Methods, devices and medium for sensing object
By employing non-uniform time intervals with coprime multiples for sensing signals, the method addresses the challenge of balancing sensing performance and system overhead in JCAS systems, achieving improved velocity detection and reduced interruptions.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/076827
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-02-07
- Publication Date
- 2025-08-14
AI Technical Summary
The challenge in 5G-A and 6G mobile communication systems is to balance the need for higher bandwidth and massive MIMO technologies while minimizing system overhead and communication interruptions in joint communication and sensing (JCAS) systems, particularly in Doppler frequency shift estimation for velocity detection, where higher repetition periods (Trep*M) for finer resolution increase sensing overhead and interruptions.
A method involving a set of time intervals with distinct time differences for transmitting and receiving sensing signals, using coprime integral multiples to maintain sensing performance while reducing system overhead and interruptions, by employing non-uniform time intervals for sensing signal pulses.
This approach enhances velocity detection range and resolution with reduced system overhead and communication interruptions, optimizing resource efficiency and network capacity in JCAS systems.
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Figure CN2024076827_14082025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHODS, DEVICES AND MEDIUM FOR SENSING OBJECT
[0001] FIELDS
[0002] Various embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the field of telecommunication and in particular, to methods, devices and computer readable storage medium for sensing an object.BACKGROUND
[0003] This section introduces aspects that may facilitate a better understanding of the disclosure. Accordingly, the statements of this section are to be read in this light and are not to be understood as admissions about what is in the prior art or what is not in the prior art.
[0004] The 5th generation advanced (5G-A) and 6th generation (6G) mobile communication systems are expected to support services such as autonomous driving, extended reality (XR) , and so forth, which will require powerful communication and sensing capabilities simultaneously. Wireless sensing, including positioning, velocity detection, gesture recognition and object detection, has long been an independent technology developed in parallel with mobile communications. In 5G-A and 6G mobile communication systems, higher bandwidth, full duplex, and massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) technologies could be indispensable. As a result, the frequency bands and antennas of wireless communication systems are becoming similar to those of radar, which makes a joint communication and sensing (JCAS) technology feasible and promising.SUMMARY
[0005] This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.
[0006] A doppler frequency shift at a receiver side may be measured by a sensing system to estimate velocity of an object. For example, a transmitter of the sensing system emits M sensing signal pulses (or impulses) for each measurement (where M is a positive integer) , with a Trep interval between successive pulses. Then, a channel impulse response is measured at a receiver of the sensing system from the M-repeated sensing signal pulses. In order to improve the sensing performance, lower Trep is preferable to obtain a larger velocity detection range, and higher Trep*M is preferred to obtain a finer velocity detection resolution, which may result in a larger M. However, a larger M may increase the sensing overhead and the number of communication interruptions.
[0007] To overcome or mitigate at least one of the above-mentioned problems or other problems or provide a useful solution, embodiments of the present disclosure propose methods, devices and storage medium for sensing an object.
[0008] In a first aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method implemented at a first communication device. In the method, the first communication device determines a set of time intervals. The first communication device sends an indication of the set of time intervals to a second communication device for at least one of transmitting or receiving a plurality of sensing signals based on the set of time intervals to sense an object. Each time interval in the set of time intervals indicates a time difference between a different pair of successive sensing signals of the plurality of sensing signals, and a time interval is different from another time interval in the set of time intervals.
[0009] In an example, the set of time intervals may comprise a set of integral multiples of a reference time interval, and values of the set of integral multiples are coprime.
[0010] In an example, the first communication device may determine the set of time intervals. In an example, the first communication device may determine the reference time interval and the set of integral multiples.
[0011] In an example, the first communication device may randomly determine a first order for ranking time intervals in the set of time intervals. In an example, the first communication device may send an indication of the first order to the second communication device.
[0012] In an example, the first communication device may send the indication of the set of time intervals to a third communication device for at least one of transmitting or receiving a plurality of sensing signals based on the set of time intervals to sense an object. In an example, the first communication device may randomly determine a second order for ranking time intervals in the set of time intervals. In an example, the first communication device may send an indication of the second order to the third communication device.
[0013] In an example, the first communication device may determine the set of time intervals. In an example, the first communication device may determine the set of time intervals based on a requirement for at least one of an ambiguity range or a velocity resolution, the requirement being associated with the sensing of the object.
[0014] In an example, the first communication device may send the indication of the set of time intervals. In an example, the first communication device may send, to the second communication device, a sensing request indicating the set of time intervals.
[0015] In an example, the first communication device may comprise a sensing server.
[0016] In a second aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method implemented at a second communication device. In the method, the second communication device obtains a set of time intervals. The second communication device communicates a plurality of sensing signals based on the set of time intervals to sense an object. Each time interval in the set of time intervals indicates a time difference between a different pair of successive sensing signals of the plurality of sensing signals, and a time interval is different from another time interval in the set of time intervals.
[0017] In an example, the set of time intervals may comprise a set of integral multiples of a reference time interval, and values of the set of integral multiples are coprime.
[0018] In an example, the second communication device may receive an indication of the set of time intervals from a first communication device. The second communication device may determine the set of time intervals based on the received indication.
[0019] In an example, the second communication device may receive, from the second communication device, an indication of a first order for ranking time intervals in the set of time intervals.
[0020] In an example, the second communication device may randomly determine a first order for ranking time intervals in the set of time intervals. The second communication device may send an indication of the first order to a fourth communication device for communicating the plurality of sensing signals with the second communication device based on the set of time intervals.
[0021] In an example, the second communication device may select a time interval from the set of time intervals according to the first order. The second communication device may communicate a first sensing signal of the plurality of sensing signals. The second communication device may communicate a second sensing signal of the plurality of sensing signals after the selected time interval.
[0022] In a third aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a first communication device. The first communication device comprises a processor and a memory coupled to the processor, the memory containing instructions executable by the processor, whereby the first communication device is operative to perform the method according to the first aspect.
[0023] In a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a second communication device. The second communication device comprises a processor and a memory coupled to the processor, the memory containing instructions executable by the processor, whereby the second communication device is operative to perform the method according to the second aspect.
[0024] In a fifth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a computer-readable storage medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, which, when executed by at least one processor of a device, cause the device to perform the method according to the first or second aspect.
[0025] With the present disclosure, a set of time intervals is used for communicating sensing signals, where each time interval is different from another time interval in the set of time intervals. This reduces system overhead and the number of communication interruptions while maintaining the sensing performance requirements.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0026] Through the more detailed description of some embodiments of the present disclosure in the accompanying drawings, the above and other objects, features and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent, where the same reference generally refers to the same components in the embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0027] FIGS. 1A and 1B are diagrams showing example joint communication and sensing (JCAS) scenarios.
[0028] FIG. 1C is a diagram showing an example JCAS signal design for velocity estimation.
[0029] FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example communication environment in which embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented.
[0030] FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an example JCAS signal design for velocity estimation with Nonuniformly inset.
[0031] FIG. 4A is a diagram showing sensing signal pulses with example uneven time intervals in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0032] FIG. 4B is a diagram showing an example doppler shift in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0033] FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a flowchart of an example method of JCAS signal generation and detection procedure in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0034] FIG. 6A is a diagram showing frequency offset estimation of uniformly inserted sensing signal pulses with different intervals in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0035] FIG. 6B is a diagram showing frequency offset estimation of nonuniformly inserted sensing signal pulses versus uniformly inserted sensing signal pulses in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0036] FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a flowchart of an example method of sensing an object in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0037] FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a flowchart of an example method of sensing an object in accordance with some other embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0038] FIG. 9 is a diagram showing functional structures of a first communication device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0039] FIG. 10 is a diagram showing functional structures of a second communication device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0040] FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing a communication device in accordance with some embodiments.
[0041] FIG. 12 is a block diagram showing a computer readable storage medium in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0042] FIG. 13 is a block diagram showing an example of a communication system in accordance with some embodiments.
[0043] FIG. 14 is a block diagram showing a UE in accordance with some embodiments.
[0044] FIG. 15 is a block diagram showing a network node in accordance with some embodiments.
[0045] FIG. 16 is a block diagram of a host in accordance with some embodiments.
[0046] FIG. 17 is a block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized.
[0047] FIG. 18 is a communication diagram of a host communicating via a network node with a UE over a partially wireless connection in accordance with some embodiments.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0048] Some of the embodiments contemplated herein will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. Other embodiments, however, are contained within the scope of the subject matter disclosed herein, the disclosed subject matter should not be construed as limited to only the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided by way of example to convey the scope of the subject matter to those skilled in the art.
[0049] Generally, all terms used herein are to be interpreted according to their ordinary meaning in the relevant technical field, unless a different meaning is clearly given and / or is implied from the context in which it is used. All references to a / an / the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc. are to be interpreted openly as referring to at least one instance of the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc., unless explicitly stated otherwise. The steps of any methods disclosed herein do not have to be performed in the exact order disclosed, unless a step is explicitly described as following or preceding another step and / or where it is implicit that a step must follow or precede another step. Any feature of any of the embodiments disclosed herein may be applied to any other embodiment, wherever appropriate. Likewise, any advantage of any of the embodiments may apply to any other embodiments, and vice versa. Other objectives, features and advantages of the enclosed embodiments will be apparent from the following description.
[0050] Reference throughout this specification to features, advantages, or similar language does not imply that all of the features and advantages that may be realized with the present disclosure should be or are in any single embodiment of the disclosure. Rather, language referring to the features and advantages is understood to mean that a specific feature, advantage, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Furthermore, the described features, advantages, and characteristics of the disclosure may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize that the disclosure may be practiced without one or more of the specific features or advantages of a particular embodiment. In other instances, additional features and advantages may be recognized in certain embodiments that may not be present in all embodiments of the disclosure.
[0051] As used herein, the terms "first" , "second" and so forth refer to different elements. The singular forms "a" and "an" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The terms "comprises" , "comprising" , "has" , "having" , "includes" and / or "including" as used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components and the like, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof. The term "based on" is to be read as "based at least in part on" . The term "one embodiment" and "an embodiment" are to be read as "at least one embodiment" . The term "another embodiment" is to be read as "at least one other embodiment" . Other definitions, explicit and implicit, may be included below.
[0052] As used herein, unless stated explicitly, performing a step "in response to A" does not indicate that the step is performed immediately after "A" occurs and one or more intervening steps may be included.
[0053] As used herein, the term “terminal device” refers to a device which is intended for accessing services via an access network and configured to communicate over the access network. The terminal device may be able to communicate with a network node, such as a base station, or with another terminal device by transmitting and / or receiving wireless signals. For instance, the terminal device may include, but is not limited to: a mobile phone, a smart phone, a sensor device, a meter, a vehicle, a household appliance, a medical appliance, a media player, a camera, or any type of consumer electronic, for instance, but not limited to, a television, radio, lighting arrangement, a tablet computer, a laptop, or a personal computer (PC) . The terminal device may also include a portable, pocket storable, hand-held, computer-comprised, or vehicle-mounted mobile device, enabled to communicate voice and / or data, via a wireless connection. In the following description, the terms “terminal device” , “user equipment” and “UE” may be used interchangeably.
[0054] As used herein, the term “network device” or “network node” refers to a device in a communication network via which a terminal device receives services from the network. The terms “network node” , “network function” may be used interchangeably. A network function may be implemented either as a network element on a dedicated hardware, as a software instance running on a dedicated hardware, or as a virtualised function instantiated on an appropriate platform, e.g., on a cloud infrastructure. The network node comprises an access network node via which a terminal device accesses an access network. Examples of access network nodes include, but are not limited to, access points (APs) (e.g., radio access points) , base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs) and NR NodeBs (gNBs) ) . In the following description, the terms “network device” , “network node” , “base station” and “BS” may be used interchangeably.
[0055] The network node may further comprise a core network node. Examples of core network nodes may include functions of one or more of a Mobile Switching Center (MSC) , Mobility Management Entity (MME) , an evolved Packet Data Gateway (ePDG) , a trusted wireless local area network (WLAN) access network (TWAN) node, a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) , an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) , a Session Management Function (SMF) , a Network Slice Selection Function (NSSF) , a Serving Gateway (SGW) , a Packet Gateway (PGW) , an Authentication Server Function (AUSF) , a Subscription Identifier De-concealing function (SIDF) , a Unified Data Management (UDM) , a Security Edge Protection Proxy (SEPP) , a Network Exposure Function (NEF) , and / or a User Plane Function (UPF) .
[0056] As used herein, the term “communication device” refers to a device capable of communications. Examples of a communication device may comprise a terminal device and a network device.
[0057] In 5G-A and 6G mobile communication systems, novel services such as higher bandwidth, full-duplex and massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques may be indispensable. Using the JCAS technology, communication and sensing functions may be mutually beneficial in the same system, which may improve the spectrum and energy efficiency while reducing hardware cost.
[0058] FIGS. 1A and 1B show example JCAS scenarios. In a mono-static sensing scenario 100 as shown in FIG. 1A, for a moving object 110, a sensing signal (which may be a pilot signal) is transmitted (112) from a network device 120, and then a reflected signal is received by the same network device 120. In a bi-static or multi-static sensing scenario 130 as shown in FIG. 1B, a sensing signal is transmitted (132) from the network device 120, and then a reflected signal is received (134, 136) by other network devices 140 and 160.
[0059] There is a consensus on applying of JCAS technology in future mobile networks. For example, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) International Mobile Telecommunications 2030 (IMT-2030) has identified JCAS as one of the candidate technologies enabled for 6G. In addition, some operator has required JCAS functions in 5G-A network for early phase research.
[0060] A design of sensing signals is fundamental to the JCAS technology. It imposes an impact on the performance of communication and sensing. The design of sensing signals centered on communications is developed where sensing signals are based on waveforms of wireless communications. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been widely used in a design of communication centric JCAS waveforms. With OFDM signals, JCAS may recover ranging and Doppler information in an OFDM based radar systems.
[0061] In addition, a sensing signal (or a pilot signal) needs to meet the requirements of radar sensing. For example, the sensing signal needs to have a high signal bandwidth for accurate propagation delay detection and have a long duration of transmission for accurate Doppler detection. The design of the JCAS signal may be impacted by various sensing performances.
[0062] For doppler detection, a doppler frequency shift at a receiver side may be measured by a sensing system to estimate velocity. FIG. 1C shows a JCAS signal design for velocity estimation. As shown in FIG. 1C, a transmitter emits M sensing signal pulses (or impulses) for each measurement (where M is a positive integer) , with a Trep interval between successive pulses. Assuming that the transmitter and receiver of the sensing system are both working in a carrier frequency of fc, and that the frequency of the received signal is fc +Δf as a result of the doppler effect, a channel impulse response measured at the receiver side from M-repeated sensing signal pulses may be:
[0063] This channel measurement based on the M-repeated sensing signal pulses has an issue with a phase rotate 2*pi as below:
[0064] In this case, the sensing system could not identify the difference between Δf and where K is any positive integer.
[0065] If the positive and negative doppler shifts are considered, the valid estimated Δf interval is In this case, the phase rotate issue introduces the following velocity ambiguity in radar:
[0066] where c is 3.0×108m / s, fc is the carrier frequency, and Trep is a period of pulses.
[0067] If vreal>vu where vreal represents real velocity of the object, then the sensing system may estimate the velocity as
[0068] where mod (. ) represents a modulus operation.
[0069] Lower Trep is preferable to obtain a larger velocity detection range. The velocity detection range will also be referred to as a velocity range or an ambiguous velocity range. This is important, particularly, for objects that move at a faster speed. For instance, if the maximum speed of the detected object is 200 km / h and a carrier frequency of the sensing system is fc=6GHz, Trep is less than 225 us.
[0070] On the other hand, a velocity resolution is as below:
[0071] where c is 3.0×108m / s, fc is a carrier frequency, Trep is a period of pulses, and M is a repetition number.
[0072] Higher Trep*M is preferred in order to obtain a finer velocity detection resolution. This is important, particularly for precise speed detection with fine resolution. For instance, if the carrier frequency is fc = 6GHz and an expected speed resolution for the detected object is 1 km / h, and if Trep<225us, as in the previous example, then M is larger than 400.
[0073] Both the calculation of the velocity range and the calculation of the velocity resolution involve Trep and M. As mentioned above, due to the phase rotation issue, a higher Trep*M and a lower Trep are needed to obtain a more accurate velocity range and a better velocity resolution. The larger Trep*M and lower Trep will result in a larger M, which indicates that the sensed signal has to be repeated frequently for each measurement. However, a larger M may increase the sensing overhead and the number of communication interruptions since the communication and sensing systems share frequency and time resources. Therefore, in order to achieve a good balance between ambiguous velocity range and velocity resolution, an increase in M is required, which will increase the overhead and the number of communication interruptions.
[0074] Certain aspects of the disclosure and their embodiments may provide solutions to these or other challenges. Some embodiments of the present disclosure propose a solution for a sensing signal design. With the solution, a set of time intervals are determined for communicating (including transmitting and receiving) sensing signals to sense an object. Each time interval in the set of time intervals indicates a time difference between a different pair of successive sensing signals, and each time interval is different from another time interval in the set of time intervals. This set of time intervals helps to minimize system overhead and avoid communication interruptions while maintaining sensing performance, for example, in terms of an ambiguity range (also called an ambiguous range) and velocity resolution. The ambiguity range may include an ambiguous velocity range, a doppler shift ambiguous range, a doppler effect ambiguous range, an ambiguity frequency offset range, and / or the like.
[0075] FIG. 2 illustrates an example communication environment 200 in which embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented.
[0076] As shown in FIG. 2, the communication environment 200 includes a terminal device 210 (such as a UE) and access network devices 220 and 230 (such as gNBs) which may communicate with each other. The communication environment 200 further includes an object 240 which may be a vehicle or any other object to be sensed. Any of the terminal device 210 and access network devices 220 and 230 may communicate (including transmitting and / or receiving) sensing signals to sense the object 240.
[0077] Furthermore, the communication environment 200 includes a sensing server 250 which may implement sensing management. For example, the sensing server 250 may select appropriate transmitter and receiver for a sensing task according to locations of the transmitters, receivers and objects. The sensing server 250 may be located in a core network and operate as a core network device. It is to be understood that the sensing management is shown to be implemented by a device separate from the access network devices 220 and 230 only for the purpose of illustration, without suggesting any limitation. In some embodiments, the sensing server 250 may be collocated with the access network device 220 or 230.
[0078] Communications in the communication environment 200 may be implemented according to any proper communication protocols and technologies. It is to be understood that the numbers of devices are illustrated in FIG. 2 only for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any limitations. The communication environment 200 may include any suitable numbers and types of devices for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the communication environment 200 may include another device (for example, a sensing processing function) to implement sensing processing based on a measurement result of the sensing signals, for example, to extract information about propagation delay, strength and doppler to sense the object 240. In some other embodiments, the sensing processing may be implemented by the sensing server 250 as well.
[0079] In the communication environment 200, in order to sense the object 240, the sensing signals are transmitted by a transmitter (for example, the access network device 220) and received by a receiver (for example, the access network device 230) in a set of time intervals. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, sensing signal pulses are inserted unevenly in each measurement. Some example implementations will be described below with reference to FIGS. 3 to 6B.
[0080] Reference is first made to FIG. 3 which shows a process 300 of sensing an object in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the process 300 will be described with reference to FIG. 2.
[0081] As shown in FIG. 3, a first communication device 305 determines (320) a set of time intervals for communicating a plurality of sensing signals (also called sensing signal pulses) . In some example embodiments, the first communication device 305 may be either a terminal device (for example, the terminal device 210) or a network device (for example, the access network device 220 or 230) . The first communication device 305 may operate as a transmitter or a receiver of the sensing signals. In some example embodiments, the first communication device 305 may operate as a sensing management function such as the sensing server 250 in FIG. 2.
[0082] Each time interval in the set of time intervals indicates a time difference between a different pair of successive sensing signals of the plurality of sensing signals, and a time interval is different from another time interval in the set of time intervals. In this way, the setting of the time differences between sensing signals may be more flexible and efficient.
[0083] In some embodiments, the set of time intervals may include a set of integral multiples of a reference time interval (for example, a uniform time interval Trep, as described above) . Values of the set of integral multiples may be coprime or relative prime. Some embodiments in this regard will be described below with reference to FIG. 4A.
[0084] FIG. 4A shows N sensing signal pulses with example uneven time intervals in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In this example, a time difference between pulses Trep in FIG. 1C is changed to [K1*Trep, K2*Trep, … KN-1*Trep] . K1, K2, . . ., KN-1 are different integers, and N is the total number of the signal pulses. That is, a uniform time interval Trep is multiplied by a factor Ki from {Kn} where n = 1, 2, …, N-1. Ki may be also considered to as an integral multiple of Trep.
[0085] In an example, K1, K2, . . ., KN-1 are relative prime. In this example, the sensing signal pulses, which are non-uniformly inserted, may have an ambiguous range (e.g., a velocity ambiguous range) as: which is the same as the ambiguous range of the uniformly inserted sensing signal pulse with the interval Trep, as shown in Equation (1) .
[0086] The resolution of the sensing signal pulses is as below.
[0087] Assuming that the performance requirements of the conventional solution and the proposed solution are the same, for example, the ambiguous range and the resolution are the same, it means that: (M-1) *Trep= ∑nKn*Trep. Since K1, K2, …, KN-1 are different integers, such as 2, 3, 5, 7, etc., N is much smaller than M, which means less impact on the system overhead and the number of communication interruptions. Thus, on one hand, to keep the same sensing performance requirement, less system overhead and communication interrupt occasions are needed. On the other hand, If the same system overhead and communication interrupt occasions are kept, better velocity estimation ambiguous range and resolution may be achieved.
[0088] In some embodiments, K1, K2, …, KN-1 may be relatively prime numbers. In an example, it is assumed that there are a total of N pulses and an assumed interval between pulses is [K1*Trep, K2*Trep, …KN-1*Trep] where K1, K2, …, KN-1 are different integers that are relatively prime. In this case, due to the Doppler effect, the frequency of the received signal is fc+Δf. Accordingly, the channel impulse response measured at the receiver side from N-repeated sensing signal pulses may be:
[0089] This channel measurement based on the N-repeated sensing signal pulses has the phase rotation 2*pi issue, which means that Δf and Δf+Δfu have the same channel impulse response: mod (2πΔfuK1Trep, 2π) =mod (2πΔfuK2Trep, 2π) =mod (2πΔfuK3Trep, 2π) … =mod (2πΔfuKN-1Trep, 2π)
[0090] Since K1, K2, …, KN-1 are distinct integers and relative prime numbers:
[0091] This means that the ambiguity range of the Doppler effect remains the same even if the pulse interval is longer (extended Kn times) . As such, less system overhead and communication interrupt occasions are required to maintain the required sensing performance, thereby improving resource efficiency and network capacity.
[0092] In some embodiments, the first communication device 305 may determine (320) the set of time intervals based on a requirement for at least one of an ambiguity range or a velocity resolution. The requirement is associated with the sensing of the object. For example, the first communication device 305 may obtain the ambiguous range and velocity resolution. In the embodiments where the first communication device 305 operates as a sensing management function, the first communication device 305 may identify the ambiguous range and velocity resolution by itself. In the embodiments where the first communication device 305 operates as a transmitter or a receiver, the first communication device 305 may receive at least one of the ambiguous range or the velocity resolution from the sensing management function.
[0093] This range may be dependent on maximum velocity of the object to be sensed, which may be related to sensing use cases (or applications) . For example, in a use case where JCAS is used to identify a car, a maximum unambiguous velocity may be 300km / h. In a use case where JCAS is used to identify a pedestrian, a maximum unambiguous velocity may be 30km / h. The velocity resolution may be also related to the sensing use cases. For example, in the use case of using JCAS to identify a car, the resolution 5km / h would be enough. In the use case of using JCAS to identify a pedestrian, the resolution 0.5km / h would be enough.
[0094] Using equation (1) and equation (4) as above, the set of time intervals may be determined considering the ambiguous range and the velocity resolution. For example, the first communication device 305 may determine the reference time interval (for example, Trep) and the set of integral multiples (for example, K1, K2, …, KN-1) . The value of the reference time interval may be determined considering any suitable factors, and the scope of the present disclosure will not be limited in this regard.
[0095] After the first communication device 305 determines (320) the set of time intervals for communicating the plurality of sensing signals, as shown in FIG. 3, the first communication device 305 sends (325) an indication of the set of time intervals to a second communication device 310 for at least one of transmitting or receiving the sensing signals based on the set of time intervals to sense an object (for example, the object 240 in FIG. 2) . The second communication device 310 may be either a terminal device or a network device.
[0096] In an example, in the embodiments where the first communication device 305 operates as a sensing management function such as the sensing server 250, the second communication device 310 may operate either a transmitter or a receiver or a transceiver for the sensing signals. In the embodiments where the first communication device 305 operates a transmitter, the second communication device 310 may operate as a receiver for receiving the sensing signals, or operate as even a sensing management function which may indicate the set of time intervals to the receiver. If the first communication device 305 operates as a receiver, the second communication device 310 may operate as a transmitter for transmitting the sensing signals or operate as the sensing management function to indicate the set of time intervals to the transmitter.
[0097] In an example, in the embodiments where the first communication device 305 operates as a sensing management function and the second communication device 310 operates as a transmitter or a receiver for the sensing signals, the first communication device 305 may send, to the second communication device 310, a sensing request indicating the set of time intervals. For example, the sensing request may include an indication of the set of time intervals.
[0098] Correspondingly, the second communication device 310 may receive (330) the indication of the set of time intervals from the first communication device 305. Based on the indication, the second communication device 310 may obtain the set of time intervals. In some embodiments, the second communication device 310 may instead determine the set of time intervals by itself to obtain the set of time intervals.
[0099] Based on the set of time intervals, the second communication device 310 communicates the plurality of sensing signals to sense an object. For example, in the embodiments where the second communication device 310 operates a transmitter, the second communication device 310 may transmit the sensing signals with the set of time intervals. In the embodiments where the second communication device 310 operates as a receiver, the second communication device 310 may receive the sensing signals with the set of time intervals. In the embodiments where the second communication device 310 operates as a transceiver, the second communication device 310 may communicate (including transmitting and receiving) the sensing signals with the set of time intervals.
[0100] In an example, in the case that the second communication device 310 operates as a transmitter or a transceiver, the second communication device 310 may generate sensing signal pulses and then send out the pulses one by one. For example, the following formular may be used to generate baseband OFDM sensing signals:
[0101] where g (t-lTrep) represents a rectangular Window function for the lth pulse. Trep=L (Tofdm+Tcp) , where Trep represents a minimum interval between two neighbor pulses, which is equal to a multiple integer (L) of single symbol duration. Tofdm is an effective OFDM symbol duration, and Tcp is a cyclic prefix duration. indicates the symbol modulated in the k th subcarrier, the l th OFDM symbol.
[0102] With ununiformly inserting of the sensing symbols, the OFDM symbol index l is not equidistant, for example l = 0, 3, 5, namely K1 = 3, K2 = 2.
[0103] Taking l=0, 3, 5, namely K1=3, K2=2, as an example, a doppler shift estimation is as follows:
[0104] namely K1=3,
[0105] namely K2=2,
[0106] where y0 (k) represents a received signal after match-filtering for the 0th OFDM symbol, the kth subcarrier, and y3 (k) represents a received signal after match-filtering for the 3rd OFDM symbol, the kth subcarrier. fd represents a real doppler shift as to the detected object.
[0107] If then:
[0108] where represents an estimated doppler shift for the m th hypothesis got from and represents an estimated doppler shift for the n th hypothesis got from represents a maximum unambiguity frequency estimation range.
[0109] An optimized doppler shift is to minimize following formular:
[0110] Assuming the real doppler shift is
[0111] For m = -1, 0, 1,
[0112] For n = -1, 0, 1,
[0113] where f′d represents an assumed doppler frequency shift of the detected object within the unambiguity frequency range.
[0114] Only when m = -1 and n = -1, the may be minimized, thereby achieving the correct doppler shift estimation
[0115] The doppler shift ambiguous range may be up to where the latter requires the sensing signal pulses with [Trep, Trep, … Trep] with regular symbol occupation, as shown in FIG. 4B.
[0116] In some embodiments, the set of time intervals may be applied for a plurality of pairs of transmitters and receivers. In an example, the first communication device 305 may randomly determine an order (referred to as a first order) for ranking time intervals in the set of time intervals, and then send an indication of the first order to the second communication device 310. The indication of the first order and the indication of the set of time intervals may be sent from the first communication device 305 to the second communication device 310 in one or more messages.
[0117] For a different pair of a transmitter and a receiver, including a third communication device 315, the first communication device 305 may also send (340) the indication of the set of time intervals for at least one of transmitting or receiving a plurality of sensing signals based on the set of time intervals to sense an object. For the third communication device 315, the first communication device 305 may randomly determine an order (referred to as a second order) for ranking time intervals in the set of time intervals. Then, the first communication device 305 may send an indication of the second order to the third communication device 315.
[0118] After the second communication device 310 receives the indication of the first order for ranking the time intervals, the second communication device 310 may communicate the sensing signals with a peer device based on the time intervals according to the first order. In some embodiments, the second communication device 310 may select a time interval from the set of time intervals according to the first order. After the second communication device 310 communicates (for example, transmits or receives or both) a sensing signal (referred to as a first sensing signal) of the plurality of sensing signals, the second communication device 310 may communicate (for example, transmit or receive or both) a further sensing signal (referred to as a second sensing signal) of the plurality of sensing signals after the selected time interval. In this way, sensing interferences may be randomized in a network.
[0119] In some embodiments, the first order may be determined by the second communication device 310 and then sent from the second communication device 310 to the peer device and / or to the sensing management function such as the sensing server 250. In an example, the second communication device 310 may randomly determine a first order for ranking time intervals in the set of time intervals. Then, the second communication device 310 may send an indication of the first order to a further communication device (as a peer device of the second communication device 310, referred to as a fourth communication device) for communicating the plurality of sensing signals with the second communication device 310 based on the set of time intervals. It is also possible that the second communication device 310 sends an indication of the first order to the first communication device 305 and the first communication device 305 forwards the first order to the peer device of the second communication device 310.
[0120] An example signal generation and detection process will be described below with reference to FIG. 5. In this example, a sensing management function 510 may be an example implementation of the first communication device 305. A transmitter / receiver 520 may be an example implementation of the second communication device 310, which functions as both a transmitter and a receiver for transmitting and receiving the sensing signals.
[0121] As shown in FIG. 5, in a process 500, at 542, the sensing management function 510 may generate a sensing request, map the sensing request to network elements and check available resources. For example, once the sensing management function 510 gets a sensing task, it may first select the proper transmitter and receiver sites according to geometry information of sites and a target sensing area. Then, the sensing management function 510 checks resources of the transmitter and receiver, for example, configured by a gNB, to assure availability of sensing resources.
[0122] At 544, the sensing management function 510 may determine pulse intervals and number. For example, the sensing management function 510 may select the proper reference time interval, e.g., Trep, and the set of integral multiples, e.g., K, and the number N according to available resources. Here, the sensing management function 510 may determine the Trep, K and N according to the following selection criteria. The sensing management function 510 may identify the ambiguous range which is dependent on the sensing use cases. The sensing management function 510 may identify the velocity resolution which is also dependent on the sensing application.
[0123] At 546, the sensing management function 530 may send out a sensing request. Then, the sensing management function 530 may wait for a success indication from the transmitter / receiver 520. In an example, the parameters Trep, K and N may also be included in the sensing request. At 548, upon receiving the sensing request, the transmitter / receiver 520 may send a success indication to the sensing management function 510.
[0124] Then, the transmitter / receiver 520 may send out N pulses to an environment 530 and listen to the feedback from the environment 530. For each pulse, the transmitter / receiver 520 may first select an integer Ki from {Kn} one by one at 550. Then, the transmitter / receiver 520 may send radar “ping” at 552 and receive radar “echo” at 554.
[0125] In an example, different pairs of transmitters and receivers may use the same {Kn} in different orders which may be randomly determined by the sensing management function 510. In this way, the sensing interferences may be randomized from the network perspective. In an example, {Kn} = {2, 3, 5} . At a transmitter A, for the 1st pulse (or pulse 1) , K1 =2 Trep is selected, and then after pulse 1, the transmitter A waits 2Trep for the 2nd pulse. For the 2nd pulse (or pulse 2) , K1 = 5 Trep is selected, then after pulse 2, the transmitter A waits 5 Trep for the 3rd pulse. For the 3rd pulse (or pulse 3) , K1 = 3 Trep is selected, and then after pulse 3, the transmitter A waits 3 Trep for the 4th pulse. That is, the ranking order of {Kn} for the transmitter A is 2, 5 and 3. If simultaneously, another transmitter B also execute a sensing task, then for the 1st pulse, the transmitter B selects K1 =5 Trep, and after pulse 1, the transmitter B waits 5 Trep for the 2nd pulse. For the 2nd pulse, the transmitter B selects K1 =2 Trep, and then after pulse 2, the transmitter B waits 2 Trep for the 3rd pulse. For the 3rd pulse, the transmitter B selects K1 =3 Trep, and then after pulse 3, the transmitter B waits 3 Trep for the 4th pulse. That is, the ranking order of {Kn} for the transmitter B is 5, 2, 3. By this randomization, the sensing signals from the transmitter A and the transmitter B will not collide, thus reducing inter-sensing point interference.
[0126] At 556, the transmitter / receiver 520 may send a measurement result to a sensing processing function 540. At 558, the sensing processing function 540 may use the received signal to extract information about propagation delay, strength and doppler to perform environment sensing. In some embodiments, the sensing processing 540 may process the measurement result by filtering, peak analysis, object detection, and / or the like.
[0127] Simulation results show that the proposed solution with the sensing signal pulses nonuniformly inserted has better performance. In these simulations, SINR = 0 dB, real frequency offset = 16.5 Hz. The peak of coherence power is normalized.
[0128] FIG. 6A shows frequency offset estimation of uniformly inserted sensing signal pulses with different intervals in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In this example, two cases are simulated, including:
[0129] · Case 1: repetition period = 2.5ms, maximum ambiguous frequency offset range = [-200Hz, 200Hz] ; total measurement period = 160ms (64 sensing signal pulses) ;
[0130] · Case 2: repetition period = 10ms, maximum ambiguous frequency offset range = [-50Hz, 50Hz] ; total measurement period = 160ms (16 sensing signal pulses) .
[0131] As shown in FIG. 6A, with the same total measurement period = 160ms:
[0132] · Dense sensing signal, i.e., period = 2.5ms, has better ambiguity range for 2.5ms, it has no ambiguity for 200Hz to -200Hz, and it successfully detect coherence peak at 16.5Hz.
[0133] · Sparse sensing signal, i.e., period = 10ms, has worse ambiguity range for 10ms, it has no ambiguity range only from -50Hz to 50Hz. Although it successfully detects a coherence peak at 16.5Hz, it has no clue about the real result is 16.5Hz or 116.5Hz or -83.5Hz or -183.5Hz.
[0134] FIG. 6B shows frequency offset estimation of nonuniformly inserted sensing signal pulses versus uniformly inserted sensing signal pulses in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In this example, two cases are simulated, including:
[0135] · Case 2: repetition period = 10ms, max ambiguity frequency offset range = [-50Hz, 50Hz] ; total measurement period = 160ms (16 sensing signal pulses) ;
[0136] · Case 3: nonuniformly inserted pulses with period: minimum repetition period = 2.5ms, maximum ambiguity frequency offset range restore to [-200Hz, 200Hz] ; total measurement period = 160ms (the same number of sensing signal pulses with case 2, i.e., 16 pulses) .
[0137] It is to be noted that due to the same total period, i.e., 160ms and the same number of pulses, i.e., 16 pulses, the two cases have the same system overhead.
[0138] As shown in FIG. 6B, with the same total measurement period = 160ms:
[0139] · Nonuniformly inserted sensing signals, i.e., minimum period = 2.5ms, has a larger period, for example 2.5ms, 5ms, 7.5ms, 17.5ms etc., and has a better ambiguity range, and it successfully detects the coherence peak at 16.5Hz.
[0140] · Uniformly inserted sensing signal, i.e., period = 10ms, has a worse ambiguity range for 10ms, and has no ambiguity range only from -50Hz to 50Hz. Although it successfully detects a coherence peak at 6.5Hz, it has no clue about the real result is 16.5Hz or 116.5Hz or -83.5Hz or -183.5Hz.
[0141] In summary, in the simulations of cases 2 and 3, compared using the fixed 16 impulses, irregular (prime number) insertion of signal pulses may eliminate uncertainty in frequency offset calculation and result in identical side lobe levels.
[0142] FIG. 7 shows a flowchart of an example method 700 of sensing an object in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The method 700 may be implemented by the first communication device 305 as shown in FIG. 3. For the purpose of discussion, the method 700 will be described from the perspective of the first communication device 305.
[0143] As shown in FIG. 7, at block 710, the first communication device 305 determines a set of time intervals.
[0144] At block 720, the first communication device 305 sends an indication of the set of time intervals to a second communication device for at least one of transmitting or receiving a plurality of sensing signals based on the set of time intervals to sense an object. Each time interval in the set of time intervals indicates a time difference between a different pair of successive sensing signals of the plurality of sensing signals, and a time interval is different from another time interval in the set of time intervals.
[0145] In some embodiments, the set of time intervals may include a set of integral multiples of a reference time interval, and values of the set of integral multiples are coprime.
[0146] In some embodiments, the first communication device 305 may determine the set of time intervals including determining the reference time interval and the set of integral multiples.
[0147] In some embodiments, the first communication device 305 may randomly determine a first order for ranking time intervals in the set of time intervals. In some embodiments, the first communication device 305 may send an indication of the first order to the second communication device.
[0148] In some embodiments, the first communication device 305 may send the indication of the set of time intervals to a third communication device for at least one of transmitting or receiving a plurality of sensing signals based on the set of time intervals to sense an object. In some embodiments, the first communication device 305 may randomly determine a second order for ranking time intervals in the set of time intervals. In some embodiments, the first communication device 305 may send an indication of the second order to the third communication device.
[0149] In some embodiments, the first communication device 305 may determine the set of time intervals including determining the set of time intervals based on a requirement for at least one of an ambiguity range or a velocity resolution, the requirement being associated with the sensing of the object.
[0150] In some embodiments, the first communication device 305 may send the indication of the set of time intervals including sending, to the second communication device 310, a sensing request indicating the set of time intervals.
[0151] In some embodiments, the first communication device 305 may include a sensing server.
[0152] FIG. 8 shows a flowchart of an example method 800 of sensing an object in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The method 800 may be implemented by the second communication device 310 as shown in FIG. 3. For the purpose of discussion, the method 800 will be described from the perspective of the second communication device 310.
[0153] As shown in FIG. 8 at block 810, the second communication device 310 obtains a set of time intervals.
[0154] At block 820, the second communication device 310 communicates a plurality of sensing signals based on the set of time intervals to sense an object, where each time interval in the set of time intervals indicates a time difference between a different pair of successive sensing signals of the plurality of sensing signals, and a time interval is different from another time interval in the set of time intervals.
[0155] In some embodiments, the set of time intervals may include a set of integral multiples of a reference time interval, and values of the set of integral multiples are coprime.
[0156] In some embodiments, the second communication device 310 may obtain a set of time intervals may receive an indication of the set of time intervals from a first communication device 305. In some embodiments, the second communication device 310 obtaining a set of time intervals may determine the set of time intervals based on the received indication.
[0157] In some embodiments, the second communication device 310 may receive from the second communication device 310, an indication of a first order for ranking time intervals in the set of time intervals.
[0158] In some embodiments, the second communication device 310 may randomly determine a first order for ranking time intervals in the set of time intervals. In some embodiments, the second communication device 310 may send an indication of the first order to a fourth communication device for communicating the plurality of sensing signals with the second communication device 310 based on the set of time intervals.
[0159] In some embodiments, the second communication device 310 communicating the plurality of sensing signals may include selecting a time interval from the set of time intervals according to the first order. In some embodiments, the second communication device 310 communicating the plurality of sensing signals may include communicating a first sensing signal of the plurality of sensing signals. In some embodiments, the second communication device 310 communicating the plurality of sensing signals may include communicating a second sensing signal of the plurality of sensing signals after the selected time interval.
[0160] FIG. 9 shows function units of a first communication device 900 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0161] As shown in FIG. 9, the first communication device 900 comprises a determining unit 910 configured to determine a set of time intervals; and a sending unit 920 configured to send an indication of the set of time intervals to a second communication device for at least one of transmitting or receiving a plurality of sensing signals based on the set of time intervals to sense an object, where each time interval in the set of time intervals indicates a time difference between a different pair of successive sensing signals of the plurality of sensing signals, and a time interval is different from another time interval in the set of time intervals.
[0162] In some embodiments, the first communication device 900 may further comprise units for implementing actions or operations related to the first communication device according to any of the above-mentioned embodiments described with reference to FIGS. 2 to 7.
[0163] FIG. 10 shows function units of a second communication device 1000 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0164] As shown in FIG. 10, the second communication device 1000 comprises an obtaining unit 1010 configured to obtain a set of time intervals; and a communicating unit 1020 configured to communicate a plurality of sensing signals based on the set of time intervals to sense an object, where each time interval in the set of time intervals indicates a time difference between a different pair of successive sensing signals of the plurality of sensing signals, and a time interval is different from another time interval in the set of time intervals.
[0165] In some embodiments, the second communication device 1000 may further comprise units for implementing actions or operations related to the network according to any of the above-mentioned embodiments described with reference to FIGS. 2 to 6B and 8.
[0166] FIG. 11 shows a communication device 1100 in accordance with some embodiments.
[0167] As shown in FIG. 11, the communication device 1100 includes a processor 1105 and a memory 1110. The memory 1110 may contain instructions executable by the processor 1105, whereby the communication device 1100 may be operative to implement actions or operations according to any of the above-mentioned embodiments described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 8.
[0168] In some embodiments, the communication device 1100 may operate as the first communication device 305. In these embodiments, the communication device 1100 may be operative to: determine a set of time intervals and send an indication of the set of time intervals to a second communication device for at least one of transmitting or receiving a plurality of sensing signals based on the set of time intervals to sense an object, where each time interval in the set of time intervals indicates a time difference between a different pair of successive sensing signals of the plurality of sensing signals, and a time interval is different from another time interval in the set of time intervals.
[0169] In some embodiments, the communication device 1100 may operate as the second communication device 310. In these embodiments, the communication device 1100 may be operative to: obtain a set of time intervals and communicate a plurality of sensing signals based on the set of time intervals to sense an object, where each time interval in the set of time intervals indicates a time difference between a different pair of successive sensing signals of the plurality of sensing signals, and a time interval is different from another time interval in the set of time intervals.
[0170] The processor 1100 may be any kind of processing component, such as one or more microprocessor or microcontrollers, as well as other digital hardware, which may include digital signal processors (DSPs) , special-purpose digital logic, and the like. The memory 1120 may be any kind of storage component, such as read-only memory (ROM) , random-access memory, cache memory, flash memory devices, optical storage devices, etc.
[0171] FIG. 12 shows a computer readable storage medium 1200 in accordance with some embodiments.
[0172] As shown in FIG. 12, the computer readable storage medium 1200 comprising instructions 1115 which when executed by a processor of a device, cause the device to perform any above-mentioned embodiments described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 8.
[0173] The computer readable storage medium 1200 may be configured to include memory such as RAM, ROM, programmable read-only memory (PROM) , erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , magnetic disks, optical disks, floppy disks, hard disks, removable cartridges, or flash drives.
[0174] In some embodiments, an apparatus capable of performing the method 700 or 800 may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 700 or 800. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0175] FIG. 13 shows an example of a communication system 1300 in accordance with some embodiments.
[0176] In the example, the communication system 1300 includes a telecommunication network 1302 that includes an access network 1304, such as a radio access network (RAN) , and a core network 1306, which includes one or more core network nodes 1308. The access network 1304 includes one or more access network nodes, such as network nodes 1310a and 1310b (one or more of which may be generally referred to as network nodes 1310) , or any other similar 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) access nodes or non-3GPP access points. Moreover, as will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, a network node is not necessarily limited to an implementation in which a radio portion and a baseband portion are supplied and integrated by a single vendor. Thus, it will be understood that network nodes include disaggregated implementations or portions thereof. For example, in some embodiments, the telecommunication network 1302 includes one or more Open-RAN (ORAN) network nodes. An ORAN network node is a node in the telecommunication network 1302 that supports an ORAN specification (e.g., a specification published by the O-RAN Alliance, or any similar organization) and may operate alone or together with other nodes to implement one or more functionalities of any node in the telecommunication network 1302, including one or more network nodes 1310 and / or core network nodes 1308.
[0177] Examples of an ORAN network node include an open radio unit (O-RU) , an open distributed unit (O-DU) , an open central unit (O-CU) , including an O-CU control plane (O-CU-CP) or an O-CU user plane (O-CU-UP) , a RAN intelligent controller (near-real time or non-real time) hosting software or software plug-ins, such as a near-real time control application (e.g., xApp) or a non-real time control application (e.g., rApp) , or any combination thereof (the adjective “open” designating support of an ORAN specification) . The network node may support a specification by, for example, supporting an interface defined by the ORAN specification, such as an A1, F1, W1, E1, E2, X2, Xn interface, an open fronthaul user plane interface, or an open fronthaul management plane interface. Moreover, an ORAN access node may be a logical node in a physical node. Furthermore, an ORAN network node may be implemented in a virtualization environment (described further below) in which one or more network functions are virtualized. For example, the virtualization environment may include an O-Cloud computing platform orchestrated by a Service Management and Orchestration Framework via an O-2 interface defined by the O-RAN Alliance or comparable technologies. The network nodes 1310 facilitate direct or indirect connection of user equipment (UE) , such as by connecting UEs 1312a, 1312b, 1312c, and 1312d (one or more of which may be generally referred to as UEs 1312) to the core network 1306 over one or more wireless connections.
[0178] Example wireless communications over a wireless connection include transmitting and / or receiving wireless signals using electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared waves, and / or other types of signals suitable for conveying information without the use of wires, cables, or other material conductors. Moreover, in different embodiments, the communication system 1300 may include any number of wired or wireless networks, network nodes, UEs, and / or any other components or systems that may facilitate or participate in the communication of data and / or signals whether via wired or wireless connections. The communication system 1300 may include and / or interface with any type of communication, telecommunication, data, cellular, radio network, and / or other similar type of system.
[0179] The UEs 1312 may be any of a wide variety of communication devices, including wireless devices arranged, configured, and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with the network nodes 1310 and other communication devices. Similarly, the network nodes 1310 are arranged, capable, configured, and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with the UEs 1312 and / or with other network nodes or equipment in the telecommunication network 1302 to enable and / or provide network access, such as wireless network access, and / or to perform other functions, such as administration in the telecommunication network 1302.
[0180] In the depicted example, the core network 1306 connects the network nodes 1310 to one or more hosts, such as host 1316. These connections may be direct or indirect via one or more intermediary networks or devices. In other examples, network nodes may be directly coupled to hosts. The core network 1306 includes one more core network nodes (e.g., core network node 1308) that are structured with hardware and software components. Features of these components may be substantially similar to those described with respect to the UEs, network nodes, and / or hosts, such that the descriptions thereof are generally applicable to the corresponding components of the core network node 1308. Example core network nodes include functions of one or more of a Mobile Switching Center (MSC) , Mobility Management Entity (MME) , Home Subscriber Server (HSS) , Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) , Session Management Function (SMF) , Authentication Server Function (AUSF) , Subscription Identifier De-concealing function (SIDF) , Unified Data Management (UDM) , Security Edge Protection Proxy (SEPP) , Network Exposure Function (NEF) , and / or a User Plane Function (UPF) .
[0181] The host 1316 may be under the ownership or control of a service provider other than an operator or provider of the access network 1304 and / or the telecommunication network 1302, and may be operated by the service provider or on behalf of the service provider. The host 1316 may host a variety of applications to provide one or more service. Examples of such applications include live and pre-recorded audio / video content, data collection services such as retrieving and compiling data on various ambient conditions detected by a plurality of UEs, analytics functionality, social media, functions for controlling or otherwise interacting with remote devices, functions for an alarm and surveillance center, or any other such function performed by a server.
[0182] As a whole, the communication system 1300 of FIG. 13 enables connectivity between the UEs, network nodes, and hosts. In that sense, the communication system may be configured to operate according to predefined rules or procedures, such as specific standards that include, but are not limited to: Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) ; Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) ; Long Term Evolution (LTE) , and / or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G standards, or any applicable future generation standard (e.g., 6G) ; wireless local area network (WLAN) standards, such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards (WiFi) ; and / or any other appropriate wireless communication standard, such as the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) , Bluetooth, Z-Wave, Near Field Communication (NFC) ZigBee, LiFi, and / or any low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) standards such as LoRa and Sigfox.
[0183] In some examples, the telecommunication network 1302 is a cellular network that implements 3GPP standardized features. Accordingly, the telecommunications network 1302 may support network slicing to provide different logical networks to different devices that are connected to the telecommunication network 1302. For example, the telecommunications network 1302 may provide Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) services to some UEs, while providing Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) services to other UEs, and / or Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) / Massive IoT services to yet further UEs.
[0184] In some examples, the UEs 1312 are configured to transmit and / or receive information without direct human interaction. For instance, a UE may be designed to transmit information to the access network 1304 on a predetermined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to requests from the access network 1304. Additionally, a UE may be configured for operating in single-or multi-RAT or multi-standard mode. For example, a UE may operate with any one or combination of Wi-Fi, NR (New Radio) and LTE, i.e. being configured for multi-radio dual connectivity (MR-DC) , such as E-UTRAN (Evolved-UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) New Radio –Dual Connectivity (EN-DC) .
[0185] In the example, the hub 1314 communicates with the access network 1304 to facilitate indirect communication between one or more UEs (e.g., UE 1312c and / or 1312d) and network nodes (e.g., network node 1310b) . In some examples, the hub 1314 may be a controller, router, content source and analytics, or any of the other communication devices described herein regarding UEs. For example, the hub 1314 may be a broadband router enabling access to the core network 1306 for the UEs. As another example, the hub 1314 may be a controller that sends commands or instructions to one or more actuators in the UEs. Commands or instructions may be received from the UEs, network nodes 1310, or by executable code, script, process, or other instructions in the hub 1314. As another example, the hub 1314 may be a data collector that acts as temporary storage for UE data and, in some embodiments, may perform analysis or other processing of the data. As another example, the hub 1314 may be a content source. For example, for a UE that is a VR headset, display, loudspeaker or other media delivery device, the hub 1314 may retrieve VR assets, video, audio, or other media or data related to sensory information via a network node, which the hub 1314 then provides to the UE either directly, after performing local processing, and / or after adding additional local content. In still another example, the hub 1314 acts as a proxy server or orchestrator for the UEs, in particular if one or more of the UEs are low energy IoT devices.
[0186] The hub 1314 may have a constant / persistent or intermittent connection to the network node 1310b. The hub 1314 may also allow for a different communication scheme and / or schedule between the hub 1314 and UEs (e.g., UE 1312c and / or 1312d) , and between the hub 1314 and the core network 1306. In other examples, the hub 1314 is connected to the core network 1306 and / or one or more UEs via a wired connection. Moreover, the hub 1314 may be configured to connect to an M2M service provider over the access network 1304 and / or to another UE over a direct connection. In some scenarios, UEs may establish a wireless connection with the network nodes 1310 while still connected via the hub 1314 via a wired or wireless connection. In some embodiments, the hub 1314 may be a dedicated hub –that is, a hub whose primary function is to route communications to / from the UEs from / to the network node 1310b. In other embodiments, the hub 1314 may be a non-dedicated hub –that is, a device which is capable of operating to route communications between the UEs and network node 1310b, but which is additionally capable of operating as a communication start and / or end point for certain data channels.
[0187] FIG. 14 shows a UE 1400 in accordance with some embodiments. As used herein, a UE refers to a device capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with network nodes and / or other UEs. Examples of a UE include, but are not limited to, a smart phone, mobile phone, cell phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phone, wireless local loop phone, desktop computer, personal digital assistant (PDA) , wireless cameras, gaming console or device, music storage device, playback appliance, wearable terminal device, wireless endpoint, mobile station, tablet, laptop, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , smart device, wireless customer-premise equipment (CPE) , vehicle, vehicle-mounted or vehicle embedded / integrated wireless device, etc. Other examples include any UE identified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) , including a narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) UE, a machine type communication (MTC) UE, and / or an enhanced MTC (eMTC) UE.
[0188] A UE may support device-to-device (D2D) communication, for example by implementing a 3GPP standard for sidelink communication, Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) , vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) , vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) , or vehicle-to-everything (V2X) . In other examples, a UE may not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and / or operates the relevant device. Instead, a UE may represent a device that is intended for sale to, or operation by, a human user but which may not, or which may not initially, be associated with a specific human user (e.g., a smart sprinkler controller) . Alternatively, a UE may represent a device that is not intended for sale to, or operation by, an end user but which may be associated with or operated for the benefit of a user (e.g., a smart power meter) .
[0189] The UE 1400 includes processing circuitry 1402 that is operatively coupled via a bus 1404 to an input / output interface 1406, a power source 1408, a memory 1410, a communication interface 1412, and / or any other component, or any combination thereof. Certain UEs may utilize all or a subset of the components shown in FIG. 14. The level of integration between the components may vary from one UE to another UE. Further, certain UEs may contain multiple instances of a component, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, receivers, etc.
[0190] The processing circuitry 1402 is configured to process instructions and data and may be configured to implement any sequential state machine operative to execute instructions stored as machine-readable computer programs in the memory 1410. The processing circuitry 1402 may be implemented as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., in discrete logic, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , etc. ) ; programmable logic together with appropriate firmware; one or more stored computer programs, general-purpose processors, such as a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP) , together with appropriate software; or any combination of the above. For example, the processing circuitry 1402 may include multiple central processing units (CPUs) .
[0191] In the example, the input / output interface 1406 may be configured to provide an interface or interfaces to an input device, output device, or one or more input and / or output devices. Examples of an output device include a speaker, a sound card, a video card, a display, a monitor, a printer, an actuator, an emitter, a smartcard, another output device, or any combination thereof. An input device may allow a user to capture information into the UE 1400. Examples of an input device include a touch-sensitive or presence-sensitive display, a camera (e.g., a digital camera, a digital video camera, a web camera, etc. ) , a microphone, a sensor, a mouse, a trackball, a directional pad, a trackpad, a scroll wheel, a smartcard, and the like. The presence-sensitive display may include a capacitive or resistive touch sensor to sense input from a user. A sensor may be, for instance, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a tilt sensor, a force sensor, a magnetometer, an optical sensor, a proximity sensor, a biometric sensor, etc., or any combination thereof. An output device may use the same type of interface port as an input device. For example, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port may be used to provide an input device and an output device.
[0192] In some embodiments, the power source 1408 is structured as a battery or battery pack. Other types of power sources, such as an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet) , photovoltaic device, or power cell, may be used. The power source 1408 may further include power circuitry for delivering power from the power source 1408 itself, and / or an external power source, to the various parts of the UE 1400 via input circuitry or an interface such as an electrical power cable. Delivering power may be, for example, for charging of the power source 1408. Power circuitry may perform any formatting, converting, or other modification to the power from the power source 1408 to make the power suitable for the respective components of the UE 1400 to which power is supplied.
[0193] The memory 1410 may be or be configured to include memory such as random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , programmable read-only memory (PROM) , erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , magnetic disks, optical disks, hard disks, removable cartridges, flash drives, and so forth. In one example, the memory 1410 includes one or more application programs 1414, such as an operating system, web browser application, a widget, gadget engine, or other application, and corresponding data 1416. The memory 1410 may store, for use by the UE 1400, any of a variety of various operating systems or combinations of operating systems.
[0194] The memory 1410 may be configured to include a number of physical drive units, such as redundant array of independent disks (RAID) , flash memory, USB flash drive, external hard disk drive, thumb drive, pen drive, key drive, high-density digital versatile disc (HD-DVD) optical disc drive, internal hard disk drive, Blu-Ray optical disc drive, holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disc drive, external mini-dual in-line memory module (DIMM) , synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) , external micro-DIMM SDRAM, smartcard memory such as tamper resistant module in the form of a universal integrated circuit card (UICC) including one or more subscriber identity modules (SIMs) , such as a USIM and / or ISIM, other memory, or any combination thereof. The UICC may for example be an embedded UICC (eUICC) , integrated UICC (iUICC) or a removable UICC commonly known as ‘SIM card. ’ The memory 1410 may allow the UE 1400 to access instructions, application programs and the like, stored on transitory or non-transitory memory media, to off-load data, or to upload data. An article of manufacture, such as one utilizing a communication system may be tangibly embodied as or in the memory 1410, which may be or comprise a device-readable storage medium.
[0195] The processing circuitry 1402 may be configured to communicate with an access network or other network using the communication interface 1412. The communication interface 1412 may comprise one or more communication subsystems and may include or be communicatively coupled to an antenna 1422. The communication interface 1412 may include one or more transceivers used to communicate, such as by communicating with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication (e.g., another UE or a network node in an access network) . Each transceiver may include a transmitter 1418 and / or a receiver 1420 appropriate to provide network communications (e.g., optical, electrical, frequency allocations, and so forth) . Moreover, the transmitter 1418 and receiver 1420 may be coupled to one or more antennas (e.g., antenna 1422) and may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively be implemented separately.
[0196] In the illustrated embodiment, communication functions of the communication interface 1412 may include cellular communication, Wi-Fi communication, LPWAN communication, data communication, voice communication, multimedia communication, short-range communications such as Bluetooth, near-field communication, location-based communication such as the use of the global positioning system (GPS) to determine a location, another like communication function, or any combination thereof. Communications may be implemented in according to one or more communication protocols and / or standards, such as IEEE 802.11, Code Division Multiplexing Access (CDMA) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , GSM, LTE, New Radio (NR) , UMTS, WiMax, Ethernet, transmission control protocol / internet protocol (TCP / IP) , synchronous optical networking (SONET) , Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) , QUIC, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) , and so forth.
[0197] Regardless of the type of sensor, a UE may provide an output of data captured by its sensors, through its communication interface 1412, via a wireless connection to a network node. Data captured by sensors of a UE may be communicated through a wireless connection to a network node via another UE. The output may be periodic (e.g., once every 15 minutes if it reports the sensed temperature) , random (e.g., to even out the load from reporting from several sensors) , in response to a triggering event (e.g., when moisture is detected an alert is sent) , in response to a request (e.g., a user initiated request) , or a continuous stream (e.g., a live video feed of a patient) .
[0198] As another example, a UE comprises an actuator, a motor, or a switch, related to a communication interface configured to receive wireless input from a network node via a wireless connection. In response to the received wireless input the states of the actuator, the motor, or the switch may change. For example, the UE may comprise a motor that adjusts the control surfaces or rotors of a drone in flight according to the received input or to a robotic arm performing a medical procedure according to the received input.
[0199] A UE, when in the form of an Internet of Things (IoT) device, may be a device for use in one or more application domains, these domains comprising, but not limited to, city wearable technology, extended industrial application and healthcare. Non-limiting examples of such an IoT device are a device which is or which is embedded in: a connected refrigerator or freezer, a TV, a connected lighting device, an electricity meter, a robot vacuum cleaner, a voice controlled smart speaker, a home security camera, a motion detector, a thermostat, a smoke detector, a door / window sensor, a flood / moisture sensor, an electrical door lock, a connected doorbell, an air conditioning system like a heat pump, an autonomous vehicle, a surveillance system, a weather monitoring device, a vehicle parking monitoring device, an electric vehicle charging station, a smart watch, a fitness tracker, a head-mounted display for Augmented Reality (AR) or Virtual Reality (VR) , a wearable for tactile augmentation or sensory enhancement, a water sprinkler, an animal-or item-tracking device, a sensor for monitoring a plant or animal, an industrial robot, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) , and any kind of medical device, like a heart rate monitor or a remote controlled surgical robot. A UE in the form of an IoT device comprises circuitry and / or software in dependence of the intended application of the IoT device in addition to other components as described in relation to the UE 1400 shown in FIG. 14.
[0200] As yet another specific example, in an IoT scenario, a UE may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and / or measurements, and transmits the results of such monitoring and / or measurements to another UE and / or a network node. The UE may in this case be an M2M device, which may in a 3GPP context be referred to as an MTC device. As one particular example, the UE may implement the 3GPP NB-IoT standard. In other scenarios, a UE may represent a vehicle, such as a car, a bus, a truck, a ship and an airplane, or other equipment that is capable of monitoring and / or reporting on its operational status or other functions associated with its operation.
[0201] In practice, any number of UEs may be used together with respect to a single use case. For example, a first UE might be or be integrated in a drone and provide the drone’s speed information (obtained through a speed sensor) to a second UE that is a remote controller operating the drone. When the user makes changes from the remote controller, the first UE may adjust the throttle on the drone (e.g. by controlling an actuator) to increase or decrease the drone’s speed. The first and / or the second UE may also include more than one of the functionalities described above. For example, a UE might comprise the sensor and the actuator, and handle communication of data for both the speed sensor and the actuators.
[0202] FIG. 15 shows a network node 1500 in accordance with some embodiments. As used herein, network node refers to equipment capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with a UE and / or with other network nodes or equipment, in a telecommunication network. Examples of network nodes include, but are not limited to, access points (APs) (e.g., radio access points) , base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs) and NR NodeBs (gNBs) ) , O-RAN nodes or components of an O-RAN node (e.g., O-RU, O-DU, O-CU) .
[0203] Base stations may be categorized based on the amount of coverage they provide (or, stated differently, their transmit power level) and so, depending on the provided amount of coverage, may be referred to as femto base stations, pico base stations, micro base stations, or macro base stations. A base station may be a relay node or a relay donor node controlling a relay. A network node may also include one or more (or all) parts of a distributed radio base station such as centralized digital units, distributed units (e.g., in an O-RAN access node) and / or remote radio units (RRUs) , sometimes referred to as Remote Radio Heads (RRHs) . Such remote radio units may or may not be integrated with an antenna as an antenna integrated radio. Parts of a distributed radio base station may also be referred to as nodes in a distributed antenna system (DAS) .
[0204] Other examples of network nodes include multiple transmission point (multi-TRP) 5G access nodes, multi-standard radio (MSR) equipment such as MSR BSs, network controllers such as radio network controllers (RNCs) or base station controllers (BSCs) , base transceiver stations (BTSs) , transmission points, transmission nodes, multi-cell / multicast coordination entities (MCEs) , Operation and Maintenance (O&M) nodes, Operations Support System (OSS) nodes, Self-Organizing Network (SON) nodes, positioning nodes (e.g., Evolved Serving Mobile Location Centers (E-SMLCs) ) , and / or Minimization of Drive Tests (MDTs) .
[0205] The network node 1500 includes a processing circuitry 1502, a memory 1504, a communication interface 1506, and a power source 1508. The network node 1500 may be composed of multiple physically separate components (e.g., a NodeB component and a RNC component, or a BTS component and a BSC component, etc. ) , which may each have their own respective components. In certain scenarios in which the network node 1500 comprises multiple separate components (e.g., BTS and BSC components) , one or more of the separate components may be shared among several network nodes. For example, a single RNC may control multiple NodeBs. In such a scenario, each unique NodeB and RNC pair, may in some instances be considered a single separate network node. In some embodiments, the network node 1500 may be configured to support multiple radio access technologies (RATs) . In such embodiments, some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate memory 1504 for different RATs) and some components may be reused (e.g., a same antenna 1510 may be shared by different RATs) . The network node 1500 may also include multiple sets of the various illustrated components for different wireless technologies integrated into network node 1500, for example GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, Zigbee, Z-wave, LoRaWAN, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) or Bluetooth wireless technologies. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chip or set of chips and other components within network node 1500.
[0206] The processing circuitry 1502 may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software and / or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other network node 1500 components, such as the memory 1504, to provide network node 1500 functionality.
[0207] In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 1502 includes a system on a chip (SOC) . In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 1502 includes one or more of radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 1512 and baseband processing circuitry 1514. In some embodiments, the radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 1512 and the baseband processing circuitry 1514 may be on separate chips (or sets of chips) , boards, or units, such as radio units and digital units. In alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry 1512 and baseband processing circuitry 1514 may be on the same chip or set of chips, boards, or units.
[0208] The memory 1504 may comprise any form of volatile or non-volatile computer-readable memory including, without limitation, persistent storage, solid-state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , mass storage media (for example, a hard disk) , removable storage media (for example, a flash drive, a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD) ) , and / or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device-readable and / or computer-executable memory devices that store information, data, and / or instructions that may be used by the processing circuitry 1502. The memory 1504 may store any suitable instructions, data, or information, including a computer program, software, an application including one or more of logic, rules, code, tables, and / or other instructions capable of being executed by the processing circuitry 1502 and utilized by the network node 1500. The memory 1504 may be used to store any calculations made by the processing circuitry 1502 and / or any data received via the communication interface 1506. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 1502 and memory 1504 is integrated.
[0209] The communication interface 1506 is used in wired or wireless communication of signaling and / or data between a network node, access network, and / or UE. As illustrated, the communication interface 1506 comprises port (s) / terminal (s) 1516 to send and receive data, for example to and from a network over a wired connection. The communication interface 1506 also includes radio front-end circuitry 1518 that may be coupled to, or in certain embodiments a part of, the antenna 1410. Radio front-end circuitry 1518 comprises filters 1520 and amplifiers 1522. The radio front-end circuitry 1518 may be connected to an antenna 1410 and processing circuitry 1502. The radio front-end circuitry may be configured to condition signals communicated between antenna 1410 and processing circuitry 1502. The radio front-end circuitry 1518 may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other network nodes or UEs via a wireless connection. The radio front-end circuitry 1518 may convert the digital data into a radio signal having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters 1520 and / or amplifiers 1522. The radio signal may then be transmitted via the antenna 1410. Similarly, when receiving data, the antenna 1410 may collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by the radio front-end circuitry 1518. The digital data may be passed to the processing circuitry 1502. In other embodiments, the communication interface may comprise different components and / or different combinations of components.
[0210] In certain alternative embodiments, the network node 1500 does not include separate radio front-end circuitry 1518, instead, the processing circuitry 1502 includes radio front-end circuitry and is connected to the antenna 1410. Similarly, in some embodiments, all or some of the RF transceiver circuitry 1512 is part of the communication interface 1506. In still other embodiments, the communication interface 1506 includes one or more ports or terminals 1516, the radio front-end circuitry 1518, and the RF transceiver circuitry 1512, as part of a radio unit (not shown) , and the communication interface 1506 communicates with the baseband processing circuitry 1514, which is part of a digital unit (not shown) .
[0211] The antenna 1410 may include one or more antennas, or antenna arrays, configured to send and / or receive wireless signals. The antenna 1410 may be coupled to the radio front-end circuitry 1518 and may be any type of antenna capable of transmitting and receiving data and / or signals wirelessly. In certain embodiments, the antenna 1410 is separate from the network node 1500 and connectable to the network node 1500 through an interface or port.
[0212] The antenna 1410, communication interface 1506, and / or the processing circuitry 1502 may be configured to perform any receiving operations and / or certain obtaining operations described herein as being performed by the network node. Any information, data and / or signals may be received from a UE, another network node and / or any other network equipment. Similarly, the antenna 1410, the communication interface 1506, and / or the processing circuitry 1502 may be configured to perform any transmitting operations described herein as being performed by the network node. Any information, data and / or signals may be transmitted to a UE, another network node and / or any other network equipment.
[0213] The power source 1508 provides power to the various components of network node 1500 in a form suitable for the respective components (e.g., at a voltage and current level needed for each respective component) . The power source 1508 may further comprise, or be coupled to, power management circuitry to supply the components of the network node 1500 with power for performing the functionality described herein. For example, the network node 1500 may be connectable to an external power source (e.g., the power grid, an electricity outlet) via an input circuitry or interface such as an electrical cable, whereby the external power source supplies power to power circuitry of the power source 1508. As a further example, the power source 1508 may comprise a source of power in the form of a battery or battery pack which is connected to, or integrated in, power circuitry. The battery may provide backup power should the external power source fail.
[0214] Embodiments of the network node 1500 may include additional components beyond those shown in FIG. 15 for providing certain aspects of the network node’s functionality, including any of the functionality described herein and / or any functionality necessary to support the subject matter described herein. For example, the network node 1500 may include user interface equipment to allow input of information into the network node 1500 and to allow output of information from the network node 1500. This may allow a user to perform diagnostic, maintenance, repair, and other administrative functions for the network node 1500.
[0215] FIG. 16 is a block diagram of a host 1600, which may be an embodiment of the host 1216 of FIG. 12, in accordance with various aspects described herein. As used herein, the host 1600 may be or comprise various combinations hardware and / or software, including a standalone server, a blade server, a cloud-implemented server, a distributed server, a virtual machine, container, or processing resources in a server farm. The host 1600 may provide one or more services to one or more UEs.
[0216] The host 1600 includes processing circuitry 1602 that is operatively coupled via a bus 1604 to an input / output interface 1606, a network interface 1608, a power source 1610, and a memory 1612. Other components may be included in other embodiments. Features of these components may be substantially similar to those described with respect to the devices of previous figures, such as FIGS. 14 and 15, such that the descriptions thereof are generally applicable to the corresponding components of host 1600.
[0217] The memory 1612 may include one or more computer programs including one or more host application programs 1614 and data 1616, which may include user data, e.g., data generated by a UE for the host 1600 or data generated by the host 1600 for a UE. Embodiments of the host 1600 may utilize only a subset or all of the components shown. The host application programs 1614 may be implemented in a container-based architecture and may provide support for video codecs (e.g., Versatile Video Coding (VVC) , High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) , Advanced Video Coding (AVC) , MPEG, VP9) and audio codecs (e.g., FLAC, Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) , MPEG, G. 711) , including transcoding for multiple different classes, types, or implementations of UEs (e.g., handsets, desktop computers, wearable display systems, heads-up display systems) . The host application programs 1614 may also provide for user authentication and licensing checks and may periodically report health, routes, and content availability to a central node, such as a device in or on the edge of a core network. Accordingly, the host 1600 may select and / or indicate a different host for over-the-top services for a UE. The host application programs 1614 may support various protocols, such as the HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) protocol, Real-Time Messaging Protocol (RTMP) , Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) , Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (MPEG-DASH) , etc.
[0218] FIG. 17 is a block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment 1700 in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized. In the present context, virtualizing means creating virtual versions of apparatuses or devices which may include virtualizing hardware platforms, storage devices and networking resources. As used herein, virtualization may be applied to any device described herein, or components thereof, and relates to an implementation in which at least a portion of the functionality is implemented as one or more virtual components. Some or all of the functions described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines (VMs) implemented in one or more virtual environments 1700 hosted by one or more of hardware nodes, such as a hardware computing device that operates as a network node, UE, core network node, or host. Further, in embodiments in which the virtual node does not require radio connectivity (e.g., a core network node or host) , then the node may be entirely virtualized. In some embodiments, the virtualization environment 1700 includes components defined by the O-RAN Alliance, such as an O-Cloud environment orchestrated by a Service Management and Orchestration Framework via an O-2 interface.
[0219] Applications 1702 (which may alternatively be called software instances, virtual appliances, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc. ) are run in the virtualization environment 1700 to implement some of the features, functions, and / or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein.
[0220] Hardware 1704 includes processing circuitry, memory that stores software and / or instructions executable by hardware processing circuitry, and / or other hardware devices as described herein, such as a network interface, input / output interface, and so forth. Software may be executed by the processing circuitry to instantiate one or more virtualization layers 1706 (also referred to as hypervisors or virtual machine monitors (VMMs) ) , provide VMs 1708a and 1708b (one or more of which may be generally referred to as VMs 1708) , and / or perform any of the functions, features and / or benefits described in relation with some embodiments described herein. The virtualization layer 1706 may present a virtual operating platform that appears like networking hardware to the VMs 1708.
[0221] The VMs 1708 comprise virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual networking or interface and virtual storage, and may be run by a corresponding virtualization layer 1706. Different embodiments of the instance of a virtual appliance 1702 may be implemented on one or more of VMs 1708, and the implementations may be made in different ways. Virtualization of the hardware is in some contexts referred to as network function virtualization (NFV) . NFV may be used to consolidate many network equipment types onto industry standard high volume server hardware, physical switches, and physical storage, which may be located in data centers, and customer premise equipment.
[0222] In the context of NFV, a VM 1708 may be a software implementation of a physical machine that runs programs as if they were executing on a physical, non-virtualized machine. Each of the VMs 1708, and that part of hardware 1704 that executes that VM, be it hardware dedicated to that VM and / or hardware shared by that VM with others of the VMs, forms separate virtual network elements. Still in the context of NFV, a virtual network function is responsible for handling specific network functions that run in one or more VMs 1708 on top of the hardware 1704 and corresponds to the application 1702.
[0223] Hardware 1704 may be implemented in a standalone network node with generic or specific components. Hardware 1704 may implement some functions via virtualization. Alternatively, hardware 1704 may be part of a larger cluster of hardware (e.g. such as in a data center or CPE) where many hardware nodes work together and are managed via management and orchestration 1710, which, among others, oversees lifecycle management of applications 1702. In some embodiments, hardware 1704 is coupled to one or more radio units that each include one or more transmitters and one or more receivers that may be coupled to one or more antennas. Radio units may communicate directly with other hardware nodes via one or more appropriate network interfaces and may be used in combination with the virtual components to provide a virtual node with radio capabilities, such as a radio access node or a base station. In some embodiments, some signaling may be provided with the use of a control system 1712 which may alternatively be used for communication between hardware nodes and radio units.
[0224] FIG. 18 shows a communication diagram of a host 1802 communicating via a network node 1804 with a UE 1806 over a partially wireless connection in accordance with some embodiments. Example implementations, in accordance with various embodiments, of the UE (such as a UE 1312a of FIG. 13 and / or UE 1400 of FIG. 14) , network node (such as network node 1310a of FIG. 13 and / or network node 1500 of FIG. 15) , and host (such as host 1316 of FIG. 13 and / or host 1600 of FIG. 16) discussed in the preceding paragraphs will now be described with reference to FIG. 18.
[0225] Like host 1600, embodiments of host 1802 include hardware, such as a communication interface, processing circuitry, and memory. The host 1802 also includes software, which is stored in or accessible by the host 1802 and executable by the processing circuitry. The software includes a host application that may be operable to provide a service to a remote user, such as the UE 1806 connecting via an over-the-top (OTT) connection 1850 extending between the UE 1806 and host 1802. In providing the service to the remote user, a host application may provide user data which is transmitted using the OTT connection 1850.
[0226] The network node 1804 includes hardware enabling it to communicate with the host 1802 and UE 1806. The connection 1860 may be direct or pass through a core network (like core network 1306 of FIG. 13) and / or one or more other intermediate networks, such as one or more public, private, or hosted networks. For example, an intermediate network may be a backbone network or the Internet.
[0227] The UE 1806 includes hardware and software, which is stored in or accessible by UE 1806 and executable by the UE’s processing circuitry. The software includes a client application, such as a web browser or operator-specific “app” that may be operable to provide a service to a human or non-human user via UE 1806 with the support of the host 1802. In the host 1802, an executing host application may communicate with the executing client application via the OTT connection 1850 terminating at the UE 1806 and host 1802. In providing the service to the user, the UE's client application may receive request data from the host's host application and provide user data in response to the request data. The OTT connection 1850 may transfer both the request data and the user data. The UE's client application may interact with the user to generate the user data that it provides to the host application through the OTT connection 1850.
[0228] The OTT connection 1850 may extend via a connection 1860 between the host 1802 and the network node 1804 and via a wireless connection 1870 between the network node 1804 and the UE 1806 to provide the connection between the host 1802 and the UE 1806. The connection 1860 and wireless connection 1870, over which the OTT connection 1850 may be provided, have been drawn abstractly to illustrate the communication between the host 1802 and the UE 1806 via the network node 1804, without explicit reference to any intermediary devices and the precise routing of messages via these devices.
[0229] As an example of transmitting data via the OTT connection 1850, in step 1808, the host 1802 provides user data, which may be performed by executing a host application. In some embodiments, the user data is associated with a particular human user interacting with the UE 1806. In other embodiments, the user data is associated with a UE 1806 that shares data with the host 1802 without explicit human interaction. In step 1810, the host 1802 initiates a transmission carrying the user data towards the UE 1806. The host 1802 may initiate the transmission responsive to a request transmitted by the UE 1806. The request may be caused by human interaction with the UE 1806 or by operation of the client application executing on the UE 1806. The transmission may pass via the network node 1804, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. Accordingly, in step 1812, the network node 1804 transmits to the UE 1806 the user data that was carried in the transmission that the host 1802 initiated, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step 1814, the UE 1806 receives the user data carried in the transmission, which may be performed by a client application executed on the UE 1806 associated with the host application executed by the host 1802.
[0230] In some examples, the UE 1806 executes a client application which provides user data to the host 1802. The user data may be provided in reaction or response to the data received from the host 1802. Accordingly, in step 1816, the UE 1806 may provide user data, which may be performed by executing the client application. In providing the user data, the client application may further consider user input received from the user via an input / output interface of the UE 1806. Regardless of the specific manner in which the user data was provided, the UE 1806 initiates, in step 1818, transmission of the user data towards the host 1802 via the network node 1804. In step 1820, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure, the network node 1804 receives user data from the UE 1806 and initiates transmission of the received user data towards the host 1802. In step 1822, the host 1802 receives the user data carried in the transmission initiated by the UE 1806.
[0231] One or more of the various embodiments improve the performance of OTT services provided to the UE 1806 using the OTT connection 1850, in which the wireless connection 1870 forms the last segment.
[0232] In an example scenario, factory status information may be collected and analyzed by the host 1802. As another example, the host 1802 may process audio and video data which may have been retrieved from a UE for use in creating maps. As another example, the host 1802 may collect and analyze real-time data to assist in controlling vehicle congestion (e.g., controlling traffic lights) . As another example, the host 1802 may store surveillance video uploaded by a UE. As another example, the host 1802 may store or control access to media content such as video, audio, VR or AR which it may broadcast, multicast or unicast to UEs. As other examples, the host 1802 may be used for energy pricing, remote control of non-time critical electrical load to balance power generation needs, location services, presentation services (such as compiling diagrams etc. from data collected from remote devices) , or any other function of collecting, retrieving, storing, analyzing and / or transmitting data.
[0233] In some examples, a measurement procedure may be provided for the purpose of monitoring data rate, latency and other factors on which the one or more embodiments improve. There may further be an optional network functionality for reconfiguring the OTT connection 1850 between the host 1802 and UE 1806, in response to variations in the measurement results. The measurement procedure and / or the network functionality for reconfiguring the OTT connection may be implemented in software and hardware of the host 1802 and / or UE 1806. In some embodiments, sensors (not shown) may be deployed in or in association with other devices through which the OTT connection 1850 passes; the sensors may participate in the measurement procedure by supplying values of the monitored quantities exemplified above, or supplying values of other physical quantities from which software may compute or estimate the monitored quantities. The reconfiguring of the OTT connection 1850 may include message format, retransmission settings, preferred routing etc. ; the reconfiguring need not directly alter the operation of the network node 1804. Such procedures and functionalities may be known and practiced in the art. In certain embodiments, measurements may involve proprietary UE signaling that facilitates measurements of throughput, propagation times, latency and the like, by the host 1802. The measurements may be implemented in that software causes messages to be transmitted, in particular empty or ‘dummy’ messages, using the OTT connection 1850 while monitoring propagation times, errors, etc.
[0234] Although the computing devices described herein (e.g., UEs, network nodes, hosts) may include the illustrated combination of hardware components, other embodiments may comprise computing devices with different combinations of components. It is to be understood that these computing devices may comprise any suitable combination of hardware and / or software needed to perform the tasks, features, functions and methods disclosed herein. Determining, calculating, obtaining or similar operations described herein may be performed by processing circuitry, which may process information by, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained information or converted information to information stored in the network node, and / or performing one or more operations based on the obtained information or converted information, and as a result of said processing making a determination. Moreover, while components are depicted as single boxes located within a larger box, or nested within multiple boxes, in practice, computing devices may comprise multiple different physical components that make up a single illustrated component, and functionality may be partitioned between separate components. For example, a communication interface may be configured to include any of the components described herein, and / or the functionality of the components may be partitioned between the processing circuitry and the communication interface. In another example, non-computationally intensive functions of any of such components may be implemented in software or firmware and computationally intensive functions may be implemented in hardware.
[0235] In certain embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein may be provided by processing circuitry executing instructions stored on in memory, which in certain embodiments may be a computer program product in the form of a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by the processing circuitry without executing instructions stored on a separate or discrete device-readable storage medium, such as in a hard-wired manner. In any of those particular embodiments, whether executing instructions stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium or not, the processing circuitry may be configured to perform the described functionality. The benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to the processing circuitry alone or to other components of the computing device, but are enjoyed by the computing device as a whole, and / or by end users and a wireless network generally.
Claims
1.A method (700) at a first communication device (305) , the method comprising:determining (320, 710) a set of time intervals; andsending (325, 720) an indication of the set of time intervals to a second communication device (310) for at least one of transmitting or receiving a plurality of sensing signals based on the set of time intervals to sense an object,wherein each time interval in the set of time intervals indicates a time difference between a different pair of successive sensing signals of the plurality of sensing signals, and a time interval is different from another time interval in the set of time intervals.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the set of time intervals comprise a set of integral multiples of a reference time interval, and values of the set of integral multiples are coprime.3.The method (700) of claim 2, wherein determining (320, 710) the set of time intervals comprises:determining the reference time interval and the set of integral multiples.4.The method (700) of any of claims 1-3, further comprising:randomly determining a first order for ranking time intervals in the set of time intervals; andsending an indication of the first order to the second communication device.5.The method (700) of claim 4, further comprising:sending the indication of the set of time intervals to a third communication device for at least one of transmitting or receiving a plurality of sensing signals based on the set of time intervals to sense an object;randomly determining a second order for ranking time intervals in the set of time intervals; andsending an indication of the second order to the third communication device.6.The method (700) of any of claims 1-5, wherein determining (320, 710) the set of time intervals comprises:determining the set of time intervals based on a requirement for at least one of an ambiguity range or a velocity resolution, the requirement being associated with the sensing of the object.7.The method (700) of any of claims 1-6, wherein sending (325, 720) the indication of the set of time intervals comprises:sending, to the second communication device, a sensing request indicating the set of time intervals.8.The method (700) of any of claims 1-7, wherein the first communication device (305) comprises a sensing server (250) .9.A method (800) at a second communication device, the method (800) comprising:obtaining (810) a set of time intervals; andcommunicating (820) a plurality of sensing signals based on the set of time intervals to sense an object,wherein each time interval in the set of time intervals indicates a time difference between a different pair of successive sensing signals of the plurality of sensing signals, and a time interval is different from another time interval in the set of time intervals.10.The method (800) of claim 9, wherein the set of time intervals comprise a set of integral multiples of a reference time interval, and values of the set of integral multiples are coprime.11.The method (800) of claim 9 or 10, wherein obtaining (810) the set of time intervals comprises:receiving (330) an indication of the set of time intervals from a first communication device (305) ; anddetermining the set of time intervals based on the received indication.12.The method (800) of any of claims 9-11, further comprising:receiving, from the second communication device, an indication of a first order for ranking time intervals in the set of time intervals.13.The method (800) of any of claims 9-11, further comprising:randomly determining a first order for ranking time intervals in the set of time intervals; andsending an indication of the first order to a fourth communication device for communicating the plurality of sensing signals with the second communication device based on the set of time intervals.14.The method (800) of claim 12 or 13, wherein communicating (820) the plurality of sensing signals comprises:selecting a time interval from the set of time intervals according to the first order;communicating a first sensing signal of the plurality of sensing signals; andcommunicating a second sensing signal of the plurality of sensing signals after the selected time interval.15.A first communication device (305, 1100) , comprising:a processor (1105) ; anda memory (1110) , the memory (1110) containing instructions (1115) executable by the processor (1105) , whereby the first communication device (305, 1100) is operative to:determine (320, 710) a set of time intervals; andsend (325, 720) an indication of the set of time intervals to a second communication device for at least one of transmitting or receiving a plurality of sensing signals based on the set of time intervals to sense an object,wherein each time interval in the set of time intervals indicates a time difference between a different pair of successive sensing signals of the plurality of sensing signals, and a time interval is different from another time interval in the set of time intervals.16.The first communication device (305, 1100) of claim 15, wherein the first communication device (305, 1100) is further operative to implement the method (700) according to any of claims 2-8.17.A second communication device (310, 1100) , comprising:a processor (1105) ; anda memory (1110) , the memory (1110) containing instructions (1115) executable by the processor (1105) , whereby the second communication device (310, 1100) is operative to:obtain (810) a set of time intervals; andcommunicate (820) a plurality of sensing signals based on the set of time intervals to sense an object,wherein each time interval in the set of time intervals indicates a time difference between a different pair of successive sensing signals of the plurality of sensing signals, and a time interval is different from another time interval in the set of time intervals.18.The second communication device (310, 1100) of claim 17, wherein the second communication device (310, 1100) is further operative to implement the method (800) according to any of claims 10-14.19.A computer-readable storage medium (1200) having instructions (1115) stored thereon, the instructions (1115) , which, when executed by at least one processor of a device, causes the device to perform the method (700) according to any of claims 1-8 or the method (800) according to any of claims 9-14.
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