Method and apparatus for quality of service monitoring
The introduction of monitoring profiles and profile IDs in the QoS monitoring method simplifies the SS_NetworkResourceMonitoring API, addressing usability and efficiency challenges, enhancing interoperability and reducing energy consumption.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/076257
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-02-09
- Filing Date
- 2025-02-07
- Publication Date
- 2025-08-14
AI Technical Summary
The existing SS_NetworkResourceMonitoring API in 3GPP requires detailed triggering criteria and complex reporting and subscription termination requirements, limiting its usability for applications lacking deep expertise in network QoS parameters, leading to duplication of functionality, energy inefficiency, and interoperability issues.
A simplified QoS monitoring method and apparatus that introduces monitoring profiles and profile IDs to manage network resource management, enabling user-friendly API implementation, reducing duplication and interoperability issues, and enhancing energy efficiency.
Simplifies API usability for various applications by eliminating duplication and interoperability issues, providing energy-efficient and user-friendly QoS monitoring.
Smart Images

Figure CN2025076257_14082025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR QUALITY OF SERVICE MONITORINGTECHNICAL FIELDThe non-limiting and exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the technical field of communications, and specifically to methods and apparatuses for quality of service (QoS) monitoring.BACKGROUNDThis section introduces aspects that may facilitate a better understanding of the disclosure. Accordingly, the statements of this section are to be read in this light and are not to be understood as admissions about what is in the prior art or what is not in the prior art.In communication networks such as fifth generation system (5GS) as defined by 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) , QoS monitoring may be supported. The QoS monitoring may comprise measurements of QoS monitoring parameters and reports of the measurement result for a QoS flow and can be enabled based on 3rd party application requests and / or operator policies configured in the policy control node.The application node may request measurements for one or more of QoS monitoring parameters, which may trigger QoS monitoring for service data flow (s) . For example, the QoS monitoring parameters may comprise uplink (UL) packet delay, downlink (DL) packet delay, round trip (RT) packet delay for a service data flow, congestion, data rate, packet delay variation, round trip packet delay considering UL on a service data flow and DL of another service data flow, etc.The policy control node may generate the authorized QoS monitoring policy for a service data flow based on the QoS monitoring request received from the application node. The session management node may configure a user plane node to perform QoS monitoring for a QoS flow and to report the monitoring results. The session management node may also configure a radio access network node to measure the QoS monitoring parameters.Since 3GPP Release 16, Service Enablement Architecture Layer for Verticals (SEAL) has been introduced to support vertical applications (e.g. vehicle-to-everything (V2X) applications) . 3GPP Technical Specification (TS) 23.434 V19.0.0, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, specifies functional entities for network resource management (NRM) SEAL service. The SS_NetworkResourceMonitoring Application Programming Interface (API) as described in 3GPP TS 23.434 V19.0.0 allows providing periodic and / or event-triggered QoS measurements based on a request provided by the Vertical Application Layer (VAL) server.SUMMARYThis summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.The event-triggered reporting functionality based on the provided thresholds by the Vertical Application Layer (VAL) server was specified in 3GPP Release-17.The SS_NetworkResourceMonitoring API as described in 3GPP TS 23.434 V19.0.0 is a flexible QoS exposure API with a very detailed configuration options, e.g., measurement requirements and reporting requirements. The API configurations are very detailed and may complicate the API usability for many application developers that do not have a deep expertise in network QoS parameters meaning and affect to the application performance.For example, the current version of the SS_NetworResourceMonitoring API requires the VAL server to provide the reporting triggers with a detailed triggering criterion, e.g., the packet loss rate (PLR) of the stream shall be above the given value in order to receive the notification. The specified event-triggered reporting assumes that the operator of the application node (e.g. the VAL server) has deep expertise in the interrelationship between network QoS values and their impact on the application quality of experience.This assumption is non-user friendly and limits the applicability of SS_NetworkResourceMonitoring API for applications that would like to receive information about network QoS degradation and / or improvement based on the application type (e.g., V2X, Uncrewed Aerial Systems (UAS) , Internet of Things (IoT) , Industrial IoT (IIoT) , Video Streaming, etc. ) without specifying the details.It may need to improve SS_NetworkResourceMonitoring API with the connection status (e.g., “poor” or “good” ) based on e.g. the application type.Moreover, the SS_NetworkResourceMonitoring API is an API with complex reporting and subscription termination requirements, e.g., multi-thresholds handling, list of thresholds, and number of reports. The current design has the following disadvantages:- enforces the VAL server to implement the subscription termination verification logic and trigger it on each received notification; as a result, this is a duplication of functionality in both VAL and SEAL layers and a non-energy efficient design for the VAL server developers;- creates possible interoperability issues if the subscription termination verification logic implementation does not perfectly match between VAL and NRM servers; and- the NRM server can silently terminate subscriptions based on local configurations without explicit indication to the VAL server.To overcome or mitigate at least one of above mentioned issues or other issues, the embodiments of the present disclosure propose a solution for QoS monitoring.In a first aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a method performed by a network resource management entity. The method comprises receiving, from an application function entity, a QoS monitoring subscription request or a QoS monitoring subscription update request. The method comprises sending, to the application function entity, a QoS monitoring subscription response or a QoS monitoring subscription update response.In a second aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a method performed by an application function entity. The method comprises sending, to a resource management entity, a QoS monitoring subscription request or a QoS monitoring subscription update request. The method comprises receiving, from the resource management entity, a QoS monitoring subscription response or a QoS monitoring subscription update response.In a third aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a network resource management entity. The network resource management entity comprises a processor and a memory coupled to the processor. Said memory contains instructions executable by said processor. Said network resource management entity is operative to receive, from an application function entity, a QoS monitoring subscription request or a QoS monitoring subscription update request. Said network resource management entity is operative to receive send, to the application function entity, a QoS monitoring subscription response or a QoS monitoring subscription update response.In a fourth aspect of the disclosure, there is provided an application function entity. The application function entity comprises a processor and a memory coupled to the processor. Said memory contains instructions executable by said processor. Said application function entity is operative to send, to a resource management entity, a QoS monitoring subscription request or a QoS monitoring subscription update request. Said application function entity is operative to send receive, from the resource management entity, a QoS monitoring subscription response or a QoS monitoring subscription update response.In a fifth aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a computer program product comprising instructions which when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform the methods according to any one of the first to second aspect.In a sixth aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a computer-readable storage medium storing instructions which when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform the methods according to any one of the first to second aspect.Embodiments herein may provide many advantages, of which a non-exhaustive list of examples follows. In some embodiments herein, it can provide a user-friendly implementation of the network resource monitoring API (e.g. SS_NetworkResourceMonitoring API) by avoiding the functionality duplication in both the application node (such as VAL server) and the network resource monitoring node (such as SEAL NRM server) . In some embodiments herein, it can simplify the logic in the application node. In some embodiments herein, it can enable an energy-efficient application node implementation. In some embodiments herein, it can avoid the possible interoperability issues between the application node and the network resource monitoring node. In some embodiments herein, it can avoid silent subscription termination in the network resource monitoring node. The embodiments herein are not limited to the features and advantages mentioned above. A person skilled in the art will recognize additional features and advantages upon reading the following detailed description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSThe above and other aspects, features, and benefits of various embodiments of the present disclosure will become more fully apparent, by way of example, from the following detailed description with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals or letters are used to designate like or equivalent elements. The drawings are illustrated for facilitating better understanding of the embodiments of the disclosure and not necessarily drawn to scale, in which:FIG. 1 schematically shows generic on-network functional model of SEAL;FIG. 2 schematically shows on-network functional model for network resource management;FIG. 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e, 3f, 3g, 3h, 4a, 4b, 5 and 6 show flowcharts of methods according to embodiments of the present disclosure;FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing an apparatus suitable for practicing some embodiments of the disclosure;FIG. 8 illustrates a high level procedure of unicast QoS monitoring notification event;FIG. 9 illustrates a high level procedure for unicast QoS monitoring subscription; andFIG. 10 illustrates a high level procedure of unicast QoS monitoring notification event.DETAILED DESCRIPTIONThe embodiments of the present disclosure are described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that these embodiments are discussed only for the purpose of enabling those skilled persons in the art to better understand and thus implement the present disclosure, rather than suggesting any limitations on the scope of the present disclosure. Reference throughout this specification to features, advantages, or similar language does not imply that all of the features and advantages that may be realized with the present disclosure should be or are in any single embodiment of the disclosure. Rather, language referring to the features and advantages is understood to mean that a specific feature, advantage, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Furthermore, the described features, advantages, and characteristics of the disclosure may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize that the disclosure may be practiced without one or more of the specific features or advantages of a particular embodiment. In other instances, additional features and advantages may be recognized in certain embodiments that may not be present in all embodiments of the disclosure.As used herein, the term “network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards such as new radio (NR) , long term evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced, wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) , high-speed packet access (HSPA) , Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Time Division Multiple Address (TDMA) , Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) , Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) , Single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) and other wireless networks. A CDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) , etc. UTRA includes WCDMA and other variants of CDMA. A TDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) . An OFDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA) , Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) , IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) , IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) , IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDMA, Ad-hoc network, wireless sensor network, etc. In the following description, the terms “network” and “system” can be used interchangeably. Furthermore, the communications between two devices in the network may be performed according to any suitable communication protocols, including, but not limited to, the communication protocols as defined by a standard organization such as 3GPP. For example, the communication protocols may comprise the first generation (1G) , 2G, 3G, 4G, 4.5G, 5G, 6G communication protocols, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future.The term “network device” or “network node” or “network function” refers to any suitable function which can be implemented in a network entity (physical or virtual) of a communication network. For example, the network function can be implemented either as a network element on a dedicated hardware, as a software instance running on a dedicated hardware, or as a virtualized function instantiated on an appropriate platform, e.g. on a cloud infrastructure. For example, the 5G system (5GS) may comprise a plurality of NFs such as Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) , Session Management Function (SMF) , Authentication Service Function (AUSF) , Unified Data Management (UDM) , Policy Control Function (PCF) , Application Function (AF) , Network Exposure Function (NEF) , User plane Function (UPF) and Network Repository Function (NRF) , radio access network (RAN) , service communication proxy (SCP) , network data analytics function (NWDAF) , network slice Selection Function (NSSF) , network slice-Specific Authentication and Authorization Function (NSSAAF) , etc. In other embodiments, the network function may comprise different types of NFs for example depending on a specific network. For example, the 4G system (such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) ) may include Mobile Management Entity (MME) , home subscriber server (HSS) , PCRF (Policy and Charging Rules Function) , PGW (Packet Data Network Gateway) , PGW control plane (PGW-C) , Serving gateway (SGW) , SGW control plane (SGW-C) , E-UTRAN Node B (eNB) , etc. In other embodiments, the network function may comprise different types of NFs for example depending on a specific network.Virtualizing means creating virtual versions of apparatuses or devices which may include virtualizing hardware platforms, storage devices and networking resources. As used herein, virtualization can be applied to a provider edge node and relates to an implementation in which at least a portion of the functionality is implemented as one or more virtual components (e.g., via one or more applications, components, functions, virtual machines or containers executing on one or more physical processing nodes in one or more networks) .In some embodiments, some or all of the functions described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines implemented in one or more virtual environments hosted by one or more of hardware nodes. Further, in embodiments in which the virtual node is not a radio access node or does not require radio connectivity (e.g., a core network node) , then the provider edge node or PE may be entirely virtualized.The functions may be implemented by one or more applications (which may alternatively be called software instances, virtual appliances, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc. ) operative to implement some of the features, functions, and / or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein. Applications are run in virtualization environment which provides hardware comprising processing circuitry and memory. Memory contains instructions executable by processing circuitry whereby application is operative to provide one or more of the features, benefits, and / or functions disclosed herein.Virtualization environment, comprises general-purpose or special-purpose network hardware devices comprising a set of one or more processors or processing circuitry, which may be commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) processors, dedicated Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) , or any other type of processing circuitry including digital or analog hardware components or special purpose processors. Each hardware device may comprise memory which may be non-persistent memory for temporarily storing instructions or software executed by processing circuitry. Each hardware device may comprise one or more network interface controllers (NICs) , also known as network interface cards, which include physical network interface. Each hardware device may also include non-transitory, persistent, machine-readable storage media -having stored therein software and / or instructions executable by processing circuitry. Software may include any type of software including software for instantiating one or more virtualization layers (also referred to as hypervisors) , software to execute virtual machines as well as software allowing it to execute functions, features and / or benefits described in relation with some embodiments described herein.Virtual machines, comprise virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual networking or interface and virtual storage, and may be run by a corresponding virtualization layer or hypervisor. Different embodiments of the instance of virtual appliance may be implemented on one or more of virtual machines, and the implementations may be made in different ways.During operation, processing circuitry executes software to instantiate the hypervisor or virtualization layer, which may sometimes be referred to as a virtual machine monitor (VMM) . Virtualization layer may present a virtual operating platform that appears like networking hardware to virtual machine.The term “terminal device” refers to any end device that can access a communication network and receive services therefrom. By way of example and not limitation, the terminal device refers to a mobile terminal, user equipment (UE) , or other suitable devices. The UE may be, for example, a Subscriber Station (SS) , a Portable Subscriber Station, a Mobile Station (MS) , or an Access Terminal (AT) . The terminal device may include, but not limited to, a portable computer, an image capture terminal device such as a digital camera, a gaming terminal device, a music storage and a playback appliance, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, a voice over IP (VoIP) phone, a wireless local loop phone, a tablet, a wearable device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a portable computer, a desktop computer, a wearable terminal device, a vehicle-mounted wireless terminal device, a wireless endpoint, a mobile station, a laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , a laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , a USB dongle, a smart device, a wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE) and the like. In the following description, the terms “terminal device” , “terminal” , “user equipment” and “UE” may be used interchangeably. As one example, a terminal device may represent a UE configured for communication in accordance with one or more communication standards promulgated by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) , such as 3GPP LTE standard or new radio (NR) standard. As used herein, a “user equipment” or “UE” may not necessarily have a “user” in the sense of a human user who owns and / or operates the relevant device. In some embodiments, a terminal device may be configured to transmit and / or receive information without direct human interaction. For instance, a terminal device may be designed to transmit information to a network on a predetermined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to requests from the communication network. Instead, a UE may represent a device that is intended for sale to, or operation by, a human user but that may not initially be associated with a specific human user.As yet another example, in an Internet of Things (IoT) scenario, a terminal device may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and / or measurements, and transmits the results of such monitoring and / or measurements to another terminal device and / or network equipment. The terminal device may in this case be a machine-to-machine (M2M) device, which may in a 3GPP context be referred to as a machine-type communication (MTC) device. As one particular example, the terminal device may be a UE implementing the 3GPP narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) standard. Particular examples of such machines or devices are sensors, metering devices such as power meters, industrial machinery, or home or personal appliances, for example refrigerators, televisions, personal wearables such as watches etc. In other scenarios, a terminal device may represent a vehicle or other equipment that is capable of monitoring and / or reporting on its operational status or other functions associated with its operation.References in the specification to “one embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.It shall be understood that although the terms “first” and “second” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed terms.As used herein unless expressly stated to the contrary, the phrase “at least one of A and B” or “at least one of A or B” should be understood to mean any of the following “only A, only B, or both A and B. ” The phrase “A and / or B” should be understood to mean any of the following “only A, only B, or both A and B” .As used herein unless expressly stated to the contrary, the phrase “a plurality of” followed by a conjunctive list of enumerated items (e.g., “A and B” , “A, B, and C” ) is intended to mean “multiple items, with each item selected from the list consisting of” the enumerated items. For example, “a plurality of A and B” is intended to mean any of the following: more than one A; more than one B; or at least one A and at least one B.The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.It is noted that these terms as used in this document are used only for ease of description and differentiation among nodes, devices or networks etc. With the development of the technology, other terms with the similar / same meanings may also be used.In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.System architecture descriptionAlthough the subject matter described herein may be implemented in any appropriate type of system using any suitable components, the embodiments disclosed herein are described in relation to a communication system complied with the exemplary system architecture illustrated in FIGs. 1 and 2. For simplicity, the system architecture of FIGs. 1 and 2 only depict some exemplary elements. In practice, a communication system may further include any additional elements suitable to support communication between terminal devices or between a wireless device and another communication device, such as a landline telephone, a service provider, or any other network node or terminal device. The communication system may provide communication and various types of services to one or more terminal devices to facilitate the terminal devices’ access to and / or use of the services provided by, or via, the communication system.FIG. 1 schematically shows generic on-network functional model of SEAL, which is same as Figure 6.2-1 of 3GPP TS 23.434 V19.0.0.Clause 6.4.2 of 3GPP TS 23.434 V19.0.0 describes the application plane. Entities within the application plane of a VAL system provide application control and media specific functions to support one or more VAL services. For example, the entities within the application plane of the VAL system may comprise VAL client, VAL server, SEAL client, SEAL server and VAL user database, which are examples of “application functional entities” in the present disclosure.The VAL client provides the client side functionalities corresponding to the vertical applications (e.g. V2X client) . The VAL client supports interactions with the SEAL client (s) .The VAL server provides the server side functionalities corresponding to the vertical applications (e.g. V2X application servers) . The VAL server acts as API invoker of Common API Framework for northbound APIs (CAPIF) as specified in 3GPP TS 23.222 V19.0.0.The SEAL client provides the client side functionalities corresponding to the specific SEAL service. The SEAL client (s) supports interactions with the VAL client (s) . The SEAL client also supports interactions with the corresponding SEAL client between the two UEs.The SEAL server provides the server side functionalities corresponding to the specific SEAL service. The SEAL server supports interactions with the VAL server (s) . The SEAL server may act as CAPIF's API exposing function as specified in 3GPP TS 23.222 V19.0.0. The SEAL server may also support interactions with the corresponding SEAL server in distributed SEAL deployments.The reference points for the generic functional model for SEAL are described in the clause 6.5 of 3GPP TS 23.434 V19.0.0.FIG. 2 schematically shows on-network functional model for network resource management, which is same as Figure 14.2.2.1-1 of 3GPP TS 23.434 V19.0.0.Clause 14.2.2.1 of 3GPP TS 23.434 V19.0.0 describes on-network functional model for network resource management as below.The network resource management client functional entity may act as the application client for the management of network resources. The network resource management client may interact with the network resource management server.The network resource management client communicates with the network resource management server over the NRM-UU reference point. The network resource management client provides the support for network resource management functions to the VAL client (s) over NRM-C reference point. The VAL server (s) communicate with the network resource management server over the NRM-S reference point.The network resource management server may provide for management of 3GPP system network resources (e.g. unicast, multicast) and monitoring events to support the VAL applications. The network resource management server acts as Common API Framework for northbound APIs (CAPIF)'s API exposing function as specified in 3GPP TS 23.222 V19.0.0. The network resource management server also supports interactions with the corresponding network resource management server in distributed SEAL deployments. The NRM server's role may be assumed by the VAL server in some deployments, in which case, the VAL server performs the procedures for network resource management of the NRM server.The network resource management server obtains and controls the multicast / broadcast resource from the underlying 3GPP network system by communicating with the Broadcast Multicast Service Center (BM-SC) via MB2-C and xMB-C reference points towards LTE Evolved Multimedia Broadcast / Multicast Service (eMBMS) and with the 5G Multicast / Broadcast Service (MBS) control plane functions via Nmb13, Nmb10 or N33 towards the 5GS. The network resource management server communicates with the PCRF via Rx reference point or communicates with the PCF via N5 reference point to control the unicast resources from the underlying 3GPP network system. The network resource management server communicates with the SCEF (Service Capability Exposure Function) via T8 reference point or communicates with the NEF via N33 reference point to perform event monitoring procedures from the underlying 3GPP network system. The network resource management server interacts with NEF via N33 to obtain QoS monitoring information from the 5GS.Methods according to embodiments of the present disclosureFIG. 3a shows a flowchart of a method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or at or as a network resource management entity or communicatively coupled to the network resource management entity. As such, the apparatus may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the method 300 as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components.At block 302, the network resource management entity receives from an application function entity a QoS monitoring subscription request or a QoS monitoring subscription update request.The network resource management entity may communicate with any suitable network. For example, the network resource management entity may communicate with the underlying 3GPP network systems using the respective 3GPP interfaces specified by the 3GPP network system. In an embodiment, the network resource management entity may communicate with Evolved Packet System (EPS) , a fifth generation system (5GS) , or a sixth generation system (6GS) as defined by 3GPP.The network resource management entity may be any suitable node, device, function, or entity that can implement network resource management function. For example, the network resource management entity can be a network resource management client or a network resource management server for example as described in 3GPP TS 23.434 V19.0.0.In an embodiment, the network resource management entity may comprise a SEAL NRM server as described in 3GPP TS 23.434 V19.0.0.The application function entity may be any suitable node, device, function, or entity that can provide the application functionalities corresponding to an application. For example, the application function entity can be a VAL client or VAL server for example as described in 3GPP TS 23.434 V19.0.0. The application function entity may act as CAPIF's API invoker as specified in 3GPP TS 23.222 V19.0.0.In an embodiment, the QoS monitoring subscription request may be used to create the QoS monitoring subscription of a unicast resource or a connection.In an embodiment, the QoS monitoring subscription request may be similar to the Unicast QoS monitoring subscription request as described in 3GPP TS 23.434 V19.0.0. In other embodiments, the QoS monitoring subscription request may be any other suitable QoS monitoring subscription request.In an embodiment, the QoS monitoring subscription update request may be used to update the QoS monitoring subscription of a unicast resource or a connection.In an embodiment, the QoS monitoring subscription update request may be similar to the Update_Unicast_QoS_Monitoring_Subscription request as described in 3GPP TS 23.434 V19.0.0. In other embodiments, the QoS monitoring subscription update request may be any other suitable QoS monitoring subscription update request.The QoS monitoring subscription request may comprise any suitable information element such as at least one of the information element as described in Table 14.3.2.20-1 of 3GPP TS 23.434 V19.0.0. The QoS monitoring subscription request may comprise any suitable information element according to embodiments of the present disclosure which will be described below.The QoS monitoring subscription update request may comprise any suitable information element such as at least one of the information element as described in Table 14.3.2.20-1 of 3GPP TS 23.434 V19.0.0. The QoS monitoring subscription update request may comprise any suitable information element according to embodiments of the present disclosure which will be described below.In an embodiment, the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request may be used for QoS monitoring of a connection between an application function client entity and an application function server entity.The application function client entity may be any suitable node, device, function, or entity that can provide the client side functionalities corresponding to an application. For example, the application function client entity can be a VAL client for example as described in 3GPP TS 23.434 V19.0.0. The application function client entity may act as CAPIF's API invoker as specified in 3GPP TS 23.222 V19.0.0.The application function server entity may be any suitable node, device, function, or entity that can provide the server side functionalities corresponding to an application. For example, the application function server entity can be a VAL server for example as described in 3GPP TS 23.434 V19.0.0. The application function server entity may act as CAPIF's API invoker as specified in 3GPP TS 23.222 V19.0.0.The connection between the application function client entity and the application function server entity may be any suitable connection for example SEAL Data Delivery (DD) connection as described in 3GPP TS 23.433 V19.0.0.At block 304, the network resource management entity sends, to the application function entity, a QoS monitoring subscription response or a QoS monitoring subscription update response.The QoS monitoring subscription response may comprise any suitable information such as subscription status e.g. subscription result. The QoS monitoring subscription response may comprise any suitable information element according to embodiments of the present disclosure which will be described below.The QoS monitoring subscription update response may comprise any suitable information such as update status e.g. subscription update result. The QoS monitoring subscription update response may comprise any suitable information element according to embodiments of the present disclosure which will be described below.In an embodiment, the QoS monitoring subscription response may be similar to the Unicast QoS monitoring subscription response as described in 3GPP TS 23.434 V19.0.0. In other embodiments, the QoS monitoring subscription response may be any other suitable QoS monitoring subscription response.In an embodiment, the QoS monitoring subscription update response may be similar to the Update_Unicast_QoS_Monitoring_Subscription response as described in 3GPP TS 23.434 V19.0.0. In other embodiments, the QoS monitoring subscription update response may be any other suitable QoS monitoring subscription update response.FIG. 3b shows a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or at or as a network resource management entity or communicatively coupled to the network resource management entity. As such, the apparatus may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the method 310 as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components. For some parts which have been described in the above embodiments, the description thereof is omitted here for brevity.At block 312, if the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request comprises at least one monitoring profile identifier (ID) , the network resource management entity may obtain at least one corresponding monitoring profile based on the at least one monitoring profile identifier.For example, in order to simplify the interaction with the network resource monitoring API and increase its applicability, the following improvements are proposed.Monitoring profile concept is introduced. A monitoring profile may be an abstraction of the measurement and reporting requirements that can be stored in the network resource management entity and associated with the given network condition (e.g., network congestion, poor connection condition) with a monitoring profile ID (e.g. assigned by the network resource management entity to prevent ID collisions) . The monitoring profiles can be pre-configured within the network resource management entity for the application function entity and / or a service. The network resource management entity may obtain a monitoring profile from the application function entity, allocate a corresponding monitoring profile ID to the obtained monitoring profile, and store the obtained monitoring profile and the corresponding monitoring profile ID.The list of monitoring profile IDs may be provided in the QoS monitoring subscription request. The extension of the existing API functionality where the application function entity such as VAL server can provide multiple monitoring profile IDs (associated with the network conditions) in order to manage all events in one subscription. In that case, the notification may contain the monitoring profile ID that triggered the reporting condition instead of raw QoS data that may be somehow interpreted by the application function entity such as VAL server.The monitoring profile may comprise any suitable information and the present disclosure has no limit on it. In an embodiment, an example of the monitoring profile may comprise the information element of table 1.Table 1At block 314, the network resource management entity may apply the at least one corresponding monitoring profile.For example, the network resource management entity such as NRM server may interact with a network node such as NEF to establish relevant QoS monitoring subscriptions. For example, the network resource management entity such as NRM server may use the NEF procedures for the AFsessionWithQoS described in clause 5.2.6.9 of 3GPP TS 23.502 V19.0.0 and the NEF procedures for the AnalyticsExposure described in clause 5.2.6.16 of 3GPP TS 23.502 V19.0.0 and in particular the UE Communication Analytics described in clause 6.7.3 of 3GPP TS 23.288 V18.4.0 and data network (DN) Performance Analytics described in clause 6.14 of 3GPP TS 23.288 V18.4.0. Based on the input received from the application function entity such as VAL server, the network resource management entity such as NRM server may determine the relevant NEF subscription procedures and the parameters for these subscriptions, such as the QoS parameters to be measured (e.g. packet delay, data rate, traffic volume) , the frequency of reporting etc. For the frequency of reporting which can be event triggered, periodic, or when the protocol data unit (PDU) Session is released, the network resource management entity such as NRM server determines the following:a) if the reporting frequency is event triggered:i) the corresponding reporting threshold to each QoS parameter;ii) minimum waiting time between subsequent reports;b) if the reporting frequency is periodic, the reporting period.In an embodiment, the QoS monitoring subscription response or the QoS monitoring subscription update response may comprise at least one reporting termination condition. The at least one reporting termination condition may be obtained from the at least one corresponding monitoring profile. For example, an example of reporting termination condition is shown in Table 1.FIG. 3c shows a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or at or as a network resource management entity or communicatively coupled to the network resource management entity. As such, the apparatus may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the method 320 as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components. For some parts which have been described in the above embodiments, the description thereof is omitted here for brevity.At block 322, if the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request comprises at least one monitoring profile, the network resource management entity may allocate at least one corresponding monitoring profile ID to the at least one monitoring profile.The monitoring profile ID may be used to prevent ID collisions. The monitoring profile ID may be comprised in a QoS monitoring notification to enable the application function entity to know the QoS monitoring data or a connection status in the QoS monitoring notification corresponds to which monitoring profile. In addition, when the QoS monitoring for a monitoring profile is terminated, the monitoring profile ID may be comprised in a QoS monitoring notification to enable the application function entity to know the QoS monitoring for which monitoring profile is terminated.At block 324, the network resource management entity may store the at least one monitoring profile.At block 326, the network resource management entity may apply the at least one monitoring profile. Block 326 may be same as block 314.In an embodiment, the QoS monitoring subscription response or the QoS monitoring subscription update response may comprise the at least one corresponding monitoring profile ID of the at least one monitoring profile.This embodiment may enable the application function entity to know the mapping between the at least one corresponding monitoring profile ID and the at least one monitoring profile. When the application function entity receives a QoS monitoring notification comprising a corresponding monitoring profile ID, the application function entity may correctly process it, e.g. knowing the QoS monitoring for which monitoring profile is terminated or the QoS monitoring data or a connection status in the QoS monitoring notification corresponds to which monitoring profile. In addition, the application function entity may comprise a corresponding monitoring profile ID in a subsequent QoS monitoring subscription request or QoS monitoring subscription update request.FIG. 3d shows a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or at or as a network resource management entity or communicatively coupled to the network resource management entity. As such, the apparatus may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the method 330 as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components. For some parts which have been described in the above embodiments, the description thereof is omitted here for brevity.At block 332, if at least one monitoring profile and at least one monitoring profile identifier are omitted in the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request, the network resource management entity may determine at least one monitoring profile.The network resource management entity may determine the at least one monitoring profile in various ways and the present disclosure has no limit on it. For example, the network resource management entity may determine the at least one monitoring profile based on local policy, machine learning, service identifier, an identity of the application function entity, etc.In an embodiment, the network resource management entity may determine the at least one monitoring profile based on a service identifier and / or an identity of the application function entity.The network resource management entity may obtain the service identifier and / or the identity of the application function entity in various ways. For example, such information may be comprised in the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request comprises.In an embodiment, the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request may comprise the service identifier such as VAL service ID.For example, there may be a predefined or preconfigured monitoring profile for each service identifier and / or each identity of the application function entity in the network resource management entity. Alternatively, the network resource management entity may determine the monitoring profile for each service identifier and / or each identity of the application function entity based on machine learning.This embodiment may enable simplification of the API utilization for applications. From 3GPP Release 17, the measurement requirements and reporting requirements are optional information element (IE) that can be omitted in the subscription request (see clause 14.3.2.20 of 3GPP TS 23.434 V19.0.0) . However, the NRM server logic was not specified in that case. This embodiment may enable the network resource management entity to know how to handle the subscription request without the at least one monitoring profile and the at least one monitoring profile identifier.At block 334, the network resource management entity may apply the at least one monitoring profile. Block 334 may be same as block 314.In an embodiment, the network resource management entity may allocate at least one corresponding monitoring profile ID to the at least one monitoring profile if the at least one monitoring profile does not have a corresponding monitoring profile ID.In an embodiment, the QoS monitoring subscription response or the QoS monitoring subscription update response may comprise the at least one corresponding monitoring profile ID of the at least one monitoring profile.In an embodiment, the QoS monitoring subscription response or the QoS monitoring subscription update response may comprise at least one reporting termination condition.FIG. 3e shows a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or at or as a network resource management entity or communicatively coupled to the network resource management entity. As such, the apparatus may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the method 340 as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components. For some parts which have been described in the above embodiments, the description thereof is omitted here for brevity.At block 342, the network resource management entity may receive QoS monitoring data corresponding to a monitoring profile.The QoS monitoring data may comprise any suitable QoS monitoring data and the present disclosure has no limit on it. For example, the QoS monitoring data may comprise at least one of-packet delay such as uplink (UL) packet delay, downlink (DL) packet delay, round trip packet delay for a service data flow,-congestion data,-data rate, e.g. average data rate and / or maximum data rate-packet loss rate, e.g. average packet loss rate,-packet delay variation,-traffic volume, e.g. average traffic volume for UL and / or DL, or-round trip packet delay considering ul on a service data flow and dl of another service data flow.As used herein, the uplink may refer to the link from the application functional client entity to the application functional server entity. The downlink may refer to the link from the application functional server entity to the application functional client entity.The network resource management entity may receive the QoS monitoring data corresponding to a monitoring profile in various ways. For example, the network resource management entity may receive the QoS monitoring data corresponding to a monitoring profile from a network node such as NEF.After receiving the QoS monitoring data corresponding to a monitoring profile, the network resource management entity may perform different operations as described in FIGs. 3f and 3g.FIG. 3f shows a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or at or as a network resource management entity or communicatively coupled to the network resource management entity. As such, the apparatus may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the method 350 as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components. For some parts which have been described in the above embodiments, the description thereof is omitted here for brevity.At block 352, if a reporting requirement triggers a notification and the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request comprises at least one monitoring profile or at least one monitoring profile identifier, the network resource management entity may send, to the application function entity, a QoS monitoring notification comprising the QoS monitoring data.In an embodiment, the QoS monitoring notification may be similar to the unicast QoS monitoring notification as described in 3GPP TS 23.434 V19.0.0. In other embodiments, the QoS monitoring notification may be any other suitable the QoS monitoring notification.The reporting requirement may be any suitable reporting requirements and the present disclosure has no limit on it. In an embodiment, the reporting requirement may be similar to the reporting requirements (e.g. in Table 1) as described in 3GPP TS 23.434 V19.0.0.In an embodiment, when the connection status is comprised in the QoS monitoring notification, the reporting requirement may be connection status change. For example, the connection status is changed from good to poor or from poor to good, etc.In an embodiment, the QoS monitoring notification may further comprise an identifier of the monitoring profile. This embodiment may enable the application function entity to know the QoS monitoring data corresponds to which monitoring profile.FIG. 3g shows a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or at or as a network resource management entity or communicatively coupled to the network resource management entity. As such, the apparatus may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the method 360 as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components. For some parts which have been described in the above embodiments, the description thereof is omitted here for brevity.At block 362, if at least one monitoring profile and at least one monitoring profile identifier are omitted in the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request, the network resource management entity may determine a connection status based on the QoS monitoring data.The connection status may be represented in various ways and the present disclosure has no limit on it. For example, the connection status may indicate the connection quality level, such as good or poor. Various suitable number of connection quality levels may be defined.The network resource management entity may determine the connection status based on the QoS monitoring data using any suitable methods such as machine learning. For example, the QoS monitoring data may be used as an input of machine learning to compute a connection quality level or a score. The score may be mapped to a corresponding connection quality level.In an embodiment, the network resource management entity may map the QoS monitoring data to a connection status. For example, there may be a mapping table storing the mapping between the QoS monitoring data and the connection status. The network resource management entity may map the QoS monitoring data to the connection status by using the mapping table.In an embodiment, the network resource management entity may always determine the connection status after receiving QoS monitoring data no matter whether at least one monitoring profile and / or at least one monitoring profile identifier are omitted in the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request.In an embodiment, the network resource management entity may determine the connection status based on an event trigger. For example, when a specific QoS monitoring data is smaller or bigger than a threshold, the network resource management entity may determine the connection status.In an embodiment, the network resource management entity may determine the connection status periodically or in response to a request from the application function entity.In an embodiment, if the application function entity requires a connection status change triggered reporting, the network resource management entity may determine the connection status and determine whether the connection status is changed.In an embodiment, if a reporting requirement triggers a notification of the connection status, the network resource management entity may determine the connection status.At block 364, if a reporting requirement triggers a notification, the network resource management entity may send, to the application function entity, a QoS monitoring notification comprising the connection status.In an embodiment, only one of the connection status and QoS monitoring data shall be present in the QoS monitoring notification if the monitoring data is available.FIG. 3h shows a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or at or as a network resource management entity or communicatively coupled to the network resource management entity. As such, the apparatus may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the method 370 as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components. For some parts which have been described in the above embodiments, the description thereof is omitted here for brevity.At block 372, the network resource management entity may send, to the application function entity, a QoS monitoring notification comprising information indicating subscription termination.The subscription termination may be due to various reasons and the present disclosure has no limit on it. For example, the network resource management entity is overload or to be maintained or upgraded or updated or turned off. The connection is failed or released.In an embodiment, the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request may comprise information indicating a request to notify the application function entity about subscription termination. In response to the received information, when the subscription is termination, the network resource management entity may or shall send, to the application function entity, the QoS monitoring notification comprising information indicating subscription termination.This embodiment can avoid enforcing the application function entity to implement the subscription termination verification logic and triggering it on each received notification. As a result, it can avoid the duplication of functionality in both the application function entity and the network resource management entity. It may provide a non-energy efficient design for the application function entity developers.This embodiment can avoid creating possible interoperability issues since the subscription termination verification logic implementation can perfectly match between the application function entity and the network resource management entity.This embodiment can enable the network resource management entity to terminate the subscriptions based on local configurations with an explicit indication to the application function entity.FIG. 4a shows a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or at or as an application function entity or communicatively coupled to the application function entity. As such, the apparatus may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the method 400 as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components. For some parts which have been described in the above embodiments, the description thereof is omitted here for brevity.At block 402, the application function entity sends, to a resource management entity, a QoS monitoring subscription request or a QoS monitoring subscription update request.At block 404, the application function entity receives, from the resource management entity, a QoS monitoring subscription response or a QoS monitoring subscription update response.In an embodiment, the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request may comprise at least one monitoring profile identifier (ID) . In an embodiment, the QoS monitoring subscription response or the QoS monitoring subscription update response may comprise at least one reporting termination condition.In an embodiment, the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request may comprise at least one monitoring profile. In an embodiment, the QoS monitoring subscription response or the QoS monitoring subscription update response may comprise at least one corresponding monitoring profile ID of the at least one monitoring profile.In an embodiment, the at least one monitoring profile and at least one monitoring profile identifier may be omitted in the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request. In an embodiment, the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request may comprise a service identifier. In an embodiment, the QoS monitoring subscription response or the QoS monitoring subscription update response may comprise at least one reporting termination condition.In an embodiment, the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request may be used for QoS monitoring of a connection between an application function client entity and an application function server entity.In an embodiment, the application function client entity may comprise a Vertical Application Layer (VAL) client and the application function server entity comprises a VAL server.In an embodiment, the network resource management entity may comprise a Service Enablement Architecture Layer for Verticals (SEAL) Network Resource Management (NRM) server.FIG. 4b shows a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or at or as an application function entity or communicatively coupled to the application function entity. As such, the apparatus may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the method 410 as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components. For some parts which have been described in the above embodiments, the description thereof is omitted here for brevity.At block 412, if a reporting requirement triggers a notification and the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request comprises at least one monitoring profile or at least one monitoring profile identifier, the application function entity may receive, from the resource management entity, a QoS monitoring notification comprising QoS monitoring data.In an embodiment, the QoS monitoring notification may further comprise an identifier of the monitoring profile.FIG. 5 shows a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or at or as an application function entity or communicatively coupled to the application function entity. As such, the apparatus may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the method 500 as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components. For some parts which have been described in the above embodiments, the description thereof is omitted here for brevity.At block 502, if a reporting requirement triggers a notification and at least one monitoring profile and at least one monitoring profile identifier are omitted in the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request, the application function entity may receive, from the resource management entity, a QoS monitoring notification comprising a connection status.FIG. 6 shows a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or at or as an application function entity or communicatively coupled to the application function entity. As such, the apparatus may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the method 600 as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components. For some parts which have been described in the above embodiments, the description thereof is omitted here for brevity.At block 602, the application function entity may receive, from the resource management entity, a QoS monitoring notification comprising information indicating subscription termination.In an embodiment, the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request may comprise information indicating a request to notify the application function entity about subscription termination.In an embodiment, the application function entity may receive, from the resource management entity, the QoS monitoring notification comprising information indicating subscription termination if the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request comprises information indicating a request to notify the application function entity about subscription termination.In an embodiment, it proposes determining and applying the relevant monitoring profile (s) for the subscription based on VAL server identity and / or VAL Service ID if the measurement requirements and reporting requirements are not provided in the subscription request. In that case, the notifications may indicate a high-level connection status, e.g., “poor connection” or “good connection” .In an embodiment, to address the design disadvantages above, the termination reporting indication is proposed to be added in the subscription request and notification.In an embodiment, a termination reporting indication is added to the subscription request and notification of the SS_NetworkResourceMonitoring API.In an embodiment, it is proposed to improve SS_NetworkResourceMonitoring API with the connection status (e.g., “poor” or “good” ) based on the application type. The reporting requirements (including relevant QoS metrics, reporting thresholds, and / or reporting periodicity) , measurement requirements (including QoS metrics and the related aggregation windows) may be determined based on application type described by the VAL service ID.In an embodiment, the application can receive the connection status (e.g., “poor” or “good” ) updates based on the application type determined by the VAL service ID without configuring the reporting and measurement requirements.In an embodiment, user-friendly interface that can be utilized by the wide variety of applications that does not require a deep expertise of the network QoS.According to various embodiments, it introduces the monitoring profile concept. The list of monitoring profile IDs may be provided in the subscription request. It can enable the simplification of the API utilization for applications.Embodiments herein may provide many advantages, of which a non-exhaustive list of examples follows. In some embodiments herein, it can provide a user-friendly implementation of the network resource monitoring API (e.g. SS_NetworkResourceMonitoring API) by avoiding the functionality duplication in both the application node (such as VAL server) and the network resource monitoring node (such as SEAL NRM server) . In some embodiments herein, it can simplify the logic in the application node. In some embodiments herein, it can enable an energy-efficient application node implementation. In some embodiments herein, it can avoid the possible interoperability issues between the application node and the network resource monitoring node. In some embodiments herein, it can avoid silent subscription termination in the network resource monitoring node. The embodiments herein are not limited to the features and advantages mentioned above. A person skilled in the art will recognize additional features and advantages upon reading the following detailed description.Apparatuses according to embodiments of the present disclosureFIG. 7 is a block diagram showing an apparatus suitable for practicing some embodiments of the disclosure. For example, the network resource management entity or the application function entity described above may be implemented as or through the apparatus 700.The apparatus 700 comprises at least one processor 721, such as a digital processor (DP) , and at least one memory (MEM) 722 coupled to the processor 721. The apparatus 700 may further comprise a transmitter TX and receiver RX 723 coupled to the processor 721. The MEM 722 stores a program (PROG) 724. The PROG 724 may include instructions that, when executed on the associated processor 721, enable the apparatus 700 to operate in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure. A combination of the at least one processor 721 and the at least one MEM 722 may form processing means 725 adapted to implement various embodiments of the present disclosure.Various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented by computer program executable by one or more of the processor 721, software, firmware, hardware or in a combination thereof.The MEM 722 may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as semiconductor based memory devices, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memories and removable memories, as non-limiting examples.The processor 721 may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment, and may include one or more of general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting examples.In an embodiment where the apparatus is implemented as or at the network resource management entity, the memory 722 contains instructions executable by the processor 721, whereby the network resource management entity operates according to any of the methods performed by the network resource management entity as described above.In an embodiment where the apparatus is implemented as or at the application function entity, the memory 722 contains instructions executable by the processor 721, whereby the application function entity operates according to any of the methods performed by the application function entity as described above.With function units, the network resource management entity or the application function entity may not need a fixed processor or memory, any computing resource and storage resource may be arranged from the network resource management entity or the application function entity in the communication system. The introduction of virtualization technology and network computing technology may improve the usage efficiency of the network resources and the flexibility of the network.Although the computing devices described herein (e.g., UEs, network nodes, hosts) may include the illustrated combination of hardware components, other embodiments may comprise computing devices with different combinations of components. It is to be understood that these computing devices may comprise any suitable combination of hardware and / or software needed to perform the tasks, features, functions and methods disclosed herein. Determining, calculating, obtaining or similar operations described herein may be performed by processing circuitry, which may process information by, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained information or converted information to information stored in the network node, and / or performing one or more operations based on the obtained information or converted information, and as a result of said processing making a determination. Moreover, while components are depicted as single boxes located within a larger box, or nested within multiple boxes, in practice, computing devices may comprise multiple different physical components that make up a single illustrated component, and functionality may be partitioned between separate components. For example, a communication interface may be configured to include any of the components described herein, and / or the functionality of the components may be partitioned between the processing circuitry and the communication interface. In another example, non-computationally intensive functions of any of such components may be implemented in software or firmware and computationally intensive functions may be implemented in hardware.In certain embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein may be provided by processing circuitry executing instructions stored on in memory, which in certain embodiments may be a computer program product in the form of a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by the processing circuitry without executing instructions stored on a separate or discrete device-readable storage medium, such as in a hard-wired manner. In any of those particular embodiments, whether executing instructions stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium or not, the processing circuitry can be configured to perform the described functionality. The benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to the processing circuitry alone or to other components of the computing device, but are enjoyed by the computing device as a whole, and / or by end users and a wireless network generally.The term unit or module may have conventional meaning in the field of electronics, electrical devices and / or electronic devices and may include, for example, electrical and / or electronic circuitry, devices, modules, processors, memories, logic solid state and / or discrete devices, computer programs or instructions for carrying out respective tasks, procedures, computations, outputs, and / or displaying functions, and so on, as such as those that are described herein.According to an aspect of the disclosure it is provided a computer program product being tangibly stored on a computer readable storage medium and including instructions which, when executed on at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to carry out any of the methods as described above.According to an aspect of the disclosure it is provided a computer-readable storage medium storing instructions which when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to carry out any of the methods as described above.In addition, the present disclosure may also provide a carrier containing the computer program as mentioned above, wherein the carrier is one of an electronic signal, optical signal, radio signal, or computer readable storage medium. The computer readable storage medium can be, for example, an optical compact disk or an electronic memory device like a RAM (random access memory) , a ROM (read only memory) , Flash memory, magnetic tape, CD-ROM, DVD, Blue-ray disc and the like.The techniques described herein may be implemented by various means so that an apparatus implementing one or more functions of a corresponding apparatus described with an embodiment comprises not only prior art means, but also means for implementing the one or more functions of the corresponding apparatus described with the embodiment and it may comprise separate means for each separate function, or means that may be configured to perform two or more functions. For example, these techniques may be implemented in hardware (one or more apparatuses) , firmware (one or more apparatuses) , software (one or more modules) , or combinations thereof. For a firmware or software, implementation may be made through modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein.Exemplary embodiments herein have been described above with reference to block diagrams and flowchart illustrations of methods and apparatuses. It will be understood that each block of the block diagrams and flowchart illustrations, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and flowchart illustrations, respectively, can be implemented by various means including computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be loaded onto a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus create means for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart block or blocks.Further, while operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, while several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the subject matter described herein, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination.While this specification contains many specific implementation details, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of any implementation or of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments of particular implementations. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a sub-combination or variation of a sub-combination.It will be obvious to a person skilled in the art that, as the technology advances, the inventive concept can be implemented in various ways. The above described embodiments are given for describing rather than limiting the disclosure, and it is to be understood that modifications and variations may be resorted to without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure as those skilled in the art readily understand. Such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of the disclosure and the appended claims. The protection scope of the disclosure is defined by the accompanying claims.In an embodiment, 3GPP TS23.434 V19.0.0 may be changed as following.Additional discussion (if needed) :Proposed changes:14.3.2.20 Unicast QoS monitoring subscription requestTable 14.3.2.20-1 describes the information flow from the VAL server to the network resource management server for unicast QoS monitoring subscription request.Table 14.3.2.20-1: Unicast QoS monitoring subscription request14.3.2.21 Unicast QoS monitoring subscription responseTable 14.3.2.21-1 describes the information flow from the network resource management server to the VAL server for unicast QoS montoring subscription response.Table 14.3.2.21-1: Unicast QoS monitoring subscription response14.3.2.22 Unicast QoS monitoring notificationTable 14.3.2.22-1 describes the information flow for unicast QoS monitoring notification from the network resource management server to the VAL server.Table 14.3.2.22-1: Notify unicast QoS monitoring event14.3.3.4.1.2 ProcedureFIG. 8 illustrates the high level procedure for unicast QoS monitoring subscription.Pre-conditions:- The VAL UE has an established connection in the 5GSThe steps of FIG. 8 is as below.1. The VAL server sends a unicast QoS monitoring subscription request to the NRM server either in conjunction with a request for unicast network resources requiring QoS or when the unicast QoS connection is already established. The NRM server checks if the VAL server is authorized to initiate the unicast QoS monitoring request for the requested target VAL UEs, VAL group ID, or VAL stream IDs.NOTE: It is left for stage 3 to decide whether to combine the QoS monitoring subscription request with the request for unicast resources.2. If the the monitoring profile ID (s) and monitoring profile information elements are not provided, the NRM server shall determine the monitoring profile (s) including the QoS measurement requirements and reporting requirements with subscription termination criteria based on the VAL service identifier and / or requester identity received in step 1. If monitoring profile ID (s) are provided in step 1, the NRM server shall obtain the corresponding monitoring profile (s) internally and apply for the subscription. If the monitoring profile is provided in step 1, the NRM server shall allocate the monitoring profile ID and store the monitoring profile. The NRM server interacts with the NEF to establish relevant QoS monitoring subscriptions. The NRM server uses the NEF procedures for the AFsessionWithQoS described in clause 5.2.6.9 of 3GPP TS 23.502
[0011] and the NEF procedures for the AnalyticsExposure described in clause 5.2.6.16 of 3GPP TS 23.502
[0011] and in particular the UE Communication Analytics described in clause 6.7.3 of 3GPP TS 23.288
[0034] and DN Performance Analytics described in clause 6.14 of 3GPP TS 23.288
[0034] . Based on the input received from the VAL server in step 1, the NRM server determines the relevant NEF subscription procedures and the parameters for these subscriptions, such as the QoS parameters to be measured (e.g. packet delay, data rate, traffic volume) , the frequency of reporting etc. For the frequency of reporting which can be event triggered, periodic, or when the PDU Session is released, the NRM server determines the following:a) if the reporting frequency is event triggered:i) the corresponding reporting threshold to each QoS parameter;ii) minimum waiting time between subsequent reports;b) if the reporting frequency is periodic, the reporting period.3. The NRM server responds with a unicast QoS monitoring subscription response indicating the subscription status. If the monitoring profile is provided in step 1, the NRM server may additionally provide the allocated monitoring profile ID in the response. If the monitoring profile is not provided in step 1, the NRM server shall provide the proposed termination of reporting condition.14.3.3.4.2.2 ProcedureFIG. 9 illustrates the high level procedure of unicast QoS monitoring notification event.Pre-conditions:- The VAL server has an active unicast QoS monitoring subscription with the NRM serverThe steps of FIG. 9 is as below.1. The NRM server receives QoS monitoring data by means of notifications provided by the NEF. The NRM server coordinates and combines the information from the NEF notifications and determines whether to send a notification to the VAL server based on the VAL server subscription's frequency of reporting. For a VAL group or a list of VAL UEs, the NRM server aggregates QoS monitoring data for each UE belonging to the group or the list; for a VAL stream, the NRM server aggregates the QoS monitoring data for the stream. The NRM server stores the QoS monitoring data as needed for later retrieval.2. The NRM server sends a unicast QoS monitoring notification including the measured QoS data measured QoS data or connection status information and monitoring profile identifier whose reporting requirements triggered notification (if multiple monitoring profile IDs are provided in the subscription) to the VAL server. The connection status information is provided in the notification if monitoring profile ID (s) and monitoring profile are not provided in the unicast QoS monitoring subscription request. If the reporting termination criteria is met (e.g. number of reports reached, threshold reached) , NRM server shall also terminate the subscription.In an embodiment, 3GPP TS23.434 V19.0.0 may be changed as following.Additional discussion (if needed) :Proposed changes:14.3.2.20 Unicast QoS monitoring subscription requestTable 14.3.2.20-1 describes the information flow from the VAL server to the network resource management server for unicast QoS monitoring subscription request.Table 14.3.2.20-1: Unicast QoS monitoring subscription request14.3.2.22 Unicast QoS monitoring notificationTable 14.3.2.22-1 describes the information flow for unicast QoS monitoring notification from the network resource management server to the VAL server.Table 14.3.2.22-1: Notify unicast QoS monitoring event14.3.3.4.2.2 ProcedureFIG. 10 illustrates the high level procedure of unicast QoS monitoring notification event. Pre-conditions:- The VAL server has an active unicast QoS monitoring subscription with the NRM serverThe steps of FIG. 10 is as below.1.The NRM server receives QoS monitoring data by means of notifications provided by the NEF. The NRM server coordinates and combines the information from the NEF notifications and determines whether to send a notification to the VAL server based on the VAL server subscription's frequency of reporting. For a VAL group or a list of VAL UEs, the NRM server aggregates QoS monitoring data for each UE belonging to the group or the list; for a VAL stream, the NRM server aggregates the QoS monitoring data for the stream. The NRM server stores the QoS monitoring data as needed for later retrieval.2. The NRM server sends a unicast QoS monitoring notification including the measured QoS data to the VAL server. If the reporting termination criteria is met (e.g.number of reports reached, threshold reached) , NRM server shall also terminate the subscription. The NRM server shall notify the VAL server about the subscription termination if the termination indication is requested in the unicast QoS monitoring subscription request.
Claims
1.A method (300) performed by a network resource management entity, comprising:receiving (302) , from an application function entity, a quality of service (QoS) monitoring subscription request or a QoS monitoring subscription update request; andsending (304) , to the application function entity, a QoS monitoring subscription response or a QoS monitoring subscription update response.2.The method according to claim 1, further comprising:if the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request comprises at least one monitoring profile identifier (ID) , obtaining (312) at least one corresponding monitoring profile based on the at least one monitoring profile identifier; andapplying (314) the at least one corresponding monitoring profile.3.The method according to claim 2, wherein the QoS monitoring subscription response or the QoS monitoring subscription update response comprises at least one reporting termination condition.4.The method according to claim 1, further comprising:if the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request comprises at least one monitoring profile, allocating (322) at least one corresponding monitoring profile ID to the at least one monitoring profile;storing (324) the at least one monitoring profile; andapplying (326) the at least one monitoring profile.5.The method according to claim 4, wherein the QoS monitoring subscription response or the QoS monitoring subscription update response comprises the at least one corresponding monitoring profile ID of the at least one monitoring profile.6.The method according to claim 1, further comprising:if at least one monitoring profile and at least one monitoring profile identifier are omitted in the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request, determining (332) at least one monitoring profile; andapplying (334) the at least one monitoring profile.7.The method according to claim 6, wherein determining at least one monitoring profile comprises:determining at least one monitoring profile based on a service identifier and / or an identity of the application function entity.8.The method according to claim 7, wherein the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request comprises the service identifier.9.The method according to any of claims 6-8, wherein the QoS monitoring subscription response or the QoS monitoring subscription update response comprises at least one reporting termination condition.10.The method according to any of claims 1-9, further comprising:receiving (342) QoS monitoring data corresponding to a monitoring profile.11.The method according to claim 10, further comprising:if a reporting requirement triggers a notification and the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request comprises at least one monitoring profile or at least one monitoring profile identifier, sending (352) , to the application function entity, a QoS monitoring notification comprising the QoS monitoring data.12.The method according to claim 11, wherein the QoS monitoring notification further comprises an identifier of the monitoring profile.13.The method according to claim 10, further comprising:if at least one monitoring profile and at least one monitoring profile identifier are omitted in the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request, determining (362) a connection status based on the QoS monitoring data; andif a reporting requirement triggers a notification, sending (364) , to the application function entity, a QoS monitoring notification comprising the connection status.14.The method according to any of claims 1-13, wherein the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request comprises information indicating a request to notify the application function entity about subscription termination.15.The method according to any of claims 1-14, further comprising:sending (372) , to the application function entity, a QoS monitoring notification comprising information indicating subscription termination.16.The method according to any of claims 1-15, wherein the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request is used for QoS monitoring of a connection between an application function client entity and an application function server entity.17.The method according to claim 16, wherein the application function client entity comprises a Vertical Application Layer (VAL) client and the application function server entity comprises a VAL server.18.The method according to any of claims 1-17, wherein the network resource management entity comprises a Service Enablement Architecture Layer for Verticals (SEAL) Network Resource Management (NRM) server.19.A method (400) performed by an application function entity, comprising:sending (402) , to a resource management entity, a quality of service (QoS) monitoring subscription request or a QoS monitoring subscription update request; andreceiving (404) , from the resource management entity, a QoS monitoring subscription response or a QoS monitoring subscription update response.20.The method according to claim 19, wherein the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request comprises at least one monitoring profile identifier (ID) .21.The method according to claim 20, wherein the QoS monitoring subscription response or the QoS monitoring subscription update response comprises at least one reporting termination condition.22.The method according to claim 19, wherein the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request comprises at least one monitoring profile.23.The method according to claim 22, wherein the QoS monitoring subscription response or the QoS monitoring subscription update response comprises at least one corresponding monitoring profile ID of the at least one monitoring profile.24.The method according to claim 19, wherein at least one monitoring profile and at least one monitoring profile identifier are omitted in the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request.25.The method according to claim 24, wherein the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request comprises a service identifier.26.The method according to any of claims 24-25, wherein the QoS monitoring subscription response or the QoS monitoring subscription update response comprises at least one reporting termination condition.27.The method according to any of claims 19-26, further comprising:if a reporting requirement triggers a notification and the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request comprises at least one monitoring profile or at least one monitoring profile identifier, receiving (412) , from the resource management entity, a QoS monitoring notification comprising QoS monitoring data.28.The method according to claim 27, wherein the QoS monitoring notification further comprises an identifier of the monitoring profile.29.The method according to any of claims 19-26, further comprising:if a reporting requirement triggers a notification and at least one monitoring profile and at least one monitoring profile identifier are omitted in the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request, receiving (502) , from the resource management entity, a QoS monitoring notification comprising a connection status.30.The method according to any of claims 19-29, wherein the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request comprises information indicating a request to notify the application function entity about subscription termination.31.The method according to any of claims 19-30, further comprising:receiving (602) , from the resource management entity, a QoS monitoring notification comprising information indicating subscription termination.32.The method according to any of claims 19-31, wherein the QoS monitoring subscription request or the QoS monitoring subscription update request is used for QoS monitoring of a connection between an application function client entity and an application function server entity.33.The method according to claim 32, wherein the application function client entity comprises a Vertical Application Layer (VAL) client and the application function server entity comprises a VAL server.34.The method according to any of claims 19-33, wherein the network resource management entity comprises a Service Enablement Architecture Layer for Verticals (SEAL) Network Resource Management (NRM) server.35.A network resource management entity (700) , comprising:a processor (721) ; anda memory (722) coupled to the processor (721) , said memory (722) containing instructions executable by said processor (721) , whereby said network resource management entity (700) is operative to:receive, from an application function entity, a quality of service (QoS) monitoring subscription request or a QoS monitoring subscription update request; andsend, to the application function entity, a QoS monitoring subscription response or a QoS monitoring subscription update response.36.The network resource management entity according to claim 35, wherein the network resource management entity is further operative to perform the method of any one of claims 2 to 18.37.An application function entity (700) , comprising:a processor (721) ; anda memory (722) coupled to the processor (721) , said memory (722) containing instructions executable by said processor (721) , whereby said application function entity (700) is operative to:send, to a resource management entity, a quality of service (QoS) monitoring subscription request or a QoS monitoring subscription update request; andreceive, from the resource management entity, a QoS monitoring subscription response or a QoS monitoring subscription update response.38.The application function entity according to claim 37, wherein the application function entity is further operative to perform the method of any one of claims 20 to 34.39.A computer-readable storage medium storing instructions which when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform the method according to any one of claims 1 to 34.40.A computer program product comprising instructions which when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform the method according to any one of claims 1 to 34.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Quality of service (QoS) monitoring result subscription method and device, communication equipment and storage medium
CN116406513A
Service quality monitoring method and device, related equipment and storage medium
CN116419199A
Monitoring for application ai / ML-based services and operations
US20230319646A1
Method and apparatus for session restoration
WO2023016400A1