission power.

[0366] FIG. 11 is a channel profile diagram illustrating path ID assignments to groups of correlated multipaths, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. In FIG. 11, a WTRU 102 may determine that the first arrival multipaths measured on RSI and RS2 transmissions may be aligned based on one or more of the conditions. For example, both of the first arrival multipaths may have a LOS (Line-Of- Sight) channel condition. A WTRU 102 may subsequently identify one or more groups of multipaths of different channel profile measurements based on their measured channel profile parameters. For example, a WTRU 102 may determine to group one or more multipaths from different channel profile measurements based on any (e.g., combination) of the following conditions: (i) the measured RSRPP of the multipaths may be larger than a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) the difference between the measured excess delay of the multipaths relative to the aligned first arrival multipath may be smaller than a (pre)configured threshold; (iii) the difference between RSRPP values of the first arrival path in each measurement may be smaller than a (pre)configured threshold; (iv) the difference between the measured AoA of the multipaths may be smaller than a (pre)configured threshold; (v) the difference between the measured delay spread of the multipaths may be smaller than a (pre)configured threshold; (vi) the difference between AoDs of the measured RS transmissions may be smaller than a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (vii) the difference between beamwidths of the measured RS transmissions may be smaller than a (pre)configured threshold.

[0367] For example, a WTRU 102 may consider the multipaths in the same group may result from a correlated channel condition (e.g., from reflection or diffraction from a same object). In Fig. 11, the WTRU 102 may determine that the 2ndmultipath measured on the RS2 transmission may be grouped with the first arrival path measured on the RS3 transmission based on one or more of the above-discussed conditions. For example, the LOS path of RS3 transmission may be blocked.

[0368] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may be configured by the network to associate an indication with multipaths from channel profile measurement s) of one or more RS transmissions. For example, a multipath indication may be any (e.g., combination) of the following: (i) path identity; (ii) a path index; and / or (iii) a path group index.

[0369] For example, a WTRU 102 may associate a multipath indication with each identified multipath group. As shown in FIG. 11, a WTRU 102 may associate a path ID 1 to the aligned first arrival path and path ID 2 and path ID 3 to the subsequent groups of multipaths. A WTRU 102 may (e.g., further) associate a multipath indication with any (e.g., combination) of the following:(i) configuration parameters of the RS transmissions applied for the channel profile measurement (e.g., time and / or frequency resources, TCI state, beamwidth, AoD, and / or transmission power);(ii) channel measurement parameters (e.g., RSRPP, path loss, AoA, delay spread, excess delay, Doppler shift, and / or Doppler spread); (iii) configuration parameters of the WTRU 102 receiver measurement configuration (e.g., Rx beam identity, Rx beamwidth, AoA, Rx port, and / or Rx spatial filter); (iv) the time instances and / or time stamps of channel profile measurements; and / or (v) the validity period denoting the period within which a WTRU 102 may determine the multipath indication may be valid (e.g., the channel conditions indicated by the multipaths in the multipath group may be considered unchanged). For example, a WTRU 102 may receive a validity period in a RS transmission configuration from the network. For example, a WTRU 102 may be (pre)configured with a set of values from the network and may select a validity period based on WTRU 102 mobility (e.g., speed) and / or interference measurement (e.g., SINR). When the WTRU 102 is at a high speed and / or the channel interference is high, a WTRU 102 may select a small validity period value to account for fast channel condition changes and / or reduced accuracy of the channel profile measurements.

[0370] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine the multipaths in a same group from different channel profile measurements may indicate highly correlated channel conditions. For example, a WTRU 102 may determine a channel condition of one multipath based on the channel condition of another multipath in the same multipath group. Thus, a WTRU 102 may associate a multipath group and / or its indication with a same subject that may result in the channel conditions. For example, a WTRU 102 may determine a group of multipaths may be reflected from a same obstacle in the surroundings. A WTRU 102 may thus indicate such an obstacle using the associated multipath group and / or its indication with the obstacle. For example, a WTRU 102 may perform a reporting of the determined multipath group(s) information to the network. The WTRU 102 may include any (e.g., combination) of the following in the reporting: (i) the multipath indication; (ii) the RS transmission configuration associated with each multipath indication; (iii) the channel profile measurements associated with the multipath indication; (iv) the validity of the multipath indication (e.g., when it may be determined by a WTRU 102).

[0371] FIG. 12 is a signaling diagram illustrating a path association procedure based on reference times for each DL RS measurement, , according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 12, for example, a WTRU 102 may receive a DL RS configuration and a sensing window configuration at 1202. The WTRU 102 may measure the excess delays associated with the reception of multiple DL RS(s) at 1204, 1206, and 1208 based on the reference time associated with (e.g., respect to) the corresponding DL RS (e.g., the first path of the DL RS).The WTRU 102 may determine the paths based on further procedures involving determining the similarities and correlations in other measurements (e.g., AoA, excess delay, etc.). The WTRU 102 may receive a request for path association information at 1210. At 1212, the WTRU may send a measurement and / or path association report. FIG. 12 also illustrates a measurement (e.g., sensing) window configuration indicated by the network to the WTRU 102

[0372] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may associate DL RS resources with path indices.

[0373] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may (e.g., along with the measurements) associate the corresponding DL RSs with the (e.g., allocated) path indices. The DL RS(s) associated with a path ID may signify a relationship between them for sensing an object as it may indicate that the RS(s) go through a channel associated with the same object before being received by the WTRU 102. For example, this relationship may be termed as a new QCL relationship (e.g., that may be named as QCL type for sensing, QCL type E, etc.).

[0374] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine the DL RS transmissions associated with a same multipath indication and / or path ID may be QCL’ed specific to the sensing object associated with the multipath indication and / or path ID. For example, a WTRU 102 may be (pre)configured with a sensing QCL indication for each RS transmission. A WTRU 102 may determine which RS transmission(s) may be associated with a given sensing object based on the sensing QCL indication.

[0375] Path Index Determination With Multiple TRPs

[0376] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may perform path index determinations with respect to a single TRP.

[0377] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may perform path index determinations with respect to multiple TRPs and / or cells.

[0378] For example, the WTRU 102 may be configured with DL RS resources from multiple TRPs. The one or more (pre)configured DL RSs (e.g., DL-PRSs) from different TRPs may be transmitted in either a same time slot (e.g., orthogonal due to the comb frequency structure) or a different time slot. The WTRU 102 may be configured with one or more reference DL RS(s) associated with one or more TRP(s).

[0379] For example, similarly to the scenario with the single TRP, the WTRU 102 may measure the excess delays from the received DL RS(s) from the TRPs with either a single common reference time or a reference specific to the DL RS(s). For example, the WTRU 102 may normalize the excess delay for multiple TRPs based on the measured excess delay, common reference time and the indicated transmit time of the DL RSs.

[0380] For example, the WTRU 102 may allocate path IDs independently with respect to one or more TRPs in a similar way as for a single TRP. The WTRU 102 may be (pre)configured with one or more reference DL RSs (e.g., Ref. DL RSs) associated with one or more TRPs.

[0381] For example, the path IDs may be (e.g., additionally) associated with the indices of the TRPs associated with the measurements. A path ID may be associated with one or more TRP(s) as, for example, the measurements associated with one or more TRPs may be associated with the same path ID.

[0382] Path Reporting

[0383] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may be configured by the network to report path-wise (e.g., per path) measurement results. The WTRU 102 may send a report to the network that may include any (e.g., combination) of the following: (i) a multipath presence indication (e.g., a hard indication, such as a discrete value of 0 or 1, or a soft indication, such as a continuous value within a range between 0 and 1); (ii) a multipath indication; (iii) the validity of the multipath profile (e.g., when it may be determined by a WTRU 102); (iv) a reference DL RS ID (e.g., used to allocate the path indices); (v) allocated path indices; (vi) associated TRP ID(s); (vii) DL RS IDs (e.g., with the associated with the path indices); (viii) per path measurements, such as AoA and / or RSRPPs and / or normalized excess delay associated with the path indices; (ix) per path measurements, such as AoA and / or RSRPPs and / or normalized excess delay which are not associated with the path indices; and / or (x) a reference time type and / or reference time used for the excess delay measurements (e.g., common reference time, per DL RS reference time, etc.).

[0384] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine to report the per path measurements for different multipath components either in absolute terms, or in relative terms. For example, the WTRU 102 may report the RSRPP for all the measured path in absolute terms in dBm. For example, the WTRU 102 may (e.g., also) report the differential RSPRPP relative to the RSRPP value of the first arrival path. The WTRU 102 may perform either of the reporting for all the measurements. The WTRU 102 may indicate to the network the reference measurement if the WTRU 102 determines to report relative measurements.

[0385] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine to report a fixed number of paths ID(s) and their associated measurements to the network. In one example, this number may either be configured by the network to the WTRU 102 (e.g., in the reporting configuration) or the WTRU 102 may determine this number. In both the cases, the WTRU 102 may determine to report a fixed number of path ID(s) and prioritize them over others based on any (e.g., combination) of the following prioritization rules: (i) the (e.g., average) measured RSRPP associated with a path ID is above a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) the total number of associated DL RS(s) with a path ID isabove a (pre)configured threshold; (iii) the total number of associated DL RS(s) with the difference between the (e.g., average) measured AoA and the network indicated AoA is below a (pre)configured threshold; (iv) the measured (e.g., average) excess delay associated with a path ID is below a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (v) the measured (e.g., average) doppler shift associated with a path ID is above a (pre)configured threshold.

[0386] For example, a report may act as a trigger for the network to configure the WTRU 102 with further procedures (e.g., sensing procedures). For example, based on a path-wise report, the network may configure the WTRU 102 with the resources for further DL measurements and / or UL resources for transmission for sensing. In another example, the report may indicate to the network the resources that may be used by the network for further transmission or reception (for e.g., CRI, SSBRI for sensing etc.).

[0387] Per Path Spatial Relationships

[0388] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine spatial relationships on a per path basis.

[0389] In certain representative embodiments, spatial relationships using path IDs may be observed only by the WTRU 102 since relevant measurements (e.g., AoA) may be made by the WTRU 102 and not reported to the network. The network may request the WTRU 102 to report spatial information of indicated DL RSs using multipath measurements and / or information.

[0390] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive an indication to report spatial relationship for any indicated DL RSs (e.g., PRS) or UL RSs (e.g., SRS). The WTRU 102 may receive an indicated DL RS from a TRP. Based on the reference multipath channel with path IDs and measurements (e.g., AoA) made on the indicated DL RS, the WTRU 102 may determine to associate a path ID with the DL RS. The WTRU 102 may indicate to the network that indicated DL RS and a different DL RS are associated spatially at the indicated path ID.

[0391] FIG. 13 is a system diagram illustrating an example spatial relationship determination procedure, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 13, the WTRU 102 may receive a request from the network (e.g., gNB, TRP 202, LMF, or any network entity that manages sensing) to report spatial information for an indicated PRS (e.g., PRS#2) at 1302. The WTRU 102 may receive PRS#1 which is used as a reference DL RS at 1304. Based on the measurement of PRS# 1, the WTRU 102 may determine a reference multipath channel profile. For example, the reference multipath channel profile may include 2 paths, namely path#l and path#2 which are associated with different AoAs of PRS# 1. The WTRU 102 may receive PRS#2 from the network at 1306, where the WTRU 102 makes a measurement (e.g., AoA) on the received PRS#2. The WTRU 102 may determine that the PRS#2 is received along path#2. The WTRU 102may determine that the PRS#2 is associated with path#2, where path#2 was determined through PRS#1. The WTRU 102 may report at 1308 to the network information indicating that PRS#2 is associated with PRS#1 spatially at path#2. In another example, the WTRU 102 may receive a request from the network to report spatial information for the indicated DL-RS (e.g., PRS#2).

[0392] The WTRU 102 may receive the request via any of RRC, LPP, semi-static message, MAC-CE and / or DCI. The WTRU 102 may report the determined spatial information via any of RRC, LPP, semi-static message, MAC-C and / or UCI. For example, the report may contain measurements (e.g., AoA of PRS#2 or PRS#1, timing, power measurements associated with PRS#1 and / or PRS#2).

[0393] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive spatial relationship for UL RSs using path IDs from the network. For example, the WTRU 102 may receive an indication to use a DL RS as the reference and determine the reference multipath channel information (e.g., path IDs) based on measurement of the DL RS. The WTRU 102 may report the multipath channel information (e.g., path ID) and associated measurements (e.g., AoA per path). The WTRU 102 may receive a configuration from the network to transmit one or more UL RSs along the indicated path ID which is associated with the referenced DL RS.

[0394] FIG. 14 is a system diagram illustrating an example of a per path spatial relationship determination procedure using RSs, such as PRSs and SRSs, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. In FIG. 14, a WTRU 102 may receive a request for multipath information from the network, such as a TRP 202 or another entity, (e.g., to report multipath measurement for a received PRS) at 1402. The WTRU 102 may receive one or more PRS configurations from the network (e.g., with the request or indicating the request). The WTRU 102 may receive the PRS and make measurements on the multipath channel (e.g., path#l and path#2) at 1404. The WTRU 102 may report information associated with the measurements to the network at 1406. For example, the measurements may include AoA measurements for each path of the multipath channel. The WTRU 102 may receive a request from the network to transmit a configured SRS (e.g., SRS#3) along and / or associated with one of the paths identified through measurement (e.g., path #2) at 1408. The WTRU 102 may receive time and / or frequency resources from the network that are associated with the configured SRS (e.g., SRS#3). The WTRU 102 may transmit the SRS#3 along path #2 at 1410. In another example, the WTRU 102 may receive a path ID from the network, such as in spatial relationship information for the configured SRS, indicating to the WTRU 102 to transmit the SRS along the receive or transmit direction of the path with the indicated path ID.

[0395] For example, for the WTRU 102 to determine delay among the paths, the WTRU 102 may receive reference(s) to determine timings. To assist the WTRU 102, the network (e.g., gNB, LMF) may configure an additional RS(s) that corresponds to the direct path providing a stable timing reference for the path delays. For example, the WTRU 102 may be configured with SSB or CSI-RS resource ID (s) which may be used as the reference for the WTRU 102 to determine the first path or line of sight path between the WTRU 102 and TRP. For example, the WTRU 102 may receive the indicated CSI-RS along a LOS direction. The WTRU 102 may receive an indication from the network that the CSI-RS is transmitted along the LOS direction. The WTRU 102 may determine to use the CSI-RS as the LOS path and determine other path delays with respect to the LOS path. The WTRU 102 may indicate to the network that the indicated CSI-RS has been used as the reference to determine other path delays.

[0396] FIG. 15 is a system diagram illustrating an example of determining a multipath channel profile using multiples RSs, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 15, a WTRU 102 may receive CSI-RS#2 along path#l which has a LOS between the WTRU 102 and the TRP 202. The WTRU 102 may receive PRS#1 along path#2, which is not LOS, reflecting off an obstacle. The WTRU 102 may determine the AoA and / or the ToA of PRS#1 with respect to the AoA and / or ToA of CSI-RS#2, respectively.

[0397] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine to report that different RSs belong to the same multipath profile. For example, as shown in FIG. 15, the WTRU 102 may report that CSI- RS#2 and PRS#1 belong to the same multipath channel profile where CSI-RS#2 is transmitted along the LOS path and PRS#1 is transmitted along the non-LOS path (or kth delay path). The WTRU 102 may report such a relationship or association if the WTRU 102 receives a request from the network to report spatial association between RSs and paths. The IDs of the RSs and paths may be indicated by the network in the request.

[0398] FIG. 16 is a system diagram illustrating another example of determining a multipath channel profile using multiples RSs, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 16, the WTRU 102 may make measurements on PRS#0. From the measurements, the WTRU 102 may determine a multipath channel profile, including two paths, path#l and path#2. The WTRU 102 may receive a request to make an association among DL-RSs. The WTRU 102 may receive an indication from the network, indicating to associate CSI-RS#2 and PRS#1 to the observed paths. The WTRU 102 may report that the CSI-RS#2 and PRS#1 are associated spatially to PRS#0. In addition, the WTRU 102 may report that CSI-RS#2 and PRS#1 are associated with path#l and path#2, respectively. For example, the WTRU 102 may report that CSI-RS#2 and PRS#1 are associated spatially to PRS#0 at path#l and path#2, respectively.

[0399] For example, a WTRU 102 may be configured with spatial relation information for the signals and / or DL-RSs to determine an Rx direction thereof. The WTRU 102 may determine to use a reference to determine a transmission direction of an SRS, for example. The WTRU 102 may determine to use the reference to determine relative measurements for multipath measurements, such as any of absolute or relative RSRP, RSRPP, AoA per path, and / or ToA of the received DLRS per path (e.g., PRS).

[0400] For example, a WTRU 102 may report a LI -RSRP (or LI -RSRPP) and corresponding CRI or SSBRI, where the CRI or SSBRI corresponds to the resource or resource ID that maximizes Ll-RSRPP for a certain path and / or excess delay. The WTRU 102 may associate the CRI or SSBRI with the path ID. The configuration for this may also include a reference signal for a direct path (e.g., LOS path) and a path index (or excess delay) and be included in a configuration (e.g., CSL ReportConfig).

[0401] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine an association between a path ID and a DL RS and / or UL RS.

[0402] For example, the WTRU 102 may associate a path ID with a UL RS when a Tx direction (e.g., AoD of UL RS) of the UL RS and the AoA of path ID are the same or their difference in angles is within a configured margin (e.g., ± N degrees). AoD and AoA may be defined with respect to the same reference angle (e.g., geographical North).

[0403] FIG. 17 is a system diagram illustrating an example of an angle of arrival (AoA) and a transmission direction of a SRS, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. An example of a Tx direction of the SRS, or other UL RS, and the AoA along a path, associated with a DL RS, being similar (e.g., the same or within a configured margin) are shown in FIG. 17.

[0404] FIG. 18 is a system diagram illustrating an example of AoA where a WTRU 102 is configured with multiple SRSs, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the WTRU 102 may be configured with multiple SRSs with different spatial relationships (e.g., each SRS is associated with a different AoD, each SRS is associated spatially with different DL RS, UL RS and / or another DL signal) as shown in FIG. 18. For example, in FIG. 18, the WTRU 102 may receive a request from the network to transmit a SRS whose AoD is in the direction (e.g., AoA) of path #2. The WTRU 102 may be configured with 2 SRSs, namely SRS#3 and SRS#4. The WTRU 102 may determine to indicate to the network that the AoD of SRS#3 is close or within a configured range of angles to the AoA of path #2. Thus, the WTRU 102 may transmit SRS#3 in the configured time and / or frequency resource. The WTRU 102 may send a request to the network with information indicating a request for time and / or frequency resources for SRS#3.

[0405] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive a request from the network to associate a SRS with an indicated path (e.g., by the network) and report a determined association. For example, the WTRU 102 may be configured or preconfigured with SRSs (e.g., each with time and / or frequency resources). The WTRU 102 may report measurements (e.g., multipath measurement with path ID) made on a received PRS (e.g., a reference PRS). The WTRU 102 may receive a request to report an association between the configured SRSs and path IDs indicated by the network where the path IDs corresponds to the path IDs reported in the measurement report or path IDs in the reference multipath channel. The WTRU 102 may report information indicating more than one SRSs associated with an indicated path ID.

[0406] For example, when the WTRU 102 reports an association between a SRS and a path ID, the WTRU 102 may include a measurement report (e.g., timing measurements such as RSTD, ToA, phase measurement such as carrier phase or carrier phase difference, RSRP, RSRPP, and / or AoA) associated with the received PRS. In one example, the AoA may be associated with a path in the multipath channel. The WTRU 102 may send assistance information (e.g., panel dimension, such as may be expressed in terms of number of elements and / or size in meters, and / or orientation of the WTRU 102, such as may be expressed in terms of angles, and / or Rx beam width at the WTRU 102).

[0407] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive a request from the network to associate one or more indicated SRSs with a one or more paths and report any determined associations. For example, the WTRU 102 may be configured or preconfigured with SRSs (e.g., each with time and / or frequency resources). The WTRU 102 may report measurements (e.g., multipath measurement with path ID) made on a received PRS (e.g., as a reference PRS). The WTRU 102 may receive a request from the network to report an association between the indicated SRS and a path where the path may be one of the reported paths based on the measurement made on the PRS. The WTRU 102 may report more than one association where each association may be between the indicated SRS and a path ID.

[0408] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive a request from the network to associate one or more indicated SRSs with a one or more paths and report any determined associations. For example, the WTRU 102 may be configured or preconfigured with SRSs (e.g., each with time and / or frequency resources). The WTRU 102 may report measurements (e.g., multipath measurement with path ID) made on the received PRS (e.g., reference PRS). The WTRU 102 may receive a request from the network to report association between an SRS, where the SRS may be one of the configured SRSs, and a path where the path may be one of the reported paths based onthe measurement made on the PRS. The WTRU 102 may report more than one association where each association may be between the SRS and a path ID.

[0409] FIG. 19 is a signaling diagram illustrating an example procedure to reporting path association information between a path and a SRS, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 19, a WTRU 102 may receive one or more PRS configurations (e.g., a configuration for the reference PRS) from the network (e.g., a TRP 202) at 1902. The WTRU 102 may perform measurements at 1904 and report information associated with the measurements to the network (e.g., multipath measurements). The WTRU 102 may receive one or more SRS configurations from the network at 1906. The WTRU 102 may receive a request for path association (e.g., to associate a path with an indicated SRS) at 1908. The WTRU 102 may report information indicating an association between the indicated SRS and any path IDs at 1910.

[0410] For example, the WTRU 102 may associate a path ID with a DL RS when an AoA of the DL RS and an AoA of the path ID are the same or their difference in angles is within a configured margin (e.g., ± N degrees). The two AoAs may be defined with respect to a same reference angle.

[0411] Transmit Power and Beam Determination Procedures

[0412] Power Control Configuration

[0413] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may receive a power control configuration.

[0414] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may receive configuration information to determine an uplink transmit power and beam direction. The WTRU 102 may transmit SRSp resources with a determined power and direction. For example, the configuration information received by the WTRU 102 from the network may include any (e.g., combination) of the following: (i) Pmax (e.g., indicating the maximum power that may be transmitted by the WTRU 102); (ii) P0 (e.g., indicating the target received power that may be received by the TRP(s) in order to obtain a signal with the required strength, such as RSRP, RSPPP, SNR, to determine the required measurements); (iii) alpha (a) (e.g., indicating a path-loss compensation factor, such as where a factor with a value of 1 may indicate full PL compensation when determining the transmission power); (iv) Pmax scan (e.g., indicating the maximum power that the WTRU 102 may transmit in case the WTRU 102 is scanning the environment for an object); and / or (v) P delta (e.g., indicating a maximum power difference compared to the interference path the WTRU 102 may transmit for sensing).

[0415] For example, a WTRU 102 may receive from the network information indicating a sensing path and / or a transmission direction the WTRU 102 may use for one or more UL RSs. The WTRU 102 may receive such an indication via any combination of the following: (i) path IDs; (ii)RS IDs; (iii) PL RS IDs; (iv) AoAs and / or range threshold information of the AoAs; and / or (v) delays, reference point for the delays, and / or range thresholds of the delays.

[0416] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive one or more path IDs from the network indicating the sensing path in which the WTRU 102 may transmit any SRSp beams. An indicated path ID may be one of the indices reported by the WTRU 102 to the network. The WTRU 102 may have the associated measurements and / or DL RS IDs associated with the indicated path IDs.

[0417] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive one or more DL RS IDs from the network indicating the sensing path associated with the RS IDs. An RS ID may be associated (e.g., be a subset of) with the RS the WTRU 102 has made measurements with.

[0418] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive a PL RS ID (e.g., a RS ID that the WTRU 102 measured and reported). The WTRU 102 may determine to use this PL RS ID as a reference to determine the path-loss and / or the transmit beam direction.

[0419] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive one or more AoAs and / or the range (e.g., in degrees, radians) associated with one or more of the AoAs. The AoAs, and if configured with ranges, the AoA range thresholds, may be used by the WTRU 102 to determine the transmit power and / or transmit beam associated with an indicated AoA.

[0420] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive one or more delay indication(s) (e.g., a number of symbols, slots, frames, subframes, seconds, or other transmission time intervals) from the network. In one example, the WTRU 102 may receive the delay with a same reference time as the one reported by the WTRU 102 to the network. In another example, the network may indicate the reference time to the WTRU 102 where the indication is a relative time.

[0421] For example, the WTRU 102 may also receive the range threshold(s) (e.g., in terms of number of symbols, slots, frames, subframes, seconds, or other transmission time intervals) associated with the indicated delay(s).

[0422] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive the configurations and / or assistance information for power determination from the network via the downlink physical channels (e.g., PDSCH or PDCCH), and / or via higher layer signaling (e.g., MAC-CE, RRC, DCI ) and / or via LPP messages.

[0423] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine to perform power and / or beam determination without an (e.g., explicit) indication from the network.

[0424] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine to perform a power and / or beam determination procedure without an (e.g., explicit) indication from the network following the measurements. For example, a WTRU 102 may make this determination based on any (e.g., combination) of the following conditions: (i) the measured (e.g., average) RSRPPassociated with a path ID is above a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) the measured (e.g., average) doppler shift associated with a path ID is above a (pre)configured threshold; (iii) the total number of DL RS(s) associated with a path ID is above a (pre)configured threshold; (iv) the indicated QoS requirement (e.g., latency) is below a (pre)configured threshold; (v) the duration elapsed from the time instance of the WTRU 102 report and the current time is above a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (v) the WTRU 102 is (pre)configured to determine the transmit power and direction without reporting (e.g., after measurement).

[0425] For example, one or more of the foregoing trigger conditions may be satisfied, and the WTRU 102 may determine the transmit power and / or the transmit beam direction as described herein.

[0426] PL DL RS and PL Path ID Determination

[0427] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine to perform uplink sensing.

[0428] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine to perform uplink sensing based on any (e.g., combination) of the following conditions: (i) the number of allocated path indices are above a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) the (e.g., average, highest, etc.) RSRPP associated with the DL measurements are above a (pre)configured threshold; (iii) the (e.g., average, highest, best, etc.) RSRPP associated with a path index is above a (pre)configured threshold; (iv) the total number of measurements associated with a path index is above a (pre)configured threshold; (v) the total number of path measurements associated with a path index is above a (pre)configured threshold; (vi) the total number of path measurements with above threshold RSRPP is above a (pre)configured threshold; (vii) the (e.g., average, minimum, maximum, etc.) measured excess delay(s) associated with a path index is below a (pre)configured threshold; (viii) the measured doppler shift and / or spread associated with one or more received DL RS(s) is above a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (ix) the WTRU 102 receives an indication from the network for sensing. For example, the WTRU 102 may receive an implicit indication (e.g., to perform uplink sensing) through a power control and / or sensing path indication.

[0429] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine the PL DL RS and / or PL path ID to determine the power and / or transmit direction.

[0430] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may be configured by the network with a PL DL RS ID, which may be, for example, one of the DL RS(s) measured and reported by the WTRU 102 and a PL path index which may be one of the determined and reported path indices by the WTRU 102. For example, the PL path index and the PL DL RS may be associated with each other. For example, the PL DL RS and the PL path ID may be associated with each other.For example, a PL path ID may include the measurements associated with the PL DL RS. Similarly, a PL DL RS may be received by the WTRU 102 with the measurement associated with the PL path ID.

[0431] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive an indication from the network (e.g., implicitly) about the PL RS ID and PL path index based on at least one of the network configurations described herein. Such network configurations may indicate to the WTRU 102 the PL DL RS ID and / or the PL path ID as a subset of the DL RS(s) (e.g., that the WTRU 102 may have measured and reported) and / or path ID(s) (e.g., that the WTRU 102 may have determined and reported).

[0432] For example, the WTRU 102 may be configured with and / or determine one or more DL RSs as candidates for the PL DL RS, and the WTRU 102 may determine one PL DL RS from the set of candidate DL RS(s). For example, the WTRU 102 may determine the PL DL RS based on any (e.g., combination) of the following conditions: (i) a DL RS with the RSRPP above a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) a DL RS with the highest RSRPP; (iii) a DL RS with the total number of associated path ID(s) below a (pre)configured threshold; (iv) a DL RS with the total number of path measurements with above threshold RSRPP below a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (v) a DL RS with the measured (e.g., average) doppler frequency shift above a (pre)configured threshold.

[0433] For example, the WTRU 102 may be configured with and / or determine more than one of the path indices as candidates for the PL path ID. The WTRU 102 may determine the PL path ID for uplink sensing based on any (e.g., combination) of the following conditions: (i) the path ID with the (e.g., average, maximum, etc.) RSRPP above a (pre)configured threshold, (ii) the path ID with the highest (e.g., average, maximum, etc.) RSRPP; (iii) the path ID with the total number of associated DL RS(s) below a (pre)configured threshold; (iv) the path ID with the lowest number of associated DL RS(s); (v) the path ID with the total number of measured multipath components below a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (vi) the path ID with the measured (e.g., average) doppler frequency shift above a (pre)configured threshold.

[0434] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine to select a PL path ID that is not associated with a direct path (e.g., LoS path). The WTRU 102 may determine that a path ID is associated with the direct path based on any (e.g., combination) of the following conditions: (i) the measured (e.g., average) RSRPP associated with the path ID is above a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) the measured (e.g., average) excess delay associated with the path ID is above a (pre)configured threshold; (iii) the LoS indicator associated with the TRP transmitting the DL RS(s) is above a (pre)configured threshold; (iv) the difference between the AoD and the AoA (e.g., with reference to a common direction) is below a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (v) the direction oftransmission of the DL RS (e.g., Tx filter) and the direction of reception of the DL RS (e.g., Rx filter) are aligned (e.g., in the same direction) with each other.

[0435] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive any (e.g., combination) of the following (e.g., implicit) indications from the network for determining the PL DL RS and the PL path index for determining the Tx power and / or beam direction for uplink sensing: (i) path IDs; (ii) DL RS IDs; (iii) AoAs and / or AoA threshold ranges; and / or (iv) delay(s) and / or range threshold(s) of delay.

[0436] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive an indication from the network in the form of path ID(s). The path ID(s) may be the ID(s) determined and reported by the WTRU 102 to the network, and / or associated with one or more multipath measurements. If the WTRU 102 is configured with more than one path ID, the WTRU 102 may determine the PL path index based on the conditions associated with determining the PL path index from a set of candidate path indices described herein.

[0437] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine the PL DL RS associated with the PL path index, if already determined, or the indicated path ID(s), otherwise, based on the conditions associated with the procedure to determine PL DL RS from a subset of candidate path DL RS(s) associated with the path ID(s) as described herein.

[0438] For example, the WTRU 102 may be indicated with one or more RS IDs that may be a subset of the DL RSs the WTRU 102 may have received, measured and / or reported. If the WTRU 102 is configured with more than one RS ID, the WTRU 102 may determine a PL RS ID from the subset based on the conditions for determining the PL RS as described herein.

[0439] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine a PL path ID associated with the either the PL RS ID, if already determined, or the DL RS IDs otherwise as one of the path indices associated with the indicated candidate PL RS / DL RS(s) based on the conditions as described herein.

[0440] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive the AoA(s) to indicate to the WTRU 102 the sensing path ID and / or the DL RS(s). In one example, the WTRU 102 may also receive the range threshold(s) (e.g., in degrees, radians, etc.) associated with the indicated AoA(s).

[0441] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine the (e.g., candidate) PL path IDs for sensing based on the indicated AoAs, the WTRU 102 allocated path IDs and / or their measurements based on any (e.g., combination) of the following conditions: (i) the path ID(s) with the difference between the indicated AoA(s) and the associated (e.g., average, median, etc.) AoA(s) below a (pre)configured threshold (e.g., indicated AoA threshold); and / or (ii) the path ID(s) with the (e.g., average, maximum, etc.) RSRPP above a (pre)configured threshold.

[0442] For example, if the WTRU 102 determines more than one candidate PL path ID, the WTRU 102 may determine a PL path ID from the set of candidate path IDs based on the procedure described herein.

[0443] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine the (e.g., candidate) PL DL RSs for sensing based on the indicated AoAs and the DL RS measurements based on any (e.g., combination) of the following conditions: (i) the DL RS(s) with the difference between the indicated AoA(s) and the measured AoA(s) below a (pre)configured threshold (e.g., indicated AoA threshold); and / or (ii) the DL RS(s) with the (e.g., average, maximum) RSRPP above a (pre)configured threshold.

[0444] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine more than one candidate PL DL RS for determining the power of the sensing path, an the WTRU 102 may determine a PL DL RS based on the procedures described herein.

[0445] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive the delay (e.g., in terms of number of symbols, slots, frames, subframes, seconds, or other transmission time intervals) to indicate to the WTRU 102 the sensing path ID and / or the DL RS(s) for sensing.

[0446] For example, the WTRU 102 may (e.g., also) receive the delay thresholds (e.g., in terms of number of symbols, slots, frames, subframes, seconds etc.) associated with the indicated delays.

[0447] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine (e.g., candidate) PL path IDs for sensing based on the indicated delays, the WTRU 102 allocated path IDs and / or their measurements based on any (e.g., combination) of the following conditions: (i) the path ID(s) with the difference between the indicated delays(s) and the associated (e.g., average, median, etc.) delays(s) below a (pre)configured threshold (e.g., indicated delay threshold); and / or (ii) the path ID(s) with the (e.g., average, maximum, etc.) RSRPP above a (pre)configured threshold.

[0448] For example, if the WTRU 102 determines more than one candidate PL path ID, the WTRU 102 may determine a PL path ID from the set of candidate path IDs based on the procedures described herein.

[0449] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine (e.g., candidate) PL DL RSs for sensing based on the indicated delays and / or the DL RS measurements based on any (e.g., combination) of the following conditions: (i) the DL RS(s) with the difference between the indicated delays(s) and the measured delays(s) below a (pre)configured threshold (e.g., indicated delay threshold); and / or (ii) the DL RS(s) with the (e.g., average, maximum) RSRPP above a (pre)configured threshold.

[0450] For example, if the WTRU 102 determines more than one candidate PL DL RS for determining the power of the sensing path, the WTRU 102 may determine a PL DL RS based on the procedures described herein.

[0451] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may not receive a (e.g., explicit or implicit) path indication from the network for sensing. The WTRU 102 may determine the PL Path ID and the associated PL DL RS for sensing. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine the PL path ID from a set of determine path IDs based on any (e.g., combination) of the following conditions: (i) the path ID with the (e.g., average, maximum, etc.) RSRPP above a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) the path ID with the highest (e.g., average, maximum, etc.) RSRPP; (iii) the path ID with the total number of associated DL RS(s) below a (pre)configured threshold; (iv) the path ID with the lowest number of associated DL RS(s); (v) the path ID with the total number of measured multipath components below a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (vi) the path ID with the measured (e.g., average) doppler frequency shift above a (pre)configured threshold.

[0452] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine the PL DL RS associated with the PL path ID based on any (e.g., combination) of the following conditions: (i) a DL RS with the (e.g., average) measured RSRPP above a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) a DL RS with the highest measured RSRPP; (iii) a DL RS with the total number of associated path ID(s) below a (pre)configured threshold; (iv) a DL RS with the total number of path measurements with above threshold RSRPP below a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (v) a DL RS with the measured (e.g., average) doppler frequency shift above a (pre)configured threshold.

[0453] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine a path indication, and may determine UL-Rx beams based on the path indication.

[0454] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may receive an indication from the network regarding the path indications (e.g., through one or more path IDs, DL RS IDs, AoAs, and / or delays) which also indicates one or more UL Rx beams (e.g., UL Rx spatial filter) that the gNB(s) may use. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine that one or more indicated path IDs, AoAs and / or delays may indicate to the WTRU 102 the associated DL RS beams. For example, as described herein, this association may be realized by the WTRU 102 through the allocated path indices and its associated measurement(s). In one example, the determined DL RS beams indicated by the WTRU 102 (e.g., implicitly or explicitly) may correspond to the gNB UL Rx beam(s) that the gNB may use to receive the uplink RSs transmitted by the WTRU 102 (e.g., for uplink sensing). This association may be realized by the WTRU 102 based on any (e.g., combination) of the following conditions: (i) the gNB UL Rx beam(s) may have the same spatial filter as the DL RS beam(s); (ii) the gNB UL Rx beam(s) may have the beam alignment (e.g., AoA) in the same direction as the AoD of the DL RS beam(s); (iii) the beamwidth of the gNB UL Rx beam(s) may be dependent on the beamwidth of the DL RS beam(s) (e.g., associated with theresource set); and / or (iv) the gNB UL Rx beam(s) may have a QCL relationship (e.g., QCL type D) with the DL RS beams(s).

[0455] FIG. 20 is a system diagram illustrating an example relationship between DL RSs and UL RSs, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 20, the WTRU 102 may receive an implicit indication of DL RS #1 from the network for sensing. The WTRU 102 may determine that the UL Rx Beam #1 may be associated with DL RS #1 based on this indication.

[0456] In another example, the WTRU 102 may receive an explicit indication from the network regarding the UL Rx beam that the network may use. The configuration information may include any of time, frequency, spatial information (e.g., AoD, beamwidth, etc.), and / or Rx beam pattern order (e.g., if beam sweeping) associated with the UL Rx beam.

[0457] Transmit Power and Beam Determination

[0458] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may use the determined PL DL RS and / or PL path index to determine the pathloss for the sensing path, path loss for the interference path, transmit power, and / or the transmit beam direction for uplink sensing.

[0459] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine the PL for a sensing path.

[0460] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine the path-loss for the sensing path (e.g., PL sensing) based on any (e.g., combination) of the following parameters: (i) the transmit power of the PL DL RS beam (e.g., indicated by the network to the WTRU 102); and / or (ii) the measured RSRPP of the PL DL RS associated with the PL path ID.

[0461] For example, the sensing path loss may be determined with the following equation: PL sensing = Tx Power of PL DL RS beam - RSRPP of PL DL RS associated with the PL path ID.

[0462] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine the PL for an interference path.

[0463] For example, the WTRU 102 may (e.g., also) determine to consider the interference path while determining the transmit power for uplink sensing and hence determine the path loss for the interference path. The WTRU 102 may determine this based on any (e.g., combination) of the following conditions: (i) the total number of measured multipath components associated with different received DL RS(s) is above a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) the (e.g., average) RSRPP associated with the different received DL RS(s) is above a (pre)configured threshold; (iii) the beamwidth of the uplink transmit beam associated with the UL RS (e.g., determined by the beamforming capability of the WTRU 102, the total number of antenna elements at the WTRU102, etc.) is above a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (iv) the measured delay spread (e.g., average) associated with the measurements is below a (pre)configured threshold.

[0464] For example, as described herein, the WTRU 102 may determine multiple measurements for multipath components for each received DL RS. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine more measurements with multiple DL RS beams (e.g., with different Tx spatial filters) corresponding to additional multipath components. Due to the DL and UL reciprocity, when the WTRU 102 determines the uplink beams for sensing by setting the transmit direction of the UL towards the object, the gNB may receive multiple unwanted multipath components and their corresponding measurements as interference to a sensing measurement. To limit the interference power and hence the interference measurements, for example, the WTRU 102 may be configured to consider the interference power while determining the transmit power.

[0465] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine the interference path ID(s) that may cause interference power during one or more uplink transmissions.

[0466] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine one or more interference path IDs as a subset of WTRU 102 allocated path IDs other than for the determined PL path ID for sensing based on any (e.g., combination) of the following conditions: (i) the path indices where the difference between its associated (e.g., average) AoA and the (e.g., average) AoA associated with the PL path ID is below a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) the path indices where the difference between its associated (e.g., average) normalized excess delay and the (e.g., average) excess delay associated with the PL path ID is below a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (iii) the path indices where the measured (e.g., average) RSRPP is above a (pre)configured threshold. For example, the AoA thresholds may depend on a transmit beamwidth capability of the WTRU 102.

[0467] FIG. 21 is a path diagram illustrating an interference path determination as a function of WTRU 102 beamwidth capability, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 21, the WTRU 102 may determine an interference path based on the beamwidth capability of the WTRU 102. For example, with a beamwidth 0i, the WTRU 102 may create more interference paths during uplink sensing as compared to when the beamwidth is 02 in the scenario when 0i> 02.

[0468] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine the interference path loss (e.g., PL interference) based on any (e.g., combination) of the following parameters: (i) the transmit power of the PL DL RS beam (e.g., indicated by the network to the WTRU 102); and / or (ii) the highest RSRPP measurement associated with the interference path ID(s).

[0469] For example, the interference path loss may be determined with the following equation:PL interference = Tx Power of PL DL RS beam - highest RSRPP associated with interference path ID(s).

[0470] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine the uplink transmit power for sensing.

[0471] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine an uplink transmit power for sensing based on any (e.g., combination) of the following parameters: (i) Pmax (e.g., a configured maximum power); (ii) P0 (e.g., a nominal power); (iii) alpha (a) (e.g., a power control factor); (iv) delta (e.g., closed loop power control); (v) PL sensing (e.g., pathloss estimate of the sensing path); (vi) PL interference (e.g., pathloss estimate of one or more interference paths); and / or (vii) path related information.

[0472] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine the transmit power based on (e.g., only) the sensing path loss, such as without considering the interference aspect. The transmit power (e.g., P_Tx), in this case may be determined as a function of P max, P0, alpha and PL sensing.

[0473] For example, the transmit power for uplink sensing may be determined by the WTRU 102 with the following equation:where, M is the bandwidth (e.g., expressed in terms of number of resource blocks) and . is the numerology (e.g., . of {0, 1, 2, 3} corresponding to subcarrier spacings of { 15, 30, 60, 120} kHz).

[0474] FIG. 22 is a system diagram illustrating an example of transmit power and beam direction which are associated with a path, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 22, a WTRU 102 may be indicated by the network to perform uplink sensing along a path (e.g., Path #2) which may be associated with one or more DL RSs (e.g., DL RS #1 and DL RS #2). The WTRU 102 may, based on the RSRPP measurements, determine the PL DL RS for sensing along the indicated path. As the measured RSRPP for the DL RS#1 (e.g., YdBm) may be determined to be greater than the measured RSRPP of DL RS #2 (Z dBm), for example, the WTRU 102 may determine the former as the PL DL RS. The WTRU 102 may then determine the pathloss and subsequently the transmit power along the sensing path.

[0475] In another example, the WTRU 102 may determine the transmit power based on the interference path loss (e.g., in addition to the sensing path loss). For example, the WTRU 102 may determine to limit the transmit power based on the expected power that one or more TRPs may receive through the interference paths. The transmit power (e.g., P_Tx), in this case may be determined as a function of Pmax, P0, alpha, PL sensing and additionally PL interference.

[0476] For example, the transmit power determined by the WTRU 102 for uplink sensing may be formulated as:

[0477] In the formulas above, P sensing may define the power that is transmitted through the PL path ID path and P interference may define the power that may be transmitted through the stongest interference path associated with the interference path loss.

[0478] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine to transmit P sensing if P sensing is greater than P interference+P delta. The WTRU 102 may determine transmit with P interference+P delta if this power exceeds the P sensing power. This may limit the total transmission power in cases where the interference power is determined to be strong enough (e.g., within the limit of the configured P delta).

[0479] FIG. 23 is a system diagram illustrating an example of transmit power and beam direction which are associated with interference power, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 23, the WTRU 102 may perform a procedure for determining the interference path considering the interference path. For example, the WTRU 102 may receive an indication from the network regarding the PL path ID (e.g., Path #2) which is associated with DL RS #1 and DL RS #2. The WTRU 102 may determine that the PL DL RS ID is DL RS #1 as its measured RSRPP (e.g., associated with the PL path ID) may be determined to be greater than the measured RSRPP of DL RS #2 (e.g., associated with the PL path ID). The WTRU 102 may (e.g., also) determine that the UL Rx beam at the TRP1 is QCL’ed with the DL RS #1. Due to the downlink and uplink reciprocity, the UL RS transmitted by the WTRU 102 may be received by the network via multiple paths (e.g., Path #1 and Path #2). Hence the WTRU 102 may determine that the allocated Path #1 is the interference path and determine the PL Interference based on the RSRPP of DL RS #1 that is associated with Path #1 measurement (e.g., Z dBm). The WTRU 102 may determine the sensing power (e.g., power associated with the indicated path ID), interference power (e.g., power associated with the interference path ID) and subsequently the uplink transmit power based on the sensing and interference power.

[0480] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive an indication and / or configuration from the network to determine the transmission power based on path related information. Examples of path related information include path ID, and / or relative power difference (e.g., dB) with respect to areference (e.g., 1stpath, average received power) where the WTRU 102 may receive the reference in the configuration (e.g., indication of the reference path, indication of whether to use the average RSRP as the reference, indication to use the previously configured or used transmission power as the reference).

[0481] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive an indication and / or request from the network to use one or more paths for pathloss determination. For example, the WTRU 102 may receive a path ID in a PathlossReferenceRS-Config in a RRC and / or LPP message from the network. The WTRU 102 may receive a RSRPP or RSRP for the i-th delay or path from the network to determine the transmission power. The WTRU 102 may receive a filtered RSRPP or RSRP for the i-th path from the network.

[0482] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine the uplink beam direction for sensing.

[0483] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine the beam direction for uplink sensing based on a determined PL path index and / or an associated PL DL RS. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine the beam direction as the (e.g., average) AoA associated with the determined / configured PL path index. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine the beam direction as the Rx spatial filter (e.g., if the WTRU 102 used Rx spatial filters to receive the DL RS beam) of the PL DL RS associated with the PL path ID.

[0484] For example, the WTRU 102 may (e.g., also) determine a beamwidth of the uplink beam based on any (e.g., combination) of the following: (i) the variance of the measurement (e.g., AoA, normalized excess delay, RSRPP, etc.) associated with one or more received DL RS(s) (e.g., PL DL RS); (ii) the total received power metric (e.g., RSRPP, SNR, etc.) associated with one or more received DL RS(s); (iii) the total number of measured multipath components associated with one or more received DL RS(s); (iv) the total number of allocated paths by the WTRU 102; (v) the difference between the AoA(s) and / or excess delay(s) associated with the measurements corresponding to the PL path index; and / or (v) the difference between the AoA(s) and / or excess delay(s) associated with the measurements corresponding to the interference path ID(s).

[0485] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine to use one beamwidth if at least one of the above-mentioned conditions are below / above a (pre)configured threshold and another beamwidth otherwise.In one example, the WTRU 102 may select a UL RS resource set such that the difference between the determined beamwidth and the beamwidth associated with the resource set is below a (pre)configured threshold.

[0486] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine to use more than one UL RS beam with more than one AoD in order to cover a sector associated with the determined beamwidth for UL RS transmission, such as where the beamwidth associated with the resource set for transmission is less than the determined beamwidth.

[0487] FIG. 24 is a transmission diagram illustrating examples of UL RS spatial resources, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 24, for a coverage sector 2402 indicated by the dotted line, there may be multiple approaches to determining the spatial configuration of the UL RS beams. As shown on the left in FIG. 24, the WTRU 102 may use a set of UL RS resources (e.g., UL RS #1, UL RS #2 and UL RS #3) with one beamwidth to cover the area of the sector 2402. As shown on the right in FIG. 24, the WTRU 102 may use (e.g., only) another UL RS resource (e.g., UL RS #4) to cover the same sector area with a different beamwidth.

[0488] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may perform a procedure to determine a transmit power and a beam direction without path reporting and / or an (e.g., explicit) indication from the network.

[0489] For example, a WTRU 102 may receive one or more DL RS (e.g., SSB, CSLRS, DL- PRS, etc.) configurations and one or more UL RS (e.g., SRSp configurations), a Ref. DL RS ID, and / or one or more thresholds (e.g., from the network).

[0490] The WTRU 102 may receive the DL RSs and measure RS-RSRPP and / or AoA for each detected path.

[0491] The WTRU 102 may measure excess delay for the detected paths of each DL RS with respect to a common reference time (e.g., arrival (received) time of a path of the Ref DL RS, such as the arrival time of the first detected path of the Ref. DL RS).

[0492] The WTRU 102 may determine a set of one or more path indices for the path measurements (e.g., RSRPP, excess delay, AoA, etc.) if the measured RSRPP is above a threshold. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine a same path index for two path measurements where (i) the difference between their measured AoA(s) is below a threshold, and / or (ii) the difference between their normalized excess delays is below a threshold. The normalized excess delay may account for a difference in transmission time between the DL RS and the Ref. DL RS.

[0493] The WTRU 102 may determine a sensing path (e.g., PL path index) as the one of the determined paths IDs with a (e.g., average) RSRPP that is above a threshold. The WTRU 102 may determine a PL DL RS as a first DL RS associated with the determined PL path index, where if more than one DL RS is associated with the indicated path index, the first DL RS is the one with the highest RSRPP.

[0494] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine a Tx power for an UL RS based on the pathloss determined as a function of the PL DL RS RSRPP (e.g., that was previously measured and reported to the gNB) and the PL DL RS Tx power.

[0495] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine a Tx beam spatial direction for the UL RS based on the measured AoA of the PL DL RS (e.g., that was previously measured and reported to the gNB).

[0496] The WTRU 102 may report any (e.g., combination) of the following to the network: (i) the determined Tx power for UL RS; (ii) the determined Tx spatial beam direction for UL RS; (iii) the determined PL DL RS ID; and / or (iv) the determined PL path index.

[0497] The WTRU 102 may transmit the UL RS in the UL RS resources for sensing using the determined UL transmit power and the determined Tx spatial beam direction.

[0498] Fallback Procedures

[0499] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may not receive an indication from the network regarding a sensing path (e.g., Path ID(s), DL RS ID(s), AoA(s), delay(s)).

[0500] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may not be able to (e.g., additionally) determine the PL RS IDs and / or the PL path IDs.

[0501] In such cases, for example, the WTRU 102 may determine to perform uplink sensing based on any (e.g., combination) of the following conditions: (i) at least one measured RSRPP associated with a path index is above a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (ii) at least one measured RSRPP associated with the DL RS resources is above a (pre)configured threshold.

[0502] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine to use an uplink power with a maximum power, such as a configured Pmax scan, for scanning the surroundings for sensing.

[0503] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine a Tx beam direction as at least one of the following: (i) a fixed beam direction; and / or (ii) a configured order (e.g., beam sweeping). For example, the WTRU 102 may use a fixed beam direction, in the direction of the (e.g., measured AoA(s), Rx filter) associated with the received PL DL RS beam. For example, the WTRU 102 may use a fixed beam direction, in the direction (e.g., measured AoA(s), Rx filter) associated with the path ID with a highest RSRPP. For example, the WTRU 102 may use a fixed beam direction, in the direction (e.g., measured AoA(s), Rx filter) associated with a measurement set that includes the highest measured RSRPP or has a RSRPP above a (pre)configured threshold. For example, the WTRU 102 may use beam sweeping of a set of fixed beam directions, such as in a configured order. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine a pattern of beam transmissions that may be transmitted to cover a sector or an area.

[0504] FIG. 25 is a transmission diagram illustrating an example of beam sweeping, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 25, a beam sweepingpattern may be used within a defined sector 2402 (e.g., within the dotted lines) transmitted by the WTRU 102. The WTRU 102 may determine a resource (e.g., time, frequency, spatial) order for each UL resource and report the same to the network. For example, in FIG. 25, the WTRU 102 may transmit UL RS#1 at a time ti at 2502, UL RS#2 at a time t2 at 2504, and UL RS#3 at a time t3 at 2506 according to the determined resource order.

[0505] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine to terminate a sensing procedure based on any (e.g., combination) of the following conditions: (i) the measured RSRPP associated with the multipath measurements is below a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) the total number of multipath components (e.g., associated with one or more than one DL RS(s)) with above threshold RSRPP is below a (pre)configured threshold; (iii) the WTRU 102 determines the priority levels for communication and / or localization procedures are above a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (iv) the WTRU 102’s available resources for sensing (e.g., energy, time, frequency) are below a (pre)configured threshold.

[0506] Reporting

[0507] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may be configured by the network to report the power control and beam configurations to the network. For example, the WTRU 102 may report any (e.g., combination) of the following: (i) the determined PL DL RS ID; (ii) the determined PL path index; (iii) the determined UL Tx power; (iv) the determined UL Tx beam direction; and / or (v) the beam pattern order for beam sweeping.

[0508] Transmit Power and Beam Determination With Multiple TRPs

[0509] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine the transmit power and / or beam directions with respect to one TRP.

[0510] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine the transmit power and / or beam directions with respect to multiple TRPs and / or cells.

[0511] For example, as the path loss measurements associated with both sensing and interference path may be different for different TRP(s), a WTRU 102 may need to determine the path loss associated with the different TRPs. The WTRU 102 may receive an indication from the network indicating the TRP(s) that may receive and measure a transmitted UL beam.

[0512] For example, this indication may be (e.g., implicitly) based on any (e.g., combination) of the following: (i) path ID; (ii) DL RS (e.g., PL DL RSs); (iii) AoA; and / or (iv) delay. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine to consider any of the TRPs associated with one or more path indices (e.g., IDs). For example, the WTRU 102 may determine to consider the TRP(s) associated with one or more indicated DL RSs. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine to consider the TRPs such that the difference between the measured AoAs associated with the DL RSs from theTRPs and the indicated AoAs are below a (pre)configured threshold. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine to consider the TRPs such that the difference between the measured (e.g., normalized) delays associated with the DL RSs from the TRPs and the indicated AoAs are below a (pre)configured threshold.

[0513] For example, the WTRU 102 may (e.g., then) determine one or more PL DL RS(s) and PL path indices associated each of the (e.g., indicated) TRPs. In one example, the WTRU 102 may allocate the path IDs with reference to the TRP IDs.

[0514] FIG. 26 is a system diagram illustrating an example of path ID allocation for multiple TRP sensing, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 26, the allocated path IDs may contain the reference associated with the TRP ID with the associated measurement. For example, in FIG. 26, the WTRU 102 may allocate the Path ID #12 to the path associated with TRP 202a and Path ID #22 with the path associated with TRP 202b.

[0515] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine an association between the allocated paths associated more than one TRP(s). As shown in FIG. 26, the paths (e.g., and allocated path IDs) may be different between the Path ID #12 and Path ID #22, and the WTRU 102 may determine a similarity in the measurements of a subset of measurements. The WTRU 102 may be configured to determine an association between multiple path IDs associated with different TRPs based on any (e.g., combination) of the following conditions: (i) the difference between the measured (e.g., average) AoA associated with two path IDs is below a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) the difference between the (e.g., average) doppler shift associated with the two path IDs is below a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (iii) the Rx filter associated with receiving the DL RS(s) associated with the two path IDs are the same.

[0516] For example, the association between the path IDs may be termed as path groups and may be allocated a path group ID. For example, the path IDs corresponding to a same TRP, or different TRPs may be grouped together based on similarity (or difference below a (pre)configured threshold) of at least one of their properties (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, receive direction, and / or Tx direction (e.g., AoD) of associated DL RS(s), etc.).

[0517] For example, in FIG. 26, the WTRU 102 may determine that the difference between the measured AoAs from the DL RS #21 and DL RS #11 respectively associated with Path IDs #12 and #21 is below a (pre)configured threshold. The WTRU 102 may associate the path IDs associated with the different TRPs (e.g., as a path group).

[0518] For example, the WTRU 102 may (e.g., also) associate one or more DL RSs associated with one or more TRPs and / or one or more UL RSs based on an association between the path ID(s)between the TRPs. The WTRU 102 may associate the DL RS(s) and / or the UL RS(s) associated with a path group.

[0519] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine an association between the DL RSs associated with different TRPs if their Rx direction (e.g., AoA, Rx filter) are same or the difference between them (e.g., AoAs) is below a (pre)configured threshold.

[0520] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine an association between an UL RS and the DL RSs associated with the TRPs if the Tx direction of an UL SRS (e.g., AoD, Tx filter, etc.) and an Rx direction of the DL RS(s) (e.g., AoA, Rx filter etc.) are the same, or the difference between them is below a (pre)configured threshold.

[0521] For example, the WTRU 102 may associate the measurements corresponding to the associated path ID(s) and / or the associated DL RS(s) with the corresponding path group.

[0522] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine the transmit power and direction independently for the different cells and / or the TRPs, as with the procedures described herein for a single TRP. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine to use different resources (e.g., orthogonal time, frequency and / or spatial resources) to transmit to each of the TRPs with the determined transmit power in the determined transmit direction. The WTRU 102 may determine the transmit power based on the PL path index and the PL DL RS associated with the TRP.

[0523] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine to allocate the resources and transmit one or more UL RSs for multiple TRPs. The Tx direction for multiple TRPs for uplink sensing may be determined based on the direction of the transmit paths (e.g., measured AoA, associated Rx filter, etc.). As the Tx direction associated with the associated path indices (e.g., path group) corresponding to multiple TRPs may also be the same, the WTRU 102 may determine to jointly determine the transmit power along more than one of the path IDs associated with multiple TRPs. For example, the WTRU 102 may make this determination based on any (e.g., combination) of the following trigger conditions: (i) the difference between the (e.g., average) excess delays associated with the path ID(s) associated with different TRPs is below a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) the total duration of sensing time window is below a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (iii) the QoS latency requirement for sensing is below a (pre)configured threshold.

[0524] For example, the excess delay measurements associated with the path IDs associated with multiple TRPs may be used to determine the path distances associated with one or more multipath components. If the difference between these path distances is more than a threshold, the WTRU 102 may not be able to determine an appropriate transmit power. A transmit power considering ashortest path may prevent the other TRP(s) from receiving sufficient power for sensing (e.g., the TRP’s receive power is below an indicated PO). On the other hand, determining the transmit power based on a longest path may cause more than necessary receive transmit power (e.g., the TRP’s receive power is above an indicated PO) to be used.

[0525] For example, such as cases where the WTRU 102 uses the same resources (e.g., time, frequency and / or spatial resources) to transmit to the different TRPs, the WTRU 102 may determine the transmit power and / or the transmit beam direction based on the (e.g., associated) path ID(s) and / or the (e.g., associated) DL RS(s) corresponding to one or more of the TRPs and / or one or more of the UL RSs.

[0526] FIG. 27 is a system diagram illustrating an example of transmit power and beam determination with respect to multiple TRPs, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, as shown in FIG. 27, the path IDs (e.g., path ID #12 and path ID #22) may correspond to multiple TRPs (e.g., TRP 202a and TRP 202b). In FIG. 27, TRP 202a and TRP 202b may be associated (e.g., based on a below threshold difference between their AoAs). For example, these path ID(s) may be associated with a path group ID. Similarly, the DL RS #11 and DL RS #21 that correspond to the TRP 202a and TRP 202b may be associated with each other based on an association of the path IDs. The WTRU 102 may determine the transmit power based on the PL path IDs (e.g., path ID #12 and path ID #22) and the associated DL RSs (e.g., DL RS #11, DL RS #21).

[0527] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine the path loss for sensing (e.g., PL sensing) as a function of RSRPP of the PL DL RSs and the PL path IDs associated with the different TRPs 202a and 202b.

[0528] For example, the path loss for sensing may be determined according to the following formula:PL sensing = f (RSRPP DL RS#21 Path 21, RSRPP DL RS #22 Path 22) where the function ‘f may be any of a maximum, a minimum, or an average (e.g., of RSRPPs). In this example, the DL RS #11 and path ID #11 may be associated with TRP 202a, and DL RS #21 and path ID #21 may be associated with TRP 202b.

[0529] As shown in FIG. 27, the PL sensing may be determined based on the measured RSRPPs corresponding to the PL RS ID(s) (e.g., DL RS #11 and DL RS #12) and the associated path indices (e.g., path ID #12 and path ID #22). The measured RSRPP of DL RS #11 and the associated path ID #12 may be X dBm and the measured RSRPP of DL RS #21 and the associated path ID #22 may be Y dBm. The WTRU 102 may determine the path loss for sensing (e.g., PL sensing) based on the RSRPPs X dBm and Y dBm.

[0530] The WTRU 102 may (e.g., then) determine the sensing path (e.g., P sensing) based on the determined PL sensing.

[0531] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may (e.g., also) determine an interference power (e.g., P interference) for the multiple TRPs. When the WTRU 102 determines to use different resources (e.g., orthogonal time, frequency and / or spatial resources) to transmit to each of the TRPs, the WTRU 102 may determine the interference power based on the procedures described herein based on the interference path determination.

[0532] In certain representative embodiments, when the WTRU 102 determines to use the same resources (e.g., time, frequency and / or spatial resources) to transmit to the different TRPs, the WTRU 102 may determine the interference path loss (e.g., PL interference) as a function of the RSRPP associated with the interference paths for each individual TRP. For example, the interference for a TRP may be defined as all the allocated paths associated with the PL DL RS resources that are not the PL path ID. For example, this function may be any of a maximum, a minimum, or an average.

[0533] In FIG. 27, the DL RS #11 (e.g., associated with TRP #1) is associated with path ID #11 and path ID #12. As path ID #12 is the associated PL path ID, the WTRU 102 may determine the RSRPP of DL RS #11 associated with path ID #11 (e.g., Z1 dBm in FIG. 27) as an interference RSRPP for the TRP 202a. For DL RS #12 (e.g., associated with TRP #2), the WTRU 102 may determine the RSRPP associated with path ID #21 (e.g., Z2 dBm in FIG. 27) as the interference RSRPP for the TRP 202b. The WTRU 102 may determine the PL interference as a function of the interference RSRPPs of the two TRPs 202a and 202b.

[0534] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine the Tx power (e.g., P_Tx) based on any of the P sensing and / or P interference.

[0535] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine the Tx beam direction (e.g., AoD of the UL RS, UL RS Tx filter) based on the Rx direction (e.g., measured AoA, associated Rx filter) corresponding to the PL path IDs associated with the TRPs, such as where the WTRU 102 determines to transmit the UL RS in different resources (e.g., orthogonal time, frequency and / or spatial resources). In another example, the WTRU 102 may determine to transmit the UL RS in the direction (e.g., AoD of the UL RS, UL RS Tx filter) based on the receive direction (e.g., AoA, Rx filter) associated with at least one of the path IDs associated with the TRPs for sensing.

[0536] For example, the WTRU 102 may report to the network any (e.g., combination) of the determined PL path indices, PL DL RS(s), associated TRP ID(s), interference path ID(s) determined UL RS Tx power(s), determined UL RS Tx spatial direction, path group ID(s) (ifdetermined), path ID(s), association between the path ID(s), and / or the function used to determine the sensing and interference power.

[0537] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may perform a procedure to determine the transmit power and beam direction by considering measurements from multiple TRPs.

[0538] For example, a WTRU 102 may receive one or more DL RS (e.g., SSB, CSI-RS, DL- PRS, etc.) configurations that associated with multiple TRPs, UL RS (e.g., SRSp) configurations, a Ref. DL RS ID per TRP, and / or one or more thresholds (e.g., from the network).

[0539] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive the DL RSs from the TRPs and measure RS- RSRPP and / or AoA for each detected path.

[0540] For example, the WTRU 102 may measure excess delay for the detected paths of each DL RS from multiple TRPs with respect to a common reference time (e.g., arrival (received) time of a path of a Ref. DL RS, such as the arrival time of the first detected path of the first arrival of the Ref. DL RS).

[0541] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine a set of one or more path indices for the path measurements (e.g., RSRPP, excess delay, AoA, etc.) associated with a TRP, such as where the measured RSRPP is above a threshold. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine a same path index for two path measurements associated with a TRP, such as where (i) the difference between their measured AoA(s) is below a threshold, and / or (ii) the difference between their normalized excess delays is below a threshold (e.g., the normalized excess delay may account for a difference in transmission time between the DL RS and the Ref. DL RS).

[0542] The WTRU 102 may determine the association between two determined path IDs (e.g., path group(s)) associated with different TRPs, such as where the (e.g., average) measured AoA difference associated with the path IDs is below a threshold.

[0543] The WTRU 102 may determine the sensing path (e.g., PL path ID(s)) as the one or more of the determined (e.g., associated) path IDs (e.g., path group(s)) with a (e.g., average) RSRPP above a threshold.

[0544] The WTRU 102 may determine a PL DL RS for a TRP as a first DL RS associated with the determined PL path index associated with the TRP, where if more than one DL RS is associated with the path index, the first DL RS is selected as the one with the highest RSRPP. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine the Tx power for an UL RS based on the path-loss determined as a function of the PL DL RS RSRPPs associated with the one or more TRPs (e.g., previously measured and reported to the gNB) and the PL DL RS Tx power. For example, the WTRU 102may determine the Tx beam spatial direction for an UL RS based on the measured AoA of one of the PL DL RS (e.g., previously measured and reported to the gNB) with the highest RSRPP.

[0545] The WTRU 102 may report information indicating any (e.g., combination) of the following to the network: (i) the determined Tx power for UL RS; (ii) the determined Tx spatial beam direction for UL RS; (iii) the determined PL DL RS ID; and / or (iv) the determined PL path index.

[0546] For example, the WTRU 102 may transmit the UL RS in the UL RS resources for sensing using the determined UL transmit power and the determined Tx spatial beam direction.

[0547] FIG. 28 is a procedural diagram illustrating an example path index determination procedure, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 28, a WTRU 102 may receive configuration information associated with a set of downlink DL RSs at 2802. At 2804, the WTRU 102 may measure a plurality of RSRPPs and / or a plurality of AoAs for a plurality of paths corresponding to the set of DL RSs. At 2806, the WTRU 102 may determine a plurality of delay time amounts for the plurality of paths and the set of DL RSs with respect to a common reference time. At 2808, the WTRU 102 may determine path indices for two or more paths of the plurality of paths based the measured RSRPPs, the measured AoAs, and / or the delay time amounts satisfying threshold information. At 2810, the WTRU 102 may send a report including information indicating the determined path indices, an identifier of a reference DL RS associated with the common reference time, and / or measurement information associated with each of the two or more paths.

[0548] For example, the set of DL RSs may include one or more of any of a synchronization signal block (SSB), a channel state information RS (CSLRS), and / or a positioning RS (PRS).

[0549] For example, the WTRU 102 may further receive information indicating a reference DL RS. The common reference time may be determined from an (e.g., earliest or first) arrival time of the reference DL RS.

[0550] For example, the determining of the plurality of delay time amounts at 2806 may include normalizing of the plurality of delay time amounts based on different transmission times of the set ofDL RSs.

[0551] For example, the measurement information associated with each of the two or more paths may include any of the measured RSRPP, the AoA, and / or the delay time amounts associated with each of the two or more paths.

[0552] In the following example procedures, any of the approaches and / or techniques for path determination described herein may be implemented to determine a plurality of paths which may include one or more reflected paths and a direct path (e.g., with respect to a specific TRP 202).

[0553] FIG. 29 is a procedural diagram illustrating an example transmit power and / or beam direction determination procedure, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 29, a WTRU 102 may receive configuration information associated with a set of DL RSs at 2902. At 2904, the WTRU 102 may measure a plurality of RSRPPs and / or a plurality of AoAs for a plurality of paths corresponding to the set of DL RSs. At 2906, the WTRU 102 may receive information indicating a PL path index associated with a path of the plurality of paths. At 2908, the WTRU 102 may determine a PL DL RS from the set of DL RSs. At 2910, the WTRU 102 may determine a transmission power for an UL RS based on the RSRPP of the PL DL RS and power control configuration information and / or determining a beam direction for the UL RS based on the AoA of the PL DL RS. At 2912, the WTRU 102 may transmit the UL RS using the determined transmission power and / or the determined beam direction.

[0554] For example, the PL DL RS may be determined based on the indicated PL path index and the measured plurality of RSRPPs.

[0555] For example, the WTRU 102 may further send a report including information indicating any of the determined transmission power, the determined beam direction, an identifier of the PL DL RS, and / or the PL path index.

[0556] For example, the WTRU 102 may further receive configuration information indicating a set of resources associated with UL sensing. The WTRU 102 may transmit the UL RS at 2912 using the set of resources associated with UL sensing.

[0557] For example, the WTRU 102 may further receive the power control configuration information which includes information indicating any of a maximum power value, a target power value, a PL compensation factor, a scanning power value, and / or a power difference value associated with an interference path. The WTRU 102 may determine the transmission power at 2910 using any of the techniques described herein.

[0558] FIG. 30 is a procedural diagram illustrating an example transmit power and transmit beam determination procedure using a sensing path, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 30, a WTRU 102 may receive configuration information indicating (i) a set of DL RSs, and (ii) a set of UL RSs at 3002. The WTRU 102 may measure a plurality of RSRPP values and / or a plurality of AoAs corresponding to the set of DL RSs for a plurality of paths at 3004. For example, the plurality of paths may include at least one direct path from at least one TRP 202 (e.g., gNB 180) and may include multiple indirect (e.g., reflected) paths. The WTRU 102 may determine a plurality of delay time amounts corresponding to the set of DL RSs for the plurality of paths with respect to a common reference time at 3006. The WTRU 102 may determine (i) a PL path from the plurality of paths based on a comparison of the plurality ofRSRPP values and a threshold, and (ii) a PL DL RS from the set of DL RSs associated with the PL path at 3008. For example, the PL path may be determined as one of the multiple indirect paths observed by the WTRU 102 based on the measurements and delay times as described herein. The WTRU 102 may determine a Tx power based on (e.g., at least) one of the RSRPP values associated with the PL path and a Tx beam based on (e.g., at least) one of the AoAs associated with the PL path at 3010. The WTRU 102 may report information indicating any of: (i) the determined Tx power, (ii) the determined Tx beam, (iii) the determined PL DL RS, and / or (iv) the determined PL path at 3012. The WTRU 102 may transmit an UL RS, of the set of UL RSs, using the determined Tx power and the determined Tx beam at 3014.

[0559] In certain representative embodiments, the configuration information may indicate (iii) a reference DL RS. In other representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine the reference DL RS based on reception times of the set of DL RSs (e.g., during a measurement window). For example, the common reference time may be a time of arrival of the reference DL RS via a first (e.g., direct) path of the plurality of paths.

[0560] In certain representative embodiments, the reference DL RS may be included in the set ofDL RSs.

[0561] In certain representative embodiments, the configuration information may include information indicating the threshold.

[0562] In certain representative embodiments, the common reference time may be a time of arrival of the reference DL RS via a first path of the plurality of paths. For example, the PL path and the first path may be different paths (e.g., reflected and direct paths).

[0563] In certain representative embodiments, the information indicating the determined PL DL RS may be a RS index (e.g., of one of the set of DL RSs).

[0564] In certain representative embodiments, the information indicating the determined PL path may be a path index (e.g., of one of the plurality of paths).

[0565] In certain representative embodiments, the PL DL RS may have a largest measured RSRPP value among the measured RSRPP values, of the set of DL RSs associated with the PL path, which are above the threshold.

[0566] In certain representative embodiments, the UL RS may be transmitted using the determined Tx power and the determined Tx beam for sensing of an object.

[0567] In certain representative embodiments, the set of UL RSs may be associated with UL sensing.

[0568] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may receive power control configuration information indicating any of a maximum power value, a target power value, a PLcompensation factor, a scanning power value, and / or a power difference value associated with an interference path. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine the Tx power based on one of the RSRPP values associated with the PL path and the power control configuration information.

[0569] FIG. 31 is a procedural diagram illustrating an example spatial relationship reporting procedure, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 31, a WTRU 102 may receive configuration information indicating (i) a first DL RS, and (ii) a set of UL RSs at 3102. The WTRU 102 may receive a request to report a spatial relationship between the first DL RS and the set of UL RSs at 3104. The WTRU 102 may measure, using the first DL RS, a plurality of AoAs corresponding to a plurality of paths at 3106. The WTRU 102 may send measurement information associated with the plurality of AoAs at 3108. For example, the measurement information may associate respective AoAs with respective paths. The WTRU 102 may receive information indicating an UL RS, of the set of UL RSs, and / or a path, of the plurality of paths at 3110. The WTRU 102 may transmit the indicated UL RS via the indicated path at 3112.

[0570] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may receiving information indicating the first DL RS from a set of DL RSs.

[0571] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may receive information indicating a reference DL RS. For example, the WTRU 102 may receive the reference DL RS (e.g., via the plurality of paths) and may determine the plurality of paths based on the reference DL RS.

[0572] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine a plurality of delay time amounts corresponding to the reference DL RS with respect to a common reference time. For example, the plurality of paths may be determined by the WTRU 102 based on the plurality of delay time amounts.

[0573] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may receive the first DL RS.

[0574] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may measure, using the first DL RS, a plurality of reference signal received path power (RSRPP) values corresponding to the plurality of paths. For example, the measurement information may include the plurality of AoAs in association with the plurality of RSRPPs for (e.g., each of) the plurality of paths.

[0575] In certain representative embodiments, the first DL RS may be a PRS.

[0576] In certain representative embodiments, the reference DL RS may be a PRS.

[0577] In certain representative embodiments, the set of UL RSs may include or be a set of SRSs. For example, the indicated UL RS may be a SRS.

[0578] FIG. 32 is a procedural diagram illustrating an example transmit power and transmit beam determination procedure using one or more interference paths, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 32, the WTRU 102 may receive configuration information indicating (i) a set of DL RSs, and (ii) a set of UL RSs at 3202. The WTRU 102 may measure a plurality of RSRPP values and / or a plurality of AoAs corresponding to the set of DL RSs for a plurality of paths at 3204. The WTRU 102 may determine a plurality of delay time amounts corresponding to the set of DL RSs for the plurality of paths with respect to a common reference time at 3206. The WTRU 102 may determine (i) a PL path and one or more interference paths from the plurality of paths, and (ii) a PL DL RS from the set of DL RSs associated with the PL path at 3208. The WTRU 102 may determine a Tx power based on one or more of the RSRPP values associated with the one or more interference paths and a Tx beam based on one of the AoAs associated with the PL path at 3210. The WTRU 102 may report information indicating any of: (i) the determined Tx power, (ii) the determined Tx beam, (iii) the determined PL DL RS, and / or (iv) the determined PL path at 3212. The WTRU 102 may transmit an UL RS, of the set of UL RSs, using the determined Tx power and / or the determined Tx beam at 3214.

[0579] In certain representative embodiments, the configuration information may (e.g., further) indicate (iii) a reference DL RS. For example, the common reference time may be a time of arrival of the reference DL RS via a first path of the plurality of paths. For example, the PL path and the first path may be different (e.g., reflected and direct).

[0580] In certain representative embodiments, the reference DL RS may be included in the set ofDL RSs.

[0581] In certain representative embodiments, the determination of the PL path from the plurality of paths may be based on a comparison of the plurality of RSRPP values and a first threshold.

[0582] In certain representative embodiments, the determination of the one or more interference path from the plurality of paths may be based on any of: (i) a comparison of the plurality of RSRPP values and a second threshold, (ii) a beamwidth of the determined Tx beam, (iii) a comparison of the plurality of delay time amounts and a third threshold, and / or (iv) a WTRU transmit capability.

[0583] In certain representative embodiments, the information indicating the determined PL DL RS may be a RS index (e.g., to one of the set of DL RSs).

[0584] In certain representative embodiments, the information indicating the determined PL path may be a path index (e.g., to one of the plurality of paths).

[0585] In certain representative embodiments, the information indicating the one or more interference paths are one or more path indices (e.g., to one or more of the plurality of paths).

[0586] In certain representative embodiments, the PL DL RS may have a largest measured RSRPP value among the measured RSRPP values, of the set of DL RSs associated with the PL path, which are above a first threshold.

[0587] In certain representative embodiments, the one of the UL RSs may be transmitted using the determined Tx power and the determined Tx beam for sensing of an object.

[0588] In certain representative embodiments, the set of UL RSs may be associated with UL sensing.

[0589] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may receive power control configuration information indicating any of a maximum power value, a target power value, a PL compensation factor, a scanning power value, and / or a power difference value associated with an interference path. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine the Tx power based on one of the RSRPP values associated with the PL path, the one or more of the RSRPP values associated with the one or more interference paths, and the power control configuration information.

[0590] FIG. 33 is a procedural diagram illustrating an example transmit power and / or transmit beam determination procedure, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 33, a WTRU 102 may receive configuration information indicating (i) a set of DL RSs, and (ii) a set of UL RSs at 3302. The WTRU 102 may measure, for a plurality of paths, the set of DL RSs at 3304. The WTRU 102 may determine delay time information associated with reception of the set of DL RSs for the plurality of paths at 3306. The WTRU 102 may determine (i) a PL path from the plurality of paths based on measurement information associated with the set of DL RSs, and (ii) a PL DL RS from the set of DL RSs which is associated with the PL path at 3308. The WTRU 102 may determine a Tx power and / or a Tx beam based on the measurement information associated with the PL path at 3310. The WTRU 102 may report information indicating any of: (i) the determined Tx power, and / or (ii) the determined Tx beam, (iii) the determined PL DL RS, and / or (iv) the determined PL path at 3312. The WTRU 102 may transmit an UL RS of the set of UL RSs using the determined Tx power and / or the determined Tx beam at 3314.

[0591] FIG. 34 is a procedural diagram illustrating an example uplink transmission procedure using multipath information, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, as shown in FIG. 34, a WTRU 102 may receive configuration information indicating (i) a first DL RS, and (ii) a set of UL RSs at 3402. The WTRU 102 may receive a request to report multipath information associated with the first DL RS at 3404. The WTRU 102 may measure, using the first DL RS, a plurality of AoAs at 3406. The WTRU 102 may send measurement information indicating the plurality of AoAs in association with a plurality of paths at 3408. The WTRU 102may receive information indicating an UL RS, of the set of UL RSs at 3410. The WTRU 102 may transmit the indicated UL RS via one of the plurality of paths associated with the indicated UL RS at 3412.

[0592] In certain representative embodiments, the measurements of AoAs at 3406 may be performed using any techniques described herein.

[0593] In certain representative embodiments, the measurement information at 3408 may be reported using any techniques and / or including any measurements described herein.

[0594] In certain representative embodiments, the UL RS transmission at 3412 may be performed using any techniques described herein, such as using a determined Tx power and / or a determined Tx beam.

[0595] FIG. 35 is a procedural diagram illustrating another example uplink sensing procedure using multipath information, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 35, the WTRU 102 may receive configuration information indicating (i) a first DL RS, and (ii) a set of UL RSs at 3502. The WTRU 102 may receive a request to report multipath information associated with the first DL RS at 3504. The WTRU 102 may measure, using the first DL RS, a plurality of AoAs at 3506. The WTRU 102 may send measurement information indicating the plurality of AoAs in association with a plurality of paths at 3508. The WTRU 102 may receive information indicating a path of the plurality of paths at 3510. The WTRU 102 may transmit, via the indicated path, an UL RS, of the set of UL RSs, associated with the indicated path at 3512.

[0596] In certain representative embodiments, the measurements of AoAs at 3506 may be performed using any techniques described herein.

[0597] In certain representative embodiments, the measurement information at 3508 may be reported using any techniques and / or including any measurements described herein.

[0598] In certain representative embodiments, the UL RS transmission at 3512 may be performed using any techniques described herein, such as using a determined Tx power and / or a determined Tx beam.

[0599] FIG. 36 is a procedural diagram illustrating another example transmit power and / or transmit beam determination procedure using one or more interference paths, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 36, a WTRU 102 may receive configuration information indicating (i) a set of DL RSs, and (ii) a set of UL RSs at 3602. The WTRU 102 may measure the set of DL RSs at 3604. The WTRU 102 may determine delay time information associated with reception of the set of DL RSs at 3606. The WTRU 102 may determine (i) a path loss (PL) path and one or more interference paths from the plurality of pathsbased on the measurement information and the delay time information, and (ii) a PL DL RS from the set of DL RSs associated with the PL path at 3608. The WTRU 102 may determine Tx power and a Tx beam based on the measurement information associated with the one or more interference paths at 3610. The WTRU 102 may report information indicating any of: (i) the determined Tx power, (ii) the determined Tx beam, (iii) the determined PL DL RS, and / or (iv) the determined PL path at 3612. The WTRU 102 may transmit an UL RS, of the set of UL RSs, using the determined Tx power and the determined Tx beam at 3614.

[0600] FIG. 37 is a procedural diagram illustrating another example uplink sensing procedure using multipath information, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 37, a WTRU 102 may receive a request to report multipath information at 3702. The WTRU 102 may measure, via reception of one or more DL RSs, a plurality of arrival times and AoAs at 3704. The WTRU 102 may send measurement information associated with the measured one or more DL RSs and a plurality of paths at 3706. The WTRU 102 may receive information indicating a path of the plurality of paths at 3708. The WTRU 102 may transmit, based on an association with the indicated path, an UL RS at 3710.

[0601] In certain representative embodiments, the UL RS may be transmitted via the indicated path at 3710.

[0602] In certain representative embodiments, the UL RS may be transmitted via a path which is associated with the indicated path at 3710.

[0603] In certain representative embodiments, the UL RS may be associated with (e.g., based on the AoAs) the indicated path at 3710.

[0604] FIG. 38 is a procedural diagram illustrating another example transmit power determination procedure, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 38, a WTRU 102 may measure a set of DL RSs at 3802. The WTRU 102 may determine delay time information associated with the measured set of DL RSs at 3804. The WTRU 102 may determine (i) a PL path and / or one or more interference paths from a plurality of paths based on the measured set of DL RSs and the delay time information, and (ii) a PL DL RS from the set of DL RSs associated with the PL path at 3806. The WTRU 102 may determine a Tx power based on the measured set of DL RSs associated with the PL path and / or the one or more interference paths at 3808. The WTRU 102 may transmit an UL RS using the determined Tx power via the PL path at 3810.

[0605] In certain representative embodiments, the UL RS may be transmitted at 3810 via a Tx beam associated with the PL path.

[0606] In certain representative embodiments, the UL RS may be associated with (e.g., based on the Ao As) the PL path at 3810.

[0607] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may receive configuration information associated with a set of DL RSs. The WTRU 102 may measure a plurality of RSRPPs and / or a plurality of AoAs for a plurality of paths corresponding to the set of DL RSs. The WTRU 102 may determine a plurality of delay time amounts for the plurality of paths and the set of DL RSs with respect to a common reference time. The WTRU 102 may determine path indices for two or more paths of the plurality of paths based the measured RSRPPs, the measured AoAs, and / or the delay time amounts satisfying threshold information. The WTRU 102 may send a report including information indicating the determined path indices, an identifier of a reference DL RS associated with the common reference time, and / or measurement information associated with each of the two or more paths.

[0608] For example, the set of DL RSs may include one or more of any of a SSB, a CSLRS and / or a PRS.

[0609] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive information indicating a reference DL RS. The common reference time may be determined as an arrival time of the reference DL RS.

[0610] For example, the determination of the plurality of delay time amounts may include normalization of the plurality of delay time amounts based on different transmission times of the set of DL RSs.

[0611] For example, the measurement information associated with each of the two or more paths may include any of the measured RSRPP, the AoA, and / or the delay time amounts associated with each of the two or more paths.

[0612] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may receive configuration information associated with a set of DL RSs. The WTRU 102 may measure a plurality of RSRPPs and / or a plurality of AoAs for a plurality of paths corresponding to the set of DL RSs. The WTRU 102 may send information indicating a PL path index associated with a path of the plurality of paths. The WTRU 102 may determine a PL DL RS from the set of DL RSs. The WTRU 102 may determine a transmission power for an UL RS based on the RSRPP of the PL DL RS and power control configuration information and / or determining a beam direction for the UL RS based on the AoA of the PL DL RS. The WTRU 102 may transmit the UL RS using the determined transmission power and / or the determined beam direction.

[0613]

[0614] For example, the PL DL RS may be determined based on the indicated PL path index and the measured plurality of RSRPPs.

[0615] For example, the WTRU 102 may send a report including information indicating any of the determined transmission power, the determined beam direction, an identifier of the PL DL RS, and / or the PL path index.

[0616] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive configuration information indicating a set of resources associated with UL sensing. The WTRU 102 may transmit the UL RS using the set of resources associated with UL sensing.

[0617] For example, the WTRI 102 may receive power control configuration information which includes information indicating any of a maximum power value (e.g., Pmax), a target or nominal power value (e.g., P0), a PL compensation factor (e.g., alpha), a scanning power value, and / or a power difference (e.g., delta) value associated with an interference path.

[0618] One or more embodiments provide a computer program comprising instructions which when executed by one or more processors cause such processors to perform the encoding and / or decoding methods according to any of the embodiments described above. One or more embodiments also provide a computer readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions for encoding or decoding video data according to the methods described above.

[0619] One or more embodiments provide a computer readable storage medium having stored thereon video data generated according to the methods described above. One or more embodiments also provide a method and apparatus for transmitting or receiving video data generated according to the methods described above.

[0620] The embodiments described herein may be implemented in, for example, a method or a process, an apparatus, a software program, a data stream, or a signal. Even if only discussed in the context of a single form of implementation (e.g., as a method), the implementation of such features may also be implemented in other forms. An apparatus may be implemented in, for example, appropriate hardware, software, and firmware. Corresponding methods may be implemented in, for example, a processor.

[0621] Various numeric values are used in the present application. Such specific values are for example purposes and the embodiments described are not limited to these specific values.

[0622] Various methods are described herein, and such methods comprise one or more steps or actions for achieving the described method. Unless a specific order of steps or actions is required for the proper operation of the method, the order and / or use of specific steps and / or actions may be modified or combined. Additionally, terms such as “first”, “second”, etc. may be used in various embodiments to modify an element, component, step, operation, etc., for example, a “first decoding” and a “second decoding”. Use of such terms does not imply an order to the operations unless specifically required.

[0623] The present disclosure may refer to “determining” various pieces of information. Determining information may include one or more of, for example, estimating, calculating, predicting, or retrieving (e.g., from memory) the information.

[0624] The present disclosure may refer to “accessing” various pieces of information. Accessing information may include one or more of, for example, receiving, retrieving (e.g., from memory), storing, moving, copying, calculating, determining, predicting, or estimating the information. Similarly, the present disclosure may refer to “receiving” various pieces of information. Receiving information may include one or more of, for example, accessing or retrieving (e.g., from memory) the information.

[0625] It is to be understood that use of any of the following “ / ”, “and / or”, and “at least one of’ is intended to encompass all possible selections of listed items, taken either individually or in any combination thereof.

[0626] While specific embodiments have been described in the foregoing description in connection with the accompanying drawings, it should be understood that embodiments described herein are examples only and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the present disclosure or the following claims. Although features and elements are described herein in particular combinations, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that such features or elements may be used alone or in any combination with the other features and elements. It is understood, therefore, that the overall teachings of the present disclosure are not limited to the particular embodiments, implementations, and examples disclosed herein, but are intended to cover variations, modifications, and alternatives as defined by the appended claims and any and all equivalents thereof.

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A method implemented by a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), the method comprising: receiving configuration information indicating (i) a set of downlink (DL) reference signals (RSs), and (ii) a set of uplink (UL) RSs; measuring a plurality of reference signal received path power (RSRPP) values and / or a plurality of angle of arrivals (AoAs) corresponding to the set of DL RSs for a plurality of paths; determining a plurality of delay time amounts corresponding to the set of DL RSs for the plurality of paths with respect to a common reference time; determining (i) a path loss (PL) path from the plurality of paths based on a comparison of the plurality of RSRPP values and a threshold, and (ii) a PL DL RS from the set of DL RSs associated with the PL path; determining a transmit (Tx) power based on one of the RSRPP values associated with the PL path and a Tx beam based on one of the AoAs associated with the PL path; reporting information indicating any of: (i) the determined Tx power, (ii) the determined Tx beam, (iii) the determined PL DL RS, and / or (iv) the determined PL path; and transmitting an UL RS, of the set of UL RSs, using the determined Tx power and the determined Tx beam.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the configuration information indicates (iii) a reference DL RS, and wherein the common reference time is a time of arrival of the reference DL RS via a first path of the plurality of paths.

3. The method of any of claims 1-2, wherein the reference DL RS is included in the set of DL RSs.

4. The method of any of claims 1-3, wherein the configuration information includes information indicating the threshold.

5. The method of any of claims 2-4, wherein the common reference time is a time of arrival of the reference DL RS via a first path of the plurality of paths, and the PL path is different than the first path.

6. The method of any of claims 1-5, wherein the information indicating the determined PL DL RS is a RS index.

7. The method of any of claims 1-6, wherein the information indicating the determined PL path is a path index.

8. The method of any of claims 1-7, wherein the PL DL RS has a largest measured RSRPP value among the measured RSRPP values, of the set of DL RSs associated with the PL path, which are above the threshold.

9. The method of any of claims 1-8, wherein the UL RS is transmitted using the determined Tx power and the determined Tx beam for sensing of an object.

10. The method of any of claims 1-9, wherein the set of UL RSs are associated with UL sensing.

11. The method of any of claims 1-10, further comprising: receiving power control configuration information indicating any of a maximum power value, a target power value, a PL compensation factor, a scanning power value, and / or a power difference value associated with an interference path, wherein the Tx power is determined based on one of the RSRPP values associated with the PL path and the power control configuration information.

12. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU)comprising: a transceiver, memory, and a processor which are configured to: receive configuration information indicating (i) a set of downlink (DL) reference signals (RSs), and (ii) a set of uplink (UL) RSs, measure a plurality of reference signal received path power (RSRPP) values and / or a plurality of angle of arrivals (AoAs) corresponding to the set of DL RSs for a plurality of paths, determine a plurality of delay time amounts corresponding to the set of DL RSs for the plurality of paths with respect to a common reference time, determine (i) a path loss (PL) path from the plurality of paths based on a comparison of the plurality of RSRPP values and a threshold, and (ii) a PL DL RS from the set of DL RSs associated with the PL path,determine a transmit (Tx) power based on one of the RSRPP values associated with the PL path and a Tx beam based on one of the AoAs associated with the PL path, report information indicating any of: (i) the determined Tx power, (ii) the determined Tx beam, (iii) the determined PL DL RS, and / or (iv) the determined PL path, and transmit an UL RS, of the set of UL RSs, using the determined Tx power and the determined Tx beam.

13. The WTRU of claim 12, wherein the configuration information indicates (iii) a reference DL RS, and wherein the common reference time is a time of arrival of the reference DL RS via a first path of the plurality of paths.

14. The WTRU of any of claims 12-13, wherein the reference DL RS is included in the set of DL RSs.

15. The WTRU of any of claims 12-14, wherein the configuration information includes information indicating the threshold.

16. The WTRU of any of claims 13-15, wherein the common reference time is a time of arrival of the reference DL RS via a first path of the plurality of paths, and the PL path is different than the first path.

17. The WTRU of any of claims 12-16, wherein the information indicating the determined PL DL RS is a RS index.

18. The WTRU of any of claims 12-17, wherein the information indicating the determined PL path is a path index.

19. The WTRU of any of claims 12-18, wherein the PL DL RS has a largest measured RSRPP value among the measured RSRPP values, of the set of DL RSs associated with the PL path, which are above the threshold.

20. The WTRU of any of claims 12-19, wherein the UL RS is transmitted using the determined Tx power and the determined Tx beam for sensing of an object.

21. The WTRU of any of claims 12-20, wherein the set of UL RSs are associated with UL sensing.

22. The WTRU of any of claims 12-21, wherein the transceiver, memory, and the processor are configured to: receive power control configuration information indicating any of a maximum power value, a target power value, a PL compensation factor, a scanning power value, and / or a power difference value associated with an interference path, wherein the Tx power is determined based on one of the RSRPP values associated with the PL path and the power control configuration information.

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