5GMM handling when disaster roaming is not supported
The UE's adaptive method for handling disaster roaming in 5G NR systems addresses service disruptions by enabling registration with disaster-use PLMNs, ensuring continuous communication during emergencies.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/074540
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-01-30
- Filing Date
- 2025-01-24
- Publication Date
- 2025-08-07
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communication systems, particularly 5G NR, lack effective mechanisms to handle disaster roaming scenarios where support is not available, leading to service disruptions during emergencies.
A method implemented by User Equipment (UE) to determine its operational case based on access network environment and service type, performing different actions depending on whether it is in a normal or abnormal case, enabling appropriate handling of disaster roaming restrictions.
Ensures seamless communication by allowing UEs to adapt their behavior to maintain connectivity during disasters by selecting and registering with disaster-use PLMNs, minimizing service interruptions and network congestion.
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Figure CN2025074540_07082025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
5GMM HANDLING WHEN DISASTER ROAMING IS NOT SUPPORTEDCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION (S)
[0001] This application claims priorities of Indian Patent Application Serial No. 202421006147, entitled “A METHOD TO DEFINE 5GMM HANDLING WHEN DISASTER ROAMING IS NOT SUPPORTED” and filed on January 30, 2024, which is expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.BACKGROUNDField
[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to wireless communications, and more particularly, to techniques of beam reporting for artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) based beam management in wireless communication systems. Background
[0003] The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
[0004] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of such multiple-access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.
[0005] These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, and even global level. An example telecommunication standard is 5G New Radio (NR) . 5G NR is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to meet new requirements associated with latency, reliability, security, scalability (e.g., with Internet of Things (IoT) ) , and other requirements. Some aspects of 5G NR may be based on the 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. There exists a need for further improvements in 5G NR technology. These improvements may also be applicable to other multi-access technologies and the telecommunication standards that employ these technologies.SUMMARY
[0006] The following presents a simplified summary of one or more aspects in order to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated aspects, and is intended to neither identify key or critical elements of all aspects nor delineate the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
[0007] In an aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided. The method may be performed by a User Equipment (UE) . The UE receives, from a network, during an attempt to initiate a procedure, a message comprising a cause value indicating that disaster roaming for a specified public land mobile network (PLMN) under a disaster condition is not allowed. The UE determines whether the UE is in a normal case or an abnormal case based on an access network environment and a type of a requested service. In response to determining that the UE is in the normal case, the UE performs a first action. In response to determining that the UE is in the abnormal case, the UE performs a second action.
[0008] To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the one or more aspects comprise the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative features of the one or more aspects. These features are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of various aspects may be employed, and this description is intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communications system and an access network.
[0010] FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a base station in communication with a UE in an access network.
[0011] FIG. 3 illustrates an example logical architecture of a distributed access network.
[0012] FIG. 4 illustrates an example physical architecture of a distributed access network.
[0013] FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an example of a DL-centric slot.
[0014] FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an example of an UL-centric slot.
[0015] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating communications among a UE, a regular PLMN, and disaster-use PLMNs.
[0016] FIG. 8 illustrates a flow chart of a process for 5GMM handling when disaster roaming is not supported.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0017] The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of various configurations and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of various concepts. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such concepts.
[0018] Several aspects of telecommunications systems will now be presented with reference to various apparatus and methods. These apparatus and methods will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, components, circuits, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as “elements” ) . These elements may be implemented using electronic hardware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
[0019] By way of example, an element, or any portion of an element, or any combination of elements may be implemented as a “processing system” that includes one or more processors. Examples of processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, graphics processing units (GPUs) , central processing units (CPUs) , application processors, digital signal processors (DSPs) , reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, systems on a chip (SoC) , baseband processors, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , programmable logic devices (PLDs) , state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functionality described throughout this disclosure. One or more processors in the processing system may execute software. Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software components, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.
[0020] Accordingly, in one or more example aspects, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or encoded as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes computer storage media. Storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise a random-access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, other magnetic storage devices, combinations of the aforementioned types of computer-readable media, or any other medium that can be used to store computer executable code in the form of instructions or data structures that can be accessed by a computer.
[0021] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communications system and an access network 100. The wireless communications system (also referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN) ) includes base stations 102, UEs 104, an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 160, and another core network 190 (e.g., a 5G Core (5GC) ) . The base stations 102 may include macrocells (high power cellular base station) and / or small cells (low power cellular base station) . The macrocells include base stations. The small cells include femtocells, picocells, and microcells.
[0022] The base stations 102 configured for 4G LTE (collectively referred to as Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) ) may interface with the EPC 160 through backhaul links 132 (e.g., SI interface) . The base stations 102 configured for 5G NR (collectively referred to as Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) ) may interface with core network 190 through backhaul links 184. In addition to other functions, the base stations 102 may perform one or more of the following functions: transfer of user data, radio channel ciphering and deciphering, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity) , inter cell interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, radio access network (RAN) sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS) , subscriber and equipment trace, RAN information management (RIM) , paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations 102 may communicate directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC 160 or core network 190) with each other over backhaul links 134 (e.g., X2 interface) . The backhaul links 134 may be wired or wireless.
[0023] The base stations 102 may wirelessly communicate with the UEs 104. Each of the base stations 102 may provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110. There may be overlapping geographic coverage areas 110. For example, the small cell 102’ may have a coverage area 110’ that overlaps the coverage area 110 of one or more macro base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell and macrocells may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include Home Evolved Node Bs (eNBs) (HeNBs) , which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG) . The communication links 120 between the base stations 102 and the UEs 104 may include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a base station 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a base station 102 to a UE 104. The communication links 120 may use multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication links may be through one or more carriers. The base stations 102 / UEs 104 may use spectrum up to 7 MHz (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100, 400, etc. MHz) bandwidth per carrier allocated in a carrier aggregation of up to a total of Yx MHz (x component carriers) used for transmission in each direction. The carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL) . The component carriers may include a primary component carrier and one or more secondary component carriers. A primary component carrier may be referred to as a primary cell (PCell) and a secondary component carrier may be referred to as a secondary cell (SCell) .
[0024] Certain UEs 104 may communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communication link 158. The D2D communication link 158 may use the DL / UL WWAN spectrum. The D2D communication link 158 may use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) , a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH) , a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , and a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) . D2D communication may be through a variety of wireless D2D communications systems, such as for example, FlashLinQ, WiMedia, Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-Fi based on the IEEE 802.11 standard, LTE, or NR.
[0025] The wireless communications system may further include a Wi-Fi access point (AP) 150 in communication with Wi-Fi stations (STAs) 152 via communication links 154 in a 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum. When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the STAs 152 / AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available.
[0026] The small cell 102’ may operate in a licensed and / or an unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the small cell 102’ may employ NR and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum as used by the Wi-Fi AP 150. The small cell 102’ , employing NR in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, may boost coverage to and / or increase capacity of the access network.
[0027] A base station 102, whether a small cell 102’ or a large cell (e.g., macro base station) , may include an eNB, gNodeB (gNB) , or another type of base station. Some base stations, such as gNB 180 may operate in a traditional sub 6 GHz spectrum, in millimeter wave (mmW) frequencies, and / or near mmW frequencies in communication with the UE 104. When the gNB 180 operates in mmW or near mmW frequencies, the gNB 180 may be referred to as an mmW base station. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of the RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters. Radio waves in the band may be referred to as a millimeter wave. Near mmW may extend down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 millimeters. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, also referred to as centimeter wave. Communications using the mmW / near mmW radio frequency band (e.g., 3 GHz -300 GHz) has extremely high path loss and a short range. The mmW base station 180 may utilize beamforming 182 with the UE 104 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range.
[0028] The base station 180 may transmit a beamformed signal to the UE 104 in one or more transmit directions 108a. The UE 104 may receive the beamformed signal from the base station 180 in one or more receive directions 108b. The UE 104 may also transmit a beamformed signal to the base station 180 in one or more transmit directions. The base station 180 may receive the beamformed signal from the UE 104 in one or more receive directions. The base station 180 / UE 104 may perform beam training to determine the best receive and transmit directions for each of the base station 180 / UE 104. The transmit and receive directions for the base station 180 may or may not be the same. The transmit and receive directions for the UE 104 may or may not be the same.
[0029] The EPC 160 may include a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, other MMEs 164, a Serving Gateway 166, a Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) Gateway 168, a Broadcast Multicast Service Center (BM-SC) 170, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway 172. The MME 162 may be in communication with a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 174. The MME 162 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the EPC 160. Generally, the MME 162 provides bearer and connection management. All user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through the Serving Gateway 166, which itself is connected to the PDN Gateway 172. The PDN Gateway 172 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. The PDN Gateway 172 and the BM-SC 170 are connected to the IP Services 176. The IP Services 176 may include the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , a PS Streaming Service, and / or other IP services. The BM-SC 170 may provide functions for MBMS user service provisioning and delivery. The BM-SC 170 may serve as an entry point for content provider MBMS transmission, may be used to authorize and initiate MBMS Bearer Services within a public land mobile network (PLMN) , and may be used to schedule MBMS transmissions. The MBMS Gateway 168 may be used to distribute MBMS traffic to the base stations 102 belonging to a Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) area broadcasting a particular service, and may be responsible for session management (start / stop) and for collecting eMBMS related charging information.
[0030] The core network 190 may include a Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 192, other AMFs 193, a location management function (LMF) 198, a Session Management Function (SMF) 194, and a User Plane Function (UPF) 195. The AMF 192 may be in communication with a Unified Data Management (UDM) 196. The AMF 192 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the core network 190. Generally, the SMF 194 provides QoS flow and session management. All user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through the UPF 195. The UPF 195 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. The UPF 195 is connected to the IP Services 197. The IP Services 197 may include the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , a PS Streaming Service, and / or other IP services.
[0031] The base station may also be referred to as a gNB, Node B, evolved Node B (eNB) , an access point, a base transceiver station, a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a basic service set (BSS) , an extended service set (ESS) , a transmit reception point (TRP) , or some other suitable terminology. The base station 102 provides an access point to the EPC 160 or core network 190 for a UE 104. Examples of UEs 104 include a cellular phone, a smart phone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a satellite radio, a global positioning system, a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player (e.g., MP3 player) , a camera, a game console, a tablet, a smart device, a wearable device, a vehicle, an electric meter, a gas pump, a large or small kitchen appliance, a healthcare device, an implant, a sensor / actuator, a display, or any other similar functioning device. Some of the UEs 104 may be referred to as IoT devices (e.g., parking meter, gas pump, toaster, vehicles, heart monitor, etc. ) . The UE 104 may also be referred to as a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communications device, a remote device, a mobile subscriber station, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, a user agent, a mobile client, a client, or some other suitable terminology.
[0032] Although the present disclosure may reference 5G New Radio (NR) , the present disclosure may be applicable to other similar areas, such as LTE, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) , or other wireless / radio access technologies.
[0033] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a base station 210 in communication with a UE 250 in an access network. In the DL, IP packets from the EPC 160 may be provided to a controller / processor 275. The controller / processor 275 implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality. Layer 3 includes a radio resource control (RRC) layer, and layer 2 includes a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. The controller / processor 275 provides RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) , RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release) , inter radio access technology (RAT) mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification) , and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer packet data units (PDUs) , error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs) , re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs) , demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.
[0034] The transmit (TX) processor 216 and the receive (RX) processor 270 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1, which includes a physical (PHY) layer, may include error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding / decoding of the transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, modulation / demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. The TX processor 216 handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) , quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) , M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK) , M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) ) . The coded and modulated symbols may then be split into parallel streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an OFDM subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domain, and then combined together using an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator 274 may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate may be derived from a reference signal and / or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 250. Each spatial stream may then be provided to a different antenna 220 via a separate transmitter 218TX. Each transmitter 218TX may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.
[0035] At the UE 250, each receiver 254RX receives a signal through its respective antenna 252. Each receiver 254RX recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the receive (RX) processor 256. The TX processor 268 and the RX processor 256 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The RX processor 256 may perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 250. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 250, they may be combined by the RX processor 256 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The RX processor 256 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time-domain to the frequency domain using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) . The frequency domain signal comprises a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station 210. These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates computed by the channel estimator 258. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by the base station 210 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the controller / processor 259, which implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality.
[0036] The controller / processor 259 can be associated with a memory 260 that stores program codes and data. The memory 260 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 259 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets from the EPC 160. The controller / processor 259 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
[0037] Similar to the functionality described in connection with the DL transmission by the base station 210, the controller / processor 259 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) acquisition, RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, and security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification) ; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto TBs, demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.
[0038] Channel estimates derived by a channel estimator 258 from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 210 may be used by the TX processor 268 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the TX processor 268 may be provided to different antenna 252 via separate transmitters 254TX. Each transmitter 254TX may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission. The UL transmission is processed at the base station 210 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE 250. Each receiver 218RX receives a signal through its respective antenna 220. Each receiver 218RX recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to a RX processor 270.
[0039] The controller / processor 275 can be associated with a memory 276 that stores program codes and data. The memory 276 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 275 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets from the UE 250. IP packets from the controller / processor 275 may be provided to the EPC 160. The controller / processor 275 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
[0040] New radio (NR) may refer to radios configured to operate according to a new air interface (e.g., other than Orthogonal Frequency Divisional Multiple Access (OFDMA) -based air interfaces) or fixed transport layer (e.g., other than Internet Protocol (IP) ) . NR may utilize OFDM with a cyclic prefix (CP) on the uplink and downlink and may include support for half-duplex operation using time division duplexing (TDD) . NR may include Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) service targeting wide bandwidth (e.g. 80 MHz beyond) , millimeter wave (mmW) targeting high carrier frequency (e.g. 60 GHz) , massive MTC (mMTC) targeting non-backward compatible MTC techniques, and / or mission critical targeting ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC) service.
[0041] A single component carrier bandwidth of 100 MHz may be supported. In one example, NR resource blocks (RBs) may span 12 sub-carriers with a sub-carrier bandwidth of 60 kHz over a 0.25 ms duration or a bandwidth of 30 kHz over a 0.5 ms duration (similarly, 50MHz BW for 15kHz SCS over a 1 ms duration) . Each radio frame may consist of 10 subframes (10, 20, 40 or 80 NR slots) with a length of 10 ms. Each slot may indicate a link direction (i.e., DL or UL) for data transmission and the link direction for each slot may be dynamically switched. Each slot may include DL / UL data as well as DL / UL control data. UL and DL slots for NR may be as described in more detail below with respect to FIGs. 5 and 6.
[0042] The NR RAN may include a central unit (CU) and distributed units (DUs) . A NR BS (e.g., gNB, 5G Node B, Node B, transmission reception point (TRP) , access point (AP) ) may correspond to one or multiple BSs. NR cells can be configured as access cells (ACells) or data only cells (DCells) . For example, the RAN (e.g., a central unit or distributed unit) can configure the cells. DCells may be cells used for carrier aggregation or dual connectivity and may not be used for initial access, cell selection / reselection, or handover. In some cases DCells may not transmit synchronization signals (SS) in some cases DCells may transmit SS. NR BSs may transmit downlink signals to UEs indicating the cell type. Based on the cell type indication, the UE may communicate with the NR BS. For example, the UE may determine NR BSs to consider for cell selection, access, handover, and / or measurement based on the indicated cell type.
[0043] FIG. 3 illustrates an example logical architecture of a distributed RAN 300, according to aspects of the present disclosure. A 5G access node 306 may include an access node controller (ANC) 302. The ANC may be a central unit (CU) of the distributed RAN. The backhaul interface to the next generation core network (NG-CN) 304 may terminate at the ANC. The backhaul interface to neighboring next generation access nodes (NG-ANs) 310 may terminate at the ANC. The ANC may include one or more TRPs 308 (which may also be referred to as BSs, NR BSs, Node Bs, 5G NBs, APs, or some other term) . As described above, a TRP may be used interchangeably with “cell. ”
[0044] The TRPs 308 may be a distributed unit (DU) . The TRPs may be connected to one ANC (ANC 302) or more than one ANC (not illustrated) . For example, for RAN sharing, radio as a service (RaaS) , and service specific ANC deployments, the TRP may be connected to more than one ANC. A TRP may include one or more antenna ports. The TRPs may be configured to individually (e.g., dynamic selection) or jointly (e.g., joint transmission) serve traffic to a UE.
[0045] The local architecture of the distributed RAN 300 may be used to illustrate fronthaul definition. The architecture may be defined that support fronthauling solutions across different deployment types. For example, the architecture may be based on transmit network capabilities (e.g., bandwidth, latency, and / or jitter) . The architecture may share features and / or components with LTE. According to aspects, the next generation AN (NG-AN) 310 may support dual connectivity with NR. The NG-AN may share a common fronthaul for LTE and NR.
[0046] The architecture may enable cooperation between and among TRPs 308. For example, cooperation may be preset within a TRP and / or across TRPs via the ANC 302. According to aspects, no inter-TRP interface may be needed / present.
[0047] According to aspects, a dynamic configuration of split logical functions may be present within the architecture of the distributed RAN 300. The PDCP, RLC, MAC protocol may be adaptably placed at the ANC or TRP.
[0048] FIG. 4 illustrates an example physical architecture of a distributed RAN 400, according to aspects of the present disclosure. A centralized core network unit (C-CU) 402 may host core network functions. The C-CU may be centrally deployed. C-CU functionality may be offloaded (e.g., to advanced wireless services (AWS) ) , in an effort to handle peak capacity. A centralized RAN unit (C-RU) 404 may host one or more ANC functions. Optionally, the C-RU may host core network functions locally. The C-RU may have distributed deployment. The C-RU may be closer to the network edge. A distributed unit (DU) 406 may host one or more TRPs. The DU may be located at edges of the network with radio frequency (RF) functionality.
[0049] FIG. 5 is a diagram 500 showing an example of a DL-centric slot. The DL-centric slot may include a control portion 502. The control portion 502 may exist in the initial or beginning portion of the DL-centric slot. The control portion 502 may include various scheduling information and / or control information corresponding to various portions of the DL-centric slot. In some configurations, the control portion 502 may be a physical DL control channel (PDCCH) , as indicated in FIG. 5. The DL-centric slot may also include a DL data portion 504. The DL data portion 504 may sometimes be referred to as the payload of the DL-centric slot. The DL data portion 504 may include the communication resources utilized to communicate DL data from the scheduling entity (e.g., UE or BS) to the subordinate entity (e.g., UE) . In some configurations, the DL data portion 504 may be a physical DL shared channel (PDSCH) .
[0050] The DL-centric slot may also include a common UL portion 506. The common UL portion 506 may sometimes be referred to as an UL burst, a common UL burst, and / or various other suitable terms. The common UL portion 506 may include feedback information corresponding to various other portions of the DL-centric slot. For example, the common UL portion 506 may include feedback information corresponding to the control portion 502. Non-limiting examples of feedback information may include an ACK signal, a NACK signal, a HARQ indicator, and / or various other suitable types of information. The common UL portion 506 may include additional or alternative information, such as information pertaining to random access channel (RACH) procedures, scheduling requests (SRs) , and various other suitable types of information.
[0051] As illustrated in FIG. 5, the end of the DL data portion 504 may be separated in time from the beginning of the common UL portion 506. This time separation may sometimes be referred to as a gap, a guard period, a guard interval, and / or various other suitable terms. This separation provides time for the switch-over from DL communication (e.g., reception operation by the subordinate entity (e.g., UE) ) to UL communication (e.g., transmission by the subordinate entity (e.g., UE) ) . One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the foregoing is merely one example of a DL-centric slot and alternative structures having similar features may exist without necessarily deviating from the aspects described herein.
[0052] FIG. 6 is a diagram 600 showing an example of an UL-centric slot. The UL-centric slot may include a control portion 602. The control portion 602 may exist in the initial or beginning portion of the UL-centric slot. The control portion 602 in FIG. 6 may be similar to the control portion 502 described above with reference to FIG. 5. The UL-centric slot may also include an UL data portion 604. The UL data portion 604 may sometimes be referred to as the pay load of the UL-centric slot. The UL portion may refer to the communication resources utilized to communicate UL data from the subordinate entity (e.g., UE) to the scheduling entity (e.g., UE or BS) . In some configurations, the control portion 602 may be a physical DL control channel (PDCCH) .
[0053] As illustrated in FIG. 6, the end of the control portion 602 may be separated in time from the beginning of the UL data portion 604. This time separation may sometimes be referred to as a gap, guard period, guard interval, and / or various other suitable terms. This separation provides time for the switch-over from DL communication (e.g., reception operation by the scheduling entity) to UL communication (e.g., transmission by the scheduling entity) . The UL-centric slot may also include a common UL portion 606. The common UL portion 606 in FIG. 6 may be similar to the common UL portion 506 described above with reference to FIG. 5. The common UL portion 606 may additionally or alternatively include information pertaining to channel quality indicator (CQI) , sounding reference signals (SRSs) , and various other suitable types of information. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the foregoing is merely one example of an UL-centric slot and alternative structures having similar features may exist without necessarily deviating from the aspects described herein.
[0054] In some circumstances, two or more subordinate entities (e.g., UEs) may communicate with each other using sidelink signals. Real-world applications of such sidelink communications may include public safety, proximity services, UE-to-network relaying, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications, Internet of Everything (IoE) communications, IoT communications, mission-critical mesh, and / or various other suitable applications. Generally, a sidelink signal may refer to a signal communicated from one subordinate entity (e.g., UE1) to another subordinate entity (e.g., UE2) without relaying that communication through the scheduling entity (e.g., UE or BS) , even though the scheduling entity may be utilized for scheduling and / or control purposes. In some examples, the sidelink signals may be communicated using a licensed spectrum (unlike wireless local area networks, which typically use an unlicensed spectrum) .
[0055] FIG. 7 is a diagram 700 illustrating communications among a UE 704, a regular Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) 710, and disaster-use PLMNs, such as disaster-use PLMN 720 and disaster-use PLMN 730. The UE 704, under normal operations, is connected to a base station 702 and initially registered with the regular PLMN 710, which could be either the UE’s Home PLMN (HPLMN) or a Visited PLMN (VPLMN) . The regular PLMN 710, via the base station 702, provides standard cellular services to the UE 704 under regular conditions. The disaster-use PLMN 720 and disaster-use PLMN 730 operate a base station 722 and a base station 732, respectively, which are neighboring to the base station 702. The disaster-use PLMNs 720 and 730 may be forbidden PLMNs to the UE 704 under normal conditions.
[0056] Initially, the UE 704 typically undergoes a PLMN selection procedure to select a suitable PLMN. Subsequently, the UE 704 registers with the selected PLMN. The UE 704 may further update its registration status to ensure optimal network connectivity and service provision.
[0057] In the PLMN selection procedure, the UE 704 initially transitions to the PLMN-SEARCH state. It subsequently scans across all supported frequency bands to detect available PLMNs. Based on signal strength and network priority criteria, the UE 704 selects a suitable PLMN, e.g., the regular PLMN 710. Alternatively, if manual network selection is enabled, the user can select a PLMN from the list of detected networks.
[0058] Upon selecting the PLMN (e.g., PLMN 710) , the UE 704 initiates the registration procedures. The UE transitions from the PLMN-SEARCH state to the REGISTRATION INITIATED state and sends a REGISTRATION REQUEST message to the selected PLMN, requesting initial registration. Within the selected PLMN (e.g., PLMN 710) , the Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 716 processes the registration request. The AMF 716 then responds with either a REGISTRATION ACCEPT message, confirming successful registration, or a REGISTRATION REJECT message, denying the registration request. Upon receiving the REGISTRATION ACCEPT message, the UE 704 updates its state to 5GMM-REGISTERED. Conversely, upon receiving the REGISTRATION REJECT message, the UE 704 may attempt re-registration. These processes ensures that the UE 704 finds and connects to a suitable network, then successfully completes the registration process to access network services.
[0059] Upon successful completion of the registration procedure, the UE 704 transitions to the 5GMM-REGISTERED state, indicating that the UE 704 has successfully registered with the network (e.g., PLMN 710) and is capable of normal communication. On the other hand, when the UE 704 is in either the 5GMM-REGISTERED. ATTEMPTING-REGISTRATION-UPDATE state or the 5GMM-DEREGISTERED. ATTEMPTING-TO-REGISTER state, it continues to transmit messages to the previously selected PLMN. These states signify that the UE 704 is attempting to update its registration or re-register, respectively, but has not yet completed the process.
[0060] Furthermore, if multiple registration attempts are unsuccessful or if the network explicitly denies the registration request (e.g., due to specific rejection causes as specified in 3GPP specifications) , the UE 704 may transition back to the PLMN-SEARCH state. In this state, the UE 704 performs a rescan of available PLMNs and selects a new PLMN for registration purposes.
[0061] In summary, through these state transition mechanisms, the UE 704 dynamically adapts its behavior to ensure optimal network connectivity and service provision. This framework provides robustness to the PLMN selection, registration, and registration update processes, thereby enhancing the overall user experience and network performance.
[0062] Disaster Roaming is a feature specified in 3GPP specifications that allows users to access other mobile networks (e.g., the disaster-use PLMN 720) in the event of a disaster or emergency, even if their home network (e.g., the regular PLMN 710) is unavailable. It enables users to access voice and data services on other networks when their home network is down due to a disaster or emergency. The information about Disaster Roaming may be broadcast in System Information Block (SIB) by the regular PLMN 710.
[0063] When a disaster situation occurs, such as a tsunami or earthquake, the UE 704 may lose coverage from its regular PLMN 710. To maintain communication services during such events, the Minimization of Service Interruption (MINT) feature comes into play. Both the UE 704 and the network need to support MINT for this functionality.
[0064] MINT is a feature designed to provide uninterrupted service for user equipment (UE) during disaster scenarios. When a disaster condition affects the UE’s registered public land mobile network (RPLMN) , MINT enables the UE to obtain service from another PLMN offering disaster roaming services. This allows users to maintain communication even when their home network is compromised.
[0065] MINT facilitates disaster roaming by enabling the UE to select and register with a disaster-use PLMN, providing continued service availability during emergencies. MINT implement wait timers, such as disaster roaming wait range and disaster return wait range, to prevent network congestion during disaster situations. These timers introduce a randomized delay before the UE attempts registration with a disaster-use PLMN or returns to its home network, mitigating potential overload on the networks involved.
[0066] In one example, the UE 704 is initially connected to the regular PLMN 710 via the base station 702. The regular PLMN 710 serves as the UE’s HPLMN, providing standard cellular services under normal operating conditions.
[0067] When a disaster occurs, such as an earthquake or tsunami, the infrastructure of the regular PLMN 710 may become compromised or entirely unavailable. In such situations, the UE 704 loses connectivity with the regular PLMN 710 and is unable to access standard cellular services. To mitigate service interruptions during disasters, the Minimization of Service Interruption (MINT) feature enables the UE 704 to obtain service from a PLMN offering disaster roaming services, such as the disaster-use PLMN 720. The disaster-use PLMN 720 operates a base station 712, which may be within the vicinity of the UE 704 and capable of providing connectivity during the disaster.
[0068] Specifically, in a disaster roaming procedure for initial registration or mobility registration, the UE 704 initially sends a REGISTRATION REQUEST message to the disaster-use PLMN 720, indicating a disaster roaming initial registration or mobility registration update. Upon receiving the REGISTRATION REQUEST message, the disaster-use PLMN 720 processes the request, verifying its relevance to disaster roaming. If supported, the disaster-use PLMN 720 responds with a REGISTRATION ACCEPT message to the UE 704, confirming the registration. If not supported, it may respond with a rejection cause, such as cause #80.
[0069] If the UE 704 receives cause #80, indicating a failure in disaster roaming registration, it should follow specific instructions for disaster situations as specified in relevant sections of the 3GPP standards, such as TS 23.122. The UE 704 should refrain from attempting to register for disaster roaming on the same PLMN for a specified period, for example, between 12 and 24 hours, based on the guidance provided by the 3GPP standards. The entire contents of TS 23.122, as well as those of any other 3GPP standards mentioned herein, are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.
[0070] In certain configurations, the disaster service requested by the UE 704 may be rejected by the disaster-use PLMN 720. For example, the regular PLMN 710 may be operated by a first operator, whereas the disaster-use PLMN 720 may be operated by a second operator that does not have any agreement with the first operator for providing disaster services. In this case, if the UE 704 initiates the registration procedure for disaster roaming and the AMF 726 of the disaster-use PLMN 720 determines that it does not support providing disaster roaming services to the UE 704 for the regular PLMN 710 under disaster conditions, then the AMF 726 shall reject the UE 704 by sending a REGISTRATION REJECT message with a 5G Mobile Management (5GMM) cause code of #80, 'Disaster roaming for the specified PLMN under disaster conditions not allowed' . In such a case, the UE 704 may attempt to re-select the disaster-use PLMN 730 through its interaction with the AMF 736.
[0071] The UE 704 may receive cause code #80 for various reasons. In a first scenario, during an initial or mobility registration update procedure initiated by the UE 704, it receives cause code #80. However, this procedure was not specifically for disaster roaming services.
[0072] When registering for disaster roaming, the UE 704 should specify the registration type as either 'disaster roaming mobility registration updating' or 'disaster roaming initial registration' . If the UE 704 fails to indicate one of these registration types in the registration request message, specifically, if the 5GS Registration Type Information Element (IE) within the REGISTRATION REQUEST message does not denote either 'disaster roaming mobility registration updating' or 'disaster roaming initial registration' , then it shall be deemed that the UE 704 intends to initiate a standard registration procedure. However, due to a specific error, the network may incorrectly respond with the cause code #80. In instances where the network transmits the cause code #80 in normal service scenarios, the UE 704 may misconstrue the code and behave as though it pertains to a disaster roaming scenario, thereby potentially causing issues.
[0073] In a second scenario, if the UE 704 receives the cause code #80 and the initial registration or mobility registration update procedure was initiated due to disaster roaming services, the UE 704 will transition to either the 5GMM-REGISTERED. ATTEMPTING-REGISTRATION-UPDATE state or the 5GMM-DEREGISTERED. ATTEMPTING-REGISTRATION state. As mentioned earlier, these states indicate that the UE 704 attempts to update its registration or re-register, respectively. However, if the selected PLMN is the disaster-use PLMN 720, which does not support providing disaster roaming services to the UE 704 for the regular PLMN 710 under disaster conditions, the update or re-register attempt is moot, leading to unnecessary time and resource costs.
[0074] In a third scenario, if the UE 704 receives the cause #80 from a cell belonging to a Stand-alone Non-Public Network (SNPN) or via non-3GPP access, the behavior of the UE 704 becomes unpredictable, leading to potential issues. This is due to the fact that the disaster roaming feature is only applicable for 3GPP access when accessing a PLMN and is not applicable for an SNPN or non-3GPP access. Therefore, if the UE 704 receives the cause #80 from a cell belonging to an SNPN or via non-3GPP access, it indicates erroneous conditions. The handling of the UE 704 in such cases is undefined.
[0075] To address issues in the three scenarios, some configurations can be proposed. In these configurations, upon receiving cause #80, the UE 704 may perform corresponding actions tailored to each scenario. This enables the UE 704 to respond appropriately to the reception of cause #80, ultimately yielding potential benefits such as resource conservation.
[0076] In a configuration, when the UE 704 receives cause #80 from a network during an attempt to initiate a procedure for a service, it may check the access network environment and the type of the service to determine whether it is in a normal case or an abnormal case. In this disclosure, the type of the service, for example, indicates whether the service is the disaster roaming. The disaster roaming may be initiated by different procedures. For example, the procedures may be an initial registration procedure. Alternatively, the procedures may be a mobility registration update procedure.
[0077] The access network environment refers to whether the network supports 3GPP access. For example, disaster-use PLMNs 720 and 730 support disaster roaming and thus support 3GPP access.
[0078] On the other hand, the UE 704 may be served by an SNPN or a non-3GPP access network, which typically lacks the capability to provide disaster roaming services. Examples of SNPN may include corporate private networks, campus networks, or industrial IoT networks, typically serving closed user groups for specific services or applications. Examples of non-3GPP access may include Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) networks, Bluetooth networks, or other wireless LAN technologies that are not compliant with the mobile communication standards defined by 3GPP. Referring to FIG. 7, the UE 704 may be covered by a Wi-Fi network 740 which is supported by the access point (AP) 742.
[0079] When the UE 704 communicates with an SNPN and attempts for the disaster roaming services, the SNPN may send a message containing cause code #80 to the UE 704. Similarly, when the UE 704 communicates with the Wi-Fi network 740 and attempts for the disaster roaming services, the Wi-Fi network 740 may send a message containing cause code #80 to the UE 704.
[0080] When the UE 704 determines that the access network environment belongs to the 3GPP access and the requested service type is the disaster roaming service, it concludes that it is in a normal case. In such a case, based on the procedure requesting the service, the UE 704 transitions its state to either the 5GMM-DEREGISTERED. PLMN-SEARCH state or the 5GMM-REGISTERED. PLMN-SEARCH state.
[0081] For example, in an initial registration procedure, the UE 704 registers with the 5G System (5GS) for the first time or after a period of deregistration. When the UE 704 enters a disaster area and needs to roam onto another network to access services, it may need to perform the initial registration with that network if it has not been registered before. This is particularly important for disaster roaming services, as the UE 704 needs to be recognized by the new network in order to receive emergency and other critical services. Before accessing the new network, the UE 704 may enter the 5GMM-DEREGISTERED. PLMN-SEARCH state to perform the PLMN selection to find the new network.
[0082] Similarly, a mobility registration update procedure is used by the UE 704 to update its registration status with the network when it moves between different tracking areas or when its registration needs to be renewed due to periodic updates or changes in its capabilities. During disaster roaming, the UE 704 may need to perform mobility registration updates as it moves within the coverage area of the roaming network. These updates ensure that the network has the most current location and status information for the UE 704, allowing it to continue receiving services seamlessly. That is, the mobility registration update procedure is also used for requesting the disaster roaming service.
[0083] Generally, upon receiving cause #80 from a PLMN, the UE 704 shall not attempt to register for disaster roaming services on the PLMN. In the normal case, through transitioning to the PLMN search state, either deregistered PLMN search state or registered PLMN search state, the UE 704 may promptly perform PLMN selection in an attempt to connect to a suitable PLMN for the disaster roaming service. On the one hand, this enables the UE 704 to promptly obtain disaster roaming service, which is beneficial in emergency situations. On the other hand, it avoids the need for the UE 704 to attempt to connect to a PLMN that has rejected its request for disaster roaming service, thereby conserving the resources.
[0084] When determining that the access network environment is not 3GPP access, for example, a SNPN or non-3GPP access, or the type of the requested service is not the disaster roaming service (e.g., 5GS registration type IE in the REGISTRATION REQUEST does not indicate "disaster roaming mobility registration updating" ) , the UE 704 concludes that it is in an abnormal case. In such a case, the UE 704 will perform an action different from that in the normal case.
[0085] Some generic behaviors of the UE in the abnormal cases are specified in subclauses 5.5.1.2.7 and 5.5.1.37 of TS 24.501. In this disclosure, these actions (or UE behaviors) in the normal case may include at least one of the following:
[0086] 1) Increment a Registration Attempt Counter By One
[0087] Each time a registration attempt fails, the registration attempt counter is incremented by one. Through tracking the number of registration attempts made by the UE 704, the behavior prevents infinite registration requests.
[0088] 2) Set the Registration Attempt Counter To Maximum Value
[0089] Under specific conditions (such as reaching the maximum number of attempts) , the registration attempt counter is set to its maximum value. The behavior may immediately trigger restriction mechanisms in specific scenarios to prohibit further registration attempts.
[0090] That is, actions 1) and 2) involve limiting invalid attempts. By tracking the number of registration attempts, they prevent the UE from making unlimited registration requests, thereby avoiding excessive occupation of network resources.
[0091] 3) Change the 5GS Update Status
[0092] The 5GS update status is changed based on certain conditions. For example, the UE 704 shall set the 5GS update status to 5U2 NOT UPDATED if the Tracking Area Identity (TAI) of the current serving cell is not listed in the TAI list, or 5U1 UPDATED if the TAI of the current serving cell is included in the TAI list. Additionally, the UE 704 shall also set the 5GS update status to 5U2 NOT UPDATED if the attempt counter is greater than or equal to the maximum value.
[0093] 4) Change the 5GMM State
[0094] For example, the 5GMM state 5GMM-REGISTERED. ATTEMPTING-REGISTRATION-UPDATE and / or 5GMM-DEREGISTERED. ATTEMPTING-REGISTRATION-UPDATE may be changed to 5GMM- (DE) REGISTERED. PLMN-SEARCH state.
[0095] Actions 3) and 4) may ensure registration validity. By adjusting the 5GS update status and 5GMM status, they ensure that the UE's network registration status matches the TAI of the current serving cell, thus enabling the UE to behave correctly.
[0096] 5) Start Timer T3511 if Attempt Counter is Less Than Maximum
[0097] If the registration attempt counter is less than the maximum value, Timer T3511 is started. The behavior allows the UE 704 to make new registration attempts before the maximum number of attempts is reached, provided that Timer T3511 has not expired. This may provide users with an opportunity to correct errors or retry registration before reaching the maximum number of attempts, thereby enhancing the flexibility of the registration process and user experience.
[0098] 6) Start Timer T3502 if Attempt Counter is Greater Than or Equal to Maximum
[0099] If the registration attempt counter reaches or exceeds the maximum value, Timer T3502 is started. After reaching the maximum number of attempts, the UE's behavior may be controlled through the timer T3502, such as prohibiting further registration attempts until the timer T3502 expires. This may help prevent potential misuse and provides users with a cooling-off period to resolve potential issues before retrying registration.
[0100] By starting or stopping specific timers such as Timer T3511 and Timer T3502, actions 5 and 6) may control the behavior of UE before and after reaching the maximum number of attempts, ensuring orderly progression of the registration process.
[0101] 7) Disable the N1 Mode Capability
[0102] The N1 mode (i.e., the direct signaling path between the UE and the network) is disabled under the abnormal case. Through disable the capability, network load may be reduced in the abnormal scenario, avoiding potential issues, especially after multiple failed registration attempts.
[0103] In summary, these actions include registration management, status updates, timer control, and enabling / disabling of features. Through such registration management process control, it ensures effective registration, timely status updates, and behavioral restrictions for the UE within the network, thereby smoothing progression of the registration process while preventing potential misuse or excessive resource consumption.
[0104] FIG. 8 illustrates a flow chart 800 of a process for 5GMM handling when disaster roaming is not supported. The process may be performed by a UE (e.g., the UE 704) . In operation 802, the UE receives, from a network, during an attempt to initiate a procedure, a message including a cause value indicating that disaster roaming for a specified public land mobile network (PLMN) under a disaster condition is not allowed. In certain configurations, the procedure may include an initial registration procedure or a mobility registration update procedure.
[0105] In operation 804, the UE determines whether the UE is in a normal case or an abnormal case based on an access network environment and a type of a requested service.
[0106] In certain configurations, when an access network environment is a Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) access and the type of the requested service is a disaster roaming service, the UE determines that the UE is in the normal case. For examples, the disaster roaming service may be indicated by Fifth Generation System (5GS) Registration Type Information Element (IE) within a REGISTRATION REQUEST message, the 5GS Registration Type IE including either 'disaster roaming mobility registration updating' or 'disaster roaming initial registration' .
[0107] In certain configurations, when an access network environment is not a Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) access, or the type of the requested service is not a disaster roaming service, the UE may determine that the UE is in the abnormal case.
[0108] In certain configurations, the access network environment that is not a 3GPP access may include an stand-alone non-public network (SNPN) or a non-3GPP access network. For example, the non-3GPP access network may include a wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) network or a Bluetooth network.
[0109] In operation 806, in response to determining that the UE is in the normal case, the UE performs a first action; and in response to determining that the UE is in the abnormal case, the UE performs a second action.
[0110] In certain configurations, the first action may include: transitioning a state of the UE to a PLMN search state. In certain configurations, the PLMN search state may include a deregistered PLMN search state or a registered PLMN search state.
[0111] In certain configurations, the second action may include at least one of incrementing a registration attempt counter by one; setting the registration attempt counter to a maximum value; changing a 5G system (5GS) update status; changing a 5G Mobile Management (5GMM) state; starting timer T3511 when the registration attempt counter is less than the maximum value; starting timer T3502 when the registration attempt counter is greater than or equal to the maximum value; or disabling N1 mode capability.
[0112] In certain configurations, the UE sets the 5GS update status to a 5U2 NOT UPDATED state when a tracking area identity (TAI) of a current serving cell is not listed in a TAI list, or when the registration attempt counter is greater than or equal to the maximum value.
[0113] In certain configurations, the UE sets the 5GS update status to a 5U1 UPDATED state when a tracking area identity (TAI) of a current serving cell is included in the TAI list.
[0114] In certain configurations, changing the 5GMM state may include: changing a 5GMM-REGISTERED. ATTEMPTING-REGISTRATION-UPDATE state to a 5GMM-REGISTERED. PLMN-SEARCH state.
[0115] In certain configurations, changing the 5GMM state may include: changing a 5GMM-DEREGISTERED. ATTEMPTING-REGISTRATION-UPDATE state to a 5GMM-DEREGISTERED. PLMN-SEARCH state.
[0116] In certain configurations, the network may include a 4G, 5G, or 6G network.
[0117] It is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts disclosed is an illustration of exemplary approaches. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts may be rearranged. Further, some blocks may be combined or omitted. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various blocks in a sample order, and are not meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.
[0118] The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but is to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more. ” The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration. ” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. Combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C, ” “one or more of A, B, or C, ” “at least one of A, B, and C, ” “one or more of A, B, and C, ” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” include any combination of A, B, and / or C, and may include multiples of A, multiples of B, or multiples of C. Specifically, combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C, ” “one or more of A, B, or C, ” “at least one of A, B, and C, ” “one or more of A, B, and C, ” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” may be A only, B only, C only, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C, where any such combinations may contain one or more member or members of A, B, or C. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. The words “module, ” “mechanism, ” “element, ” “device, ” and the like may not be a substitute for the word “means. ” As such, no claim element is to be construed as a means plus function unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for. ”
Claims
1.A method of wireless communication performed by a User Equipment (UE) , comprising:receiving, from a network, during an attempt to initiate a procedure, a message comprising a cause value indicating that disaster roaming for a specified public land mobile network (PLMN) under a disaster condition is not allowed;determining whether the UE is in a normal case or an abnormal case based on an access network environment and a type of a requested service; andin response to determining that the UE is in the normal case, performing a first action; and in response to determining that the UE is in the abnormal case, performing a second action.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the procedure comprises an initial registration procedure or a mobility registration update procedure.3.The method of claim 1, wherein when an access network environment is a Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) access and the type of the requested service is a disaster roaming service, the UE determines that the UE is in the normal case.4.The method of claim 3, wherein the disaster roaming service is indicated by Fifth Generation System (5GS) Registration Type Information Element (IE) within a REGISTRATION REQUEST message, the 5GS Registration Type IE comprising either 'disaster roaming mobility registration updating' or 'disaster roaming initial registration' .5.The method of claim 1, wherein when an access network environment is not a Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) access, or the type of the requested service is not a disaster roaming service, the UE determines that the UE is in the abnormal case.6.The method of claim 5, wherein the access network environment that is not a 3GPP access comprises an stand-alone non-public network (SNPN) or a non-3GPP access network.7.The method of claim 6, wherein the non-3GPP access network comprises a wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) network or a Bluetooth network.8.The method of claim 1, wherein the first action comprises: transitioning a state of the UE to a PLMN search state.9.The method of claim 8, wherein the PLMN search state comprises a deregistered PLMN search state or a registered PLMN search state.10.The method of claim 1, wherein the second action comprises at least one of incrementing a registration attempt counter by one;setting the registration attempt counter to a maximum value;changing a 5G system (5GS) update status;changing a 5G Mobile Management (5GMM) state;starting timer T3511 when the registration attempt counter is less than the maximum value;starting timer T3502 when the registration attempt counter is greater than or equal to the maximum value; ordisabling N1 mode capability.11.The method of claim 10, wherein the UE sets the 5GS update status to a 5U2 NOT UPDATED state when a tracking area identity (TAI) of a current serving cell is not listed in a TAI list, or when the registration attempt counter is greater than or equal to the maximum value.12.The method of claim 10, wherein the UE sets the 5GS update status to a 5U1 UPDATED state when a tracking area identity (TAI) of a current serving cell is included in the TAI list.13.The method of claim 10, wherein changing the 5GMM state comprises:changing a 5GMM-REGISTERED. ATTEMPTING-REGISTRATION-UPDATE state to a 5GMM-REGISTERED. PLMN-SEARCH state.14.The method of claim 10, wherein changing the 5GMM state comprises:changing a 5GMM-DEREGISTERED. ATTEMPTING-REGISTRATION-UPDATE state to a 5GMM-DEREGISTERED. PLMN-SEARCH state.15.The method of claim 1, wherein the network comprises a 4G, 5G, or 6G network.16.An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus being a user equipment (UE) , comprising:a memory; andat least one processor coupled to the memory and configured to:receive, from a network, during an attempt to initiate a procedure, a message comprising a cause value indicating that disaster roaming for a specified public land mobile network (PLMN) under a disaster condition is not allowed;determine whether the UE is in a normal case or an abnormal case based on an access network environment and a type of a requested service; andin response to determining that the UE is in the normal case, perform a first action; and in response to determining that the UE is in the abnormal case, perform a second action.17.The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the procedure comprises an initial registration procedure or a mobility registration update procedure.18.A computer-readable medium storing computer executable code for wireless communication of a user equipment (UE) , comprising code to:receive, from a network, during an attempt to initiate a procedure, a message comprising a cause value indicating that disaster roaming for a specified public land mobile network (PLMN) under a disaster condition is not allowed;determine whether the UE is in a normal case or an abnormal case based on an access network environment and a type of a requested service; andin response to determining that the UE is in the normal case, perform a first action; and in response to determining that the UE is in the abnormal case, perform a second action.19.The computer-readable medium of claim 18, wherein the procedure comprises an initial registration procedure or a mobility registration update procedure.
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