Broadcast service delivery enhancements
The implementation of assisting information in wireless communication systems allows devices to determine their location relative to broadcast service areas, optimizing power usage and resource allocation by selectively receiving broadcast messages.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/085208
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-04-01
- Publication Date
- 2025-07-31
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communication systems face challenges in efficiently managing broadcast services and paging in non-terrestrial networks (NTN), particularly in large coverage areas, leading to unnecessary power consumption and resource utilization due to the reception of broadcast messages outside the service area.
Implementing assisting information to help wireless devices determine whether to receive broadcast messages by providing service area information, allowing devices to decide based on their location and selectively receive or refrain from receiving broadcast messages.
Enhances power savings and resource efficiency by enabling wireless devices to make informed decisions about broadcast message reception, reducing unnecessary processing and power consumption.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024085208_31072025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
BROADCAST SERVICE DELIVERY ENHANCEMENTSTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] This patent document is directed generally to wireless communications.BACKGROUND
[0002] Wireless communication technologies are moving the world toward an increasingly connected and networked society. The rapid growth of wireless communications and advances in technology has led to greater demand for capacity and connectivity. Other aspects, such as energy consumption, device cost, spectral efficiency, and latency are also important to meeting the needs of various communication scenarios. In comparison with the existing wireless networks, next generation systems and wireless communication techniques need to provide support for an increased number of users and devices, as well as support an increasingly mobile society.SUMMARY
[0003] Various techniques are disclosed that can be implemented by embodiments in mobile communication technology, including 5th Generation (5G) , new radio (NR) , and other wireless networks.
[0004] In one example aspect, a wireless communication method is disclosed. The method includes receiving, by a wireless device, from a network device, assisting information related to a broadcast service; and making a decision, by the wireless device, based on the assisting information, about the broadcast service.
[0005] In another example aspect, another wireless communication method is disclosed. The method includes transmitting, to a wireless device, by a network device, assisting information related a broadcast service, wherein the assisting information allows the wireless device to make a decision about the broadcast service.
[0006] In one example aspect, a wireless communication method is disclosed. The method includes transmitting, by a wireless device, to a network device, a capability indication indicating whether the wireless device has a capability of using assisting information related a broadcast service, wherein the assisting information allows the wireless device to make a decision about the broadcast service.
[0007] In another example aspect, another wireless communication method is disclosed. The method includes receiving, by a network device, from a wireless device, a capability indication indicating whether the wireless device has a capability of using assisting information related to a broadcast service that allows the wireless device to make a decision about the broadcast service, and transmitting, selectively based on the wireless device indicating that the wireless device has the capability of using the assisting information related to the broadcast service, the assisting information to the wireless device.
[0008] In yet another exemplary aspect, the above-described methods are embodied in the form of a computer-readable medium that stores processor-executable code for implementing the method.
[0009] In yet another exemplary embodiment, a device that is configured or operable to perform the above-described methods is disclosed. The device comprises at least one processor configured to implement the above-described method.
[0010] The above and other aspects and their implementations are described in greater detail in the drawings, the descriptions, and the claims.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] FIG. 1 is a block diagram example of a wireless communication system.
[0012] FIG. 2 is a flowchart of an example method of wireless communication.
[0013] FIG. 3, FIG. 4, FIG. 5, FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 depicts various procedures related to use of assisting information in a wireless system.
[0014] FIG. 8, FIG. 9, FIG. 10 and FIG. 11 depict flowcharts for various examples of wireless communication methods.
[0015] In the drawings that depict message exchange diagrams, dashed lines represent optional messages, for example, such messages may be transmitted only when a certain precondition is fulfilled.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0016] Section headings are used in the present document only to improve readability and do not limit scope of the disclosed embodiments and techniques in each section to only that section. Certain features are described using the example of 3GPP and Fifth Generation (5G) wireless protocol terminology. However, applicability of the disclosed techniques is not limited to only 5G wireless systems. Furthermore, in this patent document, the separator “ / ” is used to indicate that the listed options are alternatives that are equivalent to the “or” conjunction. Furthermore, various information elements (IE) examples disclosed herein includes fields that are labeled OPTIONAL to mean that these fields may be optionally implemented by embodiments using a nomenclature similar to the 3GPP protocol.
[0017] The following abbreviations are used in the present document.
[0018] 1. Introduction
[0019] Current wireless communication system supports paging from NW to UE in one or more tracking areas / cells and PWS from NW to UE in SIBs. In NR, paging message can be scheduled with or without a short message. Short message includes indications that indicate whether warning messages of ETWS primary notification / ETWS secondary notification / CMAS notification are scheduled or not.
[0020] In case UE receives a DCI that includes a short message, and if the short message indicates at least one of the warning messages is scheduled, UE will acquire the SIB (s) to acquire the scheduled warning message if the UE supports receiving the corresponding warning message.
[0021] In NR, paging message can be scheduled with or without at least one of indication for ETWS or indication for CMAS.
[0022] In case UE receives a paging message and the paging message includes indication for ETWS, which indicates warning message of ETWS primary notification and / or ETWS secondary notification is scheduled, UE will acquire the corresponding system information to acquire the scheduled ETWS warning messages if the UE supports ETWS.
[0023] In case UE receives a paging message and the paging message includes indication for CMAS, which indicates warning message of CMAS notification is scheduled, UE will acquire the corresponding system information to acquire the scheduled CMAS warning message if the UE supports CMAS.
[0024] In case UE receives DCI indicates paging message with paging record list, UE can receive and decode the paging message to check whether the paging records included in the paging message is for the UE. In some examples, UE may consider that the paging record is for itself when the UE identity included in the paging record matches the UE identity of the UE. When the UE determines that the paging record is for the UE, UE can take actions as indicated by the paging record, e.g., initiate RRC establishment procedure.
[0025] In some examples, to allow further power saving, a technique called PEI is introduced. If the UE detects PEI and the PEI indicates the subgroup the UE belongs to monitor its associated PO, the UE monitors the associated PO. If the UE does not detect PEI on the monitored PEI occasion or the PEI does not indicate the subgroup the UE belongs to monitor its associated PO, the UE is not required to monitor the associated PO.
[0026] Due to large coverage area in an NTN cell (compared to conventional terrestrial based cells) , the broadcast service and paging provided within the NTN cell may be only for partial areas (e.g., only for some of the countries) that is covered by the NTN cell. With broadcast assisting information is introduced, the UE can refrain from receiving / decoding the broadcast message when UE location is outside the service area derived based on the broadcast assisting information, which allows further power saving at UE. In this patent document, the broadcast message can be at least one of the warning message provided by public warning system (PWS) , e.g., warning message of ETWS primary notification, warning message of ETWS secondary notification, warning message of CMAS notification, or paging message.
[0027] In PCT / CN2024 / 080937, filed on March 19, 2024 ( “previous application” ) , incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, we disclosed multicast / broadcast service management using assistance information.
[0028] For the previous application, the assisting information is associated to MBS service and is used for MBS service management, while for this application, the assisting information is for paging management, short message and SIBs carrying PWS information. In some embodiments disclosed in this application, the provided assisting information relevant to broadcast area is mapped to warning messages of PWS or paging message;
[0029] Furthermore, the assisting information may be processed differently by a UE. In some embodiments, an enable indication is introduced to enable usage of assisting information for reception of the warning messages of PWS or paging message. In some embodiments, when DCI indicates short message is scheduled, UE uses this information to determine whether to further receive the SIBs carrying the warning messages of PWS as indicated in the received short message. In some embodiments, when DCI indicates paging message is scheduled, UE uses this information to determine whether to further receives and decodes the paging message or not. In the previous application, the assisting information is based on service area info provided by MBS service provider, while in some of the embodiments disclosed in the present document, the assisting information can comes from CN directly. In some examples, from CBC of CN.
[0030] 2. Example wireless systems and hardware platforms
[0031] FIG. 1 shows an example of a wireless communication system (e.g., a long term evolution (LTE) , 5G or NR cellular network) that includes a network device such as a base station BS 120 and one or more wireless devices or user equipment (UE) 111, 112 and 113. In some embodiments, the uplink transmissions (131, 132, 133) can include uplink control information (UCI) , higher layer signaling (e.g., radio link layer messages) , or uplink information. In some embodiments, the downlink transmissions (141, 142, 143) can include DCI, reference signal configuration, reference signal transmissions, or high layer signaling or other downlink information. The UE may be, for example, a smartphone, a tablet, a mobile computer, a machine to machine (M2M) device, a terminal, a mobile device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, and so on. The disclosed techniques may be implemented by the UE 111, 112 and / or 113 or the base station 120.
[0032] FIG. 2 is a block diagram representation of a portion of an apparatus, in accordance with some embodiments of the presently disclosed technology. An apparatus 205 such as a network device or a base station or a wireless device (or UE) , can include processor electronics 210 such as at least one processor or microprocessor that implements one or more of the techniques presented in this document. The apparatus 205 can include transceiver electronics 215 to send and / or receive wireless signals over one or more communication interfaces such as antenna (s) 220. The apparatus 205 can include other communication interfaces for transmitting and receiving data. Apparatus 205 can include one or more memories (not explicitly shown) configured to store information such as data and / or instructions. In some implementations, the processor electronics 210 can include at least a portion of the transceiver electronics 215. In some embodiments, at least some of the disclosed techniques, modules or functions are implemented using the apparatus 205. The transceiver electronics 215 may be used to transmit or receive various signals described in the present document under control by the processor electronics 210.
[0033] 3. General procedure
[0034] To address above-mentioned technical issues, and others, an enhanced method for broadcast and paging service delivery and reception can be introduced, which includes at least one of below steps:
[0035] Step 1: UE receives assisting information from NW, which is associated to broadcast message or paging.
[0036] Step 2: UE determines based on the received assisting information, whether to receive the broadcast message or paging or not.
[0037] Here, NW can be at least one of CN, base station (NG-RAN, eNB, 6G base station) and function entity (e.g., CBC, CBE, OAM, AMF, and so on) .
[0038] The above steps are only high-level procedures, additional steps may be needed for different implementation examples, which will be discussed throughout the present document.
[0039] Further, although the solution discussed is highlighted with respect to the technical issues raised in NTN, the solution itself can be used in network other than NTN (NR NTN / IoT NTN) , e.g., TN, ATG, etc.
[0040] The broadcast service / message discussed in this document can include at least one of warning messages of PWS (e.g., ETWS primary notification / ETWS secondary notification / CMAS notification) , MBS message, or paging message.
[0041] The broadcast assisting information can include at least information relevant to broadcast service area (this area may also be referred to using terminology: intended / target / allowed service area) , satellite information or information to associate the broadcast service area with the broadcast message which includes at least one of below information:
[0042] ● An indication to indicate whether assisting information is taken into account for UE to receive broadcast message. The broadcast message can include at least one of warning message of PWS (e.g., ETWS / CMAS message) , MBS message or paging message. In one example separate indications can be introduced for each type of message discussed above, e.g., an indication for ETWS message, an indication for CMAS message, an indication for warning messages of PWS, an indication for broadcast message of MBS service, an indication for multicast message of MBS service, an indication for paging, with at least some of these indications being independent, different or distinct from each other. In another example, a common indication can be all types of warning messages of PWS, a common indication for all types MBS service or an indication paging message. In yet another example, one common indication can be used for one or multiple types of broadcast message discussed above. For the indication as discussed above, at least one of below implementation options can be adopted:
[0043] ■ Opt1: The indication can be one bit indication with value 1 or 0, where 0 indicates the assisting information is not considered for the broadcast message, while 1 indicates the assisting information is considered for the broadcast message, or vice versa.
[0044] ■ Opt2: Presence of the indication can be used as a positive indication that the assisting information is considered for the broadcast message, while absence of the indication indicates
[0045] ■ Opt3: A bitstring, where each bit correspondent to one type of broadcast message. The broadcast message type can include at least one of warning message of PWS (e.g., ETWS primary notification / ETWS secondary notification / CMAS notification) , MBS message or paging message. The implementation of each bit can follow example as discussed in opt 1.
[0046] ■ Opt4: In some example, presence of the assisting information can be seen as an implicit indication that the assisting information is taking into account for UE to receive broadcast message.
[0047] In some examples, a combination of some or all of the above options can be considered. For example, when assisting information used for broadcast message is transmitted from NW to UE via a different message carrying the broadcast message (e.g., in DCI, in a new SIB dedicated for providing assisting information) , explicit indication is used to inform UE to receive the assisting information before receiving the broadcast message. When the assisting information is transmitted as part of the broadcast message, no explicit indication is needed, instead UE relies on presence of assisting information in this message to decide whether to consider it for broadcast message decoding. If assisting information is not included or if UE location is inside the service area associated with the broadcast message: UE continues to decode the rest of the message, if any, and applies the necessary action (e.g., trigger alert) in response to received broadcast message. If UE location is outside the service area associated with the broadcast message: UE may refrain from decoding the rest of the message, if any, and may refrain from applying the necessary action (e.g., trigger alert) in response to the received broadcast message.
[0048] When the indication (either based on explicit indication or based on presence of assisting information) indicates the assisting information is considered for broadcast message, UE can perform at least one of below:
[0049] ● Derive the service area of a broadcast message based on the assisting information associated with the broadcast message;
[0050] ● Decide whether the location of UE is inside the service area of the broadcast message or not;
[0051] ● Decide not to monitor / receive the broadcast message when UE location is outside the service area associated to the broadcast message
[0052] ● Decide not to take an action (e.g., actions such as pop up the content in user interface, trigger alert) when UE location is outside the service area associated to the received broadcast message
[0053] ● In some examples, when there is no available UE location information at UE’s side, UE continues to receive the broadcast message regardless of whether assisting information is considered for receiving the broadcast message or not.
[0054] The indication can be included in the same message carrying assisting information as discussed below, or in a separate signaling carrying the assisting information. The indication can be included in at least one of DCI, Paging Early Indication (PEI) , short message, Medium Access Control Control Element (MAC CE) , system information, RRC messages, or Non Access Stratum (NAS) messages.
[0055] ● Mapping between the assisting information and the broadcast message, which is to allow UE to know the assisting information is used for which broadcast message or broadcast service. For example, if assisting information 1 is associated to ETWS notification, and assisting information 2 is associated to CMAS notification, then UE could use assisting information 2 when receiving CMAS notification and use assisting information 1 when receiving ETWS notification. The mapping rules can be at least one of below:
[0056] ■ Each broadcast assisting information can be mapped to one or more broadcast message.
[0057] ■ Each broadcast message can be mapped to one or more broadcast assisting information.
[0058] ■ Each broadcast message type can be mapped to one or more broadcast assisting information. In some examples, each broadcast message of one broadcast message type can be mapped to one or more broadcast assisting information.
[0059] ■ Each broadcast assisting information can be mapped to one or more broadcast message type. In some examples, each broadcast assisting information can be mapped to one or more broadcast message per each broadcast message type.
[0060] For above mentioned mapping rules, in some examples, the mapping can be done by including one or more broadcast identifiers of broadcast message in the assisting information, where each identifier indicating a broadcast message (e.g., message identifier and / or serial number) . The serial number is used to indicate the version of a broadcast message. In some examples, the mapping can be done by including one or more broadcast service types in the assisting information. In some examples, the mapping can be done by including one ore more assisting information identifier for one broadcast message, where each assisting information identifier identifies one assisting information. In some examples, the mapping can be done by including one ore more assisting information identifier for one broadcast service type, where each assisting information identifier identifies one assisting information. The assisting information identifier can be at least one of the identity discussed in this document for assisting information content, e.g. identity to identify countries, identity to identify a geographical area, identity to identify tracking area and etc.
[0061] The broadcast message type can be at least one of ETWS primary indication, ETWS secondary notification, CMAS notification, paging or MBS service (can be broadcast and / or multicast) .
[0062] The broadcast assisting information can include service area information to indicate a service area of a broadcast message or of a broadcast service. The service area information include at least one of country information, tracking area information, Geographical coverage information, TN cell information, Satellite information or timing information. Details are discussed in below section and throughout the present document.
[0063] ● A type field , which is used to indicate one or more broadcast service types the assisting information can be used. The broadcast message type can include at least one of warning message of PWS (e.g., ETWS primary notification / ETWS secondary notification / CMAS notification) , MBS service (e.g., broadcast service or multicast service) or paging message.
[0064] ■ In some examples, it could consist multiple values, where each value indicates a broadcast message type. For example one value for warning messages of PWS, one value for MBS service or one value for paging message. In some example, separate values can be used to further differentiate warning messages types, e.g., one value indicates ETWS primary notification, one value indicates ETWS primary notification or one value indicates CMAS notification. In some examples, separate values can be used for further differentiate MBS service types, e.g., one value to indicate MBS broadcast service, one value to indicate MBS multicast service.
[0065] ■ In some example it could consist multiple bits (e.g., a bitstring or separate bits) , where each bit corresponds to a broadcast message / service type. In some example the bit is set to one value (e.g., 1) to indicate that the assisting information is used for correspondent broadcast service type; the bit is set to another value (e.g., 0) to indicate the assisting information it is not used for correspondent broadcast service type, or vice versa. Or in some example presence of the bit indicates the assisting information is used for correspondent broadcast service type, otherwise it is absent.
[0066] ● Country information, which indicates one or more country the broadcast service is provided / intended. In some examples, the country information can include at least one of below:
[0067] ■ country code / country abbreviation / country identity. Where each country code / country abbreviation / country identity is used to identify a country uniquely. An example could be the mobile country code (MCC) as specified in 3GPP standards.
[0068] ■ Mapping between the country information to broadcast service, which include at least one of below:
[0069] ◆ Each country can be mapped to one or more broadcast messages. For example, for a country identified by a country code / country identity / country abbreviation, it can be associated with one or more broadcast message identified by a message identifier. The broadcast message identifier can be at least one of message Identifier defined to identify the source and types of warning messages, or paging record defined to identify a paging information.
[0070] ◆ One or more countries can be mapped to a broadcast message. For example, for a broadcast message identified by a message identifier, it can be associated with one or more countries identified by country code / country identity / country abbreviation. The broadcast message identifier can be at least one of message Identifier defined to identify the source and types of warning messages, or paging record defined to identify a paging information.
[0071] ● Tracking Area information, which indicates one or more tracking areas the broadcast service is provided / intended. In some examples, the country information can include at least one of below:
[0072] ■ Identifier to identify a tracking area. The identifier can be at least one of tracking area code (TAC) , or tracking area identity (TAI) . The TAI can consist of TAC and PLMN identity information.
[0073] ■ Mapping between the TA information to broadcast service, which include at least one of below:
[0074] ◆ Each TA can be mapped to one or more broadcast messages. For example, a TA can be associated with one or more broadcast messages identified by a message identifier.
[0075] ◆ One or more TAs can be mapped to a broadcast message. For example, a broadcast message identified by a message identifier can be associated with one or more TAs.
[0076] ● Geographical coverage information, which indicates one or more geographical coverage the broadcast service is provided / intended. In some example the country information can include at least one of below:
[0077] ■ Identifier to identify a geographical coverage. The identifier can include at least one of the TN identity broadcast in SIB25, which identifying a TN area or other defined geo-coverage identity used to identifies a geographical coverage.
[0078] ■ Mapping between the geographical coverage information to broadcast service, which include at least one of below:
[0079] ◆ Each geographical coverage can be mapped to one or more broadcast messages. For example, a geographical coverage can be associated with one or more broadcast messages identified by a message identifier.
[0080] ◆ One or more geographical coverage can be mapped to a broadcast message. For example, a broadcast message identified by a message identifier can be associated with one or more geographical coverage. ● TN cell information, which can include at least one of TN cell identities or the mapping between TN cell identity and broadcast service. The usage of TN cell identity may be similar to its use in determining geographical coverage, the difference is that UE derives the geographical areas of broadcast service by the TN cell coverage associated the cell identified by the TN cell identities. Remaining use features are same as what is used for determining geographical area information. In this option, the geographical area of each broadcast message equals to the total coverage of each coverage of each TN cells associated to the broadcast message. In some examples, the provided TN cell is only used to derive the geographical coverage of the broadcast message, it doesn’t necessarily indicate that the broadcast message is available in the TN cells.
[0081] ● Satellite information, which indicates the information about satellite serving the UE, which can include at least one of below:
[0082] ■ satellite identity, where each satellite identity identifies a satellite and / or an information set for a satellite. The information set includes at least one of satellite ephemeris, satellite epochTime, common TA parameters, polarization parameters.
[0083] ■ satellite ephemeris and associated epochTime
[0084] ■ Common TA parameters and associated epochTime
[0085] ■ NTN types, which includes at NGSO, GSO, GEO, LEO, MEO, earth moving, earth fixed, quasi-earth fixed.
[0086] ● Time information associated to the broadcast assisting information, which includes at least one of below information:
[0087] ■ A start time which includes when the broadcast assisting information becomes valid, which can be implemented based on at least one of below options:
[0088] ◆ In one example, the start time can be a past or current or future time. In some example, when epochTime is provided, the start time can be the time indicated by epochTime.
[0089] ◆ A time offset information from a timing. In one example, the start time can be a time offset from epochTime, which can be at least a positive or negative value. In this example the time broadcast assisting information becomes valid is the time equals to epochTime plus the time offset. In another example, the time broadcast assisting information becomes valid is the time equals to epochTime minus the time offset.
[0090] ■ A time duration, which indicates how long the broadcast assisting information is considered as valid. The start timing to count the duration can be at least the start time as discussed in above.
[0091] For all broadcast message discussed above, it can include at least one of a warning message of PWS (e.g., ETWS / CMAS message) , an MBS message or a paging message. In some examples, each broadcast message can be identified by an identifier, the identifier can include at least one of a message identifier defined to identify the source and types of warning messages, or paging record defined to identify a paging information.
[0092] For the broadcast assisting information as discussed in this document, at least one of below methods can be considered to provide the assisting information from NW to UE: system information, downlink control information, short message, RRC message (e.g., RRC reconfiguration, RRC release, RRC resume message, etc. ) , NAS message, paging message, short message, MAC CE, etc.
[0093] Below gives further details of some implementation embodiments on how this assisting information can be used for broadcast / paging message delivery and reception. Although described as different embodiments to highlight certain aspects, features, message syntaxes and usage of fields in one embodiment may also be used in another embodiment.
[0094] 4. Example Embodiment 1: enable indication in SIB1, and assisting information in SIBs for warning message
[0095] In a first embodiment the enable indication is included in SIB1, and the assisting information is included in the same or different system information, e.g., a new SIB dedicated to provide assisting information.
[0096] FIG. 3 shows an example of message exchange 300 performed according to some embodiments.
[0097] Step 301: UE acquires SIB1 with enable indication indicating assisting information for warning message is enabled. In some examples, the enable indication for assisting information can based on options discussed in the general procedure.
[0098] Step 302: UE receives a DCI indicating short message is scheduled in the cell. The short message can indicate at least one of warning message (e.g., an ETWS primary notification and / or an ETWS secondary notification and / or a CMAS notification) is scheduled.
[0099] Step 303: UE acquires SIB to acquire the assisting information of the notification indicated in the short message. UE based on the assisting information to derive the service area of the notification.
[0100] Step 304: UE actions could be different based content of assisting information, which includes at least one of below:
[0101] In a case 1: The assisting information received in the step 303 is associated to ETWS primary notification. When UE location is available and is inside the service area associated to the ETWS primary notification, UE attempts to receive SIBs to acquire the warning messages of the ETWS primary notification and forward the received complete message to higher layer. When UE location is outside the service area, UE refrains from acquiring SIBs to receive the complete ETWS primary notification message, and / or forwarding the received complete message to higher layer. Or when UE receives ETWS primary notification which requires UE to activate emergency user alert and / or Activate popup on the display, UE doesn’t activate emergency user alert and / or Activate popup on the display when UE location is outside the service area. The SIBs to provide warning messages of the ETWS primary notification can be SIB6 of NR network, or SystemInformationBlockType10 of EUTRA (enhanced universal terrestrial radio access) network.
[0102] In a case 2: The assisting information received in the step 303 is associated to ETWS secondary notification. When UE location is available and is inside the service area associated to the ETWS secondary notification, UE attempts to receive SIBs to acquire the warning messages of the ETWS secondary notification and forward the received complete message to higher layer. When UE location is outside the service area, UE refrains from obtaining SIBs to receive the complete ETWS secondary notification message and / or refrains from forwarding the complete warning message to higher layer. Or when UE receives ETWS secondary notification which requires UE to activate emergency user alert and / or Activate popup on the display, UE doesn’t activate emergency user alert and / or Activate popup on the display when UE location is outside the service area. The SIBs to provide warning messages of the ETWS secondary notification can be SIB7 of NR network, or SystemInformationBlockType11 of EUTRA network.
[0103] In a case 3: The assisting information received in the step 303 is associated to CMAS notification. When UE location is available and is inside the service area associated to the CMAS notification, UE attempts to receive SIBs to acquire the warning messages of CMAS notification and forward the complete warning messages to higher layer. When UE location is outside the service area, UE refrains from obtaining SIB8 to receive the complete CMAS notification message and / or refrains from forwarding the complete warning message to higher layer. Or when UE receives CMAS notification which requires UE to activate emergency user alert and / or Activate popup on the display, UE doesn’t activate emergency user alert and / or Activate popup on the display when UE location is outside the service area. The SIBs to provide warning messages of the CMAS notification can be SIB8 of NR network, or SystemInformationBlockType12 of EUTRA network.
[0104] For above three cases, the higher layer can take necessary actions based on received warning messages (e.g. trigger alert or pop message) . In some examples, one or more of case 1 / 2 / 3 can happen concurrently.
[0105] In some examples, the order of step 302 and step 303 can be switched, as long as UE guarantees that a valid version of SIB is used when deriving the service area of the notification indicated by received short message. For example, UE can acquire SIB carrying the assisting information and store it in UE memory. When UE receives a DCI that indicates short message, and the stored SIB carrying assisting information is still valid, UE can, based on the stored SIB version, evaluate whether its location is inside or outside the service area of the scheduled notification message. If the stored SIB version is invalid, UE shall acquire the SIB carrying assisting information before deciding whether to receive / apply the scheduled notification.
[0106] 5. Example Embodiment 2: enable indication in SIB1, and assisting information in SIBs for paging message
[0107] Referring to FIG. 3, procedure 300, in a second embodiment, in step 301 the assisting information is for paging message. And in step 302, the DCI indicates scheduling of paging message. In step 303 UE acquire SIB to acquire assisting information for paging message to obtain the service area of the paging message. When provided, in step 304 UE only acquire paging message with service area that covers UE location, i.e., UE location is inside the service area. In some examples, the assisting information can be associated to one or more paging records carries in the same paging message. In some examples, it is possible that paging records included in one paging message can have different service area based on the assisting information provided. When provided, in step 304, UE only decodes paging records with service area that covers UE location, i.e., UE location is inside the service area.
[0108] For embodiments 1 / 2, other than SIB1 for NR network, other SIBs are also possible. For example, in some implementations, the enable indication can be included in SIB19 / SIB25 for NR network. In some embodiments, the enable indication can be included in SystemInformationBlockType1 / SystemInformationBlockType31 for EUTRA network.
[0109] 6. Example Embodiment 3: enable indication in short message, and assisting information in SIB
[0110] In a third embodiment, the enable indication can be included in short message. Example as below (table number refers to a relevant table in 3GPP standards documents)
[0111] Example option 1:
[0112] Table 6.5-1: Short Messages
[0113] In this case, step 301 of embodiment 1 may be omitted. The indication is included in the DCI of step 302. When UE acquires short message with fifth bit set 1 indicates assisting information of warning messages (e.g., ETWS primary notification and / or an ETWS secondary notification and / or a CMAS notification) is considered in the cell. In some example, the rest of steps (step 303-304) are the same as discussed in embodiment 1. In some example this bit is optional indicated when etwsAndCmasIndication is set to 1. Please note the terminology used in above example are only examples, other terminology can be used.
[0114] Example option 2:
[0115] Table 6.5-1: Short Messages
[0116] In this case, step 301 of embodiment 1 is not needed. The indications are included in the DCI of step 302, where the 5th to 7th bit is used to indicates assisting information of an ETWS primary notification, an ETWS secondary notification or a CMAS notification is enabled separately. The terminology and order of each bit is only examples, other terminology and orders are also possible.
[0117] In some examples, those bit are optional indicated when etwsAndCmasIndication is set to 1. In some examples, the step 303 is the same as that of embodiment 1. For step 304, UE only consider assisting information for the broadcast message type when the corresponding indication is set 1. For example, if etwsAssistInfoIndication1 is set 1, which indicates assisting information is considered for an ETWS primary notification.
[0118] 7. Example Embodiment 4: enable indication in PEI and assisting information in SIB
[0119] With reference to FIG. 4 procedure 400, in the fourth embodiment the enable indication is included in PEI, and the assisting information is included in system information, e.g., a new SIB dedicated to provide assisting information.
[0120] Step 401: For UE supporting PEI, if it acquires SIB with PEI configuration, it can monitor PEI using PEI parameters in system information.
[0121] Step 402: If UE receives PEI with enable indication for assisting information as discussed in this document. If the UE detects PEI and the PEI indicates the subgroup the UE belongs to monitor its associated PO (paging occasion) as specified in 3GPP specification TS 38.213 the UE monitors the associated POs.
[0122] For step 2, DCI format 2_7 is used for notifying the paging early indication and TRS availability indication for one or more UEs. In this embodiment, one or more of remaining reserved bits in DCI format 2_7 can be used to indicate whether to enable assisting information for broadcast message. At least one of below example options for enable indication can be considered:
[0123] Example option 1: One bit for enabling assisting information for warning message. The warning message can include at least one of ETWS primary notification, an ETWS secondary notification or a CMAS notification.
[0124] Example option 2: One bit for enabling assisting information for paging message.
[0125] Example option 3: Separate bits for enabling assisting information of an ETWS primary notification, an ETWS secondary notification or a CMAS notification separately.
[0126] Example option 4: One bit for enabling assisting information for warning messages and the paging message. The warning message can include at least one of ETWS primary notification, an ETWS secondary notification or a CMAS notification.
[0127] In some examples combination of option1 and option 2 or combination of option 2 and option 3 can be supported.
[0128] Step 403: If PEI includes enable indication enabling assisting information for at least one of paging message or ETWS primary notification, an ETWS secondary notification or a CMAS notification. UE can acquire SIB carrying the assisting information. For step 3, in some example UE only acquires SIB carrying assisting information when received PEI with enable indication enabling assisting information and the PEI indicates the subgroup the UE belongs to monitor its associated PO. That is, if PEI doesn’t indicates subgroup the UE belongs to, UE doesn’t acquire SIB carrying assisting information. In some example UE acquires SIB carrying assisting information as long as the received PEI with enable indication enabling assisting information.
[0129] Step 404A: During monitoring of POs, if UE detects DCI indicating short message is scheduled, UE procedure is the same as step 4 of embodiment 1.
[0130] Step 404B: During monitoring of POs, if UE detects DCI indicating paging message is scheduled, UE procedure is the same as step 4 of embodiment 2.
[0131] In some example, it is possible UE detects DCI indicating paging message with short message, then UE performs both step 404A / 404B
[0132] For embodiment 1-4, the SIBs carrying assisting information can be at least one of new SIBs in either EUTRA or NR network, which is dedicated to provide assisting information as discussed in this applicant, SIB19 to provide NR NTN assisting information, SIB25 to provide TN area information in NR network or SystemInformationBlockType31 to provide EUTRA IoT NTN assisting information.
[0133] 8. Example Embodiment 5: assisting information in SIBs carrying warning messages
[0134] With reference to procedure 500 depicted in FIG. 5, in a fifth embodiment, there is no explicit indication to indicate whether assisting information is considered for broadcast message reception (e.g., for ETWS / CMAS warning message) . Instead, UE relies on presence of assisting information received in the warning message to decide whether to consider it for further receiving the warning message or not.
[0135] Step 501: UE receives DCI indicating short message is scheduled in the cell. The short message can indicate at least one of a an ETWS primary notification and / or an ETWS secondary notification and / or a CMAS notification is scheduled.
[0136] Step 502: UE acquires SIBs to acquire warning message of the notification indicated in the short message. When assisting information is included for the corresponding warning message type, UE actions could be at least one of below:
[0137] In a case 1: The assisting information received in the step 303 is associated to ETWS primary notification. When UE location is available and is inside the service area associated to the ETWS primary notification, UE attempts to receive SIBs to acquire the warning messages of the ETWS primary notification and forward the received complete message to higher layer. When UE location is outside the service area, UE refrains from acquiring SIBs to receive the complete ETWS primary notification message, and / or forwarding the received complete message to higher layer. Or when UE receives ETWS primary notification which requires UE to activate emergency user alert and / or Activate popup on the display, UE doesn’t activate emergency user alert and / or Activate popup on the display when UE location is outside the service area. The SIBs to provide warning messages of the ETWS primary notification can be SIB6 of NR network, or SystemInformationBlockType10 of EUTRA network.
[0138] In a case 2: The assisting information received in the step 303 is associated to ETWS secondary notification. When UE location is available and is inside the service area associated to the ETWS secondary notification, UE attempts to receive SIBs to acquire the warning messages of the ETWS secondary notification and forward the received complete message to higher layer. When UE location is outside the service area, UE refrains from obtaining SIBs to receive the complete ETWS secondary notification message and / or refrains from forwarding the complete warning message to higher layer. Or when UE receives ETWS secondary notification which requires UE to activate emergency user alert and / or Activate popup on the display, UE doesn’t activate emergency user alert and / or Activate popup on the display when UE location is outside the service area. The SIBs to provide warning messages of the ETWS secondary notification can be SIB7 of NR network, or SystemInformationBlockType11 of EUTRA network.
[0139] In a case 3: The assisting information received in the step 303 is associated to CMAS notification. When UE location is available and is inside the service area associated to the CMAS notification, UE attempts to receive SIBs to acquire the warning messages of CMAS notification and forward the complete warning messages to higher layer. When UE location is outside the service area, UE refrains from obtaining SIB8 to receive the complete CMAS notification message and / or refrains from forwarding the complete warning message to higher layer. Or when UE receives CMAS notification which requires UE to activate emergency user alert and / or Activate popup on the display, UE doesn’t activate emergency user alert and / or Activate popup on the display when UE location is outside the service area. The SIBs to provide warning messages of the CMAS notification can be SIB8 of NR network, or SystemInformationBlockType12 of EUTRA network.
[0140] For above three cases, the higher layer can take necessary actions based on received warning messages (e.g., trigger alert or pop message) . In some examples, one or more of case 1 / 2 / 3 can happen concurrently.
[0141] 9. Example Embodiment 6: assisting information in paging messages
[0142] With reference to FIG. 6, procedure 600, in a sixth embodiment, there is no explicit indication to indicate whether assisting information is considered for broadcast message reception (e.g., for paging message) , instead UE relies on presence of assisting information received in the paging message to decide whether to consider it for further decodes the paging records included in the paging message or not. In a first step 601, UE receives DCI indicating paging message is scheduled. In step 602, when the paging message includes assisting information as discussed in this document, UE action is the same as step 304 of embodiment 2.
[0143] 10. Example Embodiment 7: enable indication in paging message
[0144] Referring to procedure 700 of FIG. 7, in some embodiments (e.g., in EUTRA ) , there is no short message, instead ETWS indication / CMAS indication can be included in the paging message. For this case the enable indication as discussed in embodiment 1 is included in the paging message. And for the step 701, UE receives paging message with enable indication of assisting information. When paging message includes ETWS / CMAS indication, step 702 / 703 can be the same as step 303 / 304 of embodiment1. When paging message includes paging record list, step 702 / 703 can be the same as step 303 / 304 of embodiment 2. In some examples the paging message can includes ETWS / CMAS / Paging record list, the UE can perform step 303 / 304 of embodiment 1 and step 303 / 304 of embodiment 2.
[0145] 11. Example Embodiment 8: assisting information transferred over NW interface
[0146] In order for NW to provide the assisting information as discussed in this document, at least one of implementation options can be considered:
[0147] ● Option 1: The assisting information is generated in CN and is transmitted from CN to UE via NAS message.
[0148] For option 1, at least one of below can be considered:
[0149] ■ In some examples, CBC / CBE generates the assisting information to be provided to UEs.
[0150] ■ In some examples, AMF generates the assisting information (e.g., for paging) to be provided to UE.
[0151] ● Option 2: The assisting information is generated in CN. CN forwards the assisting information to base station, the base station the provide the assisting information to UE over air interface. CN can provide the assisting information to base station over at least NG interface or S1 interface.
[0152] For option 2 at least one of below can be considered:
[0153] ■ In some examples, AMF of CN receives assisting information for warning message from CBC / CBE, and base station obtains from AMF the assisting information.
[0154] ■ In some examples, AMF of CN receives geographical coverage of the service area associated to broadcast message (e.g., warning message) and transferred it into assisting information to be provided to base station, and base station obtains from AMF the assisting information.
[0155] ■ In some examples, base station obtains from CBC / CBE the assisting information.
[0156] ● Option 3: The assisting information is generated in base station and is transmitted to UE over air interface. In this option, base station can obtain the geographical coverage of the broadcast message from at least one of AMF, CBC, CBE of CN.
[0157] In this embodiment, the base station can be at least one of NG-RAN, eNB or other base station types. The CN can be a 5G CN or EPC. In case the CN is a EUTRA CN (e.g., EPC) , the AMF as discussed in this embodiment is MME (mobility management entity) instead.
[0158] 12. Example Embodiment 9: UE capability indication
[0159] In some examples, it is optional for UE to support using assisting information as discussed in this document. In some examples, UE can report the capability to support using assisting information to NW through at least one of UE capability report message to base station, or UE capability report message to CN.
[0160] In this embodiment, the base station can be at least one of NG-RAN, eNB or other base station types. The CN can be a 5GC or EPC. In case the CN is a EUTRA CN (e.g., EPC) .
[0161] For the report UE capability information relevant to assisting information as discussed in this document, at least one of below options can be considered:
[0162] ● Example option 1: One capability indication for indicating support of assisting information for warning message. The warning message can include at least one of ETWS primary notification, an ETWS secondary notification or a CMAS notification.
[0163] ● Example option 2: One capability indication for indicating support of assisting information for paging message.
[0164] ● Example option 3: Separate capability indications for indicating support assisting information of an ETWS primary notification, an ETWS secondary notification or a CMAS notification separately.
[0165] ● Example option 4: One capability indication for indicating support of assisting information for warning messages and paging message. The warning message can include at least one of ETWS primary notification, an ETWS secondary notification or a CMAS notification.
[0166] In some examples combination of option1 and option 2 or combination of option 2 and option 3 can be considered
[0167] 13. Example technical solutions
[0168] Some preferred embodiments may implement the following technical solutions.
[0169] 1. A method of wireless communications (e.g., method 800 depicted in FIG. 8) , comprising: receiving (802) , by a wireless device, from a network device, assisting information related to a broadcast service; and making a decision (804) , by the wireless device, based on the assisting information, about the broadcast service. The present document discloses various examples ensuing from the decision, related to using (or not using) a broadcast service message.
[0170] 2. A method of wireless communication (e.g., method 900 depicted in FIG. 9) , comprising: transmitting (902) , to a wireless device, by a network device, assisting information related a broadcast service, wherein the assisting information allows the wireless device to make a decision about the broadcast service.
[0171] 3. The method of any of above solutions, wherein the assisting information indicates a broadcast service area to which the broadcast service is applicable.
[0172] 4. The method of any of above solutions, wherein the decision includes deciding whether to receive the broadcast service.
[0173] 5. The method of any of above solutions, wherein the assisting information includes an indication about whether the wireless device is to use the assisting information in deciding whether to receive the broadcast service.
[0174] 6. The method of any of above solutions, wherein the assisting information includes at least one of :
[0175] a service area information to indicate a service area of a broadcast message or of a broadcast service,
[0176] a type information to indicate a broadcast service type associated to the broadcast service, or
[0177] a mapping between assisting information to one or more broadcast messages associated with a broadcast service.
[0178] 7. The method of solution 6, wherein an indication is used to indicate whether the assisting information is used for a broadcast service, wherein the wireless device considers the assisting information when the indication indicates a assisting information is considered for the broadcast service
[0179] 8. The method of solution 6 or 7, wherein the assisting information is included in a first transmission and the decision is performed according to an indication in a second transmission, wherein the first transmission comprises a system information block (SIB) transmission, and the second transmission comprises a short message transmission.
[0180] 9. The method of solution 8, wherein the indication in the short message transmission comprises one or more bit fields indicating whether the assisting information is associated with a service type of ETWS primary notification, ETWS secondary notification or a CMAS notification.
[0181] 10. The method of solution 9, wherein different bit fields are used for indicating at least some of the different service types.
[0182] 11. The method of any of solutions 8-10, wherein, upon acquiring the first transmission, the wireless device performs: acquiring, selectively based on a location of the wireless device, a warning message, and forwarding the warning message to a higher layer.
[0183] 12. The method of solution 11, wherein the wireless device is configured to acquire a system information block (SIB) containing the warning message in case that the location of the wireless device is inside the broadcast service area, or the wireless device is configured not to acquire the SIB containing the warning message in case that the location of the wireless device is outside the broadcast service area , or the wireless device is configured to generate an alert or a pop-up message in case that the location of the wireless device is inside the broadcast service area, or the wireless device is configured to omit the generation of the alert or the pop-up message in case that the location of the wireless device is outside the broadcast service area.
[0184] 13. The method of any of above solutions, wherein the network device comprises a network function in a core network, and wherein the network device forwards the assisting information to a base station for transmitting to the wireless device.
[0185] 14. The method of any of above solutions, wherein the network device comprises a base station, and wherein the base station receives the assisting information from a network function in a core network and forwards the assisting information to the wireless device.
[0186] 15. The method of any of above solutions, wherein the network device comprises a base station, and wherein the base station generates the assisting information to the wireless device.
[0187] 16. A method of wireless communication (e.g., method 1000 depicted in FIG. 10) , comprising: transmitting (1002) , by a wireless device, to a network device, a capability indication indicating whether the wireless device has a capability of using assisting information related a broadcast service, wherein the assisting information allows the wireless device to make a decision about the broadcast service.
[0188] 17. A method of wireless communications (e.g., method 1100 depicted in FIG. 11) , comprising: receiving (1102) , by a network device, from a wireless device, a capability indication indicating whether the wireless device has a capability of using assisting information related to a broadcast service that allows the wireless device to make a decision about the broadcast service; and transmitting (1104) , selectively based on the wireless device indicating that the wireless device has the capability of using the assisting information related to the broadcast service, the assisting information to the wireless device.
[0189] 18. The method of any of solutions 16-17, wherein the wireless device makes a decision, based on the assisting information, about the broadcast service.
[0190] 19. The method of any of above solutions, wherein the broadcast service comprises a public warning system service.
[0191] 20. An apparatus for wireless communication comprising at least one processor configured to implement a method recited in any of above solutions.
[0192] 21. A computer-storage medium having code stored thereon, wherein the code, upon execution by at least one processor, causes the at least one processor to implement a method recited in any of above solutions
[0193] Some of the embodiments described herein are described in the general context of methods or processes, which may be implemented in one embodiment by a computer program product, embodied in a computer-readable medium, including computer-executable instructions, such as program code, executed by computers in networked environments. A computer-readable medium may include removable and non-removable storage devices including, but not limited to, Read Only Memory (ROM) , Random Access Memory (RAM) , compact discs (CDs) , digital versatile discs (DVD) , etc. Therefore, the computer-readable media can include a non-transitory storage media. Generally, program modules may include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Computer-or processor-executable instructions, associated data structures, and program modules represent examples of program code for executing steps of the methods disclosed herein. The particular sequence of such executable instructions or associated data structures represents examples of corresponding acts for implementing the functions described in such steps or processes.
[0194] Some of the disclosed embodiments can be implemented as devices or modules using hardware circuits, software, or combinations thereof. For example, a hardware circuit implementation can include discrete analog and / or digital components that are, for example, integrated as part of a printed circuit board. Alternatively, or additionally, the disclosed components or modules can be implemented as an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) and / or as a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) device. Some implementations may additionally or alternatively include a digital signal processor (DSP) that is a specialized microprocessor with an architecture optimized for the operational needs of digital signal processing associated with the disclosed functionalities of this application. Similarly, the various components or sub-components within each module may be implemented in software, hardware or firmware. The connectivity between the modules and / or components within the modules may be provided using any one of the connectivity methods and media that is known in the art, including, but not limited to, communications over the Internet, wired, or wireless networks using the appropriate protocols.
[0195] While this document contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of an invention that is claimed or of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features specific to particular embodiments. Certain features that are described in this document in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a sub-combination or a variation of a sub-combination. Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results.
[0196] Only a few implementations and examples are described, and other implementations, enhancements, and variations can be made based on what is described and illustrated in this document.
Claims
1.A method of wireless communications, comprising:receiving, by a wireless device, from a network device, assisting information related to a broadcast service; andmaking a decision, by the wireless device, based on the assisting information, about the broadcast service.2.A method of wireless communication, comprising:transmitting, to a wireless device, by a network device, assisting information related a broadcast service, wherein the assisting information allows the wireless device to make a decision about the broadcast service.3.The method of any of above claims, wherein the assisting information indicates a broadcast service area to which the broadcast service is applicable.4.The method of any of above claims, wherein the decision includes deciding whether to receive the broadcast service.5.The method of any of above claims, wherein the assisting information includes an indication about whether the wireless device is to use the assisting information in deciding whether to receive the broadcast service.6.The method of any of above claims, wherein the assisting information includes at least one of :a service area information to indicate a service area of a broadcast message or of a broadcast service,a type information to indicate a broadcast service type associated to the broadcast service, ora mapping between assisting information to one or more broadcast messages associated with a broadcast service.7.The method of claim 6, wherein an indication is used to indicate whether the assisting information is used for a broadcast service, wherein the wireless device considers the assisting information when the indication indicates a assisting information is considered for the broadcast service8.The method of claim 6 or 7, wherein the assisting information is included in a first transmission and the decision is performed according to an indication in a second transmission, wherein the first transmission comprises a system information block (SIB) transmission, and the second transmission comprises a short message transmission.9.The method of claim 8, wherein the indication in the short message transmission comprises one or more bit fields indicating whether the assisting information is associated with a service type of ETWS primary notification, ETWS secondary notification or a CMAS notification.10.The method of claim 9, wherein different bit fields are used for indicating at least some of the different service types.11.The method of any of claims 8-10, wherein, upon acquiring the first transmission, the wireless device performs:acquiring, selectively based on a location of the wireless device, a warning message, and forwarding the warning message to a higher layer.12.The method of claim 11, whereinthe wireless device is configured to acquire a system information block (SIB) containing the warning message in case that the location of the wireless device is inside the broadcast service area, or the wireless device is configured not to acquire the SIB containing the warning message in case that the location of the wireless device is outside the broadcast service area , orthe wireless device is configured to generate an alert or a pop-up message in case that the location of the wireless device is inside the broadcast service area, or the wireless device is configured to omit the generation of the alert or the pop-up message in case that the location of the wireless device is outside the broadcast service area.13.The method of any of above claims, wherein the network device comprises a network function in a core network, and wherein the network device forwards the assisting information to a base station for transmitting to the wireless device.14.The method of any of above claims, wherein the network device comprises a base station, and wherein the base station receives the assisting information from a network function in a core network and forwards the assisting information to the wireless device.15.The method of any of above claims, wherein the network device comprises a base station, and wherein the base station generates the assisting information to the wireless device.16.A method of wireless communication, comprising:transmitting, by a wireless device, to a network device, a capability indication indicating whether the wireless device has a capability of using assisting information related a broadcast service, wherein the assisting information allows the wireless device to make a decision about the broadcast service.17.A method of wireless communications, comprising:receiving, by a network device, from a wireless device, a capability indication indicating whether the wireless device has a capability of using assisting information related to a broadcast service that allows the wireless device to make a decision about the broadcast service; andtransmitting, selectively based on the wireless device indicating that the wireless device has the capability of using the assisting information related to the broadcast service, the assisting information to the wireless device.18.The method of any of claims 16-17, wherein the wireless device makes a decision, based on the assisting information, about the broadcast service.19.The method of any of above claims, wherein the broadcast service comprises a public warning system service.20.An apparatus for wireless communication comprising at least one processor configured to implement a method recited in any of above claims.21.A computer-storage medium having code stored thereon, wherein the code, upon execution by at least one processor, causes the at least one processor to implement a method recited in any of above claim
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