Methods, architectures, apparatuses and systems for scatterer micro-doppler signature profiling

Abstract

Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products for a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) to receive configuration information associated with Micro-Doppler signature measurement. The WTRU may receive one or more reference signals (RSs) over a plurality of paths. The WTRU may measure, during a time window, a RS metric for the received one or more RSs using the indicated beam identifiers. The WTRU may determine a ARS-metric frequency profile from a frequency domain transform of the measurements of the RS metric. The WTRU may determine a reference profile from the set of the reference profiles which is a closest match to the ARS-metric frequency profile. The WTRU may send reporting information indicating any of the determined reference profile, the ARS-metric frequency profile, and / or a confidence interval associated with the determined reference profile and the ARS-metric frequency profile.

Description

METHODS, ARCHITECTURES, APPARATUSES AND SYSTEMS FOR SCATTERERMICRO-DOPPLER SIGNATURE PROFILINGCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U. S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 626,268 filed 29-Jan2024, which is incorporated herein by reference.BACKGROUND

[0002] The present application is related to the fields of communications, software and encoding, including, for example, to methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems directed to scatteringbased micro-doppler (MD) signature profiling. More specifically, a MD signature profile may be used to identify and / or classify an object.

[0003] In 3GPP, for Release 18 and earlier, no techniques have been introduced for the sensing of objects. It would be desirable to obtain a MD signature using reference signals (RSs) for the purposes of object identification and / or classification, such as to identify objects, such as persons and / or animals in the cases of roadways and railways, where the presence of these objects may lead to bodily injury and / or property damage.BRIEF SUMMARY

[0004] Briefly stated, in one embodiment, a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may receive configuration information associated with MD signature measurement. For example, the configuration information may include information indicating any of a time window, a RS metric, a first threshold, a second threshold, and / or a set of reference profiles. The WTRU may receive information indicating one or more RS configurations associated with one or more RSs. For example, the RS configurations may include information indicating beam identifiers associated with the one or more RSs. The WTRU may receive the one or more RSs over a plurality of paths. The WTRU may measure, during the time window, the RS metric for the received one or more RSs using the indicated beam identifiers. The WTRU may determine a ARS-metric frequency profile from a frequency domain transform of the measurements of the RS metric using the first threshold and the second threshold. The WTRU may determine a reference profile from the set of the reference profiles which is the closest match to the ARS-metric frequency profile. The WTRU may send reporting information indicating any of the determined reference profile, the ARS-metricfrequency profile, and / or a confidence interval associated with the determined reference profile and the ARS-metric frequency profile.

[0005] In one embodiment, a WTRU may receive configuration information associated with a MD signature measurement. For example, the configuration information may indicate one or more metrics for measurement and / or one or more RSs for measurement. The WTRU may measure the one or more metrics based on reception of the one or more RSs via multiple paths. The WTRU may determine a ARS-metric frequency profile based on measurement information associated with the measured one or more metrics. For example, the WTRU may perform a frequency transform on the measurement information. For example, the WTRU may apply any of the thresholds described herein when determining the ARS-metric frequency profile. The WTRU may determine an object category and / or class based on the determined ARS-metric frequency profile and a set of reference frequency profiles which correspond to a set of object categories and / or classes.

[0006] In one embodiment, a WTRU may receive configuration information associated with MD signature measurement. For example, the configuration information may include information indicating any of a time window, a RS metric, a first threshold, a second threshold, and / or a set of reference profiles. The WTRU may receive information indicating one or more RS configurations associated with one or more RSs. For example, the RS configurations may include information indicating beam identifiers associated with the one or more RSs. The WTRU may receive the one or more RSs over a plurality of paths. The WTRU may measure, during the time window, the RS metric for the received one or more RSs using the indicated beam identifiers. The WTRU may determine a ARSRP -frequency profile from a frequency domain transform of the measurements of the RS metric using the first threshold and the second threshold. The WTRU may determine a reference profile from the set of the reference profiles which is the closest match to the ARSRP - frequency profile. The WTRU may send a report including information indicating any of the determined reference profile, the ARSRP -frequency profile, and / or a confidence interval associated with the determined reference profile and the ARSRP-frequency profile.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0007] The following detailed description will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings, in which there are shown examples of one or more of the multiple embodiments of the present disclosure. It should be understood, however, that the embodiments described herein are not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown in the drawings. In the drawings:

[0008] FIG. 1 A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0009] FIG. IB is a system diagram illustrating an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0010] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0011] FIG. ID is a system diagram illustrating a further example RAN and a further example CN that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0012] FIG. 2 is a frequency-power diagram illustrating an example of Doppler shift, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0013] FIG. 3 is a frequency-power diagram illustrating an example of a micro-doppler (MD) shift, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0014] FIG. 4 is a signal diagram illustrating different phase components of a received signal, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0015] FIG. 5 is a table diagram illustrating examples of different motion types for different object categories accompanied by their corresponding frequency ranges, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0016] FIG. 6 is a system diagram illustrating an example bistatic sensing scenario, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0017] FIG. 7 is a time-RSRP diagram illustrating an example of RSRP measurements across a measurement time, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0018] FIG. 8 is a ARSRP -frequency diagram illustrating an example frequency response of RSRP measurements across time, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0019] FIG. 9 is a ARSRP-frequency diagram illustrating an example of a match between a measured ARSRP profile and a reference ARSRP profile, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0020] FIG. 10 is a ARSRP-frequency diagram illustrating an example of a mismatch between a measured ARSRP and a reference ARSRP, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0021] FIG. 11 is a flow diagram illustrating an example MD profile signature measurement process, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0022] FIG. 12 is a flow diagram illustrating an example procedure to associate an object with a specific category based on a ARS metric-frequency profile, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0023] FIG. 13 is a flow diagram illustrating an example procedure to select reference signal (RS) resource set identifiers (IDs) and / or RS metrics for MD signal profile measurement, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0024] FIG. 14 is a procedural diagram illustrating an example process to determine an object classification using a set of reference profiles, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0025] FIG. 15 is a procedural diagram illustrating another example process to determine an object classification using a set of reference profiles, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; and

[0026] FIG. 16 is a procedural diagram illustrating another example process to determine an object classification using a set of reference profiles, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0027] In describing the various embodiments of the present disclosure, certain terminology is used herein for convenience only and should not be considered as limiting such embodiments. In the drawings, the same reference numerals are employed for designating the same elements throughout the several figures and the present description.

[0028] In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments and / or examples disclosed herein. However, it will be understood that such embodiments and examples may be practiced without some or all of the specific details set forth herein. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components and circuits have not been described in detail, so as not to obscure the following description. Further, embodiments and examples not specifically described herein may be practiced in lieu of, or in combination with, the embodiments and other examples described, disclosed or otherwise provided explicitly, implicitly and / or inherently (collectively "provided") herein. Although various embodiments are described and / or claimed herein in which an apparatus, system, device, etc. and / or any element thereof carries out an operation, process, algorithm, function, etc. and / or any portion thereof, it is to be understood that any embodiments described and / or claimed herein assume that any apparatus, system, device, etc. and / or any element thereof is configured to carry out any operation, process, algorithm, function, etc. and / or any portion thereof.

[0029] Example Communications System

[0030] The methods, apparatuses and systems provided herein are well-suited for communications involving both wired and wireless networks. An overview of various types of wireless devices and infrastructure is provided with respect to FIGs. 1A-1D, where various elements of the network may utilize, perform, be arranged in accordance with and / or be adapted and / or configured for the methods, apparatuses and systems provided herein.

[0031] FIG. 1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communications system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users. The communications system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications systems 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), singlecarrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail (ZT) unique-word (UW) discreet Fourier transform (DFT) spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block- filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.

[0032] As shown in FIG. 1A, the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a radio access network (RAN) 104 / 113, a core network (CN) 106 / 115, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as a "station" and / or a "STA", may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include (or be) a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi- Fi device, an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0033] The communications systems 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, e.g., to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or the networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be any of a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B (NB), an eNode-B (eNB), a Home Node-B (HNB), a Home eNode-B (HeNB), a gNode-B (gNB), a NR Node-B (NR NB), a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0034] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. The base station 114a and / or the base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for a wireless service to a specific geographical area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over time. The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in an embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each or any sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and / or receive signals in desired spatial directions.

[0035] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0036] More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104 / 113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communicationprotocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0037] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE- Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[0038] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR Radio Access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[0039] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for instance using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., an eNB and a gNB).

[0040] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 IX, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.

[0041] The base station 114b in FIG. 1 A may be a wireless router, Home Node-B, Home eNode- B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a roadway, and the like. In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish any of a small cell, picocell or femtocell. As shown in FIG. 1 A, the base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Thus, the base station 114b may not be required to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106 / 115.

[0042] The RAN 104 / 113 may be in communication with the CN 106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have varying quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as differing throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1 A, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 / 113 and / or the CN 106 / 115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104 / 113, which may be utilizing an NR radio technology, the CN 106 / 115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing any of a GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or Wi-Fi radio technology.

[0043] The CN 106 / 115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include circuit-switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and / or the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired and / or wireless communications networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 114 or a different RAT.

[0044] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links). For example, the WTRU 102c shown in FIG. 1A may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0045] FIG. IB is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. IB, the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136,and / or other elements / peripherals 138, among others. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0046] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. While FIG. IB depicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together, e.g., in an electronic package or chip.

[0047] The transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 116. For example, in an embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In an embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an emitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In an embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0048] Although the transmit / receive element 122 is depicted in FIG. IB as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. For example, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in an embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0049] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit / receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11, for example.

[0050] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to, and may receive user input data from, the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquidcrystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and / or the removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM), readonly memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0051] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and / or control the power to the other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

[0052] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information over the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and / or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by way of any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0053] The processor 118 may further be coupled to other elements / peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules / units that provide additional features, functionality and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the elements / peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (e.g., for photographs and / or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like. The elements / peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, the sensors may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a lightsensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[0054] The WTRU 102 may include a full duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for both the uplink (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full duplex radio may include an interference management unit to reduce and or substantially eliminate self-interference via either hardware (e.g., a choke) or signal processing via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In an embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for either the uplink (e.g., for transmission) or the downlink (e.g., for reception)).

[0055] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0056] The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In an embodiment, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNode-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a.

[0057] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the uplink (UL) and / or downlink (DL), and the like. As shown in FIG. 1C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another over an X2 interface.

[0058] The CN 106 shown in FIG. 1C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any one of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0059] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c in the RAN 104 via an SI interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of theWTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0060] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via the SI interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to / from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during inter-eNode-B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0061] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0062] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0063] Although the WTRU is described in FIGs. 1A-1D as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments that such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) wired communication interfaces with the communication network.

[0064] In representative embodiments, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0065] A WLAN in infrastructure basic service set (BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have an access or an interface to a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic into and / or out of the BSS. Traffic to STAs that originates from outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and may be delivered to the STAs. Traffic originating from STAs to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to respective destinations. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where the source STA may send traffic to the AP and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. The traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and / or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. The peer-to-peer traffic may be sent between (e.g., directly between) the source and destination STAs with a directlink setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use an 802. l ie DLS or an 802.1 Iz tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and the STAs (e.g., all of the STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS mode of communication may sometimes be referred to herein as an "ad-hoc" mode of communication.

[0066] When using the 802.1 lac infrastructure mode of operation or a similar mode of operations, the AP may transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a dynamically set width via signaling. The primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA / CA) may be implemented, for example in in 802.11 systems. For CSMA / CA, the STAs (e.g., every STA), including the AP, may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0067] High throughput (HT) STAs may use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, via a combination of the primary 20 MHz channel with an adjacent or nonadj acent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0068] Very high throughput (VHT) STAs may support 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz wide channels. The 40 MHz, and / or 80 MHz, channels may be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel may be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which may be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the data, after channel encoding, may be passed through a segment parser that may divide the data into two streams. Inverse fast fourier transform (IFFT) processing, and time domain processing, may be done on each stream separately. The streams may be mapped on to the two 80 MHz channels, and the data may be transmitted by a transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above-described operation for the 80+80 configuration may be reversed, and the combined data may be sent to a medium access control (MAC) layer, entity, etc.

[0069] Sub 1 GHz modes of operation are supported by 802.1 laf and 802.11 ah. The channel operating bandwidths, and carriers, are reduced in 802.1 laf and 802.1 lah relative to those used in 802.1 In, and 802.1 lac. 802.1 laf supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV white space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.1 lah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment,802.11ah may support meter type control / machine-type communications (MTC), such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities including support for (e.g., only support for) certain and / or limited bandwidths. The MTC devices may include a battery with a battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[0070] WLAN systems, which may support multiple channels, and channel bandwidths, such as 802.1 In, 802.1 lac, 802.11af, and 802.1 lah, include a channel which may be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and / or limited by a STA, from among all STAs in operating in a BSS, which supports the smallest bandwidth operating mode. In the example of 802.1 lah, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e.g., MTC type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1 MHz mode, even if the AP, and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or network allocation vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to a STA (which supports only a 1 MHz operating mode), transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency bands may be considered busy even though a majority of the frequency bands remains idle and may be available.

[0071] In the United States, the available frequency bands, which may be used by 802.1 lah, are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.1 lah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz depending on the country code.

[0072] FIG. ID is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 may employ an NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.

[0073] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a, 180b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. Thus, the gNB 180a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and / or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c mayimplement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0074] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with a scalable numerology. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframe or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., including a varying number of OFDM symbols and / or lasting varying lengths of absolute time).

[0075] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non- standalone configuration. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c). In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility anchor point. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non- standalone configuration WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with / connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating with / connecting to another RAN such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In the non- standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may serve as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and / or throughput for servicing WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0076] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and / or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards user plane functions (UPFs) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards access and mobility management functions (AMFs) 182a, 182b, and the like. As shown in FIG. ID, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may communicate with one another over an Xn interface.

[0077] The CN 115 shown in FIG. ID may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one session management function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and at least one Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0078] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N2 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, support for network slicing (e.g., handling of different protocol data unit (PDU) sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, management of the registration area, termination of NAS signaling, mobility management, and the like. Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182a, 182b, e.g., to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the types of services being utilized WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for MTC access, and / or the like. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies such as WiFi.

[0079] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to an AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via an N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to a UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via an N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b and configure the routing of traffic through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP address, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notifications, and the like. A PDU session type may be IP -based, non-IP based, Ethernet-based, and the like.

[0080] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, e.g., to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multihomed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, and the like.

[0081] The CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers. In an embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to a local Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b through the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.

[0082] In view of FIGs. 1 A-1D, and the corresponding description of FIGs. 1 A-1D, one or more, or all, of the functions described herein with regard to any of: WTRUs 102a-d, base stations 114a- b, eNode-Bs 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNBs 180a-c, AMFs 182a-b, UPFs 184a- b, SMFs 183a-b, DNs 185a-b, and / or any other element(s) / device(s) described herein, may be performed by one or more emulation elements / devices (not shown). The emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described herein. For example, the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and / or to simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0083] The emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a lab environment and / or in an operator network environment. For example, the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for purposes of testing and / or may performing testing using over-the-air wireless communications.

[0084] The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, including all, functions while not being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the emulation devices may be utilized in a testing scenario in a testing laboratory and / or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication network in order to implement testing of one or more components. The one or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communications via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation devices to transmit and / or receive data.

[0085] Introduction

[0086] The following acronyms and abbreviations may be used throughout the disclosure:

[0087] ACK Acknowledgement

[0088] Ao A Angle of Arrival

[0089] BLER Block Error Rate

[0090] BWP Bandwidth Part

[0091] CAP Channel Access Priority

[0092] CAPC Channel access priority class

[0093] CCA Clear Channel Assessment

[0094] CCE Control Channel Element

[0095] CE Control Element

[0096] CG Configured grant or cell group

[0097] CP Cyclic Prefix

[0098] CP-OFDM Conventional OFDM (relying on cyclic prefix)

[0099] CQI Channel Quality Indicator

[0100] CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check

[0101] CSI Channel State Information

[0102] CW Contention Window

[0103] CWS Contention Window Size

[0104] CO Channel Occupancy

[0105] DAI Downlink Assignment Index

[0106] DCI Downlink Control Information

[0107] DFI Downlink feedback information

[0108] DG Dynamic grant

[0109] DL Downlink

[0110] DM-RS Demodulation Reference Signal[oni] DRB Data Radio Bearer

[0112] eLAA enhanced Licensed Assisted Access

[0113] FeLAA Further enhanced Licensed Assisted Access

[0114] HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request

[0115] LAA License Assisted Access

[0116] LBT Listen-Before-Talk

[0117] LTE Long Term Evolution (e.g., from 3 GPP LTE R8 and up)

[0118] NACK Negative ACK

[0119] MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme

[0120] MD Micro-Doppler

[0121] MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output

[0122] NR New Radio

[0123] OFDM Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing

[0124] PHY Physical Layer

[0125] PID Process ID

[0126] PMI Precoding Matrix Indicator

[0127] PO Paging Occasion

[0128] PRACH Physical Random Access Channel

[0129] PRS Positioning Reference Signal

[0130] PSS Primary Synchronization Signal

[0131] PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel

[0132] PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel

[0133] QCL Quasi Colocation

[0134] RA Random Access (or procedure)

[0135] RACH Random Access Channel

[0136] RAR Random Access Response

[0137] RAT Radio Access Technology

[0138] RCU Radio access network Central Unit

[0139] RF Radio Front end

[0140] RI Rank Indicator

[0141] RLF Radio Link Failure

[0142] RLM Radio Link Monitoring

[0143] RNTI Radio Network Identifier

[0144] RO RACH occasion

[0145] RRC Radio Resource Control

[0146] RRM Radio Resource Management

[0147] RS Reference Signal

[0148] RSCP Reference Signal Carrier Phase

[0149] RSRP Reference Signal Received Power

[0150] RSRPP Reference Signal Received Power per path

[0151] RSRQ Reference Signal Received Quality

[0152] RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator

[0153] SDU Service Data Unit

[0154] SINK Signal to Interference Noise Ratio

[0155] SNR Signal to Noise Ratio

[0156] SRS Sounding Reference Signal

[0157] SS Synchronization Signal

[0158] SSS Secondary Synchronization Signal

[0159] SWG Switching Gap (in a self-contained subframe)

[0160] SPS Semi-persistent scheduling

[0161] SUL Supplemental Uplink

[0162] TA Timing Advance

[0163] TB Transport Block

[0164] TBS Transport Block Size

[0165] TCI Transmission Configuration Indicator

[0166] TRP Transmission / Reception Point

[0167] TSC Time-sensitive communications

[0168] TSN Time-sensitive networking

[0169] UCI Uplink Control Information

[0170] UE User equipment

[0171] UL Uplink

[0172] URLLC Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications

[0173] WBWP Wide Bandwidth Part

[0174] WLAN Wireless Local Area Networks and related technologies (IEEE 8O2.xx domain)

[0175] Doppler impairments may be produced by temporal variations of the channel response caused by movement of transmit / receive points (TRPs) and / or surrounding scatterers. Doppler shifts may be measured as a result of translational, or bulk motion that causes amplitude and phase fluctuations of the channel as a function of speed, carrier frequency, and / or the angles of the transmitted / received rays with respect to the velocity vector. Signal obstructions can produce a superposition of Doppler shift values, known as Doppler spread, resulting from a multiplicity of scattered signals arriving from different directions.

[0176] Contrary to Doppler shifts caused by bulk motion, Micro-Doppler (MD) frequency shifts may result from the motion, rotation, and / or vibration of a target (e.g., human, animal, vehicle, drone) and / or a structure on the target beside its main bulk motion.

[0177] FIG. 2 is a frequency-power diagram illustrating an example of Doppler shift, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 2, a (e.g., RF) signal may be transmitted at a carrier frequency fc. Due to Doppler shift, the signal may be received at a different carrier frequency fc+ fvwhich is shifted from the transmitted carrier frequency fc.

[0178] FIG. 3 is a frequency -power diagram illustrating an example of MD shift, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 3, a (e.g., RF) signal may be transmitted at a carrier frequency fc. Due to MD shifts, the signal may be received at multiple different carrier frequencies which are shifted from the transmitted carrier frequency fc.

[0179] For example, MD frequency shifts maybe different from Doppler shifts in the following points. MD exhibits periodic or aperiodic Doppler shift (e.g., MD frequency shifts are accompanied by harmonics such as f152f15, 3f15... , f2, 2f2, 3f2) patterns that are characteristic of the type of object being sensed (e.g., car engines and aircraft turbines have distinguishing MicroDoppler patterns). In FIG. 3, the signal may be received at the carrier frequency fcand multiple other frequencies due to harmonics, such as fc+ f15fc+ 2f15and fc+ 3fx.

[0180] For example, a Doppler shift may be induced from translational motion and result in a well-defined shift in the carrier frequency which can be captured using one measurement instance (e.g., with respect to reference signals). Moreover, a Doppler shift usually varies slowly according to macroscopic channel variations (e.g., changes in the scatterers or the angles of arrival to the WTRU 102). However, the MD may be induced from vibrational and / or rotational motion and result in periodic or aperiodic changes in the phase of the scattered signal over time that can be captured across multiple measurement instances.

[0181] For example, a Micro-Doppler signature may be used to extract more information about a scattering object, such as type, identity, health-monitoring, etc.

[0182] Assuming that a vibrating and / or rotating part of an obj ect is illuminated with an RF signal at a carrier frequency fc, any scattered waves from this part of the object may be expected to be phase-modulated according to the vibrations and / or rotational motion of that specific part. Assuming a sinusoidal motion may be described by a function x(t) = msin(cot), where m is the vibration or rotation amplitude and a> is the vibration or rotation angular frequency, the received signal can be expressed as:where (p is the total residual phase, Jnis Bessel function of the first kind and n-th order, and A is the wavelength. This reflects that periodic motions (e.g., vibration / rotation) will have multiple harmonic components.x(t)

[0183] In the case of small — , the motion signature can be extracted through analysing the dynamic phase of the scattered signal and removing the static phase of the background environment. This may be achieved through exploiting different signal versions that result from multiple paths.

[0184] FIG. 4 is a signal diagram illustrating different phase components of a received signal, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 4, the removal of the static phase components of the background environment may allow for the analysis of small MD displacements relative to wavelength. As shown in FIG. 4, a signal may be received using multiple antennas, such as a first antenna (e.g., Ant #1), a second antenna (e.g., Ant #2), and a third antenna (e.g., Ant #3). The signal received via the first antenna (e.g., Ant #1) may include a first static phase component and a respective set of dynamic target phase components (e.g., three components). The signal received via the second antenna (e.g., Ant #2) may include a second static phase component and a respective set of dynamic target phase components (e.g., three components). The signal received via the third antenna (e.g., Ant #3) may include a third static phase component and a respective set of dynamic target phase components (e.g., three components). After removing the static phase components, the signal received via the first antenna (e.g., Ant #1) may include a first set of dynamic target phase components (e.g., Chip #1), the signal received via the second antenna (e.g., Ant #2) may include a second set of dynamic target phase components (e.g., Chip #2), and the signal received via the third antenna (e.g., Ant #3) may include a third set of dynamic target phase components (e.g., Chip #3). For example, a phase difference A< > may be measured (e.g., for each dynamic target phase component) with respect to one of the dynamic target phase components.

[0185] The MD signature may be used in obj ect classification. Different obj ects and / or categories of objects may exhibit different motion types with different signatures in terms of MD frequencies and / or amplitudes. FIG. 5 is a table diagram illustrating examples of different motion types for different object categories accompanied by their corresponding frequency ranges, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, a human (e.g., heart beats, gestures) may be characterized by a respective MD frequency range of 0.35 Hz to 16.6 Hz. For example, a drone (e.g., propeller rotation) may be characterized by a respective MD frequency range of 83 Hz to 333 Hz. For example, an automotive turbocharger, such as in a car engine, may be characterized by a respective MD frequency range of 2 kHz to 5 kHz.

[0186] In 3 GPP, up to Releaser 18, no techniques have been introduced for the sensing of passive or active objects. Doppler in a communications context is usually regarded as an impairment that needs to be corrected for detection. Doppler shifts resulting from translational movements mayneed to be estimated and corrected and sometimes considered to analyze, or predict, the channel evolution over time, such as for CSI reporting purposes. Doppler characterizations for sensing or identification purposes have not been considered in 3GPP standards.

[0187] In the Release 19 TSG Technical Report 22.387 in June of 2023, there are several use cases put forth that highlight the need to identify vulnerable passengers such as humans and animals in or along highways, roads, and / or railway lines for the aim of protection and safety. Also, there are other use cases to identify intruders to private areas, such as from human beings or drones.

[0188] A Micro-Doppler signature is one way to identify and classify an object through the identification of its corresponding sub-motions (e.g., vibrations and / or rotations). However, at low carrier frequencies (e.g., FR1) or small vibrational and / or rotational amplitudes, Micro-Doppler peaks may not be detectable since the vibrational and / or rotational motion displacement may be smaller than the carrier frequency wavelength, which is quite different from the Doppler shift whose magnitude is independent of the ratio between the translation motion amplitude and carrier wavelength. In addition, at lower motion (e.g., rotation / vibration) angular frequencies co, the frequency resolution may need to be increased (e.g., by increasing the observation time) to distinguish between different Micro-Doppler frequency harmonics.

[0189] FIG. 6 is a system diagram illustrating an example bistatic sensing scenario, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 6 a TRP 602 and a WTRU 102 may perform a procedure to perform bistatic MD sensing with respect to an object, such as an unmanned arial vehicle (UAV) 604. One or more signals (e.g., RSs) may be transmitted from the towards the UAV 604. The WTRU 102 may receive reflections of the one or more signals from the UAV 604. The WTRU 102 may perform bistatic MD sensing using the received signals.

[0190] It is desirable to provide procedures and methods to (e.g., initiate, configure, adjust, measure and report to effectively) obtain a Micro-Doppler signature from sensing signals to enable object identification.

[0191] Overview

[0192] In certain representative embodiments, Micro-Doppler (MD) profiling for a target object may be performed, such as with the aim of object classification. For example, a WTRU 102 may receive, from the network, configuration information to start a MD signature measurement. The WTRU 102 may receive a reference signal (RS). The WTRU 102 may measures (pre)configured metrics associated with the RS within the MD measurement time window. The WTRU 102 may determine a ARSRP-time profile and its corresponding ARSRP-frequency profile. The WTRU 102 may determine an object category based on a comparison between the object’s ARSRP-frequency profile and a reference profile associated with a specific object category. The WTRU 102 may report, to the network, information indicating an object MD signature profile (e.g., ARSRP-time profile and / or ARSRP-frequency profile), the object category, the measured reference signal metrics, and / or uncertainty ranges.

[0193] In certain representative embodiments, downlink RS measurements may be used for the purpose of object identification via the calculation of a MD signature of a target object.

[0194] In other representative embodiments, other RS measurements may be used.

[0195] Scatterer MD Profile Estimation

[0196] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may receive, from the network, configuration information which includes information indicating to start a MD measurement (e.g., for an object). For example, the configuration information may include any (e.g., combination) of the following: (i) a flag to start a MD measurement procedure; (ii) conditions (e.g., thresholds) for reporting (e.g., semipersistent and aperiodic); (iii) conditions for process termination; (iv) a time window for the MD measurement procedure (e.g., start time & duration to get the output); (v) metrics to be measured for reference signals (e.g., RSRP, RSRPP, and / or instantaneous frequency shifts); (vi) threshold values (e.g., a static threshold” to identify the MD signature ripples, a “harmonic threshold” to select the MD harmonic frequencies, “minimum frequency” and “minimum amplitude” thresholds to assign a specific MD profile to an object category, “update thresholds”, and / or “termination thresholds”); and (vii) a reference amplitude-frequency profile (e.g., a “reference profile”) associated with different object categories, (e.g., a table of threshold values associated with each object category, and / or an AI / ML model for each object category).

[0197] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may one or more reference signal (e.g., PRS) configurations with reference signal resource information, such as beam ID(s), periodicity, repetition factor, time gap, and / or comb size.

[0198] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may receive the reflected reference beam(s) (e.g., ID(s)) from the object and its multipath versions within a (e.g., preconfigured) measurement window.

[0199] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may measure the RSRP of the RS(s) and determine a ARSRP-frequency profile. For example, the ARSRP-frequency profile may be determined using the following steps: (i) measure the variation of ARSRP (e.g., the difference between the measured RSRP and the Static threshold) within measurement window and calculate the ARSRP-time profile; (ii) calculate the ARSRP-frequency profile (e.g., by applying a frequency transformation method to the ARSRP-time profile); and (iii) determine the frequency componentsto be considered in the ARSRP -frequency profile (e.g., corresponding amplitudes are above the Harmonic threshold).

[0200] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may use the ARSRP -frequency profile to associate the measurement with an object category based on at least one of the following: (i) the (e.g., average) difference between the measured frequencies and the reference profile frequencies associated with an object category are below a (e.g., preconfigured) minimum frequency threshold; and / or (ii) the difference between the measured ARSRP associated with the measured frequencies and the reference profile amplitudes associated with the corresponding reference frequency for an object category is below a (e.g., preconfigured) minimum amplitude threshold.

[0201] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may send a report to the network (e.g., periodic / aperiodic / semipersistent) one or more of the following: (i) the determined ARSRP- frequency profile (e.g., with a corresponding uncertainty range or confidence level) and / or (ii) the classified object category (e.g., with a corresponding uncertainty range or confidence level).

[0202] FIG. 7 is a time-RSRP diagram illustrating an example of RSRP measurements across a measurement time, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 7, a set (e.g., series) of RSRP measurements may be performed over time (e.g., a measurement window) for a RS beam that is scattered from an object (e.g., exhibiting rotational and / or vibrational motion). As one example, ARSRP may be measured with respect to a first threshold (e.g., Thresholdl max), such as the ARSRP may be measured as the difference (e.g., A) between the first threshold and the RSRP measurements (e.g., over time). As another example, ARSRP may be measured with respect to a second threshold (e.g., Thresholdl min).

[0203] FIG. 8 is a ARSRP -frequency diagram illustrating an example frequency response of RSRP measurements across time, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 8, the frequency response of the measured ARSRP may be representative of a set of MD shifts. For example, only the components (e.g., harmonics) of the frequency response which are above a threshold (e.g., Threshold2) may be used for MD profiling of the target object.

[0204] FIG. 9 is a ARSRP-frequency diagram illustrating an example of a match between a measured ARSRP profile and a reference ARSRP profile, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. In certain representative embodiments, a measured ARSRP profile and a reference ARSRP profile may be determined to match, such as based on comparing harmonics of the measured ARSRP profile and the reference ARSRP profile. As shown, in FIG. 9, a difference (e.g., A) in frequency between a second harmonic of the measured ARSRP and a second harmonic of the reference ARSRP may be less than a (e.g., configured) minimum frequency threshold. Asshown, in FIG. 9, a difference (e.g., A) in amplitude between the second harmonic of the measured ARSRP and the second harmonic of the reference ARSRP may be less than a (e.g., configured) minimum amplitude threshold. For example, a comparison between each component (e.g., harmonic) of the measured ARSRP and the reference ARSRP may be used to determine whether the measured ARSRP profile and the reference ARSRP profile have a satisfactory or unsatisfactory match (e.g., for purposes of object classification).

[0205] In certain representative embodiments, each harmonic of the measured ARSRP profile and the reference ARSRP profile may be compared.

[0206] In certain representative embodiments, (e.g., only) certain (e.g., predetermined) harmonics of the measured ARSRP profile and the reference ARSRP profile may be compared.

[0207] FIG. 10 is a ARSRP-frequency diagram illustrating an example of a mismatch between a measured ARSRP profile and a reference ARSRP profile, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. In certain representative embodiments, the measured ARSRP profile and the reference ARSRP profile may be determined to be mismatched (e.g., unsatisfactory match), such as based on comparing harmonics of the measured ARSRP profile and the reference ARSRP profile. As shown, in FIG. 10, a difference (e.g., A) in frequency between a second harmonic of the measured ARSRP profile and a second harmonic of the reference ARSRP profile may be greater than a (e.g., configured minimum) frequency threshold. That is, the second harmonics differ in (e.g., peak or center carrier) frequency more than a configured amount. As shown, in FIG. 10, a difference (e.g., A) in amplitude between the second harmonic of the measured ARSRP profile and the second harmonic of the reference ARSRP profile may be greater than a (e.g., configured minimum) amplitude threshold. That is, the second harmonics differ in (e.g., peak and / or average) amplitude more than a configured amount. For example, a comparison between each harmonic of the measured ARSRP profile and the reference ARSRP profile may be used to determine whether the measured ARSRP profile and the reference ARSRP profile have a satisfactory or unsatisfactory match (e.g., for purposes of object classification).

[0208] It should be understood that the second harmonics in FIGs. 9 and 10 are used for purposes of illustration and that any other harmonics (e.g., each harmonic) may be similarly compared for MD signature profiling as described herein.

[0209] MD Report Update

[0210] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may be configured to perform measurement of ARSRP and / or determination of a ARSRP-frequency profile, such as over multiple measurement occasions. The WTRU 102 may report a change in the measured and / or calculated values and / or the invalidity of a latest (e.g., previous) reported measurement s) and / orcalculation(s) based on any (e.g., combination) of the following: (i) a change in the measured frequencies of the profile is above a (e.g., preconfigured) update threshold; (ii) a change in the measured ARSRP associated with the measured frequencies is above a (e.g., preconfigured) update threshold; (iii) a change in the classified object category; (iv) a change in the target object location above a (e.g., preconfigured) update threshold; and / or (v) a change in the RSRP associated with the target object is below a (e.g., preconfigured) update threshold.

[0211] MD Signature Termination

[0212] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may be configured to perform measurement of RSRP, such as over multiple measurement occasions (e.g., time windows). The WTRU 102 may determine that the MD signature of the target object is unchanged based on any (e.g., combination) of the following: (i) a change in the measured frequencies of the profile is below a (e.g., preconfigured) termination threshold (e.g., for a certain period of time); and / or (ii) a change in the measured ARSRP associated with the measured frequencies is below a (e.g., preconfigured) termination threshold (e.g., for a certain period of time).

[0213] For example, the WTRU 102 may report to the network the change in MD signature parameters and its recommendation to terminate the MD signature measurement procedure.

[0214] Common Aspects

[0215] As used herein, a “TRP” may be used interchangeably with “gNB” or “PRU”.

[0216] As used herein, a “Network” may refer to the AMF, LMF, and / or gNB.

[0217] As used herein, a “location” may be used interchangeably with “position”.

[0218] As used herein, a “RS” may refer to any of the positioning and reference signals, such asPRS, SRSp, CSI-RS, DM-RS, SSB and the like.

[0219] As described herein, a WTRU 102 may receive (pre)configured threshold(s) from the network (e.g., LMF, gNB) via a downlink physical channel (e.g., PDSCH, PDCCH, etc.) and / or via lower or higher layer signalling (e.g., UCI, MAC-CE, RRC and / or LPP messaging).

[0220] As used herein, a “measurement occasion” may be defined as an instance where the WTRU 102 measures one or more positioning metrics (e.g., RSRP, ToF, etc.).

[0221] As used herein, a LoS path between the WTRU 102 and the TRP 604 may refer to a direct path between the WTRU 102 and the TRP 604.

[0222] As used herein, a NLoS path between the WTRU 102 and the TRP 604 may refer to a single bounce or multi bounce path via other obstacles and / or (e.g., ground) reflections.

[0223] As used herein, a PRS resource path may be defined as each instance of the received PRS resource with its unique measurements. For example, the WTRU 102 may receive a PRS ID 1 from multiple paths (e.g., LoS, single bounce, etc.) with multiple ToF measurements (e.g., X ms,Y ms, Z ms). Each instance or path of the PRS resource with PRS ID 1 may be considered as a PRS resource path.

[0224] As used herein, a scatterer may refer to any object that scatters a signal sent between WTRU 102 and the TRP 604 in a multipath wireless environment.

[0225] In certain representative embodiments, MD signature profiling may be enabled for a target object, such as for purposes of object classification (e.g., identification). MD signature profiling may enable sensing uses cases, such as those in TR 22.837 that require target object identification and classification (e.g., human, UAV, AGV, etc.) with the aim of either target object intruder detection, tracking and / or monitoring. MD signature profiling may enable improved accuracy in object sensing through use of the associated MD signature profile with the target object to identify the scattered reference beams from the object.

[0226] FIG. 11 is a flow diagram illustrating an example MD profile signature measurement process, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. In FIG. 11, DCI, as one example, may be used by the network to trigger a MD signature profiling measurement window.

[0227] As shown in FIG. 11, at 1102, a WTRU 102 may receive a RS configuration from a gNB 180. At 1104, the WTRU 102 may receive DCI. The DCI may (e.g., include information to) trigger MD signature profiling. For example, the WTRU 102 may be triggered to start MD signature profiling at timing which is relative to the DCI reception. At 1106, one or more RSs may be received by the WTRU 102 during the duration of a measurement window. For example, the one or more RSs may be received from the gNB 180 at 1106 after a start time of a MD signature profile measurement window. At 1108, another one or more RSs may be received by the WTRU 102 during the duration of a subsequent measurement window. For example, the one or more RSs may be received from the gNB 180 at 1108 prior to an end time of a MD signature profile measurement window. At 1110, the WTRU 102 may send a measurement report to the gNB 180. For example, the measurement report may include information associated with MD signature profiling using measurements as described herein which were obtained from the RSs at 1106 and 1108. At 1112, the WTRU 102 may send a configuration request to the gNB 180. At 1114, the WTRU 102 may receive a RS configuration from a gNB 180. For example, the RS configuration received at 1114 may be an update to the RS configuration received at 1102.

[0228] MD Signature Profiling Capability

[0229] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may receive (e.g., decode) a first network request through RRC signaling to provide (e.g., sensing) capability information. For example, a WTRU 102 may receive the first network request following a Random Access Procedure with the network.

[0230] For example, a WTRU 102 may prepare a WTRU Capability Information message including information indicating the WTRU’s supported sensing features. Supported capabilities may include any (e.g., combination) of the following: (i) sensing processing capabilities (e.g., MD signature profiling); (ii) sensing frequency ranges; (iii) sensing bandwidth; (iv) sensing modes; (v) sensing spatial resolution; (vi) sensing time resolution; (vii) doppler sensitivity; (viii) reflectivity sensitivity; and / or (ix) integrated sensors.

[0231] For example, the WTRU 102 may send the Capability Information message through RRC signaling (e.g., over the PUSCH).

[0232] For example, the capability information may be used by the network to optimize its configuration and resource allocation which may be specific to the WTRU 102.

[0233] MD Signature Profiling Configuration

[0234] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may receive (e.g., decode) (e.g., first) configuration information from the network which is associated with measurement for target sensing of an object(s) including performing and reporting MD signature measurement. The WTRU 102 may receive the configuration (or indication thereof) via RRC signalling, MAC-CE, and / or DCI. For example, a MD signature profiling configuration may also be referred to as a MD signature measurement configuration.

[0235] In certain representative embodiments, the configuration information (e.g., a WTRU MD signature measurements configuration) may include information indicating any (e.g., combination) of the following: (i) reference profiles associated with target sensing objects and / or categories; (ii) a start timing of a MD measurement; (iii) one or more RS configurations; (iv) one or more measurement metrics; (v) a MD measurement window (e.g., duration in symbols, slots, subframes, frames, milliseconds or other transmission time intervals (TTIs)); (vi) one or more MD measurement thresholds; (vii) one or more triggers for MD measurement; and / or (viii) one or more measurement configurations.

[0236] For example, the configuration information may include information indicating one or more reference profiles associated with different target sensing object categories (e.g., for each target sensing object category), such as threshold values, frequency profiles, and / or amplitude profiles.

[0237] For example, the configuration information may include information indicating (e.g., a flag) to start the MD measurement procedure.

[0238] For example, the configuration information may include information indicating an RS configuration such as any of the following: (i) reference signal types (e.g., PRS); (ii) resource sets; (iii) time / frequency characteristics, such as pattern and / or density; (iv) cover codes; (v) periodicity;(vi) power settings; and / or (vii) beamforming / precoding related information (e.g., beam IDs, TCI settings, QCL info).

[0239] For example, the configuration information may include information indicating metrics to be used for the MD measurement (e.g., in relation to the RSs), such as any (e.g., combination) of the following: (i) RSRP; (ii) RSRPP; (iii) RSCP; (iv) RSRQ; (v) SINR; (vi) CQI; (vii) RI; (viii) PMI; and / or (ix) TA.

[0240] For example, the configuration information may include information indicating a time window for the MD measurement procedure, such as start time, minimum duration, and / or maximum duration.

[0241] For example, the configuration information may include information indicating the thresholds for the MD measurement procedure. For example, the thresholds may include any (e.g., combination) of the following: (i) static threshold to identify the MD signature ripples; (ii) harmonic threshold” to select the MD harmonic frequencies; (iii) minimum / maximum frequencies or / and amplitude thresholds to assign a specific MD profile to an object category; (iv) measurement accuracy thresholds; and / or (v) update thresholds, termination thresholds, etc.

[0242] For example, the configuration information may include information indicating the one or more triggers for initiating the MD measurement procedure. As examples, the triggers may include any (e.g., combination) of the following: (i) time-based triggers (e.g., WTRU-initiated MD measurements at predefined intervals for periodic monitoring); (ii) event-based triggers (e.g., WTRU-initiated MD measurements when certain signal parameters such as SINR fall below configured thresholds); (iii) location-based triggers (e.g., when WTRU 102 enters / leaves certain geographical area, and / or when it detects proximity to a particular object or location); (iv) mobility-based triggers (e.g., accounting for WTRU 102 being stationary or mobile); and / or (v) QoS-based triggers (e.g., based on sensing accuracy or resolution).

[0243] For example, the configuration information may include information indicating MD measurement reporting information, such as any (e.g., combination) of the following: (i) reporting type (e.g., periodic, semi-periodic, aperiodic); (ii) reporting thresholds (e.g., conditions for WTRU 102 to report MD measurement information based on changes in the MD signature and / or other (pre)defined criteria); (iii) reporting content and format (e.g., raw versus processed data, statistical or instantaneous data, etc.); (iv) reporting resources (e.g., uplink resources such as transmission power, resource blocks, and / or scheduling information); and / or (v) error handling and / or resensing strategies.

[0244] MD Signature Profiling Initiation

[0245] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may receive one or more triggers for initiating a procedure for MD signature acquisition, such as part of the first configuration from the network. The WTRU 102 may monitor for one or a combination of time-based, event-based, location-based, mobility -based, and / or QoS-based triggers.

[0246] For example, the WTRU 102 may, upon the detection of any of the triggers, send a request to the network for initiating the MD signature measurement. For example, the request to initiate MD signature measurement may be sent (i) explicitly via uplink signalling (e.g., RRC signalling, MAC-CE, UCI, or reference signal transmissions, such as via SRS); and / or (ii) implicitly through selection of certain uplink resources (e.g., resources related to PRACH, PUCCH, PUSCH, SpatialRelationlnfo).

[0247] For example, the WTRU 102 may accordingly receive a first configuration from the network to initiate MD signature acquisition and reporting as described herein.

[0248] For example, the WTRU 102 may request a second configuration from the network such as where the MD signature measurement is not satisfactory (e.g., below a certain sensing resolution).

[0249] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive a second configuration from the network to assist the WTRU 102 with the MD signature measurement. The second configuration (e.g., may be combined with the first configuration) may include additional or more granular information for the WTRU 102 to assist with the MD signature acquisition task.

[0250] Reference Beam Determination

[0251] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may receive the configured PRS resources. For example, each received RS resource may be characterized by a respective (e.g., unique) resource set ID, respective resource ID, respective angular direction (e.g., azimuth and / or zenith), and / or respective beamwidth. The WTRU 102 may receive one or more copies (e.g., instances) of each of the PRS resources indicating the presence of one or more paths. The presence of multiple paths may represent the presence of one or more scatterer, objects, reflectors or the like in the environment.

[0252] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may measure path-specific positioning metrics, such as RSRPP, time delay, AoA, and / or doppler shift. Each positioning metric may be associated with a copy of the received RS resources.

[0253] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may be configured by the network regarding the (e.g., expected) location and / or the (e.g., expected) measurement s) associated with an (e.g., expected) object of interest. The WTRU 102 may receive at least one of the following assistance information from the network: (i) the object’s location (e.g., 3D location, 2D location,global reference, and / or a reference with respect to the gNB location); and / or (ii) measurements (e.g., RSRPP, time delay, AoA, etc.) associated with the object. For example, based on the assistance information and the measurements, the WTRU 102 may associate a received RS ID with the object based on at least one of the following conditions: (i) a difference between the measured AoA and / or time delay associated with received RS ID and the AoA and / or time delay associated with the object’s location is below a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (ii) the difference between the measured RSRPP, time delay, AoA, and / or doppler shift associated with the received RS ID and the configured expected RSRPP, time delay, AoA, and / or doppler shift is / are below a (pre)configured threshold.

[0254] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine the received RS resources associated with the object based on any (e.g., combination) of the following: (i) the measurements (e.g., RSRPP / time delay / AoA / doppler shift.) associated with the RS resource is above a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (ii) the difference between the measurements (e.g., RSRPP / time delay / AoA / doppler shift) between N (pre)configured measurement occasions is below a (pre)configured threshold.

[0255] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine an object’s location using RAT dependent and / or RAT independent methods. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine the received RS resources associated with the object based on the difference between the measured AoA and / or time delay and / or RSRPP and / or doppler shift of the RS resource and the corresponding expected values associated with the object location is below a preconfigured threshold (e.g., respective thresholds).

[0256] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may be configured with RS resources which are transmitted (e.g., illuminated) directly at the object by the network. The WTRU 102 may receive an indication from the network indicating the configured RS resources are associated with the object. In that case, the WTRU 102 may associate the received RS resources with the object. For example, the WTRU 102 may associate multiple RS resources and corresponding measurements with the object.

[0257] In certain representative embodiments, a RS (e.g., DL-PRS) configuration may be periodic and / or semi-persistent. For example, in every measurement occasion (e.g., periodic, semi- persistent), the WTRU 102 may associate the reference RS to a same object of interest. This may be characterized by at least one of the following: (i) the difference between the measured AoA and / or time delay associated with object between multiple measurement occasions is below a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (ii) the difference(s) between the measured RSRPP, time delay,AoA, and / or doppler shift associated with the object between the measurement occasions is below a (pre)configured threshold (e.g., respective thresholds).

[0258] MD Signature Profiling Measurement

[0259] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may be configured by the network to measure any (e.g., combination) of the RSRP, RSRPP, and / or RSCP with the associated time from the RS (e.g., DL RS) resources corresponding to the object. The WTRU 102 may perform a (e.g., each) configured measurement in the allocated measurement time window indicated to the WTRU 102.

[0260] For example, a time window configuration may include any (e.g., combination) of the following: (i) a start and / or end time of the window (e.g., in terms of symbol index, slot index, frame index, absolute time, or relative time with respect to a reference point); (ii) a duration of the window (e.g., in terms of number of symbols, slots, frames, subframes, seconds); and / or (iii) a periodicity of the window (e.g., in terms of number of symbols, slots, frames, subframes, seconds).

[0261] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive multiple RSs (e.g., from different TRPs 604 and / or a single TRP 604) associated with a same object. In such cases, the WTRU 102 may measure multiple (pre)configured measurements associated with different excess delays with respect to the time of a first arrival of the resource associated with the object. In the case of association of multiple RS resources with the object, the WTRU 102 may consider the measurement of the RS resource considering at least one of the following: (i) the RS resource with the highest RSRP and / or RSRPP measurement; (ii) the average RSRP, RSRPP, and / or RSCP measurement from the RS resources; and / or (iii) an RS resource corresponding to the time of the first arrival resource.

[0262] For example, the WTRU 102 may be configured with multiple measurement occasions. The WTRU 102 may measure a RS metric (e.g., RSRP, RSRPP, RSCP, etc.) associated with the measurement time at or over multiple measurement occasions. The WTRU 102 may measure the time relative to the measured time corresponding to the first measurement instance. The WTRU 102 may create a RS metric (e.g., RSRP, RSRPP, RSCP, etc.) and an excess time delay with respect to a first arrival RS profile. As used herein, a first arrival RS profile may be used interchangeably with RS metric-time profile.

[0263] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine a ARS metric (e.g., ARSRP, ARSRPP, ARSCP, etc.) from the RS metric-time measurement profile. The WTRU 102 may determine the ARS metric as a difference between the RS metric and the (pre)configured static threshold (e.g., associated with the RS metric) for each time instance in the RS metric-time profile within the(pre)configured measurement window. This difference, as used herein, may also be referred to as the ARS metric-time profile.

[0264] MD Signature Profile Assistance Information and Frequency Transformation

[0265] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine to convert the ARS metric-time profile into an amplitude-frequency profile. As used herein, an amplitude-frequency profile may also be referred to as a ARS metric-frequency profile. For example, the WTRU 102 may convert the ARS metric-time profile into an amplitude-frequency profile using a (pre)configured method (e.g., Fast-Fourier transform). The WTRU 102 may determine to perform the operation based on at least one of the following conditions: (i) the measured ARS metric (e.g., average, maximum, minimum, etc. with respect to different time instances) in the RS metric-time profile is above a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) the difference between two time instances in the ARS metric-time profile is below a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (iii) a total number of ARS metric-time samples in the profile is above a (pre)configured threshold.

[0266] For example, the WTRU 102 may be configured to perform a frequency transformation based on its capability. The WTRU 102 may receive at least one of the following assistance information for performing the frequency transformation. In one example, the WTRU 102 may be configured with a harmonic threshold by the network indicating the total number of harmonics the WTRU 102 may consider for the frequency transformation. The WTRU 102 may determine the associated amplitude corresponding to the configured number of frequency harmonics. In another example, the network may indicate the RS carrier frequency range where the WTRU 102 may perform the frequency transformation. The network may indicate to the WTRU 102 in terms of: (i) start frequency, stop frequency (e.g., in terms of Hz, number of REs, number of RBs, etc.); (ii) frequency offset with respect to an indicated reference frequency (e.g., ARFCN); (iii) frequency bandwidth (e.g., in terms of Hz, number of RBs, number of REs, etc.); (iv) PFL-ID; and / or (v) BWP-ID. In another example, the WTRU 102 may be configured by the network about the number of Harmonics to measure and / or the frequency range to consider in the ARS metricfrequency profile implicitly based on the (pre)configured Ref. Profile (e.g., the object’s reference amplitude-frequency profile). The WTRU 102 may determine to consider the number of harmonics as the maximum number of harmonics in the Ref. Profile. In another example, the WTRU 102 may indicate the number of samples for the frequency transformation (e.g., number of samples for FFT).

[0267] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine the ARS metric-frequency profile associated with the measurement (e.g., through FFT) based on the provided assistance information. In another example, based on its capability to oversample the measurements, the WTRU 102 may alsocompute an oversampled frequency transformation increasing the granularity of the ARS metricfrequency profile.

[0268] Target Object Classification

[0269] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may be configured by the network to classify an object based on the processed frequency measurements and the assistance information with regards to one or more object reference profiles configured by the network. The WTRU 102 may classify the object based on at least one of the following conditions: (i) the (e.g., average) difference between the measured frequencies in the ARS metric-frequency profile associated with the object and the reference profile frequencies associated with an object category is below a (pre)configured minimum frequency threshold; and / or (ii) the difference between the measured amplitudes associated with the measured frequencies in the ARS metric-frequency and the amplitudes in the reference profile associated with the corresponding reference frequency for an object category is below a minimum amplitude threshold.

[0270] FIG. 12 is a flow diagram illustrating an example procedure to associate an object with a specific category based on a ARS metric-frequency profile, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 12, a WTRU 102 may follow the procedure to associate an object to a specific category based on a comparison between the ARS metricfrequency and the object category corresponding to a reference profile.

[0271] At 1202, the WTRU 102 may receive a MD profile signature configuration. For example, the MD signature profiling configuration may include any of the information used for MD signature measurement as described herein. At 1204, the WTRU 102 may receive one or more RS beams and measure one or more RS metrics within a MD measurement window. For example, the RS metrics used for MD measurement may include any of RSRP, RSRPP, RSCP, RSRQ, SINR, CQI, RI, PMI, and / or TA. At 1206, the WTRU 102 may calculate a RS-metric time profile (e.g., based on the measured RS metrics). At 1208, the WTRU 102 may determine whether or not the RS-metric time profile is above a static threshold. If the RS-metric time profile is not above the static threshold, the WTRU 102 may determine the object status for the object as “static”. If the RS-metric time profile is above the static threshold, the WTRU 102 may determine a ARS-metric time profile at 1212. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine a frequency transformation of the ARS-metric time profile at 1214. At 1216, the WTRU 102 may determine whether or not the transform of the ARS-metric time profile includes harmonics or components above a harmonic threshold. If the transform of the ARS-metric time profile does not include harmonics or components above the harmonic threshold, the WTRU 102 may determine the number of frequency components or harmonics to be zero at 1218. If the transform of the ARS-metric timeprofile includes harmonics or components above the harmonic threshold, the WTRU 102 may determine the ARS-metric frequency profile at 1220. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine the ARS-metric frequency profile from the components of the transform of the ARS-metric time profile which are above the harmonic threshold. At 1222, the WTRU 102 may determine whether the difference between the ARS-metric frequency profile and an object reference profile is less than a threshold. For example, the comparison at 1222 may use a frequency threshold, an amplitude threshold, or both. If the difference between the ARS-metric frequency profile and an object reference profile is not less than the threshold, the WTRU 102 may consider the object category for the object as “unclassified” at 1224. If the difference between the ARS-metric frequency profile and an object reference profile is less than the threshold, the WTRU 102 may associate the object category of the object with a specific category at 1226. For example, the specific category may correspond to the object reference profile used at 1222. For example, the WTRU 102 may compare difference between the ARS-metric frequency profile and multiple object reference profiles at 1222. At 1228, the WTRU 102 may report to the network any of the measurements, calculations, and / or association results determined in the previous steps.

[0272] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may be configured with one or more AI / ML methods (e.g., deep neural networks) for classification. The WTRU 102 may receive assistance information from the network including at least one of the following: (i) the number of inputs and / or layers and / or outputs (e.g., number of trained object categories); (ii) AI / ML model parameters including the number of hidden layers (e.g., for a DNN model); (iii) AI / ML model activation functions associated with different layers (e.g., for the DNN model); and / or (iv) pretrained parameters associated with the AI / ML model.

[0273] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine the object classification based on the (pre)configured AI / ML model and the measurements.

[0274] In another example, the WTRU 102 may be configured with other models and / or algorithms for classification of the object.

[0275] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine that the object is unclassified (e.g., does not match the configured reference profiles) based on at least one of the following: (i) the (e.g., average) differences between the measured frequencies in the ARS metric-frequency profile associated with the object and reference profile frequencies associated with all object categories are above a preconfigured maximum frequency threshold; and / or (ii) the differences between the measured amplitudes associated with the measured frequencies in the ARS metric-frequency and the amplitudes in the reference profiles associated with the corresponding reference frequency for all object categories are above a maximum amplitude threshold.

[0276] Measurement Window Activation

[0277] In certain representative embodiments, the measurement window for MD profiling may be configured by the NW. A WTRU 102 may perform the required measurements for the MD profiling within the configured measurement window. For example, time length of the measurement window, Tmw, may be explicitly configured as a time duration interval by the NW. As another example, a time instance for starting the measurements, Tstart, and a time instance for completing the measurements, Tend, may be configured such as: Tmw=Tend-Tstart. In the configuration, the measurement window may be fixed over a longer time duration, or it may be dynamically adjusted by the NW. In some embodiments, the Tmw may be fixed. In other embodiments, the Tmw may be variable (or open-ended). Regardless of whether Tmw is fixed or variable, the activation of the MD profile signature measurement window by the NW may use any (e.g., combination) of the following: (i) by receiving DCI indication from the network; (ii) by receiving a MAC CE from the network; and / or (iii) by receiving a RRC configuration message from the network.

[0278] In certain representative embodiments, information indicating to activate the MD profile signature measurement window may be defined in the initial configuration (e.g., indication with respect to a reference time and / or signal, such as where the window configurations are with respect to a reference). For example, the WTRU 102 may receive a DCI indication, such as a specific format, from the network where it activates the MD profile signature measurement window.

[0279] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may receive a preconfigured set of measurement windows from the NW. For example, the preconfigured measurement windows may be valid for a certain time T, and the WTRU 102 may perform measurements according to the time durations defined in the preconfigured set.

[0280] For example, a measurement window configuration may be indicated with respect to an absolute time, and the WTRU 102 may activate the MD profile signature measurement window in the indicated time instance.

[0281] RS Resource Measurement

[0282] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may receive one or more signal configurations. For example, a signal configuration may be a RS configuration which may contain at least one of the following parameters: (i) a number of symbols, (ii) a number of RS resources (e.g., included in a RS resource set), (iii) transmission pattern, (iv) periodicity, (v) muting pattern, (vi) type of RS (e.g., periodic, semi-persistent, or aperiodic), (vii) slot offset (e.g., for periodic transmission for RS), (viii) vertical shift of RS pattern in the frequency domain, (ix) repetition factor, (x) comb pattern, (xi) comb size, (xii) spatial relation, (xiii) QCL information, (xiv) anumber of PRUs, (xv) a number of TRPs 604, (xvi) subcarrier spacing, (xvii) bandwidth part, (xviii) number of frequency layers, (xiv) start / end of RS transmission time, (xv) TRP ID, (xvi) RS ID, and / or (xvii) cell and / or global cell ID.

[0283] For example, the WTRU 102 may start to perform RS metric measurements (e.g., AoA, RSRP, RSRPP, RSCP, and / or ToF), and / or related measurements as defined in 3GPPP TS 38.215.

[0284] For example, the WTRU 102, after receiving one or more RS configurations, the MD profile signature measurement time window configurations, and / or the RS metric measurement time window configuration, may receive the RS resources and an indication from the network to initiate the MD profile signature measurement phase. The WTRU 102 may receive assistance information associated with each RS beam ID from its corresponding TRP 604.

[0285] For example, the WTRU 102 may start measuring the RS metrics (e.g., AoA, RSRP, RSRPP, RSCP, and / or ToF) for any (e.g., each) RS beam ID that corresponds to any (e.g., each) TRP 604 in the measurement window.

[0286] MD Signature Profile Measurement Uncertainty

[0287] In certain representative embodiments, a MD signature profile (e.g.,ARS metricfrequency profile and / or ARS metric-time profile) measurement uncertainty may be expressed as confidence intervals, an empirically determined value, and / or a probability value. For example, the WTRU 102 may measure the RS metrics (e.g., RSRP, RSRPP, RSCP, etc.), calculate any variation of the measured RS metric (or any related and relevant measurement as defined in TS 38.215) within the preconfigured measurement window, and calculate the ARS metric-time profile and / or the ARS metric-frequency profile for which confidence intervals may provide additional information regarding the accuracy of the calculation. In such cases, the WTRU 102 may collect the measurements and calculate the uncertainty that may happen from the measurement procedure and from the applied calculation.

[0288] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may calculate the uncertainty of the ARS metric-time profile based on at least one of the following: (i) the variation in the amplitude and / or periodic time of the ARS metric-time profiles that are calculated over N measurement instances; and / or (ii) the uncertainty in the RS metric (e.g., RSRP, RSRPP, RSCP, etc.) values that are measured over N measurement instances.

[0289] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may calculate the uncertainty of the ARS metric-frequency profile based on at least one of the following: (i) the variation in the frequency component locations and / or their corresponding amplitudes of the ARS metricfrequency profiles that are calculated over N measurement instances; (ii) the uncertainty in the RS metric (e.g., RSRP, RSRPP, RSCP, etc.) values that are measured over N measurement instances;(iii) the variation in the number of time samples considered in the frequency transformation operation (e.g., FFT) of the ARS metric-time profiles over N measurement instances; (iv) the variation in the maximum number of frequency components or harmonics and / or maximum frequency range detected in the ARS metric-frequency profiles that are calculated over N measurement instances; (v) the variation in the used frequency transformation methods by the WTRU 102 (e.g., FFT) over N measurement instances, where each method has corresponding uncertainty range; and / or (vi) the variation in the used object reference profile types (e.g., amplitude-frequency based, ML / Al based) over N measurement occasions.

[0290] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may (e.g., only) collect the measurements, format them, and / or store locally any (e.g., all) relevant measurements. The WTRU 102 may send the stored measurements periodically towards the NW, such as when wireless resources are free and there is no user data transmission. For example, the uncertainty may happen due to the transmission and / or due to the calculations applied by the NW using the received measurements. For example, the network may determine the uncertainty as described above.

[0291] Target Object Classification Uncertainty

[0292] In certain representative embodiments, a target object classification uncertainty may be expressed as confidence intervals, an empirically determined value, and / or a probability value. For example, the WTRU 102 may use the ARS metric-frequency profiles to associate measurements with an object category based on the calculated average difference between the measured frequencies and / or amplitudes and the reference profile frequencies and / or amplitudes associated with an object category, and compares this to a threshold. The measured difference (e.g., between the measured frequencies and the reference profile frequencies) may contain an uncertainty, and the uncertainty may happen due to calculation. For example, the WTRU 102 may collect the measurements and calculate the uncertainty that may happen from the association, the measurements, and / or from the applied calculation.

[0293] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may (e.g., only) collect the measurements, format the measurements, and / or store locally any (e.g., all) relevant measurements. The WTRU 102 may send the stored measurements periodically towards the NW, such as when wireless resources are free and there is no user data transmission. For example, the uncertainty may happen due to the transmission and / or due to the calculation applied by the NW with the received measurements. For example, the network may determine the uncertainty as described above.

[0294] MD Signature Profile Measurement Recommended Configuration

[0295] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine the frequency profile of the measured metrics (e.g., RSRP, RSRPP, RSCP, absolute or relative phase, instantaneous frequency shifts, etc.) and its associated uncertainty range and / or QoS over a set of reference signals (e.g., PRS). The WTRU 102 may determine an object category and its associated uncertainty range and / or QoS and, based on the measurements, determine one or more recommended (e.g., signal) configurations for MD profiling measurement based on any (e.g., combination) of the following: (i) the WTRU 102 compares the uncertainty ranges and / or QoS of the frequency profile and the object category with one or more pre-configured thresholds; (ii) the WTRU 102 determines one or more recommended reference signal (e.g., PRS) characteristics for MD measurements (e.g., its carrier frequency, bandwidth, number of symbols, subcarrier spacing, etc.), based on the comparisons; (iii) the WTRU 102 determines one recommended set of reference signal configurations from a pre-defined table of values (e.g., by an index in a table, or a codebook) based on the comparisons; and / or (iv) the WTRU 102 determines one or more fallback reference signal configurations that may be selected based on (e.g., predefined rules, or fallback configurations among a set of signal configurations) based on the comparisons.

[0296] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine a periodicity and / or measurement time increase (or decrease) in a recommended RS configuration based on any (e.g., combination) of the following: (i) the uncertainty range of the measured metrics of the RS (e.g., RSRP, RSRPP, RSCP, etc.) within the measurement window is above (below) a preconfigured threshold; (ii) the uncertainty range of the frequency profile (e.g., uncertainty in frequency component locations, amplitudes, phase, etc.) of the measured RS metrics (e.g., RSRP, RSRPP, RSCP, etc.) is above (or below) a (pre)configured threshold; (iii) the ratio between the periodic time of the measured metric of the RS (e.g., RSRP, RSRPP, RSCP, etc.) within the measurement window and the time period between two consecutive RS beams is below (or above) a (pre)configured threshold; (iv) the ratio between the RS beam periodicity and the highest frequency component and / or frequency harmonic in the frequency profile of the measured RS beam metrics (e.g., RSRP, RSRPP, RSCP, etc.) is below (or above) a (pre)configured threshold; (v) the ratio between the spacing between two consecutive frequency components in the frequency profile of the measured RS metrics and the measurement time inverse is below (or above) a (pre)configured threshold; (vi) the ratio between the lowest frequency component in the frequency profile of the measured RS metrics and the measurement time inverse is below (or above) a (pre)configured threshold; (vii) the measured number of harmonics is below (or above) a (pre)configured threshold; and / or (viii) the periodic time of the measured metric of the RS (e.g.,RSRP, RSRPP, RSCP, etc.) within the measurement window is above (or below) a (pre)configured threshold.

[0297] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine a carrier frequency increase in a recommended RS configuration based on any (e.g., combination) of the following: (i) the ratio between the calculated object motion amplitude (e.g., vibration, rotation) and the RS carrier wavelength is below a (pre)configured threshold; (ii) the measured number of harmonics in the frequency profile of the measured RS metrics (e.g., RSRP, RSRPP, RSCP, etc.) is below a (pre)configured threshold; (iii) the uncertainty range of the measured metrics of the RS (e.g., RSRP, RSRPP, RSCP, etc.) within the measurement window is below a (pre)configured threshold; (iv) the uncertainty range of the frequency profile of the measured RS metrics (e.g., RSRP, RSRPP, RSCP, etc.) is below a (pre)configured threshold.

[0298] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine a (e.g., subset) of RS resource IDs and / or RS metrics to be used in a MD signature profile (e.g., ARS metricfrequency profile and / or ARS metric-time profile) measurement, such as where the selected set may have the highest measured RS metrics (e.g., SNR, RSRP, RSRPP .etc.) and / or highest QoS and / or minimum uncertainty range .

[0299] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may request a (e.g., subset) of RS resource set ID(s) such that a new RS resource configurations may include resources with a certain beamwidth.

[0300] FIG. 13 is a flow diagram illustrating an example procedure to select RS resource set IDs (e.g., RS resources) and / or RS metrics for MD signal profile measurement, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 13 the WTRU 102 may follow the procedure to select the set of RS resource IDs and / or RS metrics to be considered in a MD signature profile measurement procedure (e.g., as shown in FIG. 12).

[0301] At 1302, a WTRU 102 may receive a MD signature profiling configuration. For example, the MD signature profiling configuration may include any of the information used for MD signature measurement as described herein. At 1304, the WTRU 102 may receive one or more RS beams and select one or more RS beams and / or one or more metrics to be measured. At 1306, the WTRU 102 may measure the selected one or more RS metrics for the selected set of RS beams within a MD measurement window. For example, the RS metrics used for MD measurement may include any of RSRP, RSRPP, RSCP, RSRQ, SINR, CQI, RI, PMI, and / or TA. At 1308, the WTRU 102 may determine a RS-metric time profile (e.g., based on the measured RS metrics). For example, the WTRU 102 may determine a respective RS-metric time profile for each measured RS metric. At 1310, the WTRU 102 may determine whether or not the RS-metric time profile isgreater than a static threshold. If the RS-metric time profile is not greater than the static threshold, the WTRU 102 may consider an object status of the object to be “static” at 1312. If the RS-metric time profile is greater than the static threshold, the WTRU 102 may determine a ARS-metric time profile at 1314. For example, the WTRU 102 may use the difference between a measured RS metric and the static threshold to determine the ARS-metric time profile. At 1316, the WTRU 102 may determine a frequency transformation of the ARS-metric time profile. At 1318, the WTRU 102 may determine whether or not the transform of the ARS-metric time profile includes harmonics or components above a harmonic threshold. If the transform of the ARS-metric time profile does not include harmonics or components above the harmonic threshold, the WTRU 102 may consider the number of frequency components or harmonics of the transform of the ARS- metric time profile to be 0 at 1320. Otherwise, if the transform of the ARS-metric time profile does include harmonics or components above the harmonic threshold, the WTRU 102 may determine a ARS-metric frequency profile at 1322. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine the ARS-metric frequency profile from the components of the transform of the ARS-metric time profile which are above the harmonic threshold. At 1324, the WTRU 102 may determine uncertainty ranges of the measured set of RS beams and / or measured RS metrics and / or the determined profiles in the previous steps. At 1326, the WTRU 102 may determine whether or not an uncertainty range is above a threshold value. If the uncertainty range is not above the threshold value, the WTRU 102 may select a different set of RS beams and / or a different set of RS metrics for measurement at 1328. After 1328, the WTRU 102 may proceed to perform measurements at 1306 again. Otherwise, if the uncertainty range is above the threshold value, the WTRU 102 may report the selected RS beams and / or selected RS metrics as a recommended set of RS beams and / or RS metrics at 1330. The WTRU 102 may also report any of the measurements, calculations, and / or association results determined in the previous steps.

[0302] In certain representative embodiments, after determining the one or more recommended (e.g., RS) configurations for MD measurements, the WTRU 102 may transmit a request to perform MD signature profiling (e.g.,ARS metric-frequency profile and / or ARS metric-time profile) measurement that includes and / or uses the recommended reference signal configurations (e.g., in an uplink control or data channel transmission).

[0303] MD Signature Profile Measurement Reporting

[0304] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may perform MD signature profile (e.g., ARS metric-frequency profile and / or ARS metric-time profile) measurements. The WTRU 102 may send a MD signature profile measurement report in an aperiodic, periodic, or semi- persistent form (e.g., over an uplink control or data channel transmission). For example, a MDsignature profile measurement report may include information indicating any (e.g., combination) of the following: (i) reference signal resource information where measurements are performed (e.g., PRS beam ID(s), frequency interval for measurements (in start / end resource blocks, subcarriers, etc.), time interval for measurements (in start / end symbol numbers, slots, frames, etc.), periodicity, repetition factor, time gap, comb size, antenna ports, reference signal resource sets, and / or TCI states, etc.); (ii) received RS ID(s) corresponding to the object; (iii) selected sets of RS IDs and / or metrics that are considered for MD profile signature measurement and selection criteria (e.g., SNR, highest RSRP, minimum uncertainty range, etc.); (iv) obtained MD frequency profile, (e.g., a set of harmonic frequencies, harmonic amplitudes, an index of a predefined set of frequency profiles, etc.); (v) frequency conversion parameter for MD frequency profile(e.g., a selected method of frequency conversion, number of time samples used, oversampling methods, transformation method uncertainty range, and / or duration of the time sample to be transformed); (vi) obtained MD time-domain profile, such as a list of measured metric values (e.g., RSRP, RSRPP, RSCP, absolute or relative phase, instantaneous frequency shifts, etc.), their corresponding time instants (e.g., start / end symbols or slots or frame numbers, absolute or relative time period, etc.), an index in a table of predefined time-domain profiles; (vii) a determined object category, such as may be expressed as an index in a set of object categories (e.g., ‘car’, ‘motorcycle’, ‘bicycle’, ‘UAV’, etc.); (viii) a method of classification (e.g., reference profile comparison, AI / ML model); (ix) classification criteria (e.g., comparing against frequency component locations, number, amplitudes, phases, etc.); and / or (x) uncertainty ranges of the measurements (e.g., specified as a variance of the obtained reference signal metrics, such as RSRP, RSRPP, absolute or relative phase, instantaneous frequency shifts, etc.), MD frequency profile, MD time-domain profile, determined object category, etc.

[0305] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may (e.g., further) perform sensing measurements on the configured reference signals and include in a report information indicating any (e.g., combination) of the following: (i) a set of sensing measurements performed on one or more multipath components (e.g., its absolute or relative time of arrival (TOA), angle of arrival (AO A), RSCP, RSRPP, Doppler shift); (ii) estimated localization metrics of the object (e.g., as a set of absolute or relative 2D or 3D coordinates, velocity, 3D orientation); and / or (iii) the corresponding uncertainty values of the sensing measurements and / or the localization metrics of the object.

[0306] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may (e.g., further) determine one or more recommended reference signal configurations for MD measurements and include in the report information indicating any (e.g., combination) of the following information: (i)recommended reference signal configurations or parameters thereof (e.g., carrier frequency, bandwidth, number of symbols, subcarrier spacing, etc.), one or more preferred sets of reference signal configurations from a pre-defined table of values, and / or one or more fallback configurations; (ii) a time window for applicability of the recommended reference signal configuration (e.g., an absolute or relative duration, a number of symbols or slots, a range of values of the system frame number); and / or (iii) uncertainty ranges associated with the recommended reference signal configurations (e.g., as a variance of the obtained reference signal metrics, uncertainty in the determined object category, or both).

[0307] MD Signature Profile Measurement Reporting Update

[0308] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine a ARSRP-frequency profile and its associated uncertainty range after performing measurements over a number of occasions. The WTRU 102 may determine that the reported MD signature profile (e.g., ARS metric-frequency profile and / or ARS metric-time profile), or the object category, or both are invalid or outdated. The WTRU 102 may determine whether the MD signature profile is outdated based on any (e.g., combination) of the following: (i) a change in the MD frequency profile (e.g., ARS metric-frequency profile) above an update threshold (e.g., expressed as a change in the harmonic frequencies, harmonic amplitudes, indexes in a predefined set of frequency profiles, their time-domain variation); (ii) a change in the classified object category above an update threshold (e.g., expressed as a change in the index of a predefined list of categories); (iii) a change in the sensing measurements corresponding to the object or its estimated location or velocity (e.g., expressed as a change in their TOA, AOA, RSCP, RSRPP, Doppler shift, 2D or 3D coordinates, velocity, and / or 3D orientation) is above an update threshold; (iv) the change in the status of the RS beam ID; (v) the change in the measured WTRU 102 position and / or orientation (e.g., using RAT-dependent and / or independent methods) above an update threshold; (vi) the change in the TRP status.

[0309] For example, the WTRU 102 may be configured to update the MD signature profile report in the case of the change of the same RS beam ID association with a specific object (e.g., RS beam 1 changes its association from object A to object B). In another example, the WTRU 102 may be configured to update its MD signature profile report in the case of the change of the same RS beam ID bounce status (e.g., single bounce to double bounce or multi-bounce and vice versa).

[0310] For example, the WTRU 102 may be configured to update its MD signature profile report in the case of a change of the status of a specific TRP 604 from connected to disconnected and vice-versa. In another example, the WTRU 102 may be configured to update its MD signatureprofile report in the case of change in the status of subset group of TRPs 604 (e.g., determined by a threshold number or TRP IDs) from connected to disconnected and vice-versa.

[0311] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may (e.g., based on any of the above) determine to send an updated MD signature profile (e.g., ARS metric-frequency profile and / or ARS metric-time profile) measurement report in an aperiodic, periodic or semi-persistent form (e.g., over an UL control or data channel transmission). For example, an updated MD signature profile may include information indicating any (e.g., combination) of the following: (i) updated MD signature profile measurements with the corresponding uncertainty range; (ii) an updated classified object category with the corresponding uncertainty range; (iii) a recommended reference signal configuration(s); (iv) sensing measurements (e.g., RSRP, RSRPP, RSCP, etc.) with the corresponding uncertainty ranges; (iv) object localization metrics with the corresponding uncertainty range; (v) the difference between the current uncertainty range and the previous uncertainty range that was calculated for a previous MD signature profile measurement; and / or (vi) a reason or cause for the update.

[0312] For example, the WTRU 102 may send information indicating a change in the measured parameters including any of the MD signature profile, the object category, and / or the measured RS beam metrics.

[0313] For example, the WTRU 102 may be configured to report the invalidity of a previous MD signature profile and / or object classification measurement to the network.

[0314] MD Signature Profile Measurement Termination

[0315] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine a ARSRP-frequency profile and its associated uncertainty range obtained after performing measurements over a number of occasions. The WTRU 102 may determine that a reported MD signature profile (e.g., ARS metric-frequency profile, ARS metric-time profile) and the object category are unchanged, and / or that the MD measurement procedure can be terminated. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine the MD signature profile is unchanged, the object category is unchanged, and / or the MD measurement procedure may be terminated based on any (e.g., combination) of the following: (i) the change in the MD frequency profile (e.g., ARS metric-frequency profile) is below a termination threshold (e.g., expressed as a change in the harmonic frequencies, harmonic amplitudes, indexes in a predefined set of frequency profiles, their time-domain variation); (ii) the change in the classified object category is below a termination threshold (e.g., expressed as a change in the index of a predefined list of categories); and / or (iii) the change in the sensing measurements corresponding to the object or its estimated location or velocity (e.g., expressed asa change in their TOA, AOA, RF carrier phase, RSRP, coordinates, and / or velocity) is below a termination threshold.

[0316] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may (e.g., based on any of the above) determine to send a report (e.g., over an UL control or data channel transmission) containing a recommendation to terminate the measurement procedure and information indicating any (e.g., combination) of the following: (i) a termination indicator; (ii) a termination time stamp; (iii) a (e.g., detailed) termination reason or cause; and / or (iv) the latest object MD signature profile and / or object category and / or measured metrics of the RS beams (e.g., RSRP, RSRPP, RSCP, etc.) associated with their corresponding uncertainty ranges and / or time stamps.

[0317] For example, a termination indicator may refer to the reason of termination. For example, a termination indicator = 1 may be used to refer to an uncertainty range above a (pre)configured threshold for N measurement occasions. While an indicator value = 2 may refer to the allocation of WTRU 102 resources to other higher priority tasks.

[0318] For example, a termination reason or cause may refer to the measured change in the MD frequency profile, classified object category, sensing measurements, and / or estimated location and / or velocity over N measurement occasions. In another example, the WTRU 102 may report to the network other higher priority tasks and a priority order of the MD signature profile measurement.

[0319] FIG. 14 is a procedural diagram illustrating an example process to determine an object classification (e.g., category) using a set of reference profiles, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 14, a WTRU 102 may receive configuration information associated with MD signature measurement at 1402. The configuration information includes information indicating any of a time window, a RS metric (e.g., RSRP, RSRPP, RSCP, RSRQ, SINR, CQI, RI, PMI, and / or TA), a first (e.g., static) threshold, a second (e.g., harmonic) threshold, and / or a set of reference profiles (e.g., associated with different object classes and / or categories). At 1404, the WTRU 102 may receive information indicating one or more RS configurations associated with one or more RSs (e.g., PRSs, SRSps, CSI-RSs, DM-RSs, and / or SSBs). The RS configurations may include information indicating (e.g., respective) beam identifiers associated with the one or more RSs. At 1406, the WTRU 102 may receive the one or more RSs over a plurality of paths (e.g., multipath reception). At 1408, the WTRU 102 may measure, during the time window, the RS metric for the received one or more RSs using the indicated beam identifiers. At 1410, the WTRU 102 may determine ARSRP -frequency profile from a frequency domain transform of the measurements of the RS metric using the first threshold and the second threshold. At 1412, the WTRU 102 may determine a reference profile from the setof the reference profiles which is a closest (or best) match to the ARSRP -frequency profile, such as by using the minimum frequency and amplitude thresholds. At 1414, the WTRU 102 may send report including information indicating any of the determined reference profile, the ARSRP- frequency profile, and / or a confidence interval associated with the determined reference profile and the ARSRP -frequency profile.

[0320] For example, each of the set of reference profiles may be associated with a respective object category.

[0321] For example, the determination of the ARSRP-frequency profile from the measurements of the RS metric may include obtaining portions of the measurements which are above the first threshold (e.g., filtering the measurements in the time domain).

[0322] For example, the determining of the ARSRP-frequency profile from the measurements of the RS metric may include performing a Fourier transform on the (e.g., filtered) measurements.

[0323] For example, the determining of the ARSRP-frequency profile from the measurements of the RS metric may include obtaining the portions of the frequency domain transform of the measurements which are above the second threshold (e.g., filtering the measurements in the frequency domain).

[0324] For example, the determining of the reference profile from the set of the reference profiles which is a closest match to the ARSRP-frequency profile may include determining that an average of the measured frequency differences between the ARSRP-frequency profile and the determined reference profile are below a third (e.g., minimum frequency) threshold.

[0325] For example, the determining of the reference profile from the set of the reference profiles which is a closest match to the ARSRP-frequency profile includes determining that an average of the measured amplitude differences between the ARSRP-frequency profile and the determined reference profile are below a fourth (e.g., minimum amplitude) threshold.

[0326] FIG. 15 is a procedural diagram illustrating another example process to determine an object classification (e.g., category) using a set of reference profiles, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 15, a WTRU 102 may receive configuration information associated with MD signature measurement at 1502. For example, the configuration information may include information indicating any of a time window (e.g., a MD measurement window), a (e.g., at least one) RS metric (e.g., RSRP, RSRPP, RSCP, RSRQ, SINR, CQI, RI, PMI, and / or TA), a first threshold, a second threshold, and / or a set of reference profiles (e.g., for different object classes and / or categories). At 1504, the WTRU 102 may receive information indicating one or more RS configurations associated with one or more RSs. For example, the RS configurations may include information indicating beam identifiers associatedwith the one or more RSs. At 1506, the WTRU 102 may receive the one or more RSs over a plurality of paths. At 1508, the WTRU 102 may measure, during the time window, the RS metric for the received one or more RSs using the indicated beam identifiers. At 1510, the WTRU 102 may determine a ARS-metric frequency profile from a frequency domain transform of the measurements of the RS metric using the first threshold and the second threshold. At 1512, the WTRU 102 may determine a reference profile from the set of the reference profiles which is a closest (or satisfactory) match to the ARS-metric frequency profile. At 1514, the WTRU 102 may send reporting information (e.g., a report) indicating any of the determined reference profile (e.g., object class, object category), the ARS-metric frequency profile, and / or a confidence interval associated with the determined reference profile and the ARS-metric frequency profile.

[0327] In certain representative embodiments, each of the set of reference profiles may be associated with a respective object category and / or object class.

[0328] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine the ARS-metric frequency profile from the measurements of the RS metric which includes to obtain one or more portions of the measurements which are above the first (e.g., static) threshold.

[0329] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine the ARS-metric frequency profile from the measurements of the RS metric which includes to obtain the portions of the frequency domain transform of the measurements which are above the second (e.g., harmonic) threshold.

[0330] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine the ARS-metric frequency profile from the measurements of the RS metric which includes to perform a Fourier transform on the measurements.

[0331] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine the reference profile from the set of the reference profiles which is a closest match to the ARS-metric frequency profile which includes to determine that a respective average of the measured frequency differences between the ARS-metric frequency profile and the reference profile are below a third (e.g., frequency or amplitude) threshold.

[0332] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine the reference profile from the set of the reference profiles which is a closest match to the ARS-metric frequency profile which includes to determine a lowest respective average of the measured frequency differences between the ARS-metric frequency profile and the set of the reference profiles.

[0333] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine the reference profile from the set of the reference profiles which is a closest match to the ARS-metric frequency profile which includes to determine that a respective average of the measured amplitudedifferences between the ARS-metric frequency profile and the reference profile are below a fourth threshold.

[0334] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine the reference profile from the set of the reference profiles which is a closest match to the ARS-metric frequency profile which includes to determine a lowest respective average of the measured amplitude differences between the ARS-metric frequency profile and the set of the reference profiles.

[0335] In certain representative embodiments, the configuration information may include the one or more RS configurations.

[0336] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine the confidence interval associated with the determined reference profile based on the measured frequency differences and / or amplitude differences between the ARS-metric frequency profile and the determined reference profile.

[0337] In certain representative embodiments, the RS metric may be (e.g., based on) any ofRSRP, RSRPP, RSCP, and / or SINR (e g., measurements).

[0338] In certain representative embodiments, each of the set of the reference profiles may include a respective set of frequency components. For example, each frequency component may have a central frequency and a peak amplitude.

[0339] FIG. 16 is a procedural diagram illustrating another example process to determine an object classification (e.g., category) using a set of reference profiles, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 16, a WTRU 102 may receive configuration information associated with a MD signature measurement at 1602. For example, the configuration information may indicate one or more metrics for measurement and / or one or more RSs for measurement. The one or more metrics may include any of RSRP, RSRPP, RSCP,RSRQ, SINR, CQI, RI, PMI, and / or TA, as examples. The one or more RSs may include any of PRS, SRSp, CSI-RS, DM-RS, and / or SSB, as examples. At 1604, the WTRU 102 may measure the one or more metrics based on reception of the one or more RSs via multiple paths. At 1606, the WTRU 102 may determine a ARS-metric frequency profile based on measurement information associated with the measured one or more metrics. For example, the WTRU 102 may perform a frequency transform on the measurement information. For example, the WTRU 102 may apply any of the thresholds described herein when determining the ARS-metric frequency profile. At 1608, the WTRU 102 may determine an object category and / or class based on the determined ARS-metric frequency profile and a set of reference frequency profiles which correspond to a set of object categories and / or classes.

[0340] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine a ARS-metric time profile based on differences between the measurement information and one or more static thresholds.

[0341] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine the ARS-metric frequency profile from a frequency transform of the ARS-metric time profile.

[0342] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may select a set of components (e.g., harmonics) of the ARS-metric frequency profile.

[0343] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may associate (e.g., match) the selected set of components (e.g., harmonics) with (e.g., harmonics of) a first reference frequency profile of the set of reference frequency profiles.

[0344] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine that a frequency difference between the selected set of components and components of the first reference frequency profile is below a first threshold.

[0345] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine that an amplitude difference between the selected set of components and components of the first reference frequency profile is below a second threshold.

[0346] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine the obj ect category corresponding to the first reference frequency profile based on the frequency difference being below the first threshold and / or the amplitude difference being below the second threshold.

[0347] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine an uncertainty range associated with any of the measured RS metrics, the ARS-metric frequency profile, and / or the object category.

[0348] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may receive configuration information associated with MD signature measurement. For example, the configuration information may include information indicating any of a time window, a RS metric, a first threshold, a second threshold, and / or a set of reference profiles. The WTRU 102 may receive information indicating one or more RS configurations associated with one or more RSs. For example, the RS configurations may include information indicating beam identifiers associated with the one or more RSs. The WTRU 102 may receive the one or more RSs over a plurality of paths. The WTRU 102 may measure, during the time window, the RS metric for the received one or more RSs using the indicated beam identifiers. The WTRU 102 may determine a ARSRP- frequency profile from a frequency domain transform of the measurements of the RS metric using the first threshold and the second threshold. The WTRU 102 may determine a reference profile from the set of the reference profiles which is a closest match to the ARSRP-frequency profile.The WTRU 102 may send a report including information indicating any of the determined reference profile, the ARSRP -frequency profile, and / or a confidence interval associated with the determined reference profile and the ARSRP -frequency profile.

[0349] In certain representative embodiments, each of the set of reference profiles is associated with a respective object category.

[0350] In certain representative embodiments, the determination of the ARSRP-frequency profile from the measurements of the RS metric may include obtaining portions of the measurements which are above the first threshold.

[0351] In certain representative embodiments, the determination of the ARSRP-frequency profile from the measurements of the RS metric may include performing a Fourier transform on the measurements.

[0352] In certain representative embodiments, the determination of the ARSRP-frequency profile from the measurements of the RS metric may include obtaining the portions of the frequency domain transform of the measurements which are above the second threshold.

[0353] In certain representative embodiments, the determination of the reference profile from the set of the reference profiles which is a closest match to the ARSRP-frequency profile may include determining that an average of the measured frequency differences between the ARSRP-frequency profile and the determined reference profile are below a third threshold.

[0354] In certain representative embodiments, the determination of the reference profile from the set of the reference profiles which is a closest match to the ARSRP-frequency profile may include determining that an average of the measured amplitude differences between the ARSRP-frequency profile and the determined reference profile are below a fourth threshold.

[0355] One or more embodiments provide a computer program comprising instructions which when executed by one or more processors cause such processors to perform the encoding and / or decoding methods according to any of the embodiments described above. One or more embodiments also provide a computer readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions for encoding or decoding video data according to the methods described above.

[0356] One or more embodiments provide a computer readable storage medium having stored thereon video data generated according to the methods described above. One or more embodiments also provide a method and apparatus for transmitting or receiving video data generated according to the methods described above.

[0357] The embodiments described herein may be implemented in, for example, a method or a process, an apparatus, a software program, a data stream, or a signal. Even if only discussed in the context of a single form of implementation (e.g., as a method), the implementation of suchfeatures may also be implemented in other forms. An apparatus may be implemented in, for example, appropriate hardware, software, and firmware. Corresponding methods may be implemented in, for example, a processor.

[0358] Various numeric values are used in the present application. Such specific values are for example purposes and the embodiments described are not limited to these specific values.

[0359] Various methods are described herein, and such methods comprise one or more steps or actions for achieving the described method. Unless a specific order of steps or actions is required for the proper operation of the method, the order and / or use of specific steps and / or actions may be modified or combined. Additionally, terms such as “first”, “second”, etc. may be used in various embodiments to modify an element, component, step, operation, etc., for example, a “first decoding” and a “second decoding”. Use of such terms does not imply an order to the operations unless specifically required.

[0360] The present disclosure may refer to “determining” various pieces of information. Determining information may include one or more of, for example, estimating, calculating, predicting, or retrieving (e.g., from memory) the information.

[0361] The present disclosure may refer to “accessing” various pieces of information. Accessing information may include one or more of, for example, receiving, retrieving (e.g., from memory), storing, moving, copying, calculating, determining, predicting, or estimating the information. Similarly, the present disclosure may refer to “receiving” various pieces of information. Receiving information may include one or more of, for example, accessing or retrieving (e.g., from memory) the information.

[0362] It is to be understood that use of any of the following “ / ”, “and / or”, and “at least one of’ is intended to encompass all possible selections of listed items, taken either individually or in any combination thereof.

[0363] While specific embodiments have been described in the foregoing description in connection with the accompanying drawings, it should be understood that embodiments described herein are examples only and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the present disclosure or the following claims. Although features and elements are described herein in particular combinations, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that such features or elements may be used alone or in any combination with the other features and elements. It is understood, therefore, that the overall teachings of the present disclosure are not limited to the particular embodiments, implementations, and examples disclosed herein, but are intended to cover variations, modifications, and alternatives as defined by the appended claims and any and all equivalents thereof.

Claims

CLAIMS1. A method implanted by a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), the method comprising: receiving configuration information associated with micro-doppler (MD) signature measurement, wherein the configuration information includes information indicating any of a time window, a reference signal (RS) metric, a first threshold, a second threshold, and / or a set of reference profiles; receiving information indicating one or more RS configurations associated with one or more RSs, wherein the RS configurations include information indicating beam identifiers associated with the one or more RSs; receiving the one or more RSs over a plurality of paths; measuring, during the time window, the RS metric for the received one or more RSs using the indicated beam identifiers; determining a ARS-metric frequency profile from a frequency domain transform of the measurements of the RS metric using the first threshold and the second threshold; determining a reference profile from the set of the reference profiles which is a closest match to the ARS-metric frequency profile; and sending reporting information indicating any of the determined reference profile, the ARS- metric frequency profile, and / or a confidence interval associated with the determined reference profile and the ARS-metric frequency profile.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the set of reference profiles is associated with a respective object category.

3. The method of any of claims 1-2, wherein the determining of the ARS-metric frequency profile from the measurements of the RS metric includes obtaining one or more portions of the measurements which are less than the first threshold.

4. The method of claims 1-3, wherein the determining of the ARS-metric frequency profile from the measurements of the RS metric includes obtaining the portions of the frequency domain transform of the measurements which are above the second threshold.

5. The method of claims 1-4, wherein the determining of the ARS-metric frequency profile from the measurements of the RS metric includes performing a Fourier transform on the measurements.

6. The method any of claims 1-5, wherein the determining of the reference profile from the set of the reference profiles which is a closest match to the ARS-metric frequency profile includes determining that respective average of the measured frequency differences between the ARS- metric frequency profile and the reference profile are below a third threshold.

7. The method any of claims 1-6, wherein the determining of the reference profile from the set of the reference profiles which is a closest match to the ARS-metric frequency profile includes determining a lowest respective average of the measured frequency differences between the ARS-metric frequency profile and the set of the reference profiles.

8. The method any of claims 1-7, wherein the determining of the reference profile from the set of the reference profiles which is a closest match to the ARS-metric frequency profile includes determining that a respective average of the measured amplitude differences between the ARS- metric frequency profile and the reference profile are below a fourth threshold.

9. The method any of claims 1-5, wherein the determining of the reference profile from the set of the reference profiles which is a closest match to the ARS-metric frequency profile includes determining a lowest respective average of the measured amplitude differences between the ARS-metric frequency profile and the set of the reference profiles.

10. The method of any of claims 1-9, wherein the configuration information includes the one or more RS configurations.

11. The method of any of claims 1-10, further comprising: determining the confidence interval associated with the determined reference profile based on the measured frequency differences and / or amplitude differences between the ARS-metric frequency profile and the determined reference profile.

12. The method of any of claims 1-11, wherein the RS metric is based on any of RSRP, RSRPP, RSCP, and / or SINR measurements.

13. The method of any of claims 1-12, wherein each of the set of the reference profiles includes a respective set of frequency components, and each frequency component has a central frequency and a peak amplitude.

14. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) comprising: a transceiver, memory, and a processor which are configured to: receive configuration information associated with micro-doppler (MD) signature measurement, wherein the configuration information includes information indicating any of a time window, a reference signal (RS) metric, a first threshold, a second threshold, and / or a set of reference profiles, receive information indicating one or more RS configurations associated with one or more RSs, wherein the RS configurations include information indicating beam identifiers associated with the one or more RSs, receive the one or more RSs over a plurality of paths, measure, during the time window, the RS metric for the received one or more RSs using the indicated beam identifiers, determine a ARS-metric frequency profile from a frequency domain transform of the measurements of the RS metric using the first threshold and the second threshold; determine a reference profile from the set of the reference profiles which is a closest match to the ARS-metric frequency profile, andsend reporting information indicating any of the determined reference profile, the ARS-metric frequency profile, and / or a confidence interval associated with the determined reference profile and the ARS-metric frequency profile.

15. The WTRU of claim 14, wherein each of the set of reference profiles is associated with a respective object category.

16. The WTRU of any of claims 14-15, wherein the transceiver, memory, and the processor are configured to determine the ARS-metric frequency profile from the measurements of the RS metric which includes to obtain one or more portions of the measurements which are above the first threshold.

17. The WTRU of claims 14-16, wherein the transceiver, memory, and the processor are configured to determine the ARS-metric frequency profile from the measurements of the RS metric which includes to obtain the portions of the frequency domain transform of the measurements which are above the second threshold.

18. The WTRU of claims 14-17, wherein the transceiver, memory, and the processor are configured to determine the ARS-metric frequency profile from the measurements of the RS metric which includes to perform a Fourier transform on the measurements.

19. The WTRU any of claims 14-18, wherein the transceiver, memory, and the processor are configured to determine the reference profile from the set of the reference profiles which is a closest match to the ARS-metric frequency profile which includes to determine that a respective average of the measured frequency differences between the ARS-metric frequency profile and the reference profile are below a third threshold.

20. The WTRU any of claims 14-19, wherein the transceiver, memory, and the processor are configured to determine the reference profile from the set of the reference profiles which is a closest match to the ARS-metric frequency profile which includes to determine a lowestrespective average of the measured frequency differences between the ARS-metric frequency profile and the set of the reference profiles.

21. The WTRU any of claims 14-20, wherein the transceiver, memory, and the processor are configured to determine the reference profile from the set of the reference profiles which is a closest match to the ARS-metric frequency profile which includes to determine that a respective average of the measured amplitude differences between the ARS-metric frequency profile and the reference profile are below a fourth threshold.

22. The WTRU any of claims 14-21, wherein the transceiver, memory, and the processor are configured to determine the reference profile from the set of the reference profiles which is a closest match to the ARS-metric frequency profile which includes to determine a lowest respective average of the measured amplitude differences between the ARS-metric frequency profile and the set of the reference profiles.

23. The WTRU of any of claims 14-22, wherein the configuration information includes the one or more RS configurations.

24. The WTRU of any of claims 14-23, wherein the transceiver, memory, and the processor are configured to: determine the confidence interval associated with the determined reference profile based on the measured frequency differences and / or amplitude differences between the ARS-metric frequency profile and the determined reference profile.

25. The WTRU of any of claims 14-24, wherein the RS metric is based on any of RSRP, RSRPP, RSCP, and / or SINR measurements.

26. The WTRU of any of claims 14-25, wherein each of the set of the reference profiles includes a respective set of frequency components, and each frequency component has a central frequency and a peak amplitude.

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