Compounds, preparation methods and uses thereof
Novel compounds targeting WRN helicase address the challenge of treating MSI-H and dMMR cancers by inhibiting WRN helicase, enhancing biological activities and providing effective antitumor effects in combination therapies.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/075650
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-11-22
- Filing Date
- 2025-02-04
- Publication Date
- 2025-08-07
AI Technical Summary
Current treatments for microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) and mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) cancers, such as colorectal, gastric, and endometrial cancers, lack effective inhibitors of Werner Syndrome (WRN) helicase, which are crucial for DNA repair and maintenance, leading to challenges in managing these cancers effectively.
Development of novel compounds, such as those of Formula A and Formula B, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, that inhibit WRN helicase, offering potential therapeutic benefits through various administration routes, including oral, nasal, and parenteral, and can be used alone or in combination therapies with other agents like checkpoint inhibitors and chemotherapeutics.
These compounds demonstrate potent antitumor effects in xenograft models, improving biological activities, solubility, and pharmacokinetic profiles, including better oral bioavailability and chemical stability, effectively inhibiting WRN helicase and reducing tumor growth in MSI-H cancers.
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Figure CN2025075650_07082025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
COMPOUNDS, PREPARATION METHODS AND USES THEREOFCROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application claims priority to International Application Nos. PCT / CN2024 / 075729, filed on February 04, 2024; PCT / CN2024 / 088977, filed on April 19, 2024; PCT / CN2024 / 091402, filed on May 07, 2024; PCT / CN2024 / 096787, filed on May 31, 2024; and PCT / CN2024 / 133957, filed on November 22, 2024, the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.BACKGROUNDField of the Invention
[0002] In various embodiments, the present disclosure generally relates to novel compounds, compositions comprising the same, methods of preparing and methods of using the same, e.g., for inhibiting Werner Syndrome (WRN) RecQ DNA helicase and / or for treating a number of diseases or disorders, such as a cancer. Background
[0003] Werner Syndrome (WRN) gene encodes RecQ DNA helicase is synthetic lethal in microsatellite instability (MSI) cancers. Depletion of WRN has an anti-proliferative effect and leads to activation of multiple DNA damage signaling markers, induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in mismatch repair (MMR) deficient cancer models, but not cancer cells with an intact MMR pathway. These findings show that WRN provides a DNA repair and maintenance function which is useful for cell survival in MSI-high (MSI-H) cancers, such as colorectal, gastric and endometrial cancers (Chan, E.M. et al. WRN helicase is a synthetic lethal target in microsatellite unstable cancers. Nature 568, 551-556, 2019; van Wetmarschen, N. et al. Repeat expansions confer WRN dependence in microsatellite-unstable cancers. Nature 586, 292-298, 2020) . Upon WRN helicase inhibition, expanded TA repeats in MSI cells are subject to nuclease cleavage and chromosome breakage. Hence, inhibition of the WRN helicase is promising for treating mismatch repair defective cancers. BRIEF SUMMARY
[0004] The present disclosure is based in part on Applicant's discovery of compounds that can act as inhibitors of WRN. In various embodiments, the present disclosure provides novel compounds, pharmaceutical compositions, methods of preparing and using the same. The compounds and compositions herein are useful for treating various diseases or disorders, such as those associated with MSI-H or mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) .
[0005] In various embodiments, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula A or Formula B, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: wherein the variables are defined herein. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula A or B can have a subformula according to Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, as defined herein.
[0006] In various embodiments, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula X-1 or Formula X-2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: wherein the variables are defined herein. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula X- 1 can have a structure according to a subformula selected from Formula X-1a, X-1b, X-1c, X-1d, X-1e, or X-1f, as defined herein. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula X-2 can have a structure according to a subformula selected from Formula X-2a, X-2b, X-2c, X-2d, X-2e, or X-2f, as defined herein.
[0007] In some embodiments, as shown in the examples herein, the present inventors found that by quaternizing the carbon atom to which R12C or R12D is attached, i.e., R12C or R12D is not hydrogen, the resulting compound (s) can maintain or have improved biological activities as tested herein, and can have a better solubility and / or pharmacokinetic profile, such as having a better oral bioavailability as tested herein. Without wishing to be bound by theories, it is also believed that these quaternized compounds can have a better chemical stability and can be manufactured without complications from potential epimerization at that chiral center. As further exemplified herein, a representative compound of Formula X-1, Compound 19, in which the carbon atom to which R12C is attached is quaternized, also show advantageous biological activities, such as potent antitumor effects in the xenograft models herein. Accordingly, in some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula X-1 can have a structure of Formula X-3 as defined herein, or a subformula of X-3, such as Formula X-3a, X-3b, X-3c, X-3d, X-3e, or X-3f, as defined herein. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula X-3a can have a structure according to Formula X-3a-1, X-3a-2, X-3a-3, X-3a-4, X-3a-5, or X-3a-6, as defined herein. In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula X-2 can have a structure of Formula X-4 as defined herein, or a subformula of X-4, such as Formula X-4a, X-4b, X-4c, X-4d, X-4e, or X-4f, as defined herein.
[0008] In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula X-1 can have a structure according to a Formula X-5, such as a subformula selected from Formula X-5a, X-5b, X-5c, X-5d, or X-5e, as defined herein. In some specific embodiments, the compound of Formula X-2 can have a structure according to a Formula X-6, such as a subformula selected from Formula X-6a, X-6b, X-6c, X-6d, or X-6e, as defined herein.
[0009] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a compound selected from those as shown in Table A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0010] Certain embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more of the compounds of the present disclosure (e.g., a compound of Formula A or B (e.g., Formula I, I-1, I-1-A, I-1-B, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII) , any of the compounds as defined in any of the enumerated Embodiments 1-55, any compound selected from the compounds shown in Table A herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. The pharmaceutical composition described herein can be formulated for various routes of administration, such as oral administration, parenteral administration, or inhalation etc.
[0011] Certain embodiments are directed to a method of treating a disease or disorder associated with MSI-H or dMMR. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present disclosure (e.g., a compound of Formula A or B (e.g., Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII) , any of the compounds as defined in any of the enumerated Embodiments 1-55, any compound selected from the compounds shown in Table A herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) or a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition described herein. Diseases or disorders suitable to be treated with the method include any of the cancers associated with MSI-H or dMMR, including colorectal, gastric and endometrial cancers.
[0012] In some embodiments, a method of treating cancer is provided. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present disclosure (e.g., a compound of Formula A or B (e.g., Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII) , any of the compounds as defined in any of the enumerated Embodiments 1-55, any compound selected from the compounds shown in Table A herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) or a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition described herein. In various embodiments, the cancer can be any of those associated with MSI-H or dMMR, including colorectal, gastric and endometrial cancers.
[0013] The administering in the methods herein is not limited to any particular route of administration. For example, in some embodiments, the administering can be orally, nasally, transdermally, pulmonary, inhalationally, buccally, sublingually, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravenously, rectally, intrapleurally, intrathecally, or parenterally.
[0014] The compounds of the present disclosure can be used as a monotherapy or in a combination therapy. In some embodiments, the combination therapy includes treating the subject with a targeted therapeutic agent, chemotherapeutic agent, therapeutic antibody, radiation, cell therapy, and / or immunotherapy. In some embodiments, the combination therapy includes treating the subject with one or more checkpoint inhibitors comprising an anti-cancer agent, a chemotherapy (such as bicalutamide, chlorambucil, dactinomycin, etoposide, 5-fluorouracil, melphalan, irinotecan, and tirapazamine) , a PD-1 inhibitor (such as Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, and Tislelizumab) , or an anti-PD-1 antibody molecule.
[0015] It is to be understood that both the foregoing summary and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only, and are not restrictive of the invention herein. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0016] FIG. 1a shows the SW48 colorectal (CRC) tumor xenograft growth following treatments with vehicle control, Compound A (40 mpk) , and Compound 19 (30 mpk) .
[0017] FIG. 1b shows the %change in tumor volume of the SW48 CRC xenograft model, following treatments with vehicle control, Compound A (40 mpk) , and Compound 19 (30 mpk) .
[0018] FIG. 1c shows relative body weight change (%) of SW48 CRC xenograft model, following treatments with vehicle control, Compound A (40 mpk) , and Compound 19 (30 mpk) .
[0019] FIG. 2a shows the HCT116 CRC tumor growth curves following treatments with vehicle control, Compound A (60 mpk) , and Compound 19 (5, 15 and 45 mpk) .
[0020] FIG. 2b shows the %change in tumor volume of the HCT116 CRC xenograft model, following treatments with vehicle, Compound A (60 mpk) , and Compound 19 (5, 15 and 45 mpk) .DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0021] In a broad aspect, the present disclosure provides compounds and compositions that are useful for inhibiting WRN, and / or treating or preventing various diseases or disorders described herein, e.g., a cancer associated with MSI-H or dMMR. Compounds
[0022] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula A or Formula B, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: wherein: T is N or C; V is N, O, S, CH or CR1; X is N or C; Y is N or C; Z is N, O, S, CH or CR2; R1 and R2 are each independently selected from halogen, OH, NH2, CN, an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3-4 cycloalkyl, and an optionally substituted C1-4 heteroalkyl; indicates a 5-membered heteroaryl ring containing one or more ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S; in Formula A, Ring is a 5-8 membered heterocyclic ring; in Formula B, Ring is a 5-8 membered carbocyclic ring or a 5-8 membered heterocyclic ring; R3 at each occurrence is independently selected from halogen, OH, NH2, CN, an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, an optionally substituted C1-4 heteroalkyl, an optionally substituted C3-4 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C2-4 alkenyl, and an optionally substituted C2-4 alkynyl; t is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; Ring is a C3-14 carbocyclic ring, a 5-14 membered heterocyclic ring, a C6-14 aryl, or a 5-14 membered heteroaryl; R4 at each occurrence is independently selected from halogen, OH, NH2, CN, (CH2) 0-2- COOH, oxo, C (O) O-C1-4 alkyl, C (O) -C1-4 alkyl, C (O) NH2, an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, an optionally substituted C1-4 heteroalkyl, an optionally substituted C3-4 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C2-4 alkenyl, and an optionally substituted C2-4 alkynyl; m is 0, 1, or 2; Ring is a C3-14 carbocyclic ring, a 5-14 membered heterocyclic ring, a C6-14 aryl, or a 5-14 membered heteroaryl; R5 at each occurrence is independently selected from halogen, OH, NH2, CN, COOH, C (O) H, oxo, C (O) OCH3, C (O) NH2, SF5, an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, an optionally substituted C1-4 heteroalkyl, an optionally substituted C3-4 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C2-4 alkenyl, and an optionally substituted C2-4 alkynyl; n is 0, 1, 2, or 3; Ring is a C3-14 carbocyclic ring, a 5-14 membered heterocyclic ring, a C6-14 aryl, or a 5-14 membered heteroaryl; R6 at each occurrence is independently selected from halogen, OH, NH2, CN, COOH, oxo, C (O) OCH3, C (O) NH2, an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, an optionally substituted C1-4 heteroalkyl, an optionally substituted C3-4 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C2-4 alkenyl, and an optionally substituted C2-4 alkynyl; p is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; L1 is -C (O) -, -S (O) -, or -S (O) 2-; and L2 is OH, NH2, an optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkyl, an optionally substituted C3-14 carbocyclic ring, an optionally substituted 5-14 membered heterocyclic ring, an optionally substituted C6-14 aryl, or an optionally substituted 5-14 membered heteroaryl.
[0023] In some embodiments, the present disclosure also provides a prodrug of the compound of Formula A or Formula B (e.g., any of the subformulae herein) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. As understood in the art, a prodrug of an active ingredient generally refers to a compound that can be converted into the active ingredient upon administration to a subject, such as a mammal, preferably, a human. A prodrug is typically stable such that it can be prepared and / or formulated prior to administration to a subject. In some embodiments, the prodrug is an ester prodrug, such as those derived from an OH group of the compound of Formula A or Formula B and a carboxylic acid having 1-20 carbons, wherein one or more carbons can have optional substituents, such as OH, NH2, monoalkyl amine, dialkyl amine, etc. In some embodiments, the prodrug is an amino ester prodrug, e.g., a prodrug derived from an OH group of the compound of Formula A or Formula B and an amino acid, such as a natural amino acid (e.g., a proteinogenic amino acid) or a non-natural amino acid, or a peptide such as dipeptide, tripeptide, or tetrapeptide. Other types of prodrugs are also suitable.
[0024] It should be apparent to those of ordinarily skilled in the art that in certain cases, the compounds herein, such as the compound of Formula A or Formula B (including any of the applicable subformulae as described herein) , may exist as a mixture of tautomers. The present disclosure is not limited to any specific tautomer. Rather, the present disclosure encompasses any and all of such tautomers whether or not explicitly drawn or referred to.
[0025] In some embodiments, the compounds herein, such as the compound of Formula A or B (including any of the applicable subformulae as described herein) , can exist as an isotopically labeled compound, particularly, a deuterated analog, wherein one or more of the hydrogen atoms of the compound of Formula A or Formula B (including any of the applicable subformulae as described herein) is / are substituted with a deuterium atom with an abundance above its natural abundance, e.g., a CD3 analog when the compound has a CH3 group. Without wishing to be bound by theories, it is believed that in some cases, a deuterated analog can have a better or more desired pharmacokinetic profile when compared to their non-deuterated counterpart.
[0026] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula A can be characterized by having Formula I, II, III, or IV: wherein R4, R5, R6, m, n, p, T, V, X, Y, Z, L1, L2, and are defined herein; wherein R3a, R3b, R3c and R3d are each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, OH, NH2, CN, an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, an optionally substituted C1-4 heteroalkyl, an optionally substituted C3-4 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C2-4 alkenyl, and an optionally substituted C2-4 alkynyl; and R3e is hydrogen, halogen, an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C1-4 heteroalkyl, or R3e is OH or NH2.
[0027] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula A can be characterized by having Formula I-1, I-2, I-3, or I-4: wherein R3a, R3b, R3c, R3d, R3e, R4, R5, R6, m, n, p, L1, L2, and are defined herein.
[0028] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula A can be characterized by having Formula I-1-aor I-1-b: wherein R3a, R3b, R3c, R3d, R3e, R4, R5, R6, m, n, p, L1, L2, and are defined herein. With respect to the chiral carbon to which R3e is attached, the compound of Formula I-1-a or I-1-b can have an enantiomeric excess ( “ee” ) of greater than 50% (e.g., 60%ee or more, 80%ee or more, 90%ee or more, 95%ee or more, 98%ee or more, 99%ee or more) . The enantiomeric enriched or pure compound of Formula I-1-aor I-1-b can be prepared through chiral synthesis or through resolution from stereoisomeric mixtures, with exemplified methods shown in the Examples section herein.
[0029] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula A can be characterized by having Formula II-1 or III-1: wherein R3a, R3b, R3e, R4, R5, R6, m, n, p, L1, L2, and are defined herein.
[0030] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula B can be characterized by having Formula V, VI, VII, or VIII: wherein R3a, R3b, R3c, R3d, R3e, R4, R5, R6, m, n, p, T, V, X, Y, Z, L1, L2, and are defined herein.
[0031] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula B can be characterized by having Formula V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4 or V-5: wherein R3a, R3b, R3c, R3d, R3e, R4, R5, R6, m, n, p, L1, L2, and are defined herein.
[0032] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula B can be characterized by having Formula VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4 or VI-5: wherein R3a, R3b, R3e, R4, R5, R6, m, n, p, L1, L2, and are defined herein.
[0033] In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, or VIII, T is C, X is N, Y is C, V is N or CH, and Z is N or CH. In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, or VIII, T is N, X is C, Y is C, V is N or CH, and Z is N or CH. In some preferred embodiments, in Formula A, or in Formula I, II, III, or IV, is selected from In some preferred embodiments, in Formula B, or in Formula V, VI, VII, or VIII, is selected from
[0034] In some embodiments, in Formula A, Ring is a 5-8 membered (such as 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-membered) monocyclic or bicyclic (such as spiro) heterocyclic ring containing one ring N atom and an optional ring O or S atom. In some embodiments, in Formula A, Ring is a 5-membered monocyclic heterocyclic ring containing one ring N atom and an optional ring O or S atom. In some embodiments, in Formula A, Ring is a 6-membered bicyclic (such as fused) heterocyclic ring containing one ring N atom. In some embodiments, in Formula A, Ring is a 7-membered bicyclic (such as spiro) heterocyclic ring containing one ring N atom. In some embodiments, in Formula A, Ring is an 8-membered bicyclic (such as spiro) heterocyclic ring containing one ring N atom. In some preferred embodiments, in Formula A, Ring is selected from In some preferred embodiments, in Formula A, Ring is (e.g., ) . In some preferred embodiments, in Formula A, Ring is In some preferred embodiments, in Formula A, Ring is To be clear, in Ring the ring atom that connects to the nitrogen atom and the amide (C (=O) NH) drawn in Formula A is a ring carbon atom.
[0035] In some embodiments, in Formula B, Ring is a 5-8 membered (such as 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-membered) monocyclic or bicyclic (such as spiro) heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S. In some embodiments, in Formula B, Ring is a 5-membered monocyclic heterocyclic ring containing one ring O or S atom. In some embodiments, in Formula B, Ring is a 5-membered monocyclic carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, in Formula B, Ring is selected from To be clear, in Ring the ring atom that connects to the carbon atom and the amide (C (=O) NH) drawn in Formula B is a ring carbon atom.
[0036] In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, R3 at each occurrence is independently selected from OH, halogen (e.g., F) , C1-4 alkyl (e.g., methyl) , O-C1-4 alkyl (e.g., O-CH3) , and C1-4 haloalkyl. In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, R3 at each occurrence is independently selected from halogen, C1-4 alkyl (e.g., methyl) , and C1-4 haloalkyl.
[0037] In some embodiments, in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, R3a and R3b are each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen (e.g., F) , C1-4 alkyl, O-C1-4 alkyl (e.g., O-CH3) , and C1-4 haloalkyl. In some embodiments, in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, R3a and R3b are each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, C1-4 alkyl, and C1-4 haloalkyl. In some embodiments, in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, R3a and R3b are both halogen (e.g., F) or C1-4 alkyl (e.g., methyl) . In some embodiments, in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, R3a is hydrogen or halogen (e.g., F) , and R3b is C1-4 alkyl (e.g., methyl) .
[0038] In some embodiments, in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, or I-4, the carbon connecting R3a and R3b (if they are different) in the compound is a chiral carbon and has a chirality as shown below: In some embodiments, in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, or I-4, the carbon connecting R3a and R3b (if they are different) in the compound is a chiral carbon and has a chirality as shown below: With respect to the chiral carbon, the compound can have an enantiomeric excess ( “ee” ) of greater than 50% (e.g., 60%ee or more, 80%ee or more, 90%ee or more, 95%ee or more, 98%ee or more, 99%ee or more) .
[0039] In some embodiments, in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, or VIII, both R3c and R3d are hydrogen. In some embodiments, in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, or VIII, both R3c and R3d are halogen (e.g., F) .
[0040] In some embodiments, in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, R3e is hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl (e.g. methyl) . In some embodiments, in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, R3e is OH. In embodiments of the present disclosure, it was found that R3e can play an important role in improvement of biological activities, such as a better pharmacokinetic profile, a better oral bioavailability, and / or potent antitumor effects, which can be evidenced in xenograft models.
[0041] In some preferred embodiments, in Formula A, is wherein R3e is defined herein, e.g., OH, NH2, halogen, C1-4 alkyl (e.g. methyl) , C1-4 haloalkyl, or O-C1-4 alkyl; preferably, R3e is methyl.
[0042] In some preferred embodiments, in Formula B, is wherein R3e is defined herein, e.g., OH, NH2, halogen, C1-4 alkyl (e.g. methyl) , C1-4 haloalkyl, or O-C1-4 alkyl.
[0043] In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, Ring is a C5-8 monocyclic or bicyclic (such as bridged) carbocyclic ring, a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic (such as bridged) heterocyclic ring containing one or two ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, or a 6-membered heteroaryl containing one or two ring nitrogen atoms (such as pyridyl or pyrimidyl) . In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, Ring is a 8-membered bicyclic spiro heterocyclic ring containing one or two ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S. In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, Ring is a 8-membered bicyclic fused heterocyclic ring containing one or more ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S. In some preferred embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, Ring is selected from In some preferred embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, Ring is In some preferred embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, Ring is In some preferred embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, Ring is
[0044] To be clear, the Ring defined herein can attach to the R4 (when present) and T at any available positions, through either a ring carbon or ring nitrogen atom. The when used in connection with the specific Ring definitions herein represents the attaching point of the defined Ring to T in Formula A, or a subformula thereof, or to a nitrogen or carbon atom drawn in a subformula of Formula A. For example, to further illustrate, when Ring is said to be the moiety of can, for example, have a structure of when m is 2 and one R4 and attached to the nitrogen atom and the other R4 is attached at the meta-position of the nitrogen. Other definitions of Ring herein should be understood similarly with respect to potential attachments to R4 (when present) . The same applies to Ring and Ring defined herein.
[0045] In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, R4 at each occurrence is independently selected from halogen, OH, NH2, CN, (CH2) -COOH, oxo, C (O) O- (C1-4 alkyl) , C (O) - (C1-4 alkyl) , C (O) NH2, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 haloalkyl, O- (C1-4 alkyl) , NH- (C1-4 alkyl) , and N (C1-4 alkyl) (C1-6 alkyl) .
[0046] In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, m is 0. In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, m is 1, and R4 is halogen, OH, NH2, CN, (CH2) -COOH, oxo, C (O) O- (C1-4 alkyl) , C (O) - (C1-4 alkyl) , C (O) NH2, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 haloalkyl, O- (C1-4 alkyl) , NH- (C1-4 alkyl) , or N (C1-4 alkyl) (C1-6 alkyl) . In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, m is 2, and R4 at each occurrence is independently selected from halogen, OH, NH2, CN, (CH2) -COOH, oxo, C (O) O- (C1-4 alkyl) , C (O) - (C1-4 alkyl) , C (O) NH2, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 haloalkyl, O- (C1-4 alkyl) , NH- (C1-4 alkyl) , and N (C1-4 alkyl) (C1-6 alkyl) .
[0047] In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, is
[0048] In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, Ring is a C5-8 monocyclic or bicyclic (such as bridged) carbocyclic ring, a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic (such as bridged) heterocyclic ring containing one or two ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O, phenyl, or a 6-membered heteroaryl containing one or two ring nitrogen atoms (such as pyridyl) . In some preferred embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, Ring is selected from In some preferred embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, Ring is
[0049] In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, R5 at each occurrence is independently selected from halogen (such as F, Cl or Br) , OH, NH2, CN, C (O) H, SF5, C1-4 alkyl (such as ethyl) , C1-4 haloalkyl, O-C1-4 alkyl, O-C1-4 haloalkyl, NH-C1-4 alkyl, N (C1-4 alkyl) 2, S-C1-4 alkyl, C3-4 cycloalkyl (such as cyclopropyl) , C2-4 alkenyl, and C2-4 alkynyl.
[0050] In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, n is 1, and R5 is halogen (such as F, Cl or Br) , OH, NH2, CN, C (O) H, SF5, C1-4 alkyl (such as ethyl) , C1-4 haloalkyl, O-C1-4 alkyl, O-C1-4 haloalkyl, NH-C1-4 alkyl, N (C1-4 alkyl) 2, S-C1-4 alkyl, C3-4 cycloalkyl (such as cyclopropyl) , C2-4 alkenyl, or C2-4 alkynyl. In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, n is 2, and R5 at each occurrence is independently selected from halogen (such as F, Cl or Br) , OH, NH2, CN, C (O) H, SF5, C1-4 alkyl (such as ethyl) , C1-4 haloalkyl, O-C1-4 alkyl, O-C1-4 haloalkyl, NH-C1-4 alkyl, N (C1-4 alkyl) 2, S-C1-4 alkyl, C3-4 cycloalkyl (such as cyclopropyl) , C2-4 alkenyl, and C2-4 alkynyl. In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, n is 3, and R5 at each occurrence is independently selected from halogen (such as F, Cl or Br) , OH, NH2, CN, C (O) H, SF5, C1-4 alkyl (such as ethyl) , C1-4 haloalkyl, O-C1-4 alkyl, O-C1-4 haloalkyl, NH-C1-4 alkyl, N (C1-4 alkyl) 2, S-C1-4 alkyl, C3-4 cycloalkyl (such as cyclopropyl) , C2-4 alkenyl, and C2-4 alkynyl.
[0051] In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, Ring is phenyl or pyridyl, n is 2, one R5 is F, Cl, or CH3, and the other R5 is ethyl, cyclopropyl, Br, SF5, or CF3. In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, Ring is phenyl or pyridyl, n is 1, and R5 is ethyl, cyclopropyl, Br, SF5, or CF3. In some preferred embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, is selected from for example, in some embodiments, is In some preferred embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, is selected from In some preferred embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, is selected from
[0052] In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, Ring is a C5-8 monocyclic or bicyclic (such as bridged) carbocyclic ring, or a 6-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic (such as fused) heterocyclic ring (e.g., piperazinyl ring) . In some preferred embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, Ring is selected from In some preferred embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, Ring is
[0053] In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, R6 at each occurrence is independently selected from halogen, CN, C1-4 alkyl (such as methyl) , and C1-4 haloalkyl.
[0054] In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, p is 0. In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, p is 1 or 2, and R6 at each occurrence is independently selected from halogen, CN, C1-4 alkyl (such as methyl) , and C1-4 haloalkyl. In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, p is 3 or 4, and R6 at each occurrence is independently selected from halogen, CN, C1-4 alkyl (such as methyl) , and C1-4 haloalkyl.
[0055] In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, is selected from In some preferred embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, is
[0056] In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, L1 is -C (O) -.
[0057] In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, L2 is a 5-10 membered monocyclic or bicyclic (such as fused) heterocyclic ring containing one or more (such as one, two or three) ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, a C6-10 aryl, or a 6-10 membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl containing one or more (such as one, two, three or four) ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring, the aryl, or the heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more (such as one, two, three, four, or five) substituents independently selected from halogen (such as F or Cl) , oxo, OH, CN, C1-4 alkyl (such as methyl) , C1-4 haloalkyl, -O-C1-4 alkyl, -O-C1-4 haloalkyl, -NH-C1-4 alkyl, -N (C1-4 alkyl) 2, -S-C1-4 alkyl, C3-4 cycloalkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, and C2-4 alkynyl. In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, L2 is a 5-membered heteroaryl containing one or more (such as one, two, three, or four) ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S and optionally substituted with one or more (such as one, two, or three) substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, CN, NH2, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 alkyl substituted with F, O-C1-4 alkyl, and C3-4 cycloalkyl; preferably, L2 is selected from To be clear, as used herein, a group optionally substituted with F, such as a “C1-4 alkyl substituted with F” , “C1-3 alkoxy optionally substituted with F” , etc., should be understood that the group can be substituted with one or more F, typically 1-3, unless otherwise specified or contrary from context. In some preferred embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, L2 is In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, L2 is a 6-membered heteroaryl containing one or more (such as one or two) ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O and optionally substituted with one or more (such as one, two, or three) substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, CN, NH2, oxo, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 alkyl substituted with F, O-C1-4 alkyl, O-C (O) -C1-4 alkyl, and C3-4 cycloalkyl; preferably, L2 is selected from In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, L2 is a 6-membered heteroaryl containing one or more (such as one or two) ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O and optionally substituted with one or more (such as one, two, or three) substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, CN, NH2, oxo, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 alkyl substituted with F, O-C1-4 alkyl, and C3-4 cycloalkyl; preferably, L2 is selected from In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, L2 is a 9-membered bicyclic (such as fused) heterocyclic ring containing one or more (such as one, two, or three) ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O and optionally substituted with one or more (such as one, two, or three) substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, CN, NH2, oxo, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 alkyl substituted with F, O-C1-4 alkyl, and C3-4 cycloalkyl; preferably, L2 is selected from or L2 is In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, L2 is a 10-membered bicyclic (such as fused) heterocyclic ring containing one or more (such as one, two, or three) ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O and optionally substituted with one or more (such as one, two, or three) substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, CN, NH2, oxo, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 alkyl substituted with F, O-C1-4 alkyl, and C3-4 cycloalkyl; preferably, L2 is In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1- a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, L2 is a 9-membered bicyclic heteroaryl containing one or more (such as one, two, three, or four) ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S and optionally substituted with one or more (such as one, two or three) substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, CN, NH2, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 alkyl substituted with F, O-C1-4 alkyl, and C3-4 cycloalkyl; preferably, L2 is selected from or L2 is selected from In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, L2 is a 10-membered fused bicyclic heteroaryl containing one or more (such as one or two) ring nitrogen atoms and optionally substituted with one or more (such as one, two, or three) substituents independently selected from halogen (such as F or Cl) , OH, CN, NH2, oxo, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 alkyl substituted with F, O-C1-4 alkyl, and C3-4 cycloalkyl; preferably, L2 is selected from In some embodiments, in Formula A or B, or in Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII, L2 is a 13-membered fused tricyclic heteroaryl containing one or more (such as one, two, or three) ring nitrogen atoms and optionally substituted with one or more (such as one, two, or three) substituents independently selected from halogen (such as F or Cl) , OH, CN, NH2, oxo, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 alkyl substituted with F, O-C1-4 alkyl, and C3-4 cycloalkyl; preferably, L2 is
[0058] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides the following non-limiting enumerated Embodiments 1-55: Embodiment 1. A compound of Formula X-1 or X-2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: wherein: T is N or C; V is N or CH; X is N or C; Y is N or C; Z is N or CH; provided that is a 5-membered heteroaryl ring having 2-3 ring nitrogen atoms; R10 is an optionally substituted 5-10 (preferably 5-8) membered ring optionally having one or two ring heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, and N; L11 is null, -C (O) -NH-, or -C (O) -N (C1-4 alkyl) -, wherein the carbonyl group of L11, if present, is bonded to the carbon atom to which R12C or R12D is attached, preferably, L11 is -C (O) -NH-; R11 is an optionally substituted phenyl or 6-membered heteroaryl having 1 or 2 ring nitrogen atoms; or an optionally substituted bicyclic heteroaryl or heterocyclic ring; wherein when L11 is null, R11 is preferably an optionally substituted bicyclic heteroaryl or heterocyclic ring, wherein the ring of R11 which is directly bonded to the carbon atom to which R12C or R12D is attached has at least one hydrogen bond donor and one hydrogen bond acceptor, preferably, the hydrogen bond acceptor is a nitrogen atom and the hydrogen bond donor is NH; R12C is hydrogen, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, F, and C1-3 alkoxy optionally substituted with F; R12D is hydrogen, OH, NH2, NHC (O) -C1-3 alkyl, NH-C1-3 alkyl, O-C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 alkyl, wherein each C1-3 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, F, and C1-3 alkoxy optionally substituted with F; Q is O, S, or CR13CR13D; (i) R13A, R13B, R13C, and R13D are independently selected from hydrogen, F, OH, O-C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 alkyl, wherein each C1-3 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, F, and C1-3 alkoxy optionally substituted with F; or (ii) R13A and R13B, together with the carbon atom (s) they are bonded to are joined to form a 3-5 membered carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with F, if present, R13C and R13D are as defined in (i) ; or (iii) R13A and R13C are joined to form a 3-5 membered carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with F, and R13B and R13D are as defined in (i) ; or (iv) R12C and R13C, or R12D and R13C, are joined to form a 3-5 membered carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with F, and R13A, R13B, and R13D are as defined in (i) ; L10 is an optionally substituted 5-10 (preferably 5-8) membered ring optionally having one or two ring heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, and N; and R14 is a 5-14 membered ring structure selected from phenyl, 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl, 5-14 membered heterocyclic ring, or 8-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein the 5-14 membered ring structure is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from halogen, OH, CN, NH2, oxo, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, G1, GA, or (C1-4 alkylene) -GA, wherein the C2-4 alkenyl or C2-4 alkynyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 G10; and the C1-4 alkylene is optionally substituted with 1-3 G11, wherein: GA at each occurrence is independently COOH, CONH2, O-G1, S-G1, SO2-G1, O-C (O) - G2, NG1G2, N (G2) -C (O) -G1, C (O) -G1, C (O) NG1G2, OC (O) NG1G2, N (G2) -C (O) -O-G1, or N (G2) C (O) NG1G2, G2 is hydrogen or G1, G1 at each occurrence is independently C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 G10, C1-4 heteroalkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 G10, 3-7 membered ring, or (C1-4 alkylene) - (3-7 membered ring) , wherein each of the 3-7 membered ring and the C1-4 alkylene is optionally substituted with 1-3 G11, or G1 and G2 together with the nitrogen they are both attached to are joined to form a 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with 1-3 G11, wherein G10 at each occurrence is independently F, OH, CN, or C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F; and G11 at each occurrence is independently oxo, G10, or C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 G10, wherein G10 is defined above. Embodiment 2. The compound of Embodiment 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, characterized as having a structure according to any of the following formulae: Embodiment 3. The compound of Embodiment 1 or 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Q is O. Embodiment 4. The compound of Embodiment 1 or 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Q is S. Embodiment 5. The compound of Embodiment 1 or 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Q is CR13CR13D. Embodiment 6. The compound of Embodiment 5, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Q is CH2. Embodiment 7. The compound of Embodiment 5, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R13C is hydrogen, and R13D is F, OH, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with F, or C1-3 alkoxy optionally substituted with F. Embodiment 8. The compound of Embodiment 5, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R13C and R13A, together with the carbon atoms they are bonded to, represent a cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl ring, and R13B and R13D are hydrogen. Embodiment 9. The compound of any of Embodiments 1-8, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein T is N. Embodiment 10. The compound of any of Embodiments 1-7 and 9, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R13A and R13B, together with the carbon atom they are both bonded to, represent a cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl ring. Embodiment 11. The compound of any of Embodiments 1-10, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R12C or R12D is hydrogen. Embodiment 12. The compound of any of Embodiments 1-10, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R12C is methyl, and R12D is methyl or OH. Embodiment 13. The compound of any of Embodiments 1 and 3-12, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein as applicable, L11 is null and R11 is an optionally substituted bicyclic heteroaryl. Embodiment 14. The compound of Embodiment 13, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R11 is: wherein: j0 is an integer of 0-4, typically, 1, 2, or 3; and R15 at each occurrence is independently halogen, SF5, OH, CN, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, G1, or O-G1, wherein the C2-4 alkenyl or C2-4 alkynyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 G10; and wherein G1 and G10 are as defined in Embodiment 1. Embodiment 15. A compound of Formula X-3 or X-4, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: wherein: T is N or C; V is N or CH; X is N or C; Y is N or C; Z is N or CH; provided that is a 5-membered heteroaryl ring having 2-3 ring nitrogen atoms; R10 is an optionally substituted 5-10 (preferably 5-8) membered ring optionally having one or two ring heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, and N; R11 is an optionally substituted phenyl or 6-membered heteroaryl having 1 or 2 ring nitrogen atoms; or an optionally substituted bicyclic heteroaryl; R12A is C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, F, and C1-3 alkoxy optionally substituted with F; R12B is OH, NH2, NHC (O) -C1-3 alkyl, NH-C1-3 alkyl, O-C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 alkyl, wherein each C1-3 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, F, and C1-3 alkoxy optionally substituted with F; j1 is an integer selected from 0-3, preferably 0, 1, or 2; (i) R13 at each occurrence is independently selected from F, OH, O-C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 alkyl, wherein each C1-3 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, F, and C1-3 alkoxy optionally substituted with F; or (ii) two R13 together with the carbon atom (s) they are bonded to are joined to form a 3-5 membered carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with F, and any remaining R13 is as defined in (i) ; L10 is an optionally substituted 5-10 (preferably 5-8) membered ring optionally having one or two ring heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, and N; and R14 is a 5-14 membered ring structure selected from phenyl, 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl, 5-14 membered heterocyclic ring, or 8-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein the 5-14 membered ring structure is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from halogen, OH, CN, NH2, oxo, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, G1, GA, or (C1-4 alkylene) -GA, wherein the C2-4 alkenyl or C2-4 alkynyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 G10; and the C1-4 alkylene is optionally substituted with 1-3 G11, wherein: GA at each occurrence is independently COOH, CONH2, O-G1, S-G1, SO2-G1, O-C (O) - G2, NG1G2, N (G2) -C (O) -G1, C (O) -G1, C (O) NG1G2, OC (O) NG1G2, N (G2) -C (O) -O-G1, or N (G2) C (O) NG1G2, G2 is hydrogen or G1, G1 at each occurrence is independently C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 G10, C1-4 heteroalkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 G10, 3-7 membered ring, or (C1-4 alkylene) - (3-7 membered ring) , wherein each of the 3-7 membered ring and the C1-4 alkylene is optionally substituted with 1-3 G11, or G1 and G2 together with the nitrogen they are both attached to are joined to form a 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with 1-3 G11, wherein G10 at each occurrence is independently F, OH, CN, or C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F; and G11 at each occurrence is independently oxo, G10, or C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 G10, wherein G10 is defined above. Embodiment 16. The compound of Embodiment 15, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, characterized as having a structure according to any of the following formulae: Embodiment 17. The compound of Embodiment 16 or 17, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein as applicable, R12A is methyl, and R12B is methyl or OH. Embodiment 18. The compound of any of Embodiments 16-18, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein j1 is 0. Embodiment 19. The compound of any of Embodiments 16-18, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein j1 is 1, and R13 is C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with F, for example, methyl. Embodiment 20. The compound of any of Embodiments 16-18, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein j1 is 2, and each R13 is independently a C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with F, for example, both R13 are methyl. Embodiment 21. The compound of any of Embodiments 16-18, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein j1 is 2, and two R13 are bonded to the same carbon and are joined to form a spiro cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl. Embodiment 22. The compound of any of Embodiments 16-18, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein j1 is 2, and two R13 are bonded to two adjacent carbon atoms and are joined to form a fused cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl. Embodiment 23. The compound of any of Embodiments 16-18, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, characterized as having a structure according to Formula X-3a-1, X-3a-2, X-3a-3, or X-3a-4, X-3a-5, or X-3a-6: Embodiment 24. The compound of any of Embodiments 1-23, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R10 is an optionally substituted 5-8 membered ring, preferably 5-8 membered carbocyclic ring or 5-8 membered heterocyclic ring having one or two ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, e.g., dihydropyranyl, cyclohexenyl, morpholinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, etc., wherein when substituted, the 5-8 membered ring is preferably substituted with 1-3 substituents each independently selected from halogen, oxo, G3, GB, or (C1-4 alkylene) -GB, wherein the C1-4 alkylene is optionally substituted with 1-3 G11, and wherein GB at each occurrence is independently COOH, CONH2, OH, CN, NH2, O-G3, NG3G4, C (O) -G3, C (O) -OG3, C (O) NG3G4, S (O) 2-G3, or S (O) 2NG3G4; G4 is hydrogen or G3, G3 at each occurrence is independently C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 G10, C1-4 heteroalkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 G10, 3-7 membered ring, or (C1-4 alkylene) - (3-7 membered ring) , wherein each of the 3-7 membered ring and the C1-4 alkylene is optionally substituted with 1-3 G11, the 3-7 membered ring is preferably a 3-5 membered carbocyclic ring or 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring; or G3 and G4 together with the nitrogen they are both attached to are joined to form a 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with 1-3 G11, wherein G10 at each occurrence is independently F, OH, CN, or C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F; and G11 at each occurrence is independently oxo, G10, or C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 G10, wherein G10 is defined above. Embodiment 25. The compound of any of Embodiments 1-23, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R10 is (i) 5 or 6-membered heterocyclic ring having one or two heteroatoms each independently O, S, or N, wherein the 5 or 6-membered heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents each independently F, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 G10, or C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 G10, wherein G10 at each occurrence is independently F, OH, CN, or C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F; or (ii) 5 or 6-membered carbocyclic ring, which is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents each independently F, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 G10, or C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 G10, wherein G10 at each occurrence is independently F, OH, CN, or C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F. Embodiment 26. The compound of any of Embodiments 1-23, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R10 is selected from the following: Embodiment 27. The compound of any of Embodiments 1-23, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R10 is Embodiment 28. The compound of any of Embodiments 1-23, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R10 is and T is not N. Embodiment 29. The compound of any of Embodiments 1-12 and 15-28, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein as applicable, L11 is not null, and R11 is an optionally substituted phenyl or optionally substituted pyridine, preferably, the phenyl or pyridine is substituted with at least one substituent at the para- position to L11 (or the -C (O) NH-as drawn) ; more preferably, the phenyl or pyridine is also substituted at one or both the ortho positions to L11 (or the -C (O) NH-as drawn) , and optionally further substituted; when substituted, the optionally substituted phenyl or optionally substituted pyridine is typically substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from halogen (such as F, Cl or Br) , SF5, OH, CN, G5, G6, CH2-G6, CH (CH3) -G6, or O-G6, wherein: G5 at each occurrence is independently C1-4 alkyl (such as ethyl) , C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 alkoxy, or S-C1-4 alkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-3 G10, wherein G10 at each occurrence is independently F, OH, CN, or C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F; and G6 at each occurrence is independently a 3-4 membered ring (preferably C3-4 cycloalkyl (such as cyclopropyl) ) , which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently F or C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with F. Embodiment 30. The compound of any of Embodiments 1-12 and 15-29, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein as applicable, L11 is not null, and R11 has a structure according to M-1: wherein: R20 is hydrogen, halogen, or C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F, preferably, hydrogen, F, Cl, CH3, or Br; R21 is halogen, SF5, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F, C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F, or C3-4 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with F, preferably, CF3, CF2H, ethyl, Cl, Br, SF5, or cyclopropyl; p is 0, 1, or 2, preferably, 0 or 1; R22 at each occurrence is independently halogen, OH, CN, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F, or C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F, preferably, R22 at each occurrence is independently F, Cl, or methyl optionally substituted with F; and W is CR23 or N, wherein R23 is hydrogen, halogen, or C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F, preferably, R23 is hydrogen or F. Embodiment 31. The compound of any of Embodiments 1-12 and 15-30, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein as applicable, L11 is not null, and R11 has a structure selected from: Embodiment 32. The compound of any of Embodiments 1-31, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein L10 has a structure according to L-1, L-2, or L-3, (R14-C (O) is drawn to show direction of connection) : wherein: q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; (i) R30 at each occurrence is independently (1) F; (2) OH; (3) CN; (4) C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 G10, wherein G10 at each occurrence is independently F, OH, CN, or C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F; or (5) a 3-4 membered ring (preferably C3-4 cycloalkyl (such as cyclopropyl) ) , which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently F or C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with F; or (ii) two R30 are joined to form a spiro, fused, or bridged ring structure, which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently F, OH, CN, or methyl optionally substituted with F; and any remaining R30 are as defined in (i) , preferably, the overall ring size is 7-10 inclusive of the as-drawn 6-membered ring of L-1, L-2, or L-3; preferably, for Formula X-2 or X-4, or applicable subformulae thereof, L10 is not a structure of L-1. Embodiment 33. The compound of any of Embodiments 1-31, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in Formula X-1 or X-3, or applicable subformulae thereof, L10 has a structure according to L-4 or L-5, (R14-C (O) is drawn to show direction of connection) : wherein: q is 0, 1, or 2; and R30 at each occurrence is independently C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with F, preferably, methyl. Embodiment 34. The compound of any of Embodiments 1-31, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in Formula X-1 or X-3, or applicable subformulae thereof, L10 has a structure selected from the following, (R14-C (O) is drawn to show direction of connection) : Embodiment 35. The compound of any of Embodiments 1-31, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in Formula X-2 or X-4, or applicable subformulae thereof, L10 has a structure according to L-6, (R14-C (O) is drawn to show direction of connection) : wherein: q is 0, 1, or 2; and R30 at each occurrence is independently C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with F, preferably, methyl. Embodiment 36. The compound of any of Embodiments 1-35, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R14 has a structure according to T-1 or T-2: wherein: R31 is hydrogen or C (O) -G2, R32 and R34 are independently hydrogen, halogen, CN, G1, GA, CH2-GA, CH2-CH2-GA, or CH (CH3) -GA, and R33 is hydrogen, halogen, CN, G1, or O-G1; or (i) R31 and R32 are joined to form a 5-7 membered lactone ring, which is optionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents each independently C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 G10; and R33 and R34 are as defined above; or (ii) R32 and R34, together with the carbon atoms they are bonded to, are joined to form a 5- 10 membered ring optionally having one or more ring heteroatoms, wherein the 5-10 membered ring is selected from a monocyclic 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl ring, 5-7 membered heterocyclic ring, a phenyl ring, or a bicyclic 6-10 membered heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring, wherein the 5-10 membered ring is optionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents each independently halogen, CN, OH, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 G10, or C1-4 heteroalkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 G10; and R31 and R33 are as defined above; or (iii) R33 and R34, together with the carbon atoms they are bonded to, are joined to form a 5-10 membered ring optionally having one or more ring heteroatoms, wherein the 5-10 membered ring is selected from a monocyclic 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl ring, 5-7 membered heterocyclic ring, a phenyl ring, or a bicyclic 6-10 membered heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring, wherein the 5-10 membered ring is optionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents each independently halogen, CN, OH, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 G10, or C1-4 heteroalkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 G10; and R31 and R32 are as defined above; wherein G1, G2, GA, and G10 are as defined in Embodiment 1. Embodiment 37. The compound of any of Embodiments 1-36, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R14 has a structure according to T-3 to T-9: wherein: R31 is hydrogen or C (O) -G2, R33 is hydrogen, halogen, CN, G1, or O-G1; R35 is hydrogen, G1, or C (O) -G1; R35A and R36 are independently hydrogen, halogen, CN, G1, or C (O) -G1; or R35A and R36, or R35 and R36, are joined to form a 5-7 membered aromatic or non-aromatic ring, which is optionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents each independently halogen, CN, OH, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 G10, or C1-4 heteroalkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 G10; R37 and R38 are independently hydrogen, halogen, OH, G1, C (O) -G1, O-G1, or NG1G2, j2 is 0, 1, or 2, and R39 at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, halogen, OH, G1, C (O) -G1, O-G1, or NG1G2; or two R39 together represent a double bond, or two R39 are joined to form a spiro or fused 3-5 membered ring; wherein G1, G2, and G10 are as defined in Embodiment 1. Embodiment 38. The compound of any of Embodiments 1-37, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R14 has a structure according to T-10: wherein: R31 is hydrogen or C (O) -G2, R33 is hydrogen, halogen, CN, G1, or O-G1; j3 is 0-4, preferably, 0, 1, or 2, and R40 at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, OH, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F, or C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F; wherein G1 and G2 are as defined in Embodiment 1. Embodiment 39. The compound of any of Embodiments 1-35, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R14 has a structure selected from the following: Embodiment 40. A compound of Formula X-5 or X-6, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: wherein: R10 is an optionally substituted 5-10 (preferably 5-8) membered ring optionally having one or two ring heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, and N; R12C is hydrogen, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, F, and C1-3 alkoxy optionally substituted with F; Q is O, S, or CR13CR13D; (i) R13A, R13B, R13C, and R13D are independently selected from hydrogen, F, OH, O-C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 alkyl, wherein each C1-3 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, F, and C1-3 alkoxy optionally substituted with F; or (ii) R13A and R13B, together with the carbon atom (s) they are bonded to are joined to form a 3-5 membered carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with F, if present, R13C and R13D are as defined in (i) ; or (iii) R13A and R13C are joined to form a 3-5 membered carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with F, and R13B and R13D are as defined in (i) ; R20 is hydrogen, halogen, or C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F, preferably, hydrogen, F, Cl, CH3, or Br; R21 is halogen, SF5, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F, or C3-4 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with F, preferably, CF3, CF2H, ethyl, Cl, Br, SF5, or cyclopropyl; p is 0, 1, or 2, preferably, 0 or 1; R22 at each occurrence is independently halogen, OH, CN, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F, or C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F, preferably, R22 at each occurrence is independently F, Cl, or methyl optionally substituted with F; and W is CR23 or N, wherein R23 is hydrogen, halogen, or C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F, preferably, R23 is hydrogen or F q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; (i) R30 at each occurrence is independently (1) F; (2) OH; (3) CN; (4) C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 G10, wherein G10 at each occurrence is independently F, OH, CN, or C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F; or (5) 3-4 membered ring (preferably C3-4 cycloalkyl (such as cyclopropyl) ) , which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently F or C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with F; or (ii) two R30 are joined to form a spiro, fused, or bridged ring structure, which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently F, OH, CN, or methyl optionally substituted with F; and any remaining R30 are as defined in (i) , preferably, the overall ring size is 7-10 inclusive of the as-drawn 6-membered ring to which R30 is attached; R31 is hydrogen or C (O) -G2, R32 and R34 are independently hydrogen, halogen, CN, G1, GA, CH2-GA, CH2-CH2-GA, or CH (CH3) -GA, and R33 is hydrogen, halogen, CN, G1, or O-G1; or (i) R31 and R32 are joined to form a 5-7 membered lactone ring, which is optionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents each independently C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 G10; and R33 and R34 are as defined above; or (ii) R32 and R34, together with the carbon atoms they are bonded to, are joined to form a 5-10 membered ring optionally having one or more ring heteroatoms, wherein the 5-10 membered ring is selected from a monocyclic 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl ring, 5-7 membered heterocyclic ring, a phenyl ring, or a bicyclic 6-10 membered heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring, wherein the 5-10 membered ring is optionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents each independently halogen, CN, OH, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 G10, or C1-4 heteroalkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 G10; and R31 and R33 are as defined above; or (iii) R33 and R34, together with the carbon atoms they are bonded to, are joined to form a 5-10 membered ring optionally having one or more ring heteroatoms, wherein the 5-10 membered ring is selected from a monocyclic 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl ring, 5-7 membered heterocyclic ring, a phenyl ring, or a bicyclic 6-10 membered heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring, wherein the 5-10 membered ring is optionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents each independently halogen, CN, OH, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 G10, or C1-4 heteroalkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 G10; and R31 and R32 are as defined above; wherein: GA at each occurrence is independently COOH, CONH2, O-G1, S-G1, SO2-G1, O-C (O) - G2, NG1G2, N (G2) -C (O) -G1, C (O) -G1, C (O) NG1G2, OC (O) NG1G2, N (G2) -C (O) -O-G1, or N (G2) C (O) NG1G2, G2 is hydrogen or G1, G1 at each occurrence is independently C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 G10, C1-4 heteroalkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 G10, 3-7 membered ring, or (C1-4 alkylene) - (3-7 membered ring) , wherein each of the 3-7 membered ring and the C1-4 alkylene is optionally substituted with 1-3 G11, or G1 and G2 together with the nitrogen they are both attached to are joined to form a 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with 1-3 G11, wherein G10 at each occurrence is independently F, OH, CN, or C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F; and G11 at each occurrence is independently oxo, G10, or C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 G10, wherein G10 is defined above. Embodiment 41. The compound of Embodiment 40, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, characterized as having a structure according to any of the following formulae: Embodiment 42. The compound of Embodiment 41, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a structure according to Formula X-5a or X-6a, wherein: R13A is hydrogen or methyl; R13B is hydrogen or methyl; or R13A and R13B, together with the carbon atom they are both attached to, represent a spiro cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl. Embodiment 43. The compound of Embodiment 41, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a structure according to Formula X-5b or X-6b, wherein: R13A is hydrogen or methyl; R13C is hydrogen or methyl; or R13A and R13C, together with the carbon atoms they are attached to, represent a fused cyclopropyl. Embodiment 44. The compound of any of Embodiments 40-43, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R10 is as defined in any of Embodiments 24-28. Embodiment 45. The compound of any of Embodiments 40-44, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the moiety of is selected from the following: Embodiment 46. The compound of any of Embodiments 40-45, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: q is 0, 1, or 2; and R30 at each occurrence is independently C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with F, preferably, methyl. Embodiment 47. The compound of any of Embodiments 40-45, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the moiety of represents for example, Embodiment 48. The compound of any of Embodiments 40-47, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the moiety of has a structure according to any of T-1, T-8, or T-9 as defined in any of Embodiments 36 and 37. Embodiment 49. The compound of any of Embodiments 40-47, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the moiety of has a structure according to any of T-2, T-3, T-4, T-5, T-6, or T-7 as defined in any of Embodiments 36 and 37. Embodiment 50. The compound of any of Embodiments 40-47, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the moiety of has a structure according to T-10 as defined in Embodiment 38. Embodiment 51. The compound of any of Embodiments 1-50, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein to the extent not contrary, R10 has a structure according to any of the definitions of the moiety of as defined in connection with Formula A or B herein, or a subformula thereof. Embodiment 52. The compound of any of Embodiments 1-51, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein to the extent not contrary, R11 has a structure according to any of the definitions of the moiety of as defined in connection with Formula A or B herein, or a subformula thereof. Embodiment 53. The compound of any of Embodiments 1-52, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein to the extent not contrary, L10 has a structure according to any of the definitions of the moiety of as defined in connection with Formula A or B herein, or a subformula thereof. Embodiment 54. The compound of any of Embodiments 1-53, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein to the extent not contrary, R14 has a structure according to any of the definitions of L2 as defined in connection with Formula A or B herein, or a subformula thereof. Embodiment 55. The compound of any of Embodiments 1-54, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein to the extent not contrary, any of the variables can have the respective structure in any of the applicable examples herein or the compounds in Table A.
[0059] In some embodiments, the present disclosure also provides a compound selected from those as shown in Table A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the present disclosure also provides a prodrug of a compound selected from those as shown in Table A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., an ester prodrug or an amino ester prodrug as described herein. Table A. Exemplary compounds of the present disclosure
[0060] In some embodiments, the compounds in Table A can exist as an individual stereoisomer (e.g., an individual enantiomer) , or a mixture of stereoisomers (e.g., two enantiomers) in any ratio. In some embodiments, the compounds in Table A can exist in non-zwitterionic form, in zwitterionic form, or as a mixture of zwitterionic and non-zwitterionic forms in any ratio.
[0061] The compounds of the present disclosure can be readily synthesized by those skilled in the art in view of the present disclosure. Exemplified synthesis is also shown in the Examples section.
[0062] As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, conventional protecting groups may be necessary to prevent certain functional groups from undergoing undesired reactions. Suitable protecting groups for various functional groups as well as suitable conditions for protecting and deprotecting particular functional groups are well known in the art. For example, numerous protecting groups are described in “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis” , 4th ed. P.G.M. Wuts; T.W. Greene, John Wiley, 2007, and references cited therein. The reagents for the reactions described herein are generally known compounds or can be prepared by known procedures or obvious modifications thereof. For example, many of the reagents are available from commercial suppliers such as Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA) , Sigma (St. Louis, Missouri, USA) . Others may be prepared by procedures, or obvious modifications thereof, described in standard reference texts such as Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Volumes 1-15 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991) , Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Volumes 1-5 and Supplemental (Elsevier Science Publishers, 1989) , Organic Reactions, Volumes 1-40 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991) , March's Advanced Organic Chemistry, (Wiley, 7th Edition) , and Larock's Comprehensive Organic Transformations (Wiley-VCH, 1999) , and any of available updates as of this filing. Pharmaceutical Compositions
[0063] Certain embodiments are directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more of the compounds of the present disclosure.
[0064] The pharmaceutical composition can optionally contain a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a compound of the present disclosure (e.g., a compound of Formula A or B (e.g., Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII) , any of the compounds as defined in any of the enumerated Embodiments 1-55, any compound selected from the compounds shown in Table A herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are known in the art. Non-limiting suitable excipients include, for example, encapsulating materials or additives such as absorption accelerators, antioxidants, binders, buffers, carriers, coating agents, coloring agents, diluents, disintegrating agents, emulsifiers, extenders, fillers, flavoring agents, humectants, lubricants, perfumes, preservatives, propellants, releasing agents, sterilizing agents, sweeteners, solubilizers, wetting agents and mixtures thereof. See also Remington's The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Edition, A. R. Gennaro (Lippincott, Williams &Wilkins, Baltimore, Md., 2005; incorporated herein by reference) , which discloses various excipients used in formulating pharmaceutical compositions and known techniques for the preparation thereof.
[0065] The pharmaceutical composition can include any one or more of the compounds of the present disclosure. For example, in some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a compound of Formula A or B (e.g., Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII) , any of the compounds as defined in any of the enumerated Embodiments 1-55, any compound selected from the compounds shown in Table A herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., in a therapeutically effective amount. In any of the embodiments described herein, the pharmaceutical composition can comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the compounds shown in Examples section, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In any of the embodiments described herein, the pharmaceutical composition can comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the compounds shown in Table A herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some preferred embodiments, compounds of the present disclosure for the pharmaceutical compositions herein are selected from those compounds that have an IC50 values less than 1 micromolar (preferably less than 100 nM, or less than 50 nM) when tested in the WRN ATPase assay and / or in the SW48 cells.
[0066] The pharmaceutical composition can also be formulated for delivery via any of the known routes of delivery, which include but are not limited to oral, parenteral, inhalation, etc.
[0067] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition can be formulated for oral administration. The oral formulations can be presented in discrete units, such as capsules, pills, cachets, lozenges, or tablets, each containing a predetermined amount of the active compound; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsion. Excipients for the preparation of compositions for oral administration are known in the art. Non-limiting suitable excipients include, for example, agar, alginic acid, aluminum hydroxide, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, 1, 3-butylene glycol, carbomers, castor oil, cellulose, cellulose acetate, cocoa butter, corn starch, corn oil, cottonseed oil, cross-povidone, diglycerides, ethanol, ethyl cellulose, ethyl laureate, ethyl oleate, fatty acid esters, gelatin, germ oil, glucose, glycerol, groundnut oil, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, isopropanol, isotonic saline, lactose, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium stearate, malt, mannitol, monoglycerides, olive oil, peanut oil, potassium phosphate salts, potato starch, povidone, propylene glycol, Ringer's solution, safflower oil, sesame oil, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium phosphate salts, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium sorbitol, soybean oil, stearic acids, stearyl fumarate, sucrose, surfactants, talc, tragacanth, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, triglycerides, water, and mixtures thereof.
[0068] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for parenteral administration (such as intravenous injection or infusion, subcutaneous or intramuscular injection) . The parenteral formulations can be, for example, an aqueous solution, a suspension, or an emulsion. Excipients for the preparation of parenteral formulations are known in the art. Non-limiting suitable excipients include, for example, 1, 3-butanediol, castor oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, dextrose, germ oil, groundnut oil, liposomes, oleic acid, olive oil, peanut oil, Ringer's solution, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, U.S.P. or isotonic sodium chloride solution, water and mixtures thereof.
[0069] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for inhalation. The inhalable formulations can be, for example, formulated as a nasal spray, dry powder, or an aerosol administrable through a metered-dose inhaler. Excipients for preparing formulations for inhalation are known in the art. Non-limiting suitable excipients include, for example, lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, and mixtures of these substances. Sprays can additionally contain propellants, such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons, such as butane and propane.
[0070] The pharmaceutical composition can include various amounts of the compounds of the present disclosure, depending on various factors such as the intended use and potency and selectivity of the compounds. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present disclosure (e.g., a compound of Formula A or B (e.g., Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII) , any of the compounds as defined in any of the enumerated Embodiments 1-55, any compound selected from the compounds shown in Table A herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) . In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of the present disclosure and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. As used herein, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present disclosure is an amount effective to treat a disease or disorder as described herein, such as a cancer described herein, which can depend on the recipient of the treatment, the disease or disorder being treated and the severity thereof, the composition containing the compound, the time of administration, the route of administration, the duration of treatment, the compound potency (e.g., for inhibiting WRN) , its rate of clearance and whether or not another drug is co-administered.
[0071] For veterinary use, a compound of the present disclosure can be administered as a suitably acceptable formulation in accordance with normal veterinary practice. The veterinarian can readily determine the dosing regimen and route of administration that is most appropriate for a particular animal.
[0072] In some embodiments, all the necessary components for the treatment of WRN associated diseases or disorders using a compound of the present disclosure either alone or in combination with another agent or intervention traditionally used for the treatment of such disease can be packaged into a kit. Specifically, in some embodiments, the present invention provides a kit for use in the therapeutic intervention of the disease comprising a packaged set of medicaments that include the compound disclosed herein as well as buffers and other components for preparing deliverable forms of said medicaments, and / or devices for delivering such medicaments, and / or any agents that are used in combination therapy with the compound of the present disclosure, and / or instructions for the treatment of the disease packaged with the medicaments. The instructions may be fixed in any tangible medium, such as printed paper, or a computer readable magnetic or optical medium, or instructions to reference a remote computer data source such as a world wide web page accessible via the internet. Method of Treatment
[0073] Compounds of the present disclosure are useful as therapeutic active substances for the treatment and / or prophylaxis of diseases or disorders that are associated with MSI-H or dMMR. Such diseases or disorders include proliferative diseases (e.g., cancer) .
[0074] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of inhibiting WRN, in a cell comprising contacting a cell with an effective amount of one or more compounds of the present disclosure (e.g., a compound of Formula A or B (e.g., Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII) , any of the compounds as defined in any of the enumerated Embodiments 1-55, any compound selected from the compounds shown in Table A herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) . As used herein, the term "cell" is meant to refer to a cell that is in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo. In some embodiments, an ex vivo cell can be part of a tissue sample excised from an organism such as a mammal. In some embodiments, an in vitro cell can be a cell in a cell culture. In some embodiments, an in vivo cell is a cell living in an organism such as a mammal. As used herein, the term "contacting" refers to the bringing together of indicated moieties in an in vitro system or an in vivo system. For example, "contacting" the WRN with a compound of the present disclosure includes the administration of a compound of the present disclosure to a subject, such as a human, having WRN helicase, as well as, for example, introducing a compound of the present disclosure into a sample containing a cellular or purified preparation containing WRN helicase. The term "WRN inhibitor" such as a WRN inhibitor refers to an agent capable of inhibiting WRN.
[0075] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of treating a disease or disorder associated with MSI-H or dMMR in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of the present disclosure (e.g., a compound of Formula A or B (e.g., Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII) , any of the compounds as defined in any of the enumerated Embodiments 1-55, any compound selected from the compounds shown in Table A herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) or a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition described herein. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from colorectal, gastric, prostate, endometrial, adrenocortical, uterine, cervical, esophageal, breast, kidney and ovarian cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from colorectal, gastric and endometrial cancer. Additional diseases or disorders associated with MSI-H or dMMR are described herein and also include those described in WO 2022 / 249060.
[0076] In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) , acute myeloid leukemia (AML) , adrenocortical carcinoma, aids-related cancers, aids-related lymphoma, anal cancer, astrocytoma, basal cell carcinoma, bile duct cancer, bladder cancer, bone cancer, osteosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, brain tumors, breast cancer, bronchial tumors, Burkitt lymphoma, carcinoid tumor, cancer of unknown primary, cardiac (heart) tumors, atypical teratoid / rhabdoid tumor, primary CNS lymphoma, cervical cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, chordoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) , chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) , colorectal cancer, craniopharyngioma, cutaneous t-cell lymphoma, mycosis fungoides, Sezary syndrome, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) , embryonal tumors, medulloblastoma, endometrial cancer, ependymoma, esophageal cancer, esthesioneuroblastoma, Ewing sarcoma, extracranial germ cell tumor, extragonadal germ cell tumor, fallopian tube cancer, gallbladder cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor, malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) , germ cell tumors, gestational trophoblastic disease, hairy cell leukemia, head and neck cancer, hepatocellular cancer, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, Hodgkin lymphoma, islet cell tumors, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, Kaposi sarcoma, kidney cancer, laryngeal cancer, leukemia, liver cancer, lung cancer, lymphoma, male breast cancer, intraocular melanoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, malignant mesothelioma, metastatic cancer, metastatic squamous neck cancer, midline tract carcinoma with nut gene changes, mouth cancer, multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes, multiple myeloma / plasma cell neoplasms, myelodysplastic syndromes, myelodysplastic neoplasms, myeloproliferative neoplasms, chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm, nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, neuroblastoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, non-small cell lung cancer, oral cancer, lip and oral cavity cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (islet cell tumors) , papillomatosis, paraganglioma, paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer, parathyroid cancer, penile cancer, pharyngeal cancer, pheochromocytoma, pituitary tumor, plasma cell neoplasm, multiple myeloma, pleuropulmonary blastoma, primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma, primary peritoneal cancer, prostate cancer, rectal cancer, recurrent cancer, renal cell (kidney) cancer, retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, salivary gland cancer, sarcoma, childhood vascular tumors, skin cancer, small cell lung cancer, small intestine cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, testicular cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, hypopharyngeal cancer, thymoma, thymic carcinoma, thyroid cancer, tracheobronchial tumors, transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter, urethral cancer, uterine sarcoma, vaginal cancer, vascular tumors, vulvar cancer, and Wilms tumor.
[0077] In some embodiments, the cancer is Endometrial cancer, Breast cancer, Oesophageal squamous-cell cancer, Cervical squamous-cell carcinoma, Cervical adenocarcinoma, Colorectal adenocarcinoma, Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma, Glioblastoma, Ovarian cancer, Non-small-cell Lung cancer, Esophagogastric cancer, Nerve-sheath tumor, Head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma, Melanoma, Esophagogastric adenocarcinoma, Soft-tissue sarcoma, Prostate cancer, Fibrolamellar carcinoma, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Diffuse glioma, Colorectal cancer, Pancreatic cancer, Cholangiocarcinoma, B-cell lymphoma, Mesothelioma, Adrenocortical carcinoma, Renal non-clear-cell carcinoma, Renal clear-cell carcinoma, Germ-cell carcinoma, Thymic tumor, Pheochromocytoma, Miscellaneous neuroepithelial tumor, thyroid cancer, leukemia, or encapsulated glioma.
[0078] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of treating cancer in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of the present disclosure (e.g., a compound of Formula A or B (e.g., Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII) , any of the compounds as defined in any of the enumerated Embodiments 1-55, any compound selected from the compounds shown in Table A herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) or a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition described herein. In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from colorectal, gastric, prostate, endometrial, adrenocortical, uterine, cervical, esophageal, breast, kidney and ovarian cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is a colorectal cancer.
[0079] In some preferred embodiments, compounds of the present disclosure for the methods herein are selected from those compounds that have an IC50 values less than 1 micromolar (preferably less than 100 nM, or less than 50 nM) when tested in the WRN ATPase assay and / or in the SW48 cells.
[0080] Compounds of the present disclosure can be used as a monotherapy or in a combination therapy. In some embodiments, the combination therapy includes treating the subject with a targeted therapeutic agent, chemotherapeutic agent, therapeutic antibody, radiation, cell therapy, and / or immunotherapy. In some embodiments, compounds of the present disclosure can also be co-administered with an additional pharmaceutically active compound, either concurrently or sequentially in any order, to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the combination therapy includes treating the subject with one or more additional therapies such as chemotherapeutics or other anti-cancer agents.
[0081] Combination therapy also can include the administration of the therapeutic agents as described above in further combination with other biologically active ingredients and / or non-drug therapies (e.g., surgery or radiation treatment. )
[0082] The administering herein is not limited to any particular route of administration. For example, in some embodiments, the administering can be orally, nasally, transdermally, pulmonary, inhalationally, buccally, sublingually, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravenously, rectally, intrapleurally, intrathecally or parenterally. In some embodiments, the administering is orally.
[0083] Dosing regimen including doses can vary and can be adjusted, which can depend on the recipient of the treatment, the disease or disorder being treated and the severity thereof, the composition containing the compound, the time of administration, the route of administration, the duration of treatment, the compound potency, its rate of clearance and whether or not another drug is co-administered. Definitions
[0084] It is meant to be understood that proper valences are maintained for all moieties and combinations thereof.
[0085] It is also meant to be understood that a specific embodiment of a variable moiety herein can be the same or different as another specific embodiment having the same identifier.
[0086] Non-limiting useful groups for the variables in compounds of Formula A or B, or a subformula thereof, as applicable, include any of the respective groups, individually or in any combination, as shown in the Examples or in the specific compounds described in Table A herein. In addition, it is to be understood that the definition of a variable in Formula A or B can have the same definition for the variable defined in a subformula of Formula A or B. Similarly, unless otherwise specified or contrary from context, the definition of a subformula of Formula A or B can have the same definition for the variable defined in connection with Formula A or B or another subformula of Formula A or B. The same should be understood for variable definitions of other formulae, such as Formula X-1, X-2, X-3, X-4, X-5, or X-6.
[0087] Suitable atoms or groups for the variables herein are independently selected. The definitions of the variables can be combined. Using Formula A or B as an example, any of the definitions of one of wherein T, V, X, Y, Z, R1, R2, R3, R3a, R3b, R3c, R3d, R3e, R4, R5, R6, m, n, p, t, L1, L2, and in Formula A or B or a subformula thereof can be combined with any of the definitions of the others of T, V, X, Y, Z, R1, R2, R3, R3a, R3b, R3c, R3d, R3e, R4, R5, R6, m, n, p, t, L1, L2, and in Formula A or B or the applicable subformula. Such combination is contemplated and within the scope of the present invention.
[0088] The symbol, when displayed perpendicular to (or otherwise crossing) a bond, indicates the point at which the displayed moiety is attached to the remainder of the molecule. It should be noted that for a divalent structure (or multivalent structure) , the immediately connected group or groups or appropriate variable (s) shown in a formula maybe shown in the divalent structure (or multivalent structure) beyond the symbol, to indicate direction of attachment. When the immediately connected group (s) or variable is not shown for either of the two attaching points of a divalent structure, it should mean that either direction of attachment to the remainder of the molecule is allowed, unless otherwise specified or obviously contrary from context. Using a structure of "X-A-G-B" to illustrate, for example, if G is defined as i.e., the immediately connected group (s) or variable (s) is not shown, then the structure of "X-A-G-B" can be either on the other hand, if G is defined as then the structure of "X-A-G-B" should be understood as
[0089] Definitions of specific functional groups and chemical terms are described in more detail below. The chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75th Ed., inside cover, and specific functional groups are generally defined as described therein. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry, as well as specific functional moieties and reactivity, are described in Thomas Sorrell, Organic Chemistry, University Science Books, Sausalito, 1999; Smith and March, March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition, John Wiley &Sons, Inc., New York, 2001; Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers, Inc., New York, 1989; and Carruthers, Some Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis, 3rd Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987. The disclosure is not intended to be limited in any manner by the exemplary listing of substituents described herein.
[0090] Compounds of the present disclosure can comprise one or more asymmetric centers and / or axial chirality, and thus can exist in various isomeric forms, e.g., enantiomers and / or diastereomers. For example, the compounds described herein can be in the form of an individual enantiomer, diastereomer, atropisomer, or geometric isomer, or can be in the form of a mixture of stereoisomers, including racemic mixtures and mixtures enriched in one or more stereoisomer. Isomers can be isolated from mixtures by methods known to those skilled in the art, including chiral high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and the formation and crystallization of chiral salts; or preferred isomers can be prepared by asymmetric syntheses. See, for example, Jacques et al., Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions (Wiley Interscience, New York, 1981) ; Wilen et al., Tetrahedron 33: 2725 (1977) ; Eliel, Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds (McGraw–Hill, NY, 1962) ; and Wilen, Tables of Resolving Agents and Optical Resolutions p. 268 (E.L. Eliel, Ed., Univ. of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, IN 1972) . The disclosure additionally encompasses compounds described herein as individual isomers substantially free of other isomers, and alternatively, as mixtures of various isomers including racemic mixtures. When a stereochemistry is specifically drawn, it should be understood that with respect to that particular chiral center or axial chirality, the compound exists predominantly as the as-drawn stereoisomer, such as with less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5%, less than 1%, by weight, by HPLC or SFC area, or both, or with a non-detectable amount of the other stereoisomer (s) . For example, in some embodiments, with respect to the particular chiral center or axial chirality as drawn, the compound can exist predominantly as the as-drawn stereoisomer, with an enantiomeric excess ( "ee" ) of greater than 50%, such as 80%ee or higher, 90%ee or higher, 95%ee or higher, 98%ee or higher, 99%ee or higher. The presence and / or amounts of stereoisomers can be determined by those having ordinary skill in the art in view of the present disclosure, including through the use of chiral HPLC or SFC.
[0091] Compounds of the present disclosure can have atropisomers. In any of the embodiments described herein, when applicable, the compound of the present disclosure can exist as a mixture of atropisomers in any ratio. In some embodiments, when applicable, the compound can exist as an isolated individual atropisomer substantially free (e.g., with less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5%, less than 1%, by weight, by HPLC area, or both, or with a non-detectable amount) of the other atropisomer (s) . As understood by those skilled in the art, when the rotation is restricted around a single bond, e.g., a biaryl single bond, a compound may exist in a mixture of atropisomers with each individual atropisomer isolable.
[0092] When a range of values is listed, it is intended to encompass each value and sub–range within the range. For example, “C1–6” is intended to encompass, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C1–6, C1–5, C1–4, C1–3, C1–2, C2–6, C2–5, C2–4, C2–3, C3–6, C3–5, C3–4, C4–6, C4–5, and C5–6.
[0093] As used herein, the term “compound (s) of the present disclosure” or “compound (s) of the present invention” refers to any of the compounds described herein according to Formula A or B (e.g., Formula I, I-1, I-1-a, I-1-b, I-2, I-3, I-4, II, II-1, III, III-1, IV, V, V-1, V-2, V-3, V-4, V-5, VI, VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, VII, or VIII) , any of the compounds as defined in any of the enumerated Embodiments 1-55, any of compounds shown in Table A and in the Examples section, isotopically labeled compound (s) thereof (such as a deuterated analog wherein one or more of the hydrogen atoms is substituted with a deuterium atom (s) with an abundance above its natural abundance) , possible stereoisomers thereof (including diastereoisomers, enantiomers, and racemic mixtures) , geometric isomers thereof, atropisomers thereof, tautomers thereof, zwitterionic forms thereof, conformational isomers thereof, and / or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof (e.g., acid addition salt such as HCl salt or base addition salt such as Na salt) . Hydrates and solvates of the compounds of the present disclosure are considered compositions of the present disclosure, wherein the compound (s) is in association with water or solvent, respectively.
[0094] Compounds of the present disclosure can exist in isotope-labeled or -enriched form containing one or more atoms having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number most abundantly found in nature. Isotopes can be radioactive or non-radioactive isotopes. Isotopes of atoms such as hydrogen, carbon, phosphorous, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, and iodine include, but are not limited to 2H, 3H, 13C, 14C, 15N, 18O, 32P, 35S, 18F, 36Cl, and 125I. Compounds that contain other isotopes of these and / or other atoms are within the scope of this invention.
[0095] The term “aromatic” means a planar ring having 4n+2 electrons in a conjugated system. As used herein, “conjugated system” means a system of connected p-orbitals with delocalized electrons, and the system may include lone electron pairs.
[0096] As used herein, the term "alkyl" as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a straight-or branched-chain aliphatic saturated hydrocarbon. In some embodiments, the alkyl which can include one to twelve carbon atoms (i.e., C1-12 alkyl) or the number of carbon atoms designated (i.e., a C1 alkyl such as methyl, a C2 alkyl such as ethyl, a C3 alkyl such as propyl or isopropyl, etc. ) . In one embodiment, the alkyl group is a straight chain C1-10 alkyl group. In another embodiment, the alkyl group is a branched chain C3-10 alkyl group. In another embodiment, the alkyl group is a straight chain C1-6 alkyl group. In another embodiment, the alkyl group is a branched chain C3-6 alkyl group. In another embodiment, the alkyl group is a straight chain C1-4 alkyl group. For example, a C1-4 alkyl group as used herein refers to a group selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl (n-propyl) , isopropyl, butyl (n-butyl) , sec-butyl, tert-butyl, and iso-butyl. An optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl group refers to the C1-4 alkyl group as defined, optionally substituted with one or more permissible substituents as described herein. As used herein, the term "alkylene" as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a divalent radical derived from an alkyl group, i.e., a radical resulting from removing any hydrogen atom from the alkyl group. For example, non-limiting straight chain alkylene groups (i.e., (CH2) x) include -CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-, -CH2-CH2-CH2-, -CH2-CH2-, and the like.
[0097] As used herein, the term "alkenyl" as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a straight-or branched-chain aliphatic hydrocarbon containing one or more, such as one, two or three carbon-to-carbon double bonds. In one embodiment, the alkenyl group is a C2-6 alkenyl group. In another embodiment, the alkenyl group is a C2-4 alkenyl group. Non-limiting exemplary alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, isopropenyl, butenyl, sec-butenyl, pentenyl, and hexenyl.
[0098] As used herein, the term "alkynyl" as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a straight-or branched-chain aliphatic hydrocarbon containing one or more, such as one to three carbon-to-carbon triple bonds. In one embodiment, the alkynyl has one carbon-carbon triple bond. In one embodiment, the alkynyl group is a C2-6 alkynyl group. In another embodiment, the alkynyl group is a C2-4 alkynyl group. Non-limiting exemplary alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, 2-butynyl, pentynyl, and hexynyl groups.
[0099] As used herein, the term "alkoxy" as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a radical of the formula ORa1, wherein Ra1 is an alkyl. As used herein, the term "cycloalkoxy" as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a radical of the formula ORa1, wherein Ra1 is a cycloalkyl.
[0100] As used herein, the term "haloalkyl" as used by itself or as part of another group refers to an alkyl substituted with one or more fluorine, chlorine, bromine and / or iodine atoms. In preferred embodiments, the haloalkyl is an alkyl group substituted with one or more fluorine atoms, alternatively referred to herein as fluorine-substituted alkyl, such as with one, two, or three fluorine atoms. In one embodiment, the haloalkyl group is a C1-4 haloalkyl group. In one embodiment, the haloalkyl group is a fluorine-substituted C1-4 alkyl group.
[0101] As used herein, the term "heteroalkyl" by itself or in combination with another term, means, unless otherwise stated, a stable straight or branched-chain alkyl group, e.g., having from 2 to 14 carbons, such as 2 to 10 carbons in the chain, one or more of the carbons has been replaced by a heteroatom selected from S, O, P and N, and wherein the nitrogen, phosphine, and sulfur atoms can optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatom can optionally be quaternized. The heteroatom (s) S, O, P and N may be placed at any interior position of the heteroalkyl group or at the position at which the alkyl group is attached to the remainder of the molecule. When the heteroalkyl is said to be substituted, the substituent (s) can replace one or more hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon atom (s) and / or the heteroatom (s) of the heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, the heteroalkyl is a C1-4 heteroalkyl, which refers to the heteroalkyl defined herein having 1-4 carbon atoms. Examples of C1-4 heteroalkyl include, but are not limited to, C4 heteroalkyl such as -CH2-CH2-N (CH3) -CH3, C3 heteroalkyl such as -CH2-CH2-O-CH3, -CH2-CH2-NH-CH3, -CH2-S-CH2-CH3, -CH2-CH2-S (O) -CH3, -CH2-CH2-S (O) 2-CH3, C2 heteroalkyl such as -CH2-CH2-OH, -CH2-CH2-NH2, -CH2-NH (CH3) , -O-CH2-CH3 and C1 heteroalkyl such as, -CH2-OH, -CH2-NH2, -O-CH3. Preferably, the C1-4 heteroalkyl (or C1-4 heteroalkylene) herein contains 1 or 2 heteroatoms, such as one oxygen, one nitrogen, two oxygens, two nitrogens, or one oxygen and one nitrogen. Similarly, the term "heteroalkylene" by itself or as part of another substituent means a divalent radical derived from heteroalkyl, as exemplified, but not limited by, -CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-and –O-CH2-CH2-NH-CH2-. For heteroalkylene groups, heteroatoms can also occupy either or both of the chain termini (e.g., alkyleneoxy, alkylenedioxy, alkyleneamino, alkylenediamino, and the like) . Still further, for alkylene and heteroalkylene linking groups, no orientation of the linking group is implied by the direction in which the formula of the linking group is written. Where "heteroalkyl" is recited, followed by recitations of specific heteroalkyl groups, such as -NR'R” or the like, it will be understood that the terms heteroalkyl and -NR'R” are not redundant or mutually exclusive. Rather, the specific heteroalkyl groups are recited to add clarity. Thus, the term "heteroalkyl" should not be interpreted herein as excluding specific heteroalkyl groups, such as -NR'R” or the like.
[0102] Unless otherwise specified or contrary from context, a C1-4 heteroalkyl herein can have a general formula of H- (C0-4 alkylene) -Ma- (C0-4 alkylene) -Mb- (C0-4 alkylene) -Mc- (C0-4 alkylene) -, provided that the total number of carbons is 1-4, wherein Ma, Mb, and Mc are each independently null, O, S, S (O) , SO2, NH, N (C1-3 alkyl) , SO2NH, or SO2N (C1-3 alkyl) , provided that at least one of Ma, Mb, and Mc is not null. To be clear, when any of the C0-4 alkylene is a C0, it should be understood that such C0-4 alkylene does not exist. And when Ma, Mb, or Mc represents a linkage having two attaching points, such as SO2NH, it should be understood that either direction of attachment is allowed. In some preferred embodiments, Ma is null. When substituted, the C1-4 heteroalkyl can be substituted at any available position with one or more suitable substituents described herein. For example, in some embodiments, the C1-4 heteroalkyl may have one carbon atom substituted with oxo.
[0103] “Carbocyclyl” or “carbocyclic” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a radical of a non–aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon group having from 3 to 14 ring carbon atoms ( “C3–14 carbocyclyl” ) and zero heteroatoms in the non–aromatic ring system. The carbocyclyl group can be either monocyclic ( “monocyclic carbocyclyl” ) or contain a fused, bridged or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system ( “bicyclic carbocyclyl” ) and can be saturated or can be partially unsaturated. Non-limiting exemplary carbocyclyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, norbornyl, decalin, adamantyl, cyclopentenyl, and cyclohexenyl.
[0104] In some embodiments, “carbocyclyl” is a saturated carbocyclyl group having from 3 to 14 ring carbon atoms ( “C3–14 cycloalkyl” ) . In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms ( “C3–10 cycloalkyl” ) . In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms ( “C3–8 cycloalkyl” ) . In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms ( “C3–6 cycloalkyl” ) . In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 5 to 6 ring carbon atoms ( “C5–6 cycloalkyl” ) . In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 5 to 10 ring carbon atoms ( “C5–10 cycloalkyl” ) .
[0105] “Heterocyclyl” or “heterocyclic” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a radical of a 3–to 14–membered non–aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1 to 4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, boron, phosphorus, and silicon ( “3–14 membered heterocyclyl” ) . In heterocyclyl groups that contain one or more nitrogen atoms, the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits. A heterocyclyl group can either be monocyclic ( “monocyclic heterocyclyl” ) or a fused, bridged, or spiro ring system, such as a bicyclic system ( “bicyclic heterocyclyl” ) , and can be saturated or can be partially unsaturated. Heterocyclyl bicyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings.
[0106] Exemplary 3–membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azirdinyl, oxiranyl, thiiranyl. Exemplary 4–membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azetidinyl, oxetanyl and thietanyl. Exemplary 5–membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, dihydrothiophenyl, pyrrolidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, and pyrrolyl–2, 5–dione. Exemplary 5–membered heterocyclyl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, dioxolanyl, oxasulfuranyl, disulfuranyl, and oxazolidin-2-one. Exemplary 5–membered heterocyclyl groups containing three heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazolinyl, oxadiazolinyl, and thiadiazolinyl. Exemplary 6–membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyridinyl, and thianyl. Exemplary 6–membered heterocyclyl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, dithianyl, and dioxanyl. Exemplary 6–membered heterocyclyl groups containing three heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazinanyl. Exemplary 7–membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azepanyl, oxepanyl and thiepanyl. Exemplary 8–membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azocanyl, oxecanyl and thiocanyl. Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups fused to a C6 aryl ring (also referred to herein as a 5, 6-bicyclic heterocyclic ring) include, without limitation, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothienyl, benzoxazolinonyl, and the like. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups fused to an aryl ring (also referred to herein as a 6, 6-bicyclic heterocyclic ring) include, without limitation, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, and the like.
[0107] “Aryl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a radical of a monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic or tricyclic) 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6, 10, or 14 pi electrons shared in a cyclic array) having 6–14 ring carbon atoms and zero heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system ( “C6–14 aryl” ) . In some embodiments, an aryl group has six ring carbon atoms ( “C6 aryl” ; e.g., phenyl) . In some embodiments, an aryl group has ten ring carbon atoms ( “C10 aryl” ; e.g., naphthyl such as 1–naphthyl and 2–naphthyl) . In some embodiments, an aryl group has fourteen ring carbon atoms ( “C14 aryl” ; e.g., anthracyl) .
[0108] “Aralkyl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to an alkyl substituted with one or more aryl groups, preferably, substituted with one aryl group. Examples of aralkyl include benzyl, phenethyl, etc. When an aralkyl is said to be optionally substituted, either the alkyl portion or the aryl portion of the aralkyl can be optionally substituted.
[0109] “Heteroaryl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a radical of a 5–14 membered monocyclic or bicyclic 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6 or 10 pi electrons shared in a cyclic array) having ring carbon atoms and 1–4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur ( “5–14 membered heteroaryl” ) . In heteroaryl groups that contain one or more nitrogen atoms, the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits. Heteroaryl bicyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings. Bicyclic heteroaryl groups wherein one ring does not contain a heteroatom (e.g., indolyl, quinolinyl, and the like) the point of attachment can be on either ring, i.e., either the ring bearing a heteroatom (e.g., 2–indolyl) or the ring that does not contain a heteroatom (e.g., 5–indolyl) . “Heteroaryl” also includes those ring systems comprising an oxo group and having 4n+2 pi electrons shared in their cyclic array. For the avoidance of doubt, the term “heteroaryl” herein also includes those heteroaromatic rings in which a nitrogen is oxidized, such as pyridinyl N-oxide, and those heteroaromatic rings in which one or more ring carbon atom exists as C (O) in one tautomeric form, such as pyridonyl.
[0110] Exemplary 5–membered heteroaryl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, pyrrolyl, furanyl, and thiophenyl. Exemplary 5–membered heteroaryl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, and isothiazolyl. Exemplary 5–membered heteroaryl groups containing three heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, and thiadiazolyl. Exemplary 5–membered heteroaryl groups containing four heteroatoms include, without limitation, tetrazolyl. Exemplary 6–membered heteroaryl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, pyridinyl. Exemplary 6–membered heteroaryl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and pyrazinyl. Exemplary 6–membered heteroaryl groups containing three or four heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazinyl and tetrazinyl, respectively. Exemplary 7–membered heteroaryl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azepinyl, oxepinyl, and thiepinyl. Exemplary 5, 6–bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiophenyl, isobenzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, benzoisofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, indolizinyl, and purinyl. Exemplary 6, 6–bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, and quinazolinyl.
[0111] “Heteroaralkyl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to an alkyl substituted with one or more heteroaryl groups, preferably, substituted with one heteroaryl group. When a heteroaralkyl is said to be optionally substituted, either the alkyl portion or the heteroaryl portion of the heteroaralkyl can be optionally substituted.
[0112] Unless otherwise specified or contrary from context, “heteroatom” as used herein generally refers to nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, boron, phosphorus, or silicon, more preferably refers to nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur.
[0113] As commonly understood in the art, alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, heteroalkylene, carbocyclylene, heterocyclylene, arylene, and heteroarylene refer to the corresponding divalent radicals of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl groups, respectively.
[0114] An “optionally substituted” group, such as an optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl groups, refers to the respective group that is unsubstituted or substituted. In general, the term “substituted” , whether preceded by the term “optionally” or not, means that at least one hydrogen present on a group (e.g., a carbon or nitrogen atom) is replaced with a permissible substituent, e.g., a substituent which upon substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., a compound which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, or other reaction. Unless otherwise indicated, a “substituted” group has a substituent at one or more substitutable positions of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure is substituted, the substituent can be the same or different at each position. Typically, when substituted, the optionally substituted groups herein can be substituted with one, two, three, four, or five substituents. Substituents can be a carbon atom substituent, a nitrogen atom substituent, an oxygen atom substituent or a sulfur atom substituent, as applicable.
[0115] Unless expressly stated to the contrary, combinations of substituents and / or variables are allowable only if such combinations are chemically allowed and result in a stable compound. A “stable” compound is a compound that can be prepared and isolated and whose structure and properties remain or can be caused to remain essentially unchanged for a period of time sufficient to allow use of the compound for the purposes described herein (e.g., therapeutic administration to a subject) .
[0116] In some embodiments, the “optionally substituted” alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, carbocyclic, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, or heterocyclic group herein can be unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents or even 5 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, -OH, protected hydroxyl, oxo (as applicable) , NH2, protected amino, NH (C1-4 alkyl) or a protected derivative thereof, N (C1-4 alkyl ( (C1-4 alkyl) , C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 alkoxy, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkoxy, phenyl, 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl containing 1, 2, or 3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, and N, 3-7 membered heterocyclyl containing 1 or 2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, and N, or independently selected from Br, -NH2, and -CN, wherein each of the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy phenyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents or even 4 or 5 substituents independently selected from F, -OH, oxo (as applicable) , C1-4 alkyl, fluoro-substituted C1-4 alkyl (e.g., CF3) , C1-4 alkoxy and fluoro-substituted C1-4 alkoxy, or independently selected from Cl, Br, -NH2, and -CN. In some embodiments, the “optionally substituted” aryl or heteroaryl group herein can be unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents or even 5 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, -OH, -CN, NH2, protected amino, NH (C1-4 alkyl) or a protected derivative thereof, N (C1-4 alkyl ( (C1-4 alkyl) , –S (=O) (C1-4 alkyl) , –SO2 (C1-4 alkyl) , C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 alkoxy, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkoxy, phenyl, 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl containing 1, 2 or 3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, and N, 3-7 membered heterocyclyl containing 1 or 2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, and N, wherein each of the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, phenyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents or even 4 or 5 substituents independently selected from F, -OH, oxo (as applicable) , C1-4 alkyl, fluoro-substituted C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 alkoxy and fluoro-substituted C1-4 alkoxy, or independently selected from Cl, Br, -NH2, and -CN. In some embodiments, unless otherwise specified or contrary from context, an “optionally substituted” group herein can be optionally substituted with one or more (such as 1, 2, or 3) substituents independently selected from F, -OH, Cl, Br, -NH2, -CN, oxo (as applicable) , C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 alkyl substituted with 1-3 F, C1-4 alkoxy, C1-4 alkoxy substituted with 1-3 F, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, and O- (C3-4 cycloalkyl) . In some embodiments, unless otherwise specified or contrary from context, an “optionally substituted” group herein can be optionally substituted with one or more (such as 1, 2, or 3) substituents independently selected from F, -OH, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 alkyl substituted with 1-3 F, C1-4 alkoxy, C1-4 alkoxy substituted with 1-3 F, cyclopropyl, and cyclobutyl.
[0117] Exemplary carbon atom substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, –CN, –NO2, –N3, –SO2H, –SO3H, –OH, –ORaa, –ON (Rbb) 2, –N (Rbb) 2, –N (Rbb) 3+X–, –N (ORcc) Rbb, –SH, –SRaa, –SSRcc, –C (=O) Raa, –CO2H, –CHO, –C (ORcc) 2, –CO2Raa, –OC (=O) Raa, –OCO2Raa, –C (=O) N (Rbb) 2, –OC (=O) N (Rbb) 2, –NRbbC (=O) Raa, –NRbbCO2Raa, –NRbbC (=O) N (Rbb) 2, –C (=NRbb) Raa, –C (=NRbb) ORaa, –OC (=NRbb) Raa, –OC (=NRbb) ORaa, –C (=NRbb) N (Rbb) 2, –OC (=NRbb) N (Rbb) 2, –NRbbC (=NRbb) N (Rbb) 2, –C (=O) NRbbSO2Raa, –NRbbSO2Raa, –SO2N (Rbb) 2, –SO2Raa, –SO2ORaa, –OSO2Raa, –S (=O) Raa, –OS (=O) Raa, –Si (Raa) 3, –OSi (Raa) 3 –C (=S) N (Rbb) 2, –C (=O) SRaa, –C (=S) SRaa, –SC (=S) SRaa, –SC (=O) SRaa, –OC (=O) SRaa, –SC (=O) ORaa, –SC (=O) Raa, –P (=O) (Raa) 2, -P (=O) (ORcc) 2, –OP (=O) (Raa) 2, –OP (=O) (ORcc) 2, –P (=O) (N (Rbb) 2) 2, –OP (=O) (N (Rbb) 2) 2, -NRbbP (=O) (Raa) 2, –NRbbP (=O) (ORcc) 2, –NRbbP (=O) (N (Rbb) 2) 2, –P (Rcc) 2, -P (ORcc) 2, –P (Rcc) 3+X-, -P (ORcc) 3+X-, -P (Rcc) 4, -P (ORcc) 4, –OP (Rcc) 2, –OP (Rcc) 3+X-, -OP (ORcc) 2, -OP (ORcc) 3+X-, -OP (Rcc) 4, -OP (ORcc) 4, –B (Raa) 2, –B (ORcc) 2, –BRaa (ORcc) , C1–10 alkyl, C1–10 haloalkyl, C2–10 alkenyl, C2–10 alkynyl, C3–10 carbocyclyl, 3–14 membered heterocyclyl, C6–14 aryl, and 5–14 membered heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Rdd groups; wherein X-is a counterion; or two geminal hydrogens on a carbon atom are replaced with the group =O, =S, =NN (Rbb) 2, =NNRbbC (=O) Raa, =NNRbbC (=O) ORaa, =NNRbbS (=O) 2Raa, =NRbb, or =NORcc; each instance of Raa is, independently, selected from C1–10 alkyl, C1–10 haloalkyl, C2–10 alkenyl, C2–10 alkynyl, C3–10 carbocyclyl, 3–14 membered heterocyclyl, C6–14 aryl, and 5–14 membered heteroaryl, or two Raa groups are joined to form a 3–14 membered heterocyclyl or 5–14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Rdd groups; each instance of Rbb is, independently, selected from hydrogen, –OH, –ORaa, –N (Rcc) 2, –CN, –C (=O) Raa, –C (=O) N (Rcc) 2, –CO2Raa, –SO2Raa, –C (=NRcc) ORaa, –C (=NRcc) N (Rcc) 2, –SO2N (Rcc) 2, –SO2Rcc, –SO2ORcc, –SORaa, –C (=S) N (Rcc) 2, –C (=O) SRcc, –C (=S) SRcc, –P (=O) (Raa) 2, -P (=O) (ORcc) 2, –P (=O) (N (Rcc) 2) 2, C1–10 alkyl, C1–10 haloalkyl, C2–10 alkenyl, C2–10 alkynyl, C3–10 carbocyclyl, 3–14 membered heterocyclyl, C6–14 aryl, and 5–14 membered heteroaryl, or two Rbb groups are joined to form a 3–14 membered heterocyclyl or 5–14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Rdd groups; wherein X-is a counterion; each instance of Rcc is, independently, selected from hydrogen, C1–10 alkyl, C1–10 haloalkyl, C2–10 alkenyl, C2–10 alkynyl, C3–10 carbocyclyl, 3–14 membered heterocyclyl, C6–14 aryl, and 5–14 membered heteroaryl, or two Rcc groups are joined to form a 3–14 membered heterocyclyl or 5–14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Rdd groups; each instance of Rdd is, independently, selected from halogen, –CN, –NO2, –N3, –SO2H, – SO3H, –OH, –ORee, –ON (Rff) 2, –N (Rff) 2, –N (Rff) 3+X–, –N (ORee) Rff, –SH, –SRee, –SSRee, –C (=O) Ree, –CO2H, –CO2Ree, –OC (=O) Ree, –OCO2Ree, –C (=O) N (Rff) 2, –OC (=O) N (Rff) 2, –NRffC (=O) Ree, –NRffCO2Ree, –NRffC (=O) N (Rff) 2, –C (=NRff) ORee, –OC (=NRff) Ree, –OC (=NRff) ORee, –C (=NRff) N (Rff) 2, –OC (=NRff) N (Rff) 2, –NRffC (=NRff) N (Rff) 2, –NRffSO2Ree, –SO2N (Rff) 2, –SO2Ree, –SO2ORee, –OSO2Ree, –S (=O) Ree, –Si (Ree) 3, –OSi (Ree) 3, –C (=S) N (Rff) 2, –C (=O) SRee, –C (=S) SRee, –SC (=S) SRee, –P (=O) (ORee) 2, –P (=O) (Ree) 2, –OP (=O) (Ree) 2, –OP (=O) (ORee) 2, C1–6 alkyl, C1–6 haloalkyl, C2–6 alkenyl, C2–6 alkynyl, C3–10 carbocyclyl, 3–10 membered heterocyclyl, C6–10 aryl, 5–10 membered heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Rgg groups, or two geminal Rdd substituents can be joined to form =O or =S; wherein X-is a counterion; each instance of Ree is, independently, selected from C1–6 alkyl, C1–6 haloalkyl, C2–6 alkenyl, C2–6 alkynyl, C3–10 carbocyclyl, C6–10 aryl, 3–10 membered heterocyclyl, and 3–10 membered heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Rgg groups; each instance of Rff is, independently, selected from hydrogen, C1–6 alkyl, C1–6 haloalkyl, C2–6 alkenyl, C2–6 alkynyl, C3–10 carbocyclyl, 3–10 membered heterocyclyl, C6–10 aryl and 5–10 membered heteroaryl, or two Rff groups are joined to form a 3–14 membered heterocyclyl or 5–14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Rgg groups; and each instance of Rgg is, independently, halogen, –CN, –NO2, –N3, –SO2H, –SO3H, –OH, – OC1–6 alkyl, –ON (C1–6 alkyl) 2, –N (C1–6 alkyl) 2, –N (C1–6 alkyl) 3+X–, –NH (C1–6 alkyl) 2+X–, –NH2 (C1–6 alkyl) +X–, –NH3+X–, –N (OC1–6 alkyl) (C1–6 alkyl) , –N (OH) (C1–6 alkyl) , –NH (OH) , –SH, –SC1–6 alkyl, –SS (C1–6 alkyl) , –C (=O) (C1–6 alkyl) , –CO2H, –CO2 (C1–6 alkyl) , –OC (=O) (C1–6 alkyl) , –OCO2 (C1–6 alkyl) , –C (=O) NH2, –C (=O) N (C1–6 alkyl) 2, –OC (=O) NH (C1–6 alkyl) , –NHC (=O) (C1–6 alkyl) , –N (C1–6 alkyl) C (=O) (C1–6 alkyl) , –NHCO2 (C1–6 alkyl) , –NHC (=O) N (C1–6 alkyl) 2, –NHC (=O) NH (C1–6 alkyl) , –NHC (=O) NH2, –C (=NH) O (C1–6 alkyl) , –OC (=NH) (C1–6 alkyl) , –OC (=NH) OC1–6 alkyl, –C (=NH) N (C1–6 alkyl) 2, –C (=NH) NH (C1–6 alkyl) , –C (=NH) NH2, –OC (=NH) N (C1–6 alkyl) 2, –OC (NH) NH (C1–6 alkyl) , –OC (NH) NH2, –NHC (NH) N (C1–6 alkyl) 2, –NHC (=NH) NH2, –NHSO2 (C1–6 alkyl) , –SO2N (C1–6 alkyl) 2, –SO2NH (C1–6 alkyl) , –SO2NH2, –SO2C1–6 alkyl, –SO2OC1–6 alkyl, –OSO2C1–6 alkyl, –SOC1–6 alkyl, –Si (C1–6 alkyl) 3, –OSi (C1–6 alkyl) 3 –C (=S) N (C1–6 alkyl) 2, C (=S) NH (C1–6 alkyl) , C (=S) NH2, –C (=O) S (C1–6 alkyl) , –C (=S) SC1–6 alkyl, –SC (=S) SC1–6 alkyl, –P (=O) (OC1–6 alkyl) 2, –P (=O) (C1–6 alkyl) 2, –OP (=O) (C1–6 alkyl) 2, –OP (=O) (OC1–6 alkyl) 2, C1–6 alkyl, C1–6 haloalkyl, C2–6 alkenyl, C2–6 alkynyl, C3–10 carbocyclyl, C6–10 aryl, 3–10 membered heterocyclyl, 5–10 membered heteroaryl; or two geminal Rgg substituents can be joined to form =O or =S; wherein X–is a counterion. In case of the term “–N (C1–6 alkyl) 2” , “–N (OC1–6 alkyl) (C1–6 alkyl) ” , or “–N (C1–6 alkyl) 3+X–” , the two or three groups “C1–6 alkyl” can be the same C1–6 alkyl or different C1–6 alkyls. The same applies to the similar terms, such as “–N (C1–4 alkyl) 2” , “–N (C1–2 alkyl) 2” , “–C (C1–6 alkyl) 2–” , “–C (C1–6 alkyl) 3” , “–P (=O) (C1–6 alkyl) 2” , “–P (=O) (OC1–6 alkyl) 2” , “–Si (C1–6 alkyl) 3” and so on.
[0118] A “counterion” or “anionic counterion” is a negatively charged group associated with a positively charged group in order to maintain electronic neutrality. An anionic counterion may be monovalent (i.e., including one formal negative charge) . An anionic counterion may also be multivalent (i.e., including more than one formal negative charge) , such as divalent or trivalent. Exemplary counterions include halide ions (e.g., F–, Cl–, Br–, I–) , NO3–, ClO4–, OH–, H2PO4–, HSO4–, sulfonate ions (e.g., methansulfonate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, p–toluenesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, 10–camphor sulfonate, naphthalene–2–sulfonate, naphthalene–1–sulfonic acid–5–sulfonate, ethan–1–sulfonic acid–2–sulfonate, and the like) , carboxylate ions (e.g., acetate, propanoate, benzoate, glycerate, lactate, tartrate, glycolate, gluconate, and the like) , BF4–, PF4–, PF6–, AsF6–, SbF6–, B [3, 5- (CF3) 2C6H3] 4] –, BPh4–, Al (OC (CF3) 3) 4–, and a carborane anion (e.g., CB11H12–or (HCB11Me5Br6) –) . Exemplary counterions which may be multivalent include CO32-, HPO42-, PO43-, B4O72-, SO42-, S2O32-, carboxylate anions (e.g., tartrate, citrate, fumarate, maleate, malate, malonate, gluconate, succinate, glutarate, adipate, pimelate, suberate, azelate, sebacate, salicylate, phthalates, aspartate, glutamate, and the like) , and carboranes.
[0119] “Halo” or “halogen” refers to fluorine (fluoro, –F) , chlorine (chloro, –Cl) , bromine (bromo, –Br) , or iodine (iodo, –I) .
[0120] “Acyl” refers to a moiety selected from the group consisting of –C (=O) Raa, –CHO, –CO2Raa, –C (=O) N (Rbb) 2, –C (=NRbb) Raa, –C (=NRbb) ORaa, –C (=NRbb) N (Rbb) 2, –C (=O) NRbbSO2Raa, –C (=S) N (Rbb) 2, –C (=O) SRaa, or –C (=S) SRaa, wherein Raa and Rbb are as defined herein.
[0121] Nitrogen atoms can be substituted or unsubstituted as valency permits, and include primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary nitrogen atoms. Exemplary nitrogen atom substituents include, but are not limited to, hydrogen, –OH, –ORaa, –N (Rcc) 2, –CN, –C (=O) Raa, –C (=O) N (Rcc) 2, –CO2Raa, –SO2Raa, –C (=NRbb) Raa, –C (=NRcc) ORaa, –C (=NRcc) N (Rcc) 2, –SO2N (Rcc) 2, –SO2Rcc, –SO2ORcc, –SORaa, –C (=S) N (Rcc) 2, –C (=O) SRcc, –C (=S) SRcc, –P (=O) (ORcc) 2, –P (=O) (Raa) 2, –P (=O) (N (Rcc) 2) 2, C1–10 alkyl, C1–10 haloalkyl, C2–10 alkenyl, C2–10 alkynyl, C3–10 carbocyclyl, 3–14 membered heterocyclyl, C6–14 aryl, and 5–14 membered heteroaryl, or two Rcc groups attached to a nitrogen atom are joined to form a 3–14 membered heterocyclyl or 5–14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Rdd groups, and wherein Raa, Rbb, Rcc, and Rdd are as defined above.
[0122] In certain embodiments, the substituent present on a nitrogen atom is a nitrogen protecting group (also referred to as an amino protecting group) . Nitrogen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, –OH, –ORaa, –N (Rcc) 2, –C (=O) Raa, –C (=O) N (Rcc) 2, –CO2Raa, –SO2Raa, –C (=NRcc) Raa, –C (=NRcc) ORaa, –C (=NRcc) N (Rcc) 2, –SO2N (Rcc) 2, –SO2Rcc, –SO2ORcc, –SORaa, –C (=S) N (Rcc) 2, –C (=O) SRcc, –C (=S) SRcc, C1–10 alkyl, ar-C1-10 alkyl, heteroar-C1-10 alkyl, C2–10 alkenyl, C2–10 alkynyl, C3–10 carbocyclyl, 3–14 membered heterocyclyl, C6–14 aryl, and 5–14 membered heteroaryl groups, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aralkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Rdd groups, and wherein Raa, Rbb, Rcc and Rdd are as defined herein. Nitrogen protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3rd edition, John Wiley &Sons, 1999, incorporated by reference herein.
[0123] Exemplary oxygen atom substituents include, but are not limited to, –Raa, –C (=O) SRaa, –C (=O) Raa, –CO2Raa, –C (=O) N (Rbb) 2, –C (=NRbb) Raa, –C (=NRbb) ORaa, –C (=NRbb) N (Rbb) 2, –S (=O) Raa, –SO2Raa, –Si (Raa) 3, –P (Rcc) 2, –P (Rcc) 3+X-, -P (ORcc) 2, -P (ORcc) 3+X-, –P (=O) (Raa) 2, –P (=O) (ORcc) 2, and –P (=O) (N (Rbb) 2) 2, wherein X-, Raa, Rbb, and Rcc are as defined herein. In certain embodiments, the oxygen atom substituent present on an oxygen atom is an oxygen protecting group (also referred to as a hydroxyl protecting group) . Oxygen protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, T.W. Greene and P.G.M. Wuts, 3rd edition, John Wiley &Sons, 1999, incorporated herein by reference. Exemplary oxygen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, alkyl ethers or substituted alkyl ethers such as methyl, allyl, benzyl, substituted benzyls such as 4-methoxybenzyl, methoxymethyl (MOM) , benzyloxymethyl (BOM) , 2–methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM) , etc., silyl ethers such as trymethylsilyl (TMS) , triethylsilyl (TES) , triisopropylsilyl (TIPS) , t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) , etc., acetals or ketals, such as tetrahydropyranyl (THP) , esters such as formate, acetate, chloroacetate, dichloroacetate, trichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, methoxyacetate, etc., carbonates, sulfonates such as methanesulfonate (mesylate) , benzylsulfonate, and tosylate (Ts) , etc.
[0124] The term “leaving group” is given its ordinary meaning in the art of synthetic organic chemistry, for example, it can refer to an atom or a group capable of being displaced by a nucleophile. See, for example, Smith, March Advanced Organic Chemistry 6th ed. (501-502) . Examples of suitable leaving groups include, but are not limited to, halogen (such as F, Cl, Br, or I (iodine) ) , alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, alkanesulfonyloxy, arenesulfonyloxy, alkyl-carbonyloxy (e.g., acetoxy) , arylcarbonyloxy, aryloxy, methoxy, N, O-dimethylhydroxylamino, pixyl, and haloformates.
[0125] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art.
[0126] The term “tautomers” or “tautomeric” refers to two or more interconvertible compounds resulting from at least one formal migration of a hydrogen atom and at least one change in valency (e.g., a single bond to a double bond, a triple bond to a single bond, or vice versa) . The exact ratio of the tautomers depends on several factors, including temperature, solvent, and pH. Tautomerizations (i.e., the reaction providing a tautomeric pair) may catalyzed by acid or base. Exemplary tautomerizations include keto-to-enol, amide-to-imide, lactam-to-lactim, enamine-to-imine, and enamine-to- (adifferent enamine) tautomerizations.
[0127] The term “subject” (alternatively referred to herein as “patient” ) as used herein, refers to an animal, preferably a mammal, most preferably a human, who has been the object of treatment, observation or experiment.
[0128] As used herein, the terms "treat" , "treating" , "treatment, " and the like refer to eliminating, reducing, or ameliorating a disease or condition, and / or symptoms associated therewith. Although not precluded, treating a disease or condition does not require that the disease, condition, or symptoms associated therewith be completely eliminated. As used herein, the terms "treat, " "treating, " "treatment, " and the like may include "prophylactic treatment, " which refers to reducing the probability of redeveloping a disease or condition, or of a recurrence of a previously-controlled disease or condition, in a subject who does not have, but is at risk of or is susceptible to, redeveloping a disease or condition or a recurrence of the disease or condition. The term "treat" and synonyms contemplate administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein to a subject in need of such treatment.
[0129] As used herein, the phrase “administration” of a compound, “administering” a compound, or other variants thereof means providing the compound or a prodrug of the compound to the individual in need of treatment.
[0130] As used herein, the singular form “a” , “an” , and “the” , includes plural references unless it is expressly stated or is unambiguously clear from the context that such is not intended.
[0131] As used herein, the term "one or more" refers to one or more than one. For example, in some embodiments, the term "one or more" refers to one or two. In some embodiments, the term "one or more" refers to one, two or three. In some embodiments, the term "one or more" refers to one, two, three, or four. In some embodiments, the term "one or more" refers to one, two, three, four, or five.
[0132] The term “and / or” as used in a phrase such as “A and / or B” herein is intended to include both A and B; A or B; A (alone) ; and B (alone) . Likewise, the term “and / or” as used in a phrase such as “A, B, and / or C” is intended to encompass each of the following embodiments: A, B, and C; A, B, or C; A or C; A or B; B or C; A and C; A and B; B and C; A (alone) ; B (alone) ; and C (alone) .
[0133] Headings and subheadings are used for convenience and / or formal compliance only, do not limit the subject technology, and are not referred to in connection with the interpretation of the description of the subject technology. Features described under one heading or one subheading of the subject disclosure may be combined, in various embodiments, with features described under other headings or subheadings. Further it is not necessarily the case that all features under a single heading or a single subheading are used together in embodiments. Examples
[0134] The various starting materials, intermediates, and compounds of the preferred embodiments can be isolated and purified where appropriate using conventional techniques such as precipitation, filtration, crystallization, evaporation, distillation, and chromatography. Characterization of these compounds can be performed using conventional methods such as by melting point, mass spectrum, nuclear magnetic resonance, and various other spectroscopic analyses. Exemplary embodiments of steps for performing the synthesis of products described herein are described in greater detail infra.
[0135] Exemplary embodiments of steps for performing the synthesis of products described herein are described in greater detail infra. Some of the Examples discussed herein can be prepared by separating the corresponding racemic / diastereomeric mixtures. Some of the Examples discussed herein can be prepared by chiral synthesis using chiral reagents and / or starting material. As would be understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art, the compounds described in the Examples section immediately prior to the chiral separation step, e.g., by supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) , exist in racemic and / or stereoisomeric mixture forms. It should be understood that the enantiomeric excesses ( "ee" ) and / or diastereomeric excesses ( “de” ) reported for the examples herein are only representative from the exemplified procedures herein and not limiting; those of ordinary skill in the art would understand that such enantiomers and / or diastereomers with a different ee and / or de, such as a higher ee and / or de, can be obtained in view of the present disclosure. Typically, a "de" value is reported herein when a pair of diastereomers, having only one of the chiral centers being different, are separated from a corresponding diastereomeric mixture. In such cases, the "de" value indicates the degree of enrichment of one of the diastereomers.
[0136] The abbreviations used in the Examples section should be understood as having their ordinary meanings in the art unless specifically indicated otherwise or obviously contrary from context. The following shows certain abbreviations used in the Examples section herein. Example 1. Synthesis of Compound 1
[0137] Step 1: To a solution of 4, 6-dichloro-5-methoxypyrimidine (50 g, 279.3 mmol) in THF (400 mL) was added dropwise methylmagnesium chloride (10.2 mL, 30.6 mmol, 3M in THF) at 5 ℃ under nitrogen. The reaction mixture was stirred at 5 ℃ for 1 hr, then quenched with aqueous HCl (1M) and extracted with MTBE. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (EtOAc / PE (5 / 1) ) to afford 1-1 (36.5 g) .
[0138] Step 2: To a solution of 1-1 (15 g, 94.58 mmol) in MeOH (75 mL) were added bis [5- (diphenylphosphanyl) cyclopenta-1, 3-dienyl] -λ2-iron (II) dichloromethane palladium chloride (4.6 g, 5.7 mmol) and TEA (26.3 mL, 189.2 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 60 ℃ for 16 hrs under carbon monoxide atmosphere. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (20%EtOAc in PE) to afford 1-2 (10 g) .
[0139] Step 3: A solution of 1-2 (10 g, 54.9 mmol) in hydrobromic acid (42 mL) was stirred at 40 ℃ for 10 hrs. Then to the above solution was added hydroiodic acid (42 mL) and the resulting mixture was stirred for another 6 hrs. The pH was adjusted to 3~4 with NaOH (50%in water) at 0~20 ℃. The mixture was filtered and the collected crude solid was purified by prep-HPLC (MeCN / 0.05%FA in water: 0%~10%) to give 1-3 (1.68 g) .
[0140] Step 4: To a suspension of zinc (4.9 g, 75 mmol) in THF (30 mL) was added dropwise 1, 2-dibromoethane (0.7 mL, 7.8 mmol) , followed by chlorotrimethylsilane (1.0 mL, 7.8 mmol) under N2 atmosphere. The mixture was stirred for 15 mins, to which was then added a solution of ethyl bromoacetate (10 g, 60 mmol) in THF (30 mL) . The resulting mixture was stirred at 40 ℃ for 1 hr. A solution of 1-4 in THF (~1 M) was obtained, which was used for next step directly.
[0141] Step 5: To the solution of 3, 5-dibromo-2H-1, 2, 4-triazole (20 g, 88.2 mmol) in DMF (200 mL) was added NaH (4.2 g, 105.8 mmol) at 0 ℃ for 30 mins, followed by MOMBr (13.2 g, 105.8 mmol) at 0 ℃. The mixture was stirred at 20 ℃ for 3 hrs under N2 atmosphere. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in a mixture of DCM and heptane (v / v, 1 / 5) and stirred. The precipitate cake was collected by filtration and dried to give 1-5 (20 g) .
[0142] Step 6: A mixture of 1-5 (8 g, 29.5 mmol) , ethyl (R) -5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylate (3.71 g, 23.6 mmol) , CuI (1.4 g, 7.4 mmol) , 1, 10-phenanthroline (2.7 g, 14.8 mmol) and K2CO3 (6.5 g, 47.2 mmol) in dioxane (150 mL) was stirred at 115 ℃ for 16 hrs under N2 atmosphere. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (0-100%DCM / PE) to give 1-6 (4.4 g) .
[0143] Step 7: To a solution of 1-6 (3.5 g, 10.1 mmol) in MeOH (35 mL) was added NaBH4 (0.6 g, 15.1 mmol) at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was quenched with 10 mL saturated NH4Cl solution and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated to give 1-7 (3 g) .
[0144] Step 8: To a solution of 1-7 (3.5 g, 11.5 mmol) and 1H-imidazole (2.3 g, 34.4 mmol) in DCM (110 mL) were added DMAP (0.1 g, 1.1 mmol) and TBDPSCl (5.9 g, 22.9 mmol) at 25 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with DCM. The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-100%DCM / PE) to give 1-8 (4 g) .
[0145] Step 9: To a solution of 1-8 (3 g, 5.5 mmol) in toluene (27 mL) was added Lawesson's Reagent (2.9 g, 7.2 mmol) at 25 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 115 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with DCM. The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (50%EtOAc / PE) to give 1-9 (2.5 g) .
[0146] Step 10: To a solution of 1-9 (500 mg, 0.9 mmol) in THF (9 mL) was added a solution of 1-4 (4.5 mL, 4.5 mmol, 1M in THF) . The mixture was stirred at 65 ℃ for 2 hrs under N2 atmosphere. The reaction mixture was diluted with saturated NH4Cl solution and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (10%EtOAc / PE) to give 1-10 (300 mg) .
[0147] Step 11: The mixture of 1-10 (1 g, 1.6 mmol) in HCl / dioxane (15 mL, 4M) was stirred at 100 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated to give 1-11 (850 mg) .
[0148] Step 12: To a solution of 1-11 (800 mg, 1.5 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added TBAF (4.6 mL, 4.6 mmol, 1M in THF) at 25 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (0-10%MeOH / DCM) to give 1-12 (435 mg) .
[0149] Step 13: A mixture of 1-12 (1 g, 3.5 mmol) , Fe (NO3) 3·9H2O (1.42 g, 3.5 mmol) , 2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidinooxy (548 mg, 3.5 mmol) and potassium chloride (261.5 mg, 3.5 mmol) in DCE (50 mL) was stirred at 30 ℃ for 24 hrs under O2 atmosphere (15 psi) . The reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by prep-HPLC (0-12%MeCN / (0.05%FA in water) ) to give 1-13 (380 mg) .
[0150] Step 14: To a solution of 1-13 (300 mg, 1 mmol) and 2-chloro-4- (trifluoromethyl) aniline (392 mg, 2 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) were added TCFH (844.3 mg, 3 mmol) and NMI (411.8 mg, 5 mmol) at 25 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (0-80%EtOAc / PE) to give 1-14 (250 mg) .
[0151] Step 15: To a solution of 1-14 (300 mg, 0.6 mmol) and 2- (3, 6-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) -4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethyl-1, 3, 2-dioxaborolane (132.2 mg, 0.6 mmol) in dioxane (10 mL) and water (1 mL) were added Pd (dppf) Cl2 (46.1 mg, 0.06 mmol) and K3PO4 (334 mg, 1.6 mmol) at 25 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 100 ℃ for 2 hrs. The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (0-70%EtOAc / PE) to give 1-15 (100 mg) .
[0152] Step 16: To a solution of 1-15 (90 mg, 0.2 mmol) in MeCN (2 mL) was added NBS (33.4 mg, 0.2 mmol) at 25 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (0-80%EtOAc / PE) to give 1-16 (90 mg) .
[0153] Step 17: A solution of 1-16 (90 mg, 0.16 mmol) and piperazine (0.5 mL, 6.4 mmol) in DMSO (2 mL) was stirred at 140 ℃ for 3 hrs. The reaction mixture was filtered, concentrated and purified by prep-HPLC (MeCN / (0.05%FA in water) : 0-45%) to give 1-17 (15 mg) .
[0154] Step 18: To a solution of 1-17 (10 mg, 0.02 mmol) and 1-3 (4.1 mg, 0.03 mmol) in DMF (1 mL) were added EDCI (6.8 mg, 0.04 mmol) , HOBt (4.8 mg, 0.04 mmol) and pyridine (0.007 mL, 0.09 mmol) at 25 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was filtered, concentrated and purified by prep-HPLC (MeCN / 0.05%FA in water: 5%-60%) to give 1 (2.1 mg) . LCMS (ESI, m / z) : [M+H] + = 700.2. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) : δ 10.49 (s, 1H) , 8.52 (s, 1H) , 8.00-7.97 (m, 2H) , 7.75-7.73 (m, 1H) , 6.79 (s, 1H) , 5.64-5.60 (m, 1H) , 4.25-4.24 (m, 2H) , 3.81-3.78 (m, 3H) , 3.26-3.19 (m, 5H) , 3.15-3.06 (m, 5H) , 2.76-2.71 (m, 3H) , 2.42 (s, 3H) , 2.33-2.22 (m, 1H) . 19F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) : δ -60.82 (3F) . Example 2. Synthesis of Compounds 2 and 3
[0155] Step 1: A mixture of 1- (tert-butyl) 2-ethyl (R) -5-oxopyrrolidine-1, 2-dicarboxylate (10.3 g, 40 mmol) and 1-tert-butoxy-N, N, N', N'-tetramethylmethanediamine (9.8 g, 56 mmol) was stirred at 80 ℃ for 16 hrs under N2 atmosphere. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was stirred in DCM (5 mL) and hexane (150 mL) . The precipitate was collected by filtration and dried to give 2-1 (10.3 g) .
[0156] Step 2: A mixture of 2-1 (10.0 g, 32 mmol) , Pd / C (1 g, 10%wt) and Pd (OH) 2 (1 g, 10%wt) in EtOAc (32 mL) and IPA (160 mL) was stirred at 25 ℃ for 72 hrs under H2 atmosphere. The reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (1 / 3-1 / 1, EtOAc / PE) to give 2-2 (7.36 g) .
[0157] Step 3: A mixture of 2-2 (4.3 g, 15.8 mmol) and HCl (10 mL, 4M in dioxane) in DCM (10 mL) was stirred at RT for 1 hr under N2 atmosphere. The reaction mixture was concentrated to give 2-3 (2.7 g) .
[0158] Step 4: A mixture of 1-5 (10.8 g, 40 mmol) , 2-3 (2.74 g, 16 mmol) , CuI (1.9 g, 10 mmol) , 1, 10-phenanthroline (3.6 g, 20 mmol) and K2CO3 (4.42 g, 32 mmol) in dioxane (160 mL) was stirred at 115 ℃ for 16 hrs under N2 atmosphere. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (0-35%EtOAc in PE) to give 2-4 (9.9 g) .
[0159] Step 5: To a solution of 2-4 (9.9 g, 16.4 mmol) in MeOH (100 mL) was added NaBH4 (1.37 g, 36.2 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at RT for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated NH4Cl solution and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give 2-5 (5.25 g, crude) .
[0160] Step 6: To a solution of 2-5 (5.24 g, 16.4 mmol) in DCM (60 mL) were added imidazole (2.24 g, 32.9 mmol) and DMAP (201 mg, 1.6 mmol) , followed by TBDPSCl (6.38 g, 24.7 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at RT for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography (15%EtOAc in PE) to give 2-6 (5.9 g) .
[0161] Step 7: A mixture of 2-6 (5.9 g, 10.6 mmol) and Lawesson's Reagent (5.14 g, 12.7 mmol) in toluene (60 mL) was stirred at 85 ℃ for 16 hrs under N2 atmosphere. The mixture was concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography (0-10%EtOAc in PE) to give 2-7 (4.6 g) .
[0162] Step 8: To a solution of 2-7 (4.7 g, 8.2 mmol) in THF (47 mL) was added 1-4 (41 mL, 1M in THF) . The mixture was stirred at 65 ℃ for 2 hrs under N2 atmosphere. The mixture was quenched with saturated NH4Cl solution and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give 2-8 (5.6 g, crude) .
[0163] Step 9: A mixture of 2-8 (5 g, 8 mmol) and HCl in dioxane (20 mL, 4M) was stirred at 75 ℃ for 1 hr. The mixture was concentrated to give 2-9 (crude) , which was used in the next step directly.
[0164] Step 10: To a solution of 2-9 (4.28 g, 8 mmol) in THF (43 mL) was added TBAF (8 mL, 1M in THF) , and the mixture was stirred at RT for 30 mins. The mixture was concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography (EtOAc) and further flash column chromatography (1 / 10, (0.05%NH4OH in MeOH) / DCM) to give 2-10.
[0165] Step 11: A mixture of 2-10 (463 mg, 1.5 mmol) , Fe (NO3) 3·9H2O (625.3 mg, 1.5 mmol) , TEMPO (241.8 mg, 1.5 mmol) and potassium chloride (115.4 mg, 1.5 mmol) in DCE (30 mL) was stirred at 30 ℃ for 48 hrs under O2 atmosphere. The mixture was concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography (0-80%, MeOH / DCM) to give 2-11 (374 mg, crude) .
[0166] Step 12: A mixture of 2-11 (275 mg, 0.9 mmol) , 2-chloro-4- (trifluoromethyl) aniline (343.5 mg, 1.8 mmol) , CMPI (673.2 mg, 2.6 mmol) and 2, 6-lutidine (470.6 mg, 4.4 mmol) in MeCN (9 mL) was stirred at 75 ℃ for 1 hr. The mixture was concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography (0-80%, EtOAc / PE) to give 2-12 (410 mg) .
[0167] Step 13: A mixture of 2-12 (410 mg, 0.8 mmol) , 2- (3, 6-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) -4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethyl-1, 3, 2-dioxaborolane (351.1 mg, 1.7 mmol) , Pd (dppf) Cl2·CH2Cl2 (68.2 mg, 0.08 mmol) and K3PO4 (532 mg, 2.5 mmol) in dioxane (8 mL) and water (2 mL) was stirred at 85 ℃ for 1 hr under N2 atmosphere. The mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (0-100%, EtOAc / PE) to give 2-13A (270 mg) and 2-13B (110 mg) .
[0168] Step 14: To a solution of 2-13B (110 mg, 0.22 mmol) in MeCN (20 mL) was added NBS (47.6 mg, 0.27 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at RT for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography (0-80%, EtOAc / PE) to give 2-14B (144 mg) .
[0169] Step 15: To a mixture of 2-14B (80 mg, 0.25 mmol) in DMSO (3 mL) was added piperazine (866.3 mg, 10.06 mmol) and molecular sieves (144 mg) . The mixture was stirred at 140 ℃ for 3 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was dissolved in DCM (10 mL) . To the above solution was added 2, 6-lutidine (537.7 mg, 5.02 mmol) , followed by (Boc) 2O (1.09 g, 5.02 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at RT for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was concentrated. The residue was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (0-80%, EtOAc / PE) to give 2-15B-P1 (43 mg) and 2-15B-P2 (61 mg) .
[0170] Step 16: A mixture of 2-15B-P1 (43 mg) and HCl (0.5 mL, 4M in dioxane) in DCM (0.5 mL) was stirred at RT for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was concentrated to give 2-16B-P1 (42 mg, crude) . 2-16B-P2 (17 mg, crude) was obtained from 2-15B-P2 following the similar procedure.
[0171] Step 17: To a solution of 2-16B-P1 (42 mg, 0.062 mmol) and 1-3 (10.6 mg, 0.069 mmol) in DMF (1 mL) was added EDCI (23.9 mg, 0.13 mmol) , HOBt (16.8 mg, 0.125 mmol) and pyridine (24.6 mg, 0.31 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 40 mins. The reaction mixture was purified by prep-HPLC (MeCN / 0.05%FA in water: 5-50%) to give 2 (7.4 mg) . LCMS (ESI, m / z) : [M+H] += 714.4. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) : δ 11.79 (s, 1H) , 9.10 (s, 1H) , 8.59 (s, 1H) , 8.44 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.66 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.53 (dd, J = 8.8 Hz, 2.0 Hz, 1H) , 6.92 (s, 1H) , 5.34-5.31 (m, 1H) , 4.35 (s, 2H) , 3.92-3.90 (m, 2H) , 3.89-3.80 (m, 1H) , 3.79-3.20 (m, 8H) , 3.11-3.06 (m, 1H) , 2.76-2.70 (m, 2H) , 2.57 (s, 3H) , 2.27-2.19 (m, 1H) , 1.71 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H) . 19F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) : δ -62.50 (3F) . Compound 3 (8.2 mg) was obtained from 2-16B-P2 following the similar procedure. LCMS (ESI, m / z) : [M+H] += 714.4. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) : δ 11.80 (s, 1H) , 9.53 (s, 1H) , 8.59 (s, 1H) , 8.43 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.66 (s, 1H) , 7.57-7.51 (m, 1H) , 6.95 (s, 1H) , 5.40-5.37 (m, 1H) , 4.37 (s, 2H) , 3.93-3.90 (m, 2H) , 3.81-3.77 (m, 1H) , 3.70-2.90 (m, 8H) , 2.84-2.66 (m, 4H) , 2.57 (s, 3H) , 1.55-1.54 (m, 3H) . 19F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) : δ -62.50 (3F) . Example 3. Synthesis of Compound 8
[0172] Step 1: To a solution of 5 (21.4 mg, 0.03 mmol) in THF (1 mL) was added DIEA (5.8 mg, 0.045 mmol) , followed by acetic anhydride (3.7 mg, 0.036 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at RT for 1 hr and concentrated. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC (MeCN / 0.05%FA in water: 5-95%) to give 8 (15 mg) . LCMS (ESI, m / z) : [M+H] + = 756.8. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) : δ 9.49 (s, 1H) , 8.95 (s, 1H) , 8.42 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.65 (s, 1H) , 7.53 (d, J = 10.4 Hz, 1H) , 6.95 (s, 1H) , 5.38-5.35 (m, 1H) , 4.37-4.36 (m, 2H) , 3.94-3.89 (m, 2H) , 3.78-3.74 (m, 1H) , 3.77-2.82 (m, 8H) , 2.81-2.64 (m, 4H) , 2.48-2.47 (m, 6H) , 1.52 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H) . 19F-NMR (376 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) : δ -62.52 (3F) . Example 4. Synthesis of Compound 10
[0173] Step 1: To a mixture of ethyl 4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate (9 g, 58.4 mmol) in THF (100 mL) were added Cs2CO3 (57.1 g, 175 mmol) and CH3I (4.36 mL, 70.1 mmol) at RT. Then the mixture was stirred at RT for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (0%to 50%EtOAc in PE) to give 10-1 (7 g) .
[0174] Step 2: To a solution of 10-1 (2.4 g, 14.3 mmol) in CCl4 (30 mL) were added NBS (2.7 g, 15 mmol) and AIBN (0.2 g, 1.4 mmol) at RT, then the mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 16 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with DCM. The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0%to 50%EtOAc in PE) to give 10-2 (2.2 g) .
[0175] Step 3: To a solution of 10-2 (2 g, 5.67 mmol) in MeCN (50 mL) were added K2CO3 (1.1 g, 8.5 mmol) and methyl benzylglycinate (1.2 g, 6.80 mmol) at 0 ℃. The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0%to 50%EtOAc in PE) to give 10-3 (1.5 g) .
[0176] Step 4: To a solution of 10-3 (100 mg, 0.29 mmol) in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (10 mL) was added LiHMDS (1.74 mL, 1M in THF) at -78 ℃. The mixture was stirred at -78 ℃ for 1 hr. The reaction was quenched with saturated NH4Cl solution, and then extracted with DCM. The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0%to 7%MeOH in DCM) to give 10-4 (50 mg) .
[0177] Step 5: To a solution of 10-4 (200 mg, 0.67 mmol) in MeOH (7.50 mL) and AcOH (1.5 mL) was added Pd / C (71 mg, 10%wt) , and the reaction mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 4 hrs under H2. The mixture was filtered by diatomite and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified through C18 column (MeCN in water from 0%to 10%) to afford 10-5 (58 mg) .
[0178] Step 6: To a solution of 10-5 (30 mg, 0.15 mmol) in THF (5 mL) , MeOH (2 mL) and H2O (2 mL) was added NaOH (23 mg, 0.58 mmol) , and the reaction mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 5 hrs. The mixture was acidified to pH~4 with aqueous HCl (1M) at 0 ℃ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified through C18 column (MeCN in water from 0%to 20%) to afford 10-6 (14 mg) .
[0179] Step 7: 140 mg of 2-15B-P2 was separated by chiral SFC (Chiralpak OD-3 50×4.6mm I.D., 10um) to give 10-7 (43 mg, Chiral SFC analysis: 100%ee. Retention time 2.429 min on Chiralpak OD-3 50×4.6mm I.D., 3um; Mobile phase: A for CO2 and B for ethanol (0.05%DEA) , 1500 psi, 3 mL / min) and 10-8 (46 mg, Chiral SFC analysis: 99.84%ee. Retention time 3.687 min on Chiralpak OD-3 50×4.6mm I.D., 3um; Mobile phase: A for CO2 and B for ethanol (0.05%DEA) , 1500 psi, 3 mL / min) .
[0180] Step 8: A mixture of 10-8 (46 mg, 0.068 mmol) and HCl (1 mL, 4M in dioxane) in DCM (1 mL) was stirred at RT for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed with saturated NaHCO3 aqueous solution and brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give 10-9 (42 mg, crude) .
[0181] Step 9: A mixture of 10-9 (21 mg, 0.036 mmol) , 10-6 (8.42 mg, 0.044 mmol) , TCFH (20.4 mg, 0.073 mmol) and 1-methylimidazole (17.9 mg, 0.22 mmol) in DMF (1 mL) was stirred at RT for 30 mins. To the above mixture were added MeOH (1 mL) and K2CO3 (15.1 mg, 0.11 mmol) , and the resulting mixture was stirred at RT for 90 mins. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc, acidified with citric acid aqueous to pH<7, washed with water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC (MeCN / 0.05%FA in water: 5-50%) to give 10 (9.9 mg) . LCMS (ESI, m / z) : [M+H] + = 753.4. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) : δ 13.38 (s, 1H) , 9.55 (s, 1H) , 8.51 (s, 1H) , 8.43 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 8.01 (s, 1H) , 7.65 (s, 1H) , 7.54 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H) , 6.94 (s, 1H) , 5.40-5.37 (m, 1H) , 4.37-4.36 (m, 2H) , 4.29 (s, 3H) , 3.93-3.90 (m, 2H) , 3.85-3.75 (m, 1H) , 3.74-2.83 (m, 8H) , 2.82-2.70 (m, 4H) , 1.55 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H) . 19F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) : δ -62.50 (3F) . Example 5. Synthesis of Compound 12
[0182] Step 1: To a solution of methyl 3-methylfuran-2-carboxylate (5 g, 35.6 mmol) in tetrachloromethane (40 mL) were added NBS (6.7 g, 37.46 mmol) and BPO (0.9 g, 3.57 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 100 ℃ for 6 hrs. The mixture was quenched with saturated Na2SO3 solution, diluted with water and extracted with DCM. The combined organic layer was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified through silica gel column chromatography (0-20%EtOAc in PE) to give 12-1 (3.2 g, crude) .
[0183] Step 2: To a mixture of 12-1 (200 mg, 0.91 mmol) in MeCN (6 mL) were added K2CO3 (189.3 mg, 1.37 mmol) and methyl tosylglycinate (288.8 mg, 1.19 mmol) at 0 ℃ and the mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was washed with brine and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified through silica gel column chromatography (0-50%EtOAc in PE) to give 12-2 (90 mg) .
[0184] Step 3: To a solution of 12-2 (850 mg, 2.23 mmol) in THF (8 mL) was added a solution of LiHMDS (6.69 mL, 1M in THF) at -78 ℃. The mixture was stirred at -78 ℃ for 1 hr. The reaction was diluted with water and extracted with DCM. The combined organic layer was washed with brine and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified through silica gel column chromatography (0-6%MeOH in DCM) to give 12-3 (191 mg) .
[0185] Step 4: To a solution of 12-3 (80 mg, 0.41 mmol) in water (1 mL) , MeOH (1 mL) and THF (3 mL) was added lithium hydroxide monohydrate (69.5 mg, 1.66 mmol) , and the reaction mixture was stirred at 40 ℃ for 5 hrs. The mixture was acidified to pH~3 with 1M HCl aqueous solution at 0 ℃ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified through C18 column (MeCN in water (0.05%FA) from 5%to 60%) to afford 12-4 (23 mg) .
[0186] Step 5: A mixture of 10-9 (21 mg, 0.036 mmol) , 12-4 (7.74 mg, 0.043 mmol) , TCFH (20.4 mg, 0.073 mmol) and 1-methylimidazole (17.9 mg, 0.22 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was stirred at RT for 30 mins. To the above mixture were added MeOH (2 mL) and K2CO3 (15.1 mg, 0.11 mmol) , and the resulting mixture was stirred at RT for 30 mins. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc, acidified with citric acid aqueous to pH<7, washed with water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC (MeCN / 0.05%FA in water: 5-50) to give 12 (15.8 mg) . LCMS (ESI, m / z) : [M+H] + = 739.4. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) : δ 12.78 (brs, 1H) , 9.53 (s, 1H) , 8.44-8.40 (m, 2H) , 7.79 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.66 (s, 1H) , 7.54 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.94 (s, 1H) , 6.86 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H) , 5.40-5.38 (m, 1H) , 4.36-4.35 (m, 2H) , 3.92-3.90 (m, 2H) , 3.84-3.76 (m, 1H) , 3.75-2.81 (m, 8H) , 2.80-2.65 (m, 4H) , 1.56 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H) . 19F-NMR (376 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) : δ -62.50 (3F) . Example 6. Synthesis of Compound 13
[0187] Step 1: To a mixture of (R) -2-methylpyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid hydrochloride (10 g, 60.38 mmol) in MeOH (100 mL) was added SOCl2 (6.57 mL, 90.57 mmol) at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The mixture was concentrated to give 13-1 (10.8 g, crude) .
[0188] Step 2: To a mixture of 13-1 (10.5 g, 58.45 mmol) in DCM (100 mL) were added DIEA (29 mL, 175.36 mmol) and (Boc) 2O (16 mL, 70.1 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The mixture was washed with 10%citric acid. The organic layer was dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated to give 13-2 (14 g, crude) .
[0189] Step 3: To a mixture of 13-2 (14g, 57.5 mmol) in water (136 mL) and CH3CN (136 mL) were added sodium periodate (49.2g, 230.2 mmol) and RuCl3 (1.5 g, 5.75 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The mixture was filtered and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified through flash column chromatography (30%EtOAc in PE) to give 13-3 (13.27 g) .
[0190] Step 4: A mixture of 13-3 (13.27 g, 51.6 mmol) in 4- (dimethylamino) -2, 2, 5-trimethyl-5-aza-3-oxahexane (15 mL) was stirred at 85 ℃ overnight under N2. The mixture was concentrated to give 13-4 (16.1 g, crude) .
[0191] Step 5: To a mixture of 13-4 (15 g, 48.1 mmol) in EtOAc (50 mL) and IPA (50 mL) were added Pd / C (1.5 g, 10%wt) and Pd (OH) 2 (1.5 g, 10%wt) , and the mixture was stirred at 30 ℃ under H2 overnight. The mixture was filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (35%EtOAc in PE) to give 13-5 (12.6 g) .
[0192] Step 6: To a mixture of 13-5 (12.6 g, 46.4 mmol) in DCM (30 mL) was added HCl in EtOAc (100 mL, 4M) , and the mixture was stirred at RT for 1 hr. The mixture was concentrated to give 13-6 (9.0 g, crude) .
[0193] Step 7: A mixture of 1-5 (5.0 g, 18.46 mmol) , 13-6 (2.16 g, crude) , CuI (527 mg, 2.77 mmol) , 1, 10-phenanthroline (499 mg, 2.77 mmol) and K3PO4 (9.8 g, 46.14 mmol) in dioxane (50 mL) was stirred at 115 ℃ for 16 hrs under N2 atmosphere. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was washed with brine and water, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (35%EtOAc in PE) to give 13-7 (4.4 g) .
[0194] Step 8: To a mixture of 13-7 (4.4 g, 12.2 mmol) in MeOH (40 mL) was added NaBH4 (737.4 mg, 19.49 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at RT for 1 hr. The mixture was quenched with saturated NH4Cl solution and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was washed with water, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated to give 13-8 (4.0 g, crude) .
[0195] Step 9: To a solution of 13-8 (4.0 g, 12.0 mmol) in DCM (40 mL) was added imidazole (1.64 g, 24.1 mmol) and DMAP (147 mg, 1.2 mmol) , followed by TBDPSCl (4.06 mL, 15.61 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at RT for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by flash column chromatography (15%EtOAc in PE) to give 13-9 (4.6 g) .
[0196] Step 10: To a solution of 13-9 (6.9 g, 12.1 mmol) in toluene (70 mL) was added Lawesson's Reagent (5.9 g, 14.5 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ overnight. The mixture was concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography (10%EtOAc in PE) to give 13-10 (5.89 g) .
[0197] Step 11: To a mixture of 13-10 (5.7 g, 9.7 mmol) in THF (40 mL) was added 1-4 (58.2 mL, ~1M in THF) , and the mixture was stirred at 65 ℃ for 4 hrs under N2. The reaction was quenched with saturated NH4Cl aqueous solution and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was filtered and the filtrate was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give 13-11 (6.27 g, crude) .
[0198] Step 12: A mixture of 13-11 (6.0 g, 9.35 mmol) in HCl in dioxane (23.4 mL, 4M) was stirred at 75 ℃ for 1 hr. The mixture was concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography (0-100%EtOAc in PE) to give 13-12 (2.1 g) .
[0199] Step 13: To a mixture of 13-12 (1.1 g, 2 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added TBAF (2 mL, 1M in THF) , and the mixture was stirred at RT for 2 hrs. The mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by flash column chromatography (0-100%EtOAc in PE) to give 13-13 (620 mg) .
[0200] Step 14: To a mixture of 13-13 (840 mg, 2.68 mmol) in CH3CN (20 mL) were added 4-methylmorpholine 4-oxide hydrate (1.8 g, 13.41 mmol) and tetrapropylammonium perruthenate (TPAP) (94.3 mg, 0.27 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at RT for 0.5 hr. The mixture was quenched with isopropyl alcohol and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (10%MeOH in DCM) to give 13-14 (560 mg) .
[0201] Step 15: To a mixture of 13-14 (1.04 g, 3.18 mmol) in CH3CN (30 mL) was added 2-chloro-4- (trifluoromethyl) aniline (0.88 mL, 6.36 mmol) , 2, 6-Lutidine (1.7 g, 15.9 mmol) and CMPI (2.44 g, 9.54 mmol) , the mixture was stirred at 75 ℃ for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography (0-80%EtOAc in PE) to give 13-15 (1.28 g) .
[0202] Step 16: To a mixture of 13-15 (1.2 g, 2.38 mmol) in dioxane (15 mL) and water (3 mL) were added 2- (3, 6-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) -4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethyl-1, 3, 2-dioxaborolane (999 mg, 4.75 mmol) , K3PO4 (1.5 g, 7.13mmol) and Pd (dppf) Cl2·CH2Cl2 (195 mg, 0.24 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 1 hr under N2. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was washed with brine and water, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (0-100%EtOAc in PE) to give 13-16 (1.14 g) .
[0203] Step 17: To a mixture of 13-16 (890 mg, 1.75 mmol) in MeCN (20 mL) was added NBS (375 mg, 2.1 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 30 ℃ for 2 hrs. The mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was washed with water, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated to give 13-17 (1.0 g, crude) .
[0204] Step 18: To a mixture of 13-17 (1.26 g, 2.15 mmol) in DMSO (15mL) were added molecular sieves (1.26 g, ) and piperazine (3.7 g, 2.95 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 140 ℃ for 2 hrs under N2. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc and filtered. The organic layer was washed with water, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC (MeCN / 0.05 %HCl in water = 20%) to give 13-18 (950 mg) .
[0205] Step 19: To a mixture of 13-18 (150 mg, 0.25 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added 1-3 (43 mg, 0.28 mmol) , pyridine (0.10 mL, 1.27 mmol) , HOBT (68.5 mg, 0.51 mmol) and EDCI (97.1mg, 0.51 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at RT for 1 hr. The mixture was purified by prep-HPLC (MeCN / 0.05%FA in water = 60%) to give 13 (120 mg) . LCMS (ESI, m / z) : [M+H] + = 728.4. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) : δ 11.79 (s, 1H) , 9.71-9.28 (m, 1H) , 8.59 (s, 1H) , 8.38-8.32 (m, 1H) , 7.63 (s, 1H) , 7.54-7.52 (m, 1H) , 6.98-6.94 (m, 1H) , 5.87-5.38 (m, 1H) , 5.01-4.46 (m, 1H) , 4.37-4.36 (m, 2H) , 3.94-3.89 (m, 3H) , 3.76-3.37 (m, 4H) , 3.23-2.72 (m, 5H) , 2.56 (s, 3H) , 2.30-2.22 (m, 3H) , 1.94-1.88 (m, 1H) , 1.73-1.42 (m, 3H) . 19F-NMR (376 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) : δ -62.51 (3F) . Example 7. Synthesis of Compounds 14 and 15
[0206] Step 1: To a stirred solution of 5- (benzyloxy) -4, 6-dichloropyrimidine (50 g, 196.0 mmol) , K3PO4 (124.8 g, 588.1 mmol) and Pd (dppf) Cl2·CH2Cl2 (16.0 g, 19.6 mmol) in toluene (350 mL) and H2O (100 mL) was added methyl boronic acid (12.3 g, 205.8 mmol) in dioxane (70 mL) and the reaction was stirred at 105 ℃ for 18 hrs under N2. Another batch of methyl boronic acid (12.3 g, 205.8 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 105 ℃ for 8 hrs under N2. Then the third batch of methyl boronic acid (12.3 g, 205.8 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 105℃ for 4 hrs under N2. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was washed with water, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified through flash column chromatography (0 -20%EtOAc in PE) to afford 14-1 (32.7 g) .
[0207] Step 2: A solution of 14-1 (5 g, 21.31 mmol) , Pd (dppf) Cl2·CH2Cl2 (1.7 g, 2.13 mmol) and TEA (5.92 mL, 42.61 mmol) in MeOH (150 mL) was stirred at 60 ℃ under CO balloon for 48 hrs. The reaction mixture was filtered through celite and concentrated. The residue was triturated with DCM and the solid was filtered off. The filtrate was concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography (0 -40%EtOAc in PE) to afford 14-2 (2.85 g) .
[0208] Step 3: To a solution of 14-2 (11.4 g, 44.14 mmol) in MeOH (114 mL) was added Pd / C (1.14 g, 10%wt) , and the mixture was stirred at RT for 16 hrs under H2. The reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (0-20%EtOAc in PE) to afford 14-3 (9.39 g) .
[0209] Step 4: To a solution of 14-3 (9.39 g, 55.84 mmol) in DCM (94 mL) were added DIEA (18.46 mL, 111.69 mmol) and bromo (methoxy) methane (10.47 g, 83.76 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at RT for 4 hrs. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified through flash column chromatography (0 -30%EtOAc in PE) to afford 14-4 (6.79 g) .
[0210] Step 5: To a solution of 14-4 (7.19 g, 33.88 mmol) in THF (48 mL) and H2O (24 mL) was added NaOH (1.36 g, 33.88 mmol) , and the reaction was stirred at RT for 2 hrs. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 14-5 (7.6 g, crude) , which was used directly.
[0211] Step 6: To a solution of 2-9 (35.1 g, 65.3 mmol) , 2- (3, 6-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) -4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethyl-1, 3, 2-dioxaborolane (16.5 g, 78.4 mmol) and potassium phosphate tribasic (34.8 g, 130.6 mmol) in 1, 4-dioxane (350 mL) and H2O (70 mL) was added Pd (dppf) Cl2·CH2Cl2 (5.3 g, 6.5 mmol) at RT under N2 atmosphere. Then the reaction was stirred at 90 ℃ for 4 hrs. The reaction mixture was filtrated off and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified through silica gel column chromatography (0-40%EtOAc in DCM) to give 14-6 (32.6 g) .
[0212] Step 7: To a solution of 14-6 (32.5 g, 60.1 mmol) in MeCN (330 mL) was added N-bromosuccinimide (12.8 g, 72.1 mmol) at RT under N2 atmosphere. Then the reaction was stirred at RT overnight. The residue was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified through silica gel column chromatography (0-40%EtOAc in DCM) to give 14-7 (33.0 g) .
[0213] Step 8: To a solution of 14-7 (619.63 mg, 1 mmol) and (2R) -2-methylpiperazine (2 g, 20.0 mmol) in DMSO (10 mL) at 25 ℃ was added molecular sieves (620 mg) , and the mixture was stirred at 140 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was cooled to RT and to the solution were added 2, 6-dimethylpyridine (503.2 mg, 4.70 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) and (Boc) 2O (2.2 mL, 9.39 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with DCM. The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-50%EtOAc in PE) to give 14-8 (500 mg) .
[0214] Step 9: To a solution of 14-8 (600 mg, 0.81 mmol) in THF (1.2 mL) was added TBAF (1.22 mL, 1.22 mmol) at 25 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with aqueous HCl (1M) and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (EtOAc) to give 14-9 (285 mg) .
[0215] Step 10: To a mixture of 14-9 (250 mg, 0.50 mmol) in MeCN (5 mL) were added NMO (351.0 mg, 3.0 mmol) and TPAP (17.6 mg, 0.05 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 10 mins. The mixture was quenched with isopropyl alcohol and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (10%MeOH in DCM) to give 14-10 (200 mg) .
[0216] Step 11: To a solution of 14-10 (200 mg, 0.39 mmol) and 2-chloro-4- (trifluoromethyl) aniline (76.01 mg, 0.39 mmol) in MeCN (5 mL) were added CMPI (198.6 mg, 0.78 mmol) and 2, 6-lutidine (124.9 mg, 1.17 mmol) at 25 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 75 ℃ for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by prep-TLC (95%EtOAc in PE) to give 14-11A (100 mg) and 14-11B (120 mg) .
[0217] Step 12: To a solution of 14-11A (60 mg, 0.087 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added HCl in dioxane (1 mL, 4M) at 25 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was concentrated to give 14-12A (50 mg) .
[0218] Step 13: To a solution of 14-12A (50 mg, 0.084 mmol) and 14-5 (22.31 mg, 0.101 mmol) in MeCN (5 mL) were added TCFH (47.4 mg, 0.17 mmol) and 1-methylimidazole (20.8 mg, 0.25 mmol) at 25 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC (MeCN / 0.05%FA in water: 60%) to give 14-13A (44 mg) .
[0219] Step 14: To a solution of 14-13A (44 mg, 0.057 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added TFA (0.5 mL) at 25 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 10 mins. The reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by prep-HPLC (MeCN / 0.05%FA in water: 60%) to give 14 (20 mg) . LCMS (ESI, m / z) : [M+H] + = 728.4. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) : δ 11.82-11.60 (m, 1H) , 9.52 (s, 1H) , 8.59 (s, 1H) , 8.46-8.41 (m, 1H) , 7.67-7.64 (m, 1H) , 7.57-7.52 (m, 1H) , 6.95 (s, 1H) , 5.81-5.46 (m, 1H) , 5.42-5.35 (m, 1H) , 5.09-4.62 (m, 1H) , 4.40-4.33 (m, 2H) , 3.95-3.87 (m, 2H) , 3.86-3.63 (m, 4H) , 2.85-2.64 (m, 5H) , 2.56 (s, 3H) , 1.58-1.47 (m, 6H) . 19F-NMR (376 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) : δ -62.50 (3F) . Compound 15 was obtained following the similar procedure for synthesis of compound 14. LCMS (ESI, m / z) : [M+H] + = 728.4. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) : δ 11.93-11.60 (m, 1H) , 9.10-8.80 (m, 1H) , 8.59 (s, 1H) , 8.46-8.41 (m, 1H) , 7.69-7.65 (m, 1H) , 7.58-7.52 (m, 1H) , 6.92-6.84 (m, 1H) , 5.84-5.42 (m, 1H) , 5.36-5.29 (m, 1H) , 5.06-4.62 (m, 1H) , 4.40-4.29 (m, 2H) , 4.17-3.83 (m, 4H) , 3.75-2.89 (m, 4H) , 2.79-2.63 (m, 3H) , 2.56 (s, 3H) , 2.34-2.18 (m, 1H) , 1.76-1.63 (m, 6H) . 19F-NMR (376 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) : δ -62.50 (3F) . Example 8. Synthesis of Compounds 16 and 17
[0220] 100 mg of compound 13 was separated by chiral SFC (ChiralCel OD, 250×30mm I.D., 10μm) to give and 16 (27.4 mg) and 17 (33.0 mg) . Compound 16: LCMS (ESI, m / z) : [M+H] + = 728.4. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) : δ 11.96 (s, 1H) , 9.28 (s, 1H) , 8.61 (s, 1H) , 8.38-8.36 (m, 1H) , 7.66-7.60 (m, 1H) , 7.57-7.47 (m, 1H) , 6.94 (s, 1H) , 5.85-5.35 (m, 1H) , 5.00-4.30 (m, 1H) , 4.36-4.35 (m, 2H) , 4.05-3.82 (m, 3H) , 3.72-3.35 (m, 4H) , 3.30-2.67 (m, 5H) , 2.61 (s, 3H) , 2.29 (s, 3H) , 1.99-1.86 (m, 1H) , 1.71 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H) . 19F-NMR (376 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) : δ -62.50 (3F) . Chiral SFC analysis: >99.5%ee. Retention time 0.513 min on ChiralCel OD, 50×4.6mm I. D., 3μm (35℃) ; mobile phase: A for CO2 and B for Ethanol (0.05%DEA) , 100 bar, 3 mL / min. Compound 17: LCMS (ESI, m / z) : [M+H] + = 728.4. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) : δ 11.87 (s, 1H) , 9.71 (s, 1H) , 8.60 (s, 1H) , 8.40-8.27 (m, 1H) , 7.69-7.58 (m, 1H) , 7.57-7.48 (m, 1H) , 6.98 (s, 1H) , 6.19-5.16 (m, 1H) , 5.10-4.50 (m, 1H) , 4.43-4.30 (m, 2H) , 4.09-3.89 (m, 2H) , 3.88-3.27 (m, 4H) , 3.26-2.63 (m, 6H) , 2.59 (s, 3H) , 2.47-2.34 (m, 1H) , 2.22 (s, 3H) , 1.43 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H) . 19F-NMR (376 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) : δ -62.51 (3F) . Chiral SFC analysis: >99.5%ee. Retention time 1.175 min on ChiralCel OD, 50×4.6mm I. D., 3μm (35℃) ; mobile phase: A for CO2 and B for Ethanol (0.05%DEA) , 100 bar, 3 mL / min. Example 9. Synthesis of Compound 18
[0221] Step 1: To a solution of 14-7 (31.0 g, 57.3 mmol) in dimethyl sulfoxide (310 mL) were added piperazine (24.7 mg, 286.6 mmol) and molecular sieves (31.0 g) at RT under N2 atmosphere. Then the reaction was stirred at 100 ℃ for 3 hrs. The reaction mixture was filtrated off and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was diluted with water (360 mL) and DCM (720 mL) . Then to the above solution were added 2, 6-dimethylpyridine (18.4 g, 171.9 mmol) and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (62.5 g, 286.5 mmol) . The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was washed with brine and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified through silica gel column chromatography (0 -50%EtOAc in DCM) to give 18-1 (22.9 g) .
[0222] Step 2: To a solution of 18-1 (900 mg, 1.24 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added LiHMDS (3.72 mL, 1.0M in THF) at -78℃, and the mixture was stirred at -78 ℃ for 0.5 hr. Then MeI (528.6 mg, 3.72 mmol) was added at -78 ℃, and the resulting mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction was quenched with saturated NH4Cl solution and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-30%EtOAc in PE) to give 18-2 (600 mg) .
[0223] Step 3: To a solution of 18-2 (600 mg, 0.81 mmol) in THF (3 mL) was added TBAF (0.97 mL, 0.97 mmol) at 25 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 0.5 hr. The reaction was diluted with saturated NH4Cl solution and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-60%EtOAc in PE) to give 18-3 (300 mg) .
[0224] Step 4: To a solution of 18-3 (250 mg, 0.50 mmol) in MeCN (8 mL) were added TPAP (17.6 mg, 0.05 mmol) and NMO (292.5 mg, 2.50 mmol) at 25 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 10 mins. 2 mL i-PrOH was added to the above mixture and the resulting mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 0.5 hr. The reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-10%MeOH in DCM) to give 18-4 (200 mg) .
[0225] Step 5: To a solution of 18-4 (250 mg, 0.49 mmol) and 2-chloro-4- (trifluoro-methyl) aniline (142.5 mg, 0.73 mmol) in MeCN (5 mL) were added CMPI (248.2 mg, 0.97 mmol) and 2, 6-lutidine (156.2 mg, 1.46 mmol) at 25 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 50 ℃ for 1 hr. The reaction was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-65%EtOAc in PE) to give 18-5 (250 mg) .
[0226] Step 6: To a solution of 18-5 (50 mg, 0.072 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added HCl (0.5 mL, 4M in dioxane) at 25 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was concentrated to give 18-6 (40 mg, crude) .
[0227] Step 7: To a solution of 18-6 (40 mg, 0.068 mmol) and 14-5 (17.85 mg, 0.081 mmol) in MeCN (3 mL) were added TCFH (37.9 mg, 0.135 mmol) and NMI (16.6 mg, 0.203 mmol) at 25 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 1 hr. The reaction was quenched with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC (MeCN / 0.05%FA in water: 55%) to give 18-7 (25 mg) .
[0228] Step 8: To a solution of 18-7 (30 mg, 0.039 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added TFA (0.5 mL, 0.039 mmol) at 25 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 0.5 hr. The reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by prep-HPLC (MeCN / 0.05%FA in water: 60%) to give 18 (17.8 mg) . LCMS (ESI, m / z) : [M+H] + = 728.2. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) : δ 11.78 (s, 1H) , 9.26 (s, 1H) , 8.58 (s, 1H) , 8.46-8.40 (m, 1H) , 7.67-7.64 (m, 1H) , 7.57-7.52 (m, 1H) , 6.91 (s, 1H) , 5.75-5.58 (m, 1H) , 5.40-5.27 (m, 1H) , 4.87-4.71 (m, 1H) , 4.40-4.30 (m, 2H) , 3.93-3.87 (m, 2H) , 3.86-3.75 (m, 2H) , 3.58-3.46 (m, 1H) , 3.16-3.02 (m, 1H) , 2.91-2.63 (m, 5H) , 2.57 (s, 3H) , 2.55-2.67 (m, 1H) , 1.76 (s, 3H) , 1.63 (s, 3H) . 19F-NMR (376 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) : δ -62.50 (3F) . Example 10. Synthesis of Compound 19
[0229] Steps 1-3: Compound 19-3 was prepared starting from compound 13-12 and following the procedure for the synthesis of compound 14-8 in example 7.
[0230] Steps 4-10: Compound 19 was prepared following the procedure for the synthesis of compound 18 in example 9. LCMS (ESI, m / z) : [M+H] + = 742.2. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) : δ 11.79 (s, 1H) , 9.48 (s, 1H) , 8.58 (s, 1H) , 8.35 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.63 (s, 1H) , 7.54 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.95 (s, 1H) , 5.68 -5.62 (m, 1H) , 4.80 -4.76 (m, 1H) , 4.36 (s, 2H) , 3.94 -3.77 (m, 4H) , 3.53 -3.51 (m, 1H) , 3.28 (d, J = 13.4 Hz, 1H) , 3.09 -3.07 (m, 1H) , 2.87 -2.66 (m, 4H) , 2.57 (s, 3H) , 2.24 (s, 3H) , 2.17 (d, J = 13.4 Hz, 1H) , 1.72 (s, 3H) , 1.45 (s, 3H) . 19F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) : δ -62.50 (3F) . Example 11. Synthesis of Compound 25
[0231] Step 1: To a mixture of 13-18 (800 mg, 1.35 mmol) in DCM (15 mL) were added (Boc) 2O (884 mg, 4.05 mmol) and 2, 6-lutidine (290 mg, 2.70 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at RT for 2 hrs under N2. The mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was washed with water, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (0-100%EtOAc in PE) to give 25-1 (556 mg) .
[0232] Step 2: To a solution of 25-1 (150 mg, 0.22 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was added LiHMDS (0.72 mL) at -78℃, and the mixture was stirred at RT for 0.5 hr. O2 was bubbled through the reaction solution for 20 mins at RT. The reaction was quenched with MeOH, concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography (0-100%EtOAc in PE) to give 25-2 (80 mg) .
[0233] Step 3: To a mixture of 25-2 (80 mg, 0.11 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added diethylaminosulphur trifluoride (72.8 mg, 0.45 mmol) at 0 ℃ under N2, and the mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The mixture was concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography (0-50%EtOAc in PE) to give 25-3 (52 mg) .
[0234] Step 4: To a mixture of 25-3 (52 mg, 0.07 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added HCl (0.5 mL, 4M in dioxane) , and the mixture was stirred at RT for 1 hr. The mixture was concentrated to give 25-4 (44 mg, crude) .
[0235] Step 5: To a mixture of 25-4 (44 mg, 0.07 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) were added 14-5 (20.64 mg, 0.09 mmol) , 1-methylimidazole (59.2 mg, 0.72 mmol) and TCFH (40.5 mg, 0.15 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at RT for 1 hr. The mixture was concentrated and purified by prep-HPLC (0-60%MeCN / 0.05%FA in water) to give 25-5 (30 mg) .
[0236] Step 6: To a mixture of 25-5 (30 mg, 0.04 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added TFA (0.5 mL) , and the mixture was stirred at RT for 10 mins. The mixture was concentrated and purified by prep-HPLC (0-65%MeCN / 0.05%FA in water) to give 25 (23 mg) . LCMS (ESI, m / z) : [M+H] + = 746.2. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) : δ 11.82-11.75 (m, 1H) , 9.51 (s, 0.4H) , 9.21 (s, 0.6H) , 8.62-8.55 (m, 1H) , 8.42-8.32 (m, 1 H) , 7.69-7.59 (m, 1H) , 7.56-7.50 (m, 1H) , 7.02-6.91 (m, 1H) , 5.80-5.50 (m, 1H) , 4.86-4.68 (m, 1H) , 4.47-4.29 (m, 2H) , 4.04-3.86 (m, 3H) , 3.82-3.48 (m, 3H) , 3.29-2.59 (m, 6H) , 2.57 (s, 3H) , 2.32-2.23 (m, 4H) , 2.22-2.17 (m, 1H) , 2.12-2.05 (m, 1H) . 19F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) : δ -62.83 (3F) , -129.2 (1F) .
[0237] Table 1 below shows characterization of some exemplary compounds of the present disclosure. Table 1. Characterization of some exemplary compounds of the present disclosure Biological Assay Example A: WRN In Vitro Enzymatic Activity Assay
[0238] WRN in vitro enzymatic activity assay was performed in a 20 μL reaction volume by adding 5 μL of the test compound in 1%DMSO (final concentration) , 5 μL ATP, and 5 μL WRN protein (aa. 500-1092) in assay buffer (30 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 50 mM NaCl, 0.02%BSA, 2 mM MgCl2, and 0.1%Pluronic F-127) in a 384-well plate. After 4 hrs pre-incubation at RT, 5 μL of a fluorescent forked DNA substrate prepared by annealing equal amounts of OligoA-BHQ2 and OligoB-TAMRA (Sommers JA et al., PLoS ONE 14 (1) : e0210525) was added to start the enzymatic reaction. The final concentration of WRN, ATP and DNA substrate were 0.5 nM, 1 mM, and 100 nM, respectively. The fluorescence signals were recorded at Ex535 / Em590 nm using a Tecan Spark plate reader. One percent DMSO vehicle was used as control and no enzyme well was used as blank well. The percent inhibition was calculated with the formula: %inhibition =100-100 * (RFUcmpd –RFUblank) / (RFUcontrol–RFUblank) . Inhibition at 50%activity (IC50) was calculated with the equation of Y=Bottom + (Top-Bottom) / (1+10^ ( (LogIC50-X) × Hill Slope) ) . OligoA-BHQ2 (SEQ ID No: 1) : TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCGTACCCGATGTGTTCGTTC-BHQ2 OligoB-TAMRA (SEQ ID No: 2) : TAMRA-GAACGAACACATCGGGTACGTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT.
[0239] Table 2 shows WRN ATPase assay (IC50) of representative compounds measured and calculated according to this biological example. Table 2. WRN ATPase assay (IC50) of representative compounds. Biological Assay Example B: SW48 In Vitro Cell Viability Assay
[0240] SW48 cells (ATCC, Cat#CCL-231) were seeded at a density of 1000 cells / well in a 96-well clear bottom plate (Greiner, Cat#655098) in 100 μL of complete medium (DMEM with 10%FBS) . A hundred microliter of complete medium was added into the blank wells (column 1) for low control. Cells were allowed to adhere overnight in an incubator (37℃ with 5%CO2) . The following day, 0.5 μL of serially-diluted compounds were added to the cells (columns 2-10) and incubated for 6 days (final 0.5%DMSO concentration) ; 0.5 μL of DMSO solution was added into the wells (column 11) for high control. Cell viability was measured with the CellTiter-Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay Kit (Promega, Cat# G7573) . Luminescence was recorded on the Tecan Spark plate reader. Inhibition rate (IR) of the tested compounds was determined by the following formula: IR (%) = (1– (RLUcompound –RLUlow control) / (RLUhigh control –RLUlow control) ) × 100%. The IC50 value was calculated using the non-linear regression equation: Y=Bottom + (Top-Bottom) / (1+10^ ( (LogIC50–X) × HillSlope) ) , where X is Log of compound concentration, Y is percent inhibition (IR (%) ) , Top and Bottom are plateaus in same units as Y.
[0241] Table 3 shows SW48 (IC50) of representative compounds measured and calculated according to this biological example. Table 3. SW48 (IC50) of representative compounds. Biological Example C: Human microsomal clearance assay
[0242] This study aimed to assess the metabolic stability of a compound in human liver microsomes using a microsomal clearance assay.
[0243] A mixture containing 100 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.4, 0.5 mg / mL liver microsomes, 2 mM NADPH, and 1 μM compound were prepared and added to 96-well plate. The plates were then incubated at 37 ℃ for different time points (0, 5, 15, 30, 45 minutes) and the reaction was stopped with MeCN solution containing an internal standard. The samples were then analyzed by LC / MS / MS to determine how much of the compound remained at each time point. The elimination rate constant and half-life were calculated from the data as follows: Elimination rate constant (k) = -slope; Half-life (T1 / 2) = 0.693 / k.
[0244] The in vitro intrinsic clearance, Clint, was calculated from the T1 / 2 as follows: Clint = (0.693 / T1 / 2) × (1 / (microsomal protein concentration (0.5 mg / mL) ) ) × Physiological Scaling Factor.
[0245] Table 4 shows in vitro intrinsic clearance values of representative compounds measured and calculated according to this biological example. Table 4. Metabolic Stability data of representative compounds. Compound A*: WO2022249060, Example 42. Biological Assay Example D: Rat PK assay
[0246] This study measured pharmacokinetic profiles of compounds following a single oral dose in male SD rats. Each tested compound was prepared at 0.3 mg / ml in the formulation of 100 %PEG400, and administered at a dose of 10 mg / kg to 3 male rats with body weight ~220g (Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co., Ltd) . Blood samples (0.2 mL) were collected at 0.083, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 24 hrs after compound administration.
[0247] The collected blood samples were centrifuged to prepare plasma samples, which were then frozen at -70 ℃ until analysis. The plasma samples were mixed with ACN solution containing internal standards and vortexed for 5 mins. The supernatant of the mixture obtained by centrifuging at 14000 rpm at 4 ℃ for 10 mins were injected to LC-MS / MS for plasma concentration determination.
[0248] The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using standard noncompartmental methods with Phoenix WinNonLin Professional Version 8.1. The calculated parameters included terminal half-life (T1 / 2) , area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) , Tmax, Cmax, and other parameters.
[0249] Table 5 shows rat PK data of representative compounds measured and calculated according to this biological example. Table 5. Rat PK data of representative compounds. Biological Assay Example E: Dog PK assay
[0250] This study measured pharmacokinetic profiles of compounds following a single oral dose in beagle dogs. Each tested compound was prepared at 0.5 mg / ml in the formulation (clear solution) for oral dose, 1 mg / ml in the formulation (clear solution) for IV dose. Blood samples (1 mL) were collected at 0.083, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 24 hrs after compound administration.
[0251] The collected blood samples were centrifuged to prepare plasma samples, which were then frozen at -70 ℃ until analysis. The plasma samples were mixed with ACN solution containing internal standards and vortexed for 5 mins. The supernatant of the mixture obtained by centrifuging at 14000 rpm at 4 ℃ for 10 mins were injected to LC-MS / MS for plasma concentration determination.
[0252] The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using standard noncompartmental methods with Phoenix WinNonLin Professional Version 8.1. The calculated parameters included terminal half-life (T1 / 2) , area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) , Tmax, Cmax, and other parameters.
[0253] Table 6 shows dog PK data of representative compounds measured and calculated according to this biological example. Table 6. Dog PK data of representative compounds. Biological Assay Example F: SW48 in vivo mouse xenograft model study
[0254] In vivo efficacy studies were performed in human colorectal cancer (CRC) cell SW48 (MSI-H) xenograft model to evaluate anti-tumor activity of WRN inhibitors. Female BALB / c Nude mice (8-9 weeks) were purchased from Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co., Ltd. The SW48 cells growing in an exponential growth phase were harvested for tumor inoculation. Five million SW48 cells were subcutaneously inoculated into the right flanks of BALB / c nude mice. After tumors size reached 100-200 mm3, mice were treated orally once per day (PO, QD) with WRN inhibitors: Compound A (40 mpk) , Compound 19 (30 mpk) or vehicle control. Tumor volume and body weight of mice were recorded twice per week. Tumor sizes were measured in two dimensions using a caliper and expressed in mm3 using the formula: Volume = 0.5 a × b2 where a and b are the longest and shortest diameters of the tumor, respectively. Tumor growth inhibition (TGI) was calculated according to the following equation: TGI (%) = (1 - (TVTreatment / Dn –TVTreatment / D0) / (TVControl / Dn –TVControl / D0) ) × 100%, where the Dn is the final tumor volume and D0 is starting tumor volume prior to treatment. Tumor regression was calculated with the following equation: Regression (%) = - (TVTreatment / Dn –TVTreatment / D0) / TVTreatment / D0 × 100%.
[0255] Tumor growth curves and mice body weights after treatment were shown in FIGs. 1a-1c and Tables 7-8. Relative body weight loss was less than 15%during treatment, suggesting that mice were well tolerated to the indicated doses of the WRN inhibitors. After 27 days of drug treatment (oral, QD) , Compound 19 and Compound A showed effective anti-tumor activity with the tumor regression of 91%and 65%, respectively (p < 0.01 vs. vehicle control) . Additionally, after a 27-days recovery period without drug treatment, tumors regrew in Compound A treated mice, but efficacy in Compound 19 treated group was maintained (86%regression) (Table 8) . These results indicated that Compound 19 is a safe and effective anti-cancer agent in vivo and more potent than Compound A. Tumor growth inhibition or tumor regression was calculated based on tumor volume measurements at Day 27 (Table 7) or Day 53 (Table 8) .
[0256] Tables 7 and 8 show antitumor activity of representative compounds measured and calculated according to this biological example. Table 7. Antitumor Activity of WRN Inhibitors (Day 27) . Table 8. Antitumor Activity of WRN Inhibitors (Day 53) . a. Mean ± SEM, n=6; b. p<0.01 Means have significant statistical difference. Student’s t-test was performed to compare tumor volume between vehicle and compound treatment groups. c. The tumor volume size in the control group was measured on Day 33. Biological Assay Example G: HCT116 in vivo mouse xenograft model study
[0257] In vivo efficacy studies were performed in human colorectal cancer cell HCT116 (MSI-H) xenograft model to evaluate anti-tumor activity of WRN inhibitors. Female BALB / c Nude mice (6-8 weeks) were purchased from Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co., Ltd. The HCT116 cells growing in an exponential growth phase were harvested for tumor inoculation. Five million HCT116 cells were subcutaneously inoculated into the right flanks of BALB / c nude mice. After tumors size reached 100-200 mm3, mice were treated orally once per day (PO, QD) with WRN inhibitors, Compound A (60 mpk) , Compound 19 (5 mpk, 15 mpk, 45 mpk) or vehicle control. Tumor volume and body weight of mice were recorded twice per week. Tumor sizes were measured in two dimensions using a caliper and expressed in mm3 using the formula: Volume = 0.5 a × b2 where a and b are the longest and shortest diameters of the tumor, respectively. Tumor growth inhibition (TGI) was calculated according to the following equation: TGI (%) = (1 - (TVTreatment / Dn –TVTreatment / D0) / (TVControl / Dn –TVControl / D0) ) × 100%, where the Dn is the final tumor volume and D0 is starting tumor volume prior to treatment. Tumor regression was calculated with the following equation: Regression (%) = - (TVTreatment / Dn –TVTreatment / D0) / TVTreatment / D0 × 100%.
[0258] Tumor growth curves after treatment were shown in FIGs. 2a-2b and Tables 9-10. In the HCT116 model, after 23 days of drug treatment (oral, QD) , 60 mpk Compound A, 5 mpk Compound 19, 15 mpk Compound 19, and 45 mpk Compound 19 showed 43%, 32%, 43%, and 57%regression, respectively (measured at Day 21, p < 0.01 vs. vehicle control) . Additionally, after 24 days recovery period without drug treatment, the tumor began to regrow in Compound A treated group, but the efficacy in Compound 19 treated groups was maintained at 42%, 73%, and 90%regression, respectively. These results indicated that Compound 19 is an effective anti-cancer agent in vivo and more potent than Compound A. Tumor growth inhibition or tumor regression was calculated based on tumor volume measurements at Day 21 (Table 9) or Day 46 (Table 10) .
[0259] Tables 9 and 10 show antitumor activity of representative compounds measured and calculated according to this biological example. Table 9. Antitumor Activity of WRN Inhibitors (Day 21) . Table 10. Antitumor Activity of WRN Inhibitors (Day 46) . a. Mean ± SEM, n=6; b. p<0.01 Means have significant statistical difference. Student’s t-test was performed to compare tumor volume between vehicle and compound treatment groups. c. The tumor volume size in the control group was measured on Day 28.
[0260] The Summary and Abstract sections may set forth one or more but not all exemplary embodiments of the present invention as contemplated by the inventor (s) , and thus, are not intended to limit the present invention and the appended claims in any way.
[0261] The present invention has been described above with the aid of functional building blocks illustrating the implementation of specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined herein for the convenience of the description. Alternate boundaries can be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships thereof are appropriately performed.
[0262] With respect to aspects of the invention described as a genus, all individual species are individually considered separate aspects of the invention. If aspects of the invention are described as "comprising" a feature, embodiments also are contemplated "consisting of” or "consisting essentially of” the feature.
[0263] The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will so fully reveal the general nature of the invention that others can, by applying knowledge within the skill of the art, readily modify and / or adapt for various applications such specific embodiments, without undue experimentation, without departing from the general concept of the present invention. Therefore, such adaptations and modifications are intended to be within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments, based on the teaching and guidance presented herein. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation, such that the terminology or phraseology of the present specification is to be interpreted by the skilled artisan in light of the teachings and guidance.
[0264] The breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments.
[0265] All of the various aspects, embodiments, and options described herein can be combined in any and all variations.
[0266] All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. To the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assigned to that term in this document shall govern.
Claims
1.A compound of Formula A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: wherein:T is N or C;V is N, O, S, CH or CR1;X is N or C;Y is N or C;Z is N, O, S, CH or CR2;R1 and R2 are each independently selected from halogen, OH, NH2, CN, an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3-4 cycloalkyl, and an optionally substituted C1-4 heteroalkyl;indicates a 5-membered heteroaryl ring containing one or more heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S;Ringis a 5-8 membered heterocyclic ring;R3 at each occurrence is independently selected from halogen, OH, NH2, CN, an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, an optionally substituted C1-4 heteroalkyl, an optionally substituted C3-4 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C2-4 alkenyl, and an optionally substituted C2-4 alkynyl;t is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;Ringis a C3-14 carbocyclic ring, a 5-14 membered heterocyclic ring, a C6-14 aryl, or a 5-14 membered heteroaryl;R4 at each occurrence is independently selected from halogen, OH, NH2, CN, (CH2) 0-2-COOH, oxo, C (O) O-C1-4 alkyl, C (O) -C1-4 alkyl, C (O) NH2, an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, an optionally substituted C1-4 heteroalkyl, an optionally substituted C3-4 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C2-4 alkenyl, and an optionally substituted C2-4 alkynyl;m is 0, 1, or 2;Ringis a C3-14 carbocyclic ring, a 5-14 membered heterocyclic ring, a C6-14 aryl, or a 5-14 membered heteroaryl;R5 at each occurrence is independently selected from halogen, OH, NH2, CN, COOH, C (O) H, oxo, C (O) OCH3, C (O) NH2, SF5, an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, an optionally substituted C1-4 heteroalkyl, an optionally substituted C3-4 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C2-4 alkenyl, and an optionally substituted C2-4 alkynyl;n is 0, 1, 2, or 3;Ringis a C3-14 carbocyclic ring, a 5-14 membered heterocyclic ring, a C6-14 aryl, or a 5-14 membered heteroaryl;R6 at each occurrence is independently selected from halogen, OH, NH2, CN, COOH, oxo, C (O) OCH3, C (O) NH2, an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, an optionally substituted C1-4 heteroalkyl, an optionally substituted C3-4 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C2-4 alkenyl, and an optionally substituted C2-4 alkynyl;p is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;L1 is -C (O) -, -S (O) -, or -S (O) 2-; andL2 is OH, NH2, an optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkyl, an optionally substituted C3-14 carbocyclic ring, an optionally substituted 5-14 membered heterocyclic ring, an optionally substituted C6-14 aryl, or an optionally substituted 5-14 membered heteroaryl.2.The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, characterized by having Formula I, II, III, or IV: wherein R3a, R3b, R3c and R3d are each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, OH, NH2, CN, an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, an optionally substituted C1-4 heteroalkyl, an optionally substituted C3-4 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C2-4 alkenyl, or an optionally substituted C2-4 alkynyl; andR3e is hydrogen, halogen, an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C1-4 heteroalkyl.3.The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, characterized by having Formula I-1, I-2, I-3 or I-4: 4.The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, characterized by having Formula I-1-a or I-1-b: 5.The compound of any one of claims 1-2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein T is C, X is N, Y is C, V is N or CH, and Z is N or CH; orT is N, X is C, Y is C, V is N or CH, and Z is N or CH;preferably, is selected from6.The compound of any one of claims 1 and 5, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Ring is a 5-membered monocyclic heterocyclic ring containing one ring N atom and an optional ring O or S atom, such as or Ring is a 7-membered bicyclic (such as spiro) heterocyclic ring containing one ring N atom, such as 7.The compound of any one of claims 1 and 5-6, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R3 at each occurrence is independently selected from halogen, C1-4 alkyl (e.g., methyl) , and C1-4 haloalkyl.8.The compound of any one of claims 2-5, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R3a and R3b are each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, C1-4 alkyl, and C1-4 haloalkyl.9.The compound of any one of claims 2-5 and 8, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R3c and R3d are hydrogen.10.The compound of any one of claims 2-5 and 8-9, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R3e is hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl.11.The compound of any one of claims 1-10, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Ring is a C5-8 monocyclic or bicyclic (such as bridged) carbocyclic ring, a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic (such as bridged) heterocyclic ring containing one or two ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, or a 6-membered heteroaryl containing one or two ring nitrogen atoms (such as pyridyl or pyrimidyl) ;preferably, Ringis selected frommore preferably, Ringis12.The compound of any one of claims 1-11, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein m is 0; or,m is 1, and R4 is halogen, OH, NH2, CN, (CH2) -COOH, oxo, C (O) O- (C1-4 alkyl) , C (O) -(C1-4 alkyl) , C (O) NH2, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 haloalkyl, O- (C1-4 alkyl) , NH- (C1-4 alkyl) , or N (C1-4 alkyl) (C1-6 alkyl) ; orm is 2, and R4 at each occurrence is independently selected from halogen, OH, NH2, CN, (CH2) -COOH, oxo, C (O) O- (C1-4 alkyl) , C (O) - (C1-4 alkyl) , C (O) NH2, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 haloalkyl, O- (C1-4 alkyl) , NH- (C1-4 alkyl) , and N (C1-4 alkyl) (C1-6 alkyl) .13.The compound of any one of claims 1-12, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein is 14.The compound of any one of claims 1-13, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Ring is a C5-8 monocyclic or bicyclic (such as bridged) carbocyclic ring, a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic (such as bridged) heterocyclic ring containing one or two ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O, phenyl, or a 6-membered heteroaryl containing one or two ring nitrogen atoms (such as pyridyl) ;preferably, Ringis selected frommore preferably, Ringis15.The compound of any one of claims 1-14, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein n is 1, and R5 is halogen (such as F, Cl or Br) , OH, NH2, CN, C (O) H, SF5, C1-4 alkyl (such as ethyl) , C1-4 haloalkyl, O-C1-4 alkyl, O-C1-4 haloalkyl, NH-C1-4 alkyl, N (C1-4 alkyl) 2, S-C1-4 alkyl, C3-4 cycloalkyl (such as cyclopropyl) , C2-4 alkenyl, or C2-4 alkynyl; orn is 2, and R5 at each occurrence is independently selected from halogen (such as F, Cl or Br) , OH, NH2, CN, C (O) H, SF5, C1-4 alkyl (such as ethyl) , C1-4 haloalkyl, O-C1-4 alkyl, O-C1-4 haloalkyl, NH-C1-4 alkyl, N (C1-4 alkyl) 2, S-C1-4 alkyl, C3-4 cycloalkyl (such as cyclopropyl) , C2-4 alkenyl, and C2-4 alkynyl; orn is 3, and R5 at each occurrence is independently selected from halogen (such as F, Cl or Br) , OH, NH2, CN, C (O) H, SF5, C1-4 alkyl (such as ethyl) , C1-4 haloalkyl, O-C1-4 alkyl, O-C1-4 haloalkyl, NH-C1-4 alkyl, N (C1-4 alkyl) 2, S-C1-4 alkyl, C3-4 cycloalkyl (such as cyclopropyl) , C2-4 alkenyl, and C2-4 alkynyl.16.The compound of any one of claims 1-15, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Ring is phenyl or pyridyl, n is 2, one R5 is F, Cl, or CH3, and the other R5 is ethyl, cyclopropyl, Br, SF5, or CF3; preferably, is selected from orRingis phenyl or pyridyl, n is 1, and R5 is ethyl, cyclopropyl, Br, SF5, or CF3;preferably, is selected from17.The compound of any one of claims 1-16, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Ring is a C5-8 monocyclic or bicyclic (such as bridged) carbocyclic ring, or a 6-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic (such as fused) heterocyclic ring (e.g., piperazinyl ring) ;preferably, Ringis selected frommore preferably, Ringis18.The compound of any one of claims 1-17, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein p is 0; orp is 1 or 2, and R6 at each occurrence is independently selected from halogen, CN, C1-4 alkyl (such as methyl) , and C1-4 haloalkyl; orp is 3 or 4, and R6 at each occurrence is independently selected from halogen, CN, C1-4 alkyl (such as methyl) , and C1-4 haloalkyl.19.The compound of any one of claims 1-18, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein is selected from preferably, is20.The compound of any one of claims 1-19, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein L1 is -C (O) -.21.The compound of any one of claims 1-20, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein L2 is a 5-10 membered monocyclic or bicyclic (such as fused) heterocyclic ring containing one or more (such as one, two or three) ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, a C6-10 aryl, or a 6-10 membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl containing one or more (such as one, two, three or four) ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring, the aryl, or the heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more (such as one, two, three, four, or five) substituents independently selected from halogen (such as F or Cl) , oxo, OH, CN, C1-4 alkyl (such as methyl) , C1-4 haloalkyl, -O-C1-4 alkyl, -O-C1-4 haloalkyl, -NH-C1-4 alkyl, -N (C1-4 alkyl) 2, -S-C1-4 alkyl, C3-4 cycloalkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, and C2-4 alkynyl.22.The compound of any one of claims 1-20, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein L2 is a 5-membered heteroaryl containing one or more (such as one, two, three or four) ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S and optionally substituted with one or more (such as one, two or three) substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, CN, NH2, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 alkyl substituted with F, O-C1-4 alkyl, and C3-4 cycloalkyl; preferably, L2 is selected from orL2 is a 6-membered heteroaryl containing one or more (such as one or two) ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O and optionally substituted with one or more (such as one, two or three) substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, CN, NH2, oxo, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 alkyl substituted with F, O-C1-4 alkyl, and C3-4 cycloalkyl; preferably, L2 is selected fromorL2 is an 9-membered bicyclic (such as fused) heterocyclic ring containing one or more (such as one, two or three) ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O and optionally substituted with one or more (such as one, two or three) substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, CN, NH2, oxo, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 alkyl substituted with F, O-C1-4 alkyl, and C3-4 cycloalkyl; preferably, L2 is selected fromorL2 is a 9-membered bicyclic heteroaryl containing one or more (such as one, two, three or four) ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S and optionally substituted with one or more (such as one, two or three) substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, CN, NH2, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 alkyl substituted with F, O-C1-4 alkyl, and C3-4 cycloalkyl; preferably, L2 is selected fromorL2 is a 10-membered bicyclic heteroaryl containing one or more (such as one or two) ring nitrogen atoms and optionally substituted with one or more (such as one, two or three) substituents independently selected from halogen (such as F or Cl) , OH, CN, NH2, oxo, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 alkyl substituted with F, O-C1-4 alkyl, and C3-4 cycloalkyl; preferably, L2 is selected fromorL2 is a 13-membered fused tricyclic heteroaryl containing one or more (such as one, two or three) ring nitrogen atoms and optionally substituted with one or more (such as one, two or three) substituents independently selected from halogen (such as F or Cl) , OH, CN, NH2, oxo, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 alkyl substituted with F, O-C1-4 alkyl, and C3-4 cycloalkyl; preferably, L2 is23.A compound selected from the compounds shown in Examples section or any of the compounds shown in Table A herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.24.A compound as defined in any of the enumerated Embodiments 1-55, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.25.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound according to any one of claims 1-24 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.26.A method of treating a disease or disorder associated with MSI-H or dMMR, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of any one of claims 1-24 or a pharmaceutical composition of claim 25.27.The method of any one of claims 26, wherein the disease or disorder is a cancer associated with MSI-H or dMMR.28.The method of claim 27, wherein the cancer is colorectal, gastric or endometrial cancer.
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