Neural network for joint communication and sensing

Abstract

Neural Network for Joint Communication and Sensing There is disclosed a method of training a machine learning, ML, system for operating a sensing node in sensing operation, the method comprising training the ML system based on a plurality of training value sets; wherein each of the training value sets comprises a plurality of training values of a sensing signaling parameter; wherein to each of the training value sets, an indicated parameter value of the sensing signaling parameter is associated. The disclosure also pertains to related devices and methods.

Description

[0001] Neural Network for Joint Communication and Sensing

[0002] Technical field

[0003] This disclosure pertains to neural networks for use in wireless communication and radar technology, in particular for high frequencies.

[0004] Background

[0005] Communication systems are evolving towards operating at higher frequencies and wider bandwidth. The latest generation cellular systems such as 5G mmwave and upcoming 6G systems use frequency bands which may be overlapping with radar bands. For example, the K / Ka radar frequency band is close to 5G mmWave frequency bands. This opens up opportunities for doing joint communication and sensing using cellular infrastructure in this frequency range, in particular using the same spectrum and / or hardware for both. This is sometimes referred to as Joint Communication and Sensing (JCAS). Combining these functionalities brings a number of challenges, since sensing and communication address different sets of use-cases and requirements. Use of communication equipment for sensing may require new approaches of handling the associated hardware, in particular if compared with common radar equipment, which has different requirements, e.g., in terms + of size and mobility and flexibility of operations.

[0006] Summary

[0007] It is an object of this disclosure to provide approaches of improving sensing using a neural network-based approach, in particular in the context of JCAS. The approaches described may be utilised for one or more different frequencies ranges. For example, they may be implemented for frequency ranges (e.g., carrier bandwidth and / or system bandwidth) for sensing signalling and / or communication signalling of 1 GHz or more, 2GHz or more, 5 GHz or more, or 6 GHz or more, or 10 GHz or more, and / or for millimeter wave communication, in particular for radio carrier frequencies around and / or above 52.6 GHz, which may be considered high radio frequencies (high frequency) and / or millimetre waves. The carrier frequency / ies may be between 52.6 and 140 GHz, e.g. with a lower border between 52.6, 55, 60, 71 GHz and / or a higher border between 71, 72, 90, 114, 140 GHz or higher, in particular between 55 and 90 GHz, or between 60 and 72 GHz; however, higher frequencies may be considered, in particular frequency of 71 GHz +or 72GHz or above, and / or 100 GHz or above, and / or 140 GHz or above. The carrier frequency may in particular refer to a center frequency or maximum frequency of the carrier. The radio nodes and / or network described herein may operate in wide-band, e.g. with a carrier bandwidth (or bandwidth or carrier aggregation) of 400MHz or more, in particular 1 GHz or more, or 2 GHz or more, or even larger, e.g. 6 GHz or more, or 8 GHz or more; the scheduled or allocated bandwidth may be the carrier bandwidth, or be smaller, e.g. depending on channel and / or procedure. In some cases, operation may be based on an OFDM wave-form or a SC-FDM wave-form (e.g., downlink and / or uplink), in particular a FDF-SC-FDM-based wave-form. However, operation based on a single carrier wave-form, e.g. SC-FDE (which may be pulse-shaped or Frequency Domain Filtered, e.g. based on modulation scheme and / or MCS), may be considered for downlink and / or uplink. In general, different wave-forms may be used for different communication directions. Communicating using or utilising a carrier and / or beam may correspond to operating using or utilising the carrier and / or beam, and / or may comprise transmitting on the carrier and / or beam and / or receiving on the carrier and / or beam. Operation may be based on and / or associated to a numerology, which may indicate a subcarrier spacing +and / or duration of an allocation unit and / or an equivalent thereof, e.g., in comparison to an OFDM based system. A subcarrier spacing or equivalent frequency interval may for example correspond to 960 kHz, or 1920 kHz, e.g. representing the bandwidth of a subcarrier or equivalent.

[0008] The approaches are particularly advantageously implemented in a future 6th Generation (6G) telecommunication network or 6G radio access technology or network (RAT / RAN), in particular according to 3 GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project, a standardisation organization). A suitable RAN may in particular be a RAN according to NR, for example release 18 or later, or LTE Evolution. However, the approaches may also be used with other RAT, for example future 5.5G systems or IEEE based systems.

[0009] There is disclosed a method of training a machine learning, ML, system for operating a sensing node in sensing operation, the method comprising training the ML system based on a plurality of training value sets. Each of the training value sets comprises a plurality of training values of a sensing signaling parameter, wherein to each of the training value sets, an indicated parameter value of the sensing signaling parameter is associated. Thus, sensing-specific training may be provided.

[0010] A training value may in particular be a value determined based on a measurement, e.g., utilising a known sensing scenario, e.g., for a known target and / or know sensing signalling transmitter. The training value sets may be determined in a controlled environment, e.g., a dedicated training environment. This may allow calibration and / or accomodating for individual hardware characteristics. The indicated parameter value may in general repre- sent the expected and / or determined value, which maybe considered the ’’true” value. It may reflect the knowledge of about transmitter, environment and target, and / or a model and / or knowledge of the receiver. Each training value set may comprise a plurality of values; different sets may have the same or different numbers of values. The indicated parameter value maybe included in the training value set, or be considered associated but separated. Each training value set may be associated to a different sensing scenario, e.g., different target / s and / or positions and / or speeds and / or velocities and / or environments. Each value in a training value set may be considered to pertain to the same sensing scenario. Measured values may be values for reception of sensing signalling, the characteristics of the sensing signalling as transmitted may be considered to be known. The indicated parameter value may be based on, and / or represent, a measurement performed by a reference receiver, which may be optimised for reference. The same reference receiver and / or transmitter environment may be used for different sensing nodes, and / or different scenarios or situations. The training value set and / or the indicated parameter value / s may be considered training data. A plurality of indicated parameter values may be provided, each of which may correspond to a different scenario or situation. Different scenarios or situations may pertain to the same target, or different targets. Sensing signalling to be received may be transmitter by a transmitter system, which may comprise one or more transmitters. The transmitter / s may be reference transmitter / s. In some cases, e.g. for monstatic operation, the sensing node may be used as the, or one of the, transmitters of the transmitter system. The transmissions of the transmitter system may be considered to produce and / or define the transmission environment. A training value set may comprise a large number of values, e.g., 50 or more, or 100 or more, or 500 or more. It may be considered that typically, a training value set has more values (elements) than a measurement set.

[0011] There is also considered a method of operating a sensing node and / or a of operating a machine learning, ML, system, in particular a ML system trained as described herein.

[0012] The method comprises determing a measurement set of measured values of a sensing signaling parameter for a sensing target, and determining a resulting value of the sensing signaling parameter based on evaluating the measurement set utilising the ML system. The method of operating the ML system may be based on, and / or may comprise, the method of training the ML system, and / or may be part of a method of operating a sensing node. The method of operating a sensing node may comprise opearting a ML system as described herein, and / or determining the measurement set, and providing it as input to the ML system, and / or receiving the resulting value as output from the ML system. The ML system may be implemented on the same processing circuitry, and / or may be implemented on and / or by the sensing node.

[0013] The measurement set may be considered to represent the same target and / or target condition (e.g., regarding speed and / or velocity and / or position and / or distance). Values of the measurement set may be considered to be measured by the sensing node during the operation. The measurement set may comprise one or more values; a low number of values, e.g., 1, or up to 5, or up to to, or up to 20, or up to 50, may be associated to a quickly moving target (or a target subject to high-speed interfering physical bodies).

[0014] The sensing node may in general be a radio node, in particular a radio node adapted for JCAS, and / or adapted for wireless communication and for sensing operation. The training and / or operating may in particular pertain to reception of sensing signalling.

[0015] The sensing node may be a network node, and / or be stationary and / or be mobile, or be a wireless device. For a network node and / or stationary node, the training may in particular be performed on the intended site of usage, e.g., allowing excellent training for the specific environment. The ML system may be trained for, and / or on, a specific sensing node, or type of sensing node (e.g., all of the type having the same technical characteristics regarding reception of sensing signalling, e.g., within certain production tolerances).

[0016] A target may in general represent an object or subject or physical phenomenon able to interact with sensing signalling, e.g., by reflection and / or scattering and / or absorption and / or refraction. A target may be an intended target, e.g., looked for in a specific region (when scanning for presence or absence), or for tracking purposes. A target may be separate from clutter, which may represent objects providing undesired effects on sensing signalling.

[0017] Training the ML system may be based on, and / or comprise, determining the plurality of training value sets, in particular measuring corresponding measured values, and / or determining the indicated parameter values (e.g., provided from external measurement, e.g. via a communication interface).

[0018] Training may pertain to one or more layers of the ML system. In some cases, operation of the ML system (also referred to as inference) may pertain to a subset of layers of the trained layers. For example, determing a resulting value based on a context-based approach may utilise different layers than utilising a measurement set (e.g., for low velocity and / or speed).

[0019] It may be considered that each value represents a n-tuple of values, and / or that each parameter represents a n-tuple of parameters, wherein n is an integer value of 1 or larger. Thus, a parametrisation pertaining to different dimensions may be utilised, in particular associated to path delay and Doppler shift. This may facilitate handling range / distance (e.g., represented by path delay) and / or speed / velocity (e.g., represented by Doppler shift) parametrisations to provide relevant sensing information. The parametrisations of training values, and / or indicated parameter values and / or measured values may be the same, or at least inter-related such that one may be corresponding to each other, and / or be indicative of the other, and / or they may be (e.g., essentially unambigously) ransformable into each other based on a mathmatical transformation.

[0020] A resulting value may be considered representative of a current parameter value of the target, e.g., its speed and / or velocity and / or distance and / or position.

[0021] In general, the training and / or operating may be compensating for hardware impairment of a radio or sensing node, in particular non-linearities and / or temperature variations.

[0022] The approaches described herein may in particular be suitable to accomodate for such impairments, which are difficult to numerically model or simulate.

[0023] Different training value sets and / or different values of a sensing signaling parameter may correspond to different target situations. The situations may be different regarding the targets being different (e.g., different objects / materials / shapes) and / or one or more parameters being different, e.g., speed and / or velocity and / or orientation and / or position and / or distance. Such parameters may be parameters that may be subject to sensing, in particular affecting Doppler-shift and / or path delay and / or direction of signalling and / or amplitude of signalling. Different indicated parameter values may pertain to different target scenarios. Different measured values of a measurement set may pertain to the same target scenario (e.g., considered as such), e.g., based on a speed or velocity of the target and / or number of measured values taken within a certain time interval (e.g., sized depending on speed and / or velocity).

[0024] It may be considered that the training value sets and / or training values may represent histograms of measurements of the sensing signaling parameter, and / or that the mea- surement set represents a histogram of measurements or measured values of the sensing signaling parameter. Evaluating may be based on providing the measurement set and / or histogram as input for the ML system, and / or basing the input of the ML system on the measurement set and / or histogram. This may facilitate easy interfacing, and / or the corresponding determination of a resulting value may be reliable, as the ML system may for example compare large training sets and / or histograms with comparatively large measurement sets.

[0025] In some variants, the sensing signaling parameter may represent and / or comprise one or more of Doppler shift and / or path delay, and / or speed and / or velocity and / or distance and / or range and / or position of a target; the parameter may be indicative of one or more of those. Values of the parameter may pertain to the same target and / or scenario.

[0026] The ML system may be trained to determine a context of a training value set and / or measurement set and / or associated values. A context may represent a low-dimensional representation and / or characterisation of a training value set and / or measurement set.

[0027] This may enable determining a resulting value from a low number of measured values, e.g., for a quickly moving target. The training may comprise training a CNN, e.g., in addition to a ML system trained for receiving a histogram as input.

[0028] In general, evaluating may be based on comparing a set of measured values to a training value set. The comparison may be performed by the ML system, based on the training. The comparison may be of measurement set or histogram (or image thereof) input into the ML system, e.g., of a minimum size of elements (e.g., values) pertaining to the same target scenario (or assumed to the such). For a lower number of values (e.g., a low number as referred to herein, a context-based determination may be performed, which may input a low number of values (e.g., 1 or 5 or fewer, or 10 or fewer), or a number of values too small to determine a histogramm and / or image of a histogram.

[0029] Evaluating may be based on determining a context for at least one measured value, e.g., ofa measurement set with a low number of elements and / or measure values, and / or based on an estimated speed and / or velocity and / or acceleration of a target. The estimate may be based on earlier measurements, and / or based on one or more measurements representing for example Doppler- shift.

[0030] It may be considered that evaluating comprises, based on a speed estimation of the target, and / or a number of measured values of a measurement set, comparing a set of measured values to a training value set or determining a context for at least one measured value. Different forms or formats of input may be provided to the ML system for the different approaches; the ML system may utilise different layers of different layer structures for the different approaches. An indication of which approach (set or context based) is to be used may be provided to the ML system, e.g., as input or part of input, e.g., by the sensing +node.

[0031] There is also disclosed a machine learning, ML, system, the machine learning system being adapted for performing a method as described herein.

[0032] Moreover, there is discussed a sensing node, in particular a radio node adapted for joint communication and sensing, the sensing node comprising a machine learning, ML, system as described herein, and / or being adapted for performing a method as described herein.

[0033] A machine learning system may be an implementation of, and / or implement, and / or comprise, and / or represent, a neural network, in particular a convolutional neural network (CNN); in some cases, the system may comprise and / or be referred to as a model. A CNN may be particularly suitable to operate based on, and / or be trained with, histrograms or images of and / or representing such histograms. The neural network may consist of, and / or comprise, a set of layers. In particular, there may be provided an input layer, and / or one or more hidden layers and / or an output layer. The layers may be considered to be arranged consecutively or sequentially, such that output from one layer may be considered input provided by the layer before it; recursion (output from one layer being input for the same layer) may be considered. Neighbouring layers may be connected through weights (to be applied to data) in a sequential order or consecutively. As input a or each layer may take a set of data, which may be referred to as Input Feature Map (IFM), and may perform dot operation with weight inputs (or a convolutional operation) from filters to produce a new set of data, which may be referred to as Output Feature Map (OFM); the OFM may be provided as input or IFM for the next layer. The neural network may in some cases be implemented as a convolutional neural network, e.g., at least one layer may perform a convolutional operation. A goal of layers of the network may be to extract features (e.g., at each layer) with a certain probability for the observed or measured samples (represented by values) and to recognize the ones for which it is trained. The number, form and / or the size of layers, e.g., convolutional layers, may vary, and may depend on the application. Data provided as input to an input layer may be referred to as training data.

[0034] A machine learning system may be implemented in software and / or hardware and / or firmware. The hardware may in particular comprise processing circuitry and / or integrated circuitry. In some cases, a machine learning system may be provided in a distributed system, or in a monolythic system. A machine learning system may in general comprise, and / or be, a neural network adapted for being trained in a training phase or mode, and / or being used (after training) in an application or inference phase or mode. Additional training and / or updating may be considered in the inference phase.

[0035] The terms ’’sensing” and ’’radar” and / or associated operation / s may be used interchange- ably. Sensing operation may be performed in a sensing mode. Communication may be performed in a communication mode. Different antenna arrangements and / or different nodes may operate in different modes; in some cases, different antenna arrangements of the same radio node may operate in different modes, e.g. using frequency domain multiplexing (e.g., in addition to and / or overlaid on time domain multiplexing). Sensing operation may comprise transmitting and / or receiving sensing signalling. Sensing sig- nailing may be signalling intended to be bounced of one more targets, e.g. to determine a presence, and / or a location, and / or velocity, and / or speed of the target / s from the reflected signalling. Sensing operation may be mono-static, or in some cases bistatic or multi-static.

[0036] It may be considered that the communication signalling is based on a multi-carrier wave-form, e.g. an OFDM wave-form, for example a DFT-s-OFDM based wave-form, and / or that the communication signalling is based on a waveform with cyclic appendix. A cyclic appendix may generally be a cyclic prefix, or a cyclic suffix. The appendix may represent a repetition of a part of signalling carried by a symbol at its start (suffix) or end (prefix), which may be appended at the opposite of the symbol (end or start); e.g. a cyclic prefix may be considered a repetition of the signalling at the end of the symbol it pertains to. A cyclic appendix may be associated to a specific symbol, it may have a duration shorter than the symbol duration, e.g. less than 1 / 4 of the symbol duration, or less than 1 / 6. Sensing signalling may be based on a multi-carrier waveform, e.g. an OFDM wave-form, for example a DFT-s-OFDM based wave-form; and / or the sensing signalling may be based on the same waveform as the communication signalling, and / or a waveform available for, and / or available for use, in communication mode, e.g., a waveform of reference signalling.

[0037] A sensing node may in general be a radio node as described herein, which may be adapted for joint communication and sensing (JCAS); as such, it may be adapted for wireless communication, and be adapted for sensing and / or radar operation.

[0038] A radio node may operate in TDD mode, e.g. switching between DL periods and UL periods. A DL period may be a period in which the radio node operates using DL transmissions, an UL period may be a period in which the radio node operates using UL transmissions (e.g., a network node may transmit during DL, and receive during UL, and vice versa for a wireless device). It may be considered that there is a TDD guard period between DL and UL periods and / or between UL and DL periods, which may comprise a number of symbol time intervals, e.g. 10 or more symbols, or 12 or more symbols; there may be the same duration for guard periods for DL / UL and UL / DL, or different ones.

[0039] The guard period may allow switching circuitry between the different communication di- rections and / or handling of interference (in particular considering that DL signalling tends to much more powerful than (received) UL signalling). Time domain multiplexing of sensing signalling and communication signalling may refer to and / or include and / or comprise and / or represent switching between communication mode and sensing mode such that at different times, different modes are used at least for a part of the circuitry and / or antenna arrangements and / or signalling associated to the radio node. An antenna arrangement may comprise one or more antenna elements and / or sub-arrays and / or panels; different antenna arrangements may comprise different antenna elements and / or sub-arrays and / or panels. Different antenna arrangements and / or panels and / or sub-arrays and / or elements may be adapted to be controlled or controllable separately from each other. There may be the same number of DL and UL periods and / or the same duration associated to DL and UL (at least over a certain time interval, e.g. alternating such that one DL period is followed by one UL period, or vice versa, or different numbers or durations, e.g. (roughly) 3:1 (e.g., 3 DL periods followed by a TDD guard period and 1 UL period), or (roughly) 285 2:1, or even (roughly) 1:2 or 1:NU with NU 3 or larger, for UL heavy scenarios. UL period durations may be the same as DL period durations, or different. The distribution and / or duration of DL and UL periods may be referred to as TDD pattern; the TDD pattern may be dynamically controllable (e.g., with DCI signalling), and / or configured or configurable, e.g. with higher layer signalling like RRC signalling or RLC signalling, and / or may be semi-statically configurable or configured. The TDD pattern may describe the smallest time domain distribution of DL period / s and / or UL period / s and / or TDD guard period / s repeated over time, e.g. in one or more frames and / or subframes and / or slots and / or a time duration covering multiple repetitions of the TDD pattern. It may be considered that operating in sensing mode may comprise both transmission and reception by the same radio node, independent of the TDD period associated to a communication mode. It may be considered that a sensing mode and / or sensing interval may be inserted and / or embedded and / or multiplexed into a time period nominally associated to DL and / or UL and / or a TDD guard period, in particular a DL / UL guard period.

[0040] Sensing signalling and communication signalling may be transmitted by the same transmitting node, e.g. the radio node, or by different nodes. In particular, it may be considered that the radio node transmits both communication signalling and sensing signalling, and may additionally monitor for and / or receive a reflection of the sensing signalling, e.g. in a monostatic scenario. In some cases, the radio node may receive the communication signalling and the sensing signalling, and / or may additionally transmit the sensing signalling, e.g. in a mono-static scenario. In some cases, the radio may transmit the communication signalling and receive (and / or monitor for) the sensing signalling, and additionally may transmit the sensing signalling, or vice versa. It should be considered that the receiving sensing signalling may comprise, and / or be based on monitoring for the sensing signalling, e.g. utilising one or more reception beams and / or beam sweeping. Received or monitored for sensing signalling may represent reflected and / or diffracted sensing signalling, e.g. after impacting a target object and / or obstacle. Operation using sensing signalling and communication signalling may pertain to a specific time period, e.g. a joint operation interval, in which both communication and sensing is performed. There may be operational states of the radio node focussing on one type of operation, e.g. only communicating or sensing. Sensing signalling being frequency multiplexed (also known as being frequency domain multiplexed, or frequency duplexed) with communica- tion signalling may refer to the sensing signalling having a different location in frequency domain than the communication signalling, e.g. in non-overlapping parts of the spectrum (non-overlapping bandwidths). In particular, sensing signalling may occupy a first frequency bandwidth, and the communication signalling may occupy a second frequency bandwidth, wherein the first and second frequency bandwidths may be non-overlapping and / or disjunct and / or separated in frequency domain. The radio node may for example be a wireless device or user equipment or terminal, or a network node or signalling radio node or base station. Thus, sensing functionality may be provided by common participants of a wireless communication network.

[0041] It may be considered that the radio node is adapted for utilising a number NP of antenna sub-arrays and / or panels, wherein NP may be an integer number of 4 or larger. An antenna sub-array may comprise a plurality of antenna elements, e.g. 4 or more, or 10 or more, or 50 or more, or 100 or more. An antenna sub-array, and / or the antenna elements associated thereto and / or comprised therein, may be associated and / or connected or connectable to one and / or the same antenna circuitry, and / or be jointly controllable for analog and / or digital beam-forming, and / or be operable for joint transmission or re- ception. A panel may comprise a support structure, e.g. plastics and / or metallic material and / or wood, supporting one or more antenna sub-arrays, which additionally may support additional circuitry like antenna circuitry and / or interface circuitry. Each antenna sub-array may be associated for one communication direction (e.g., reception or transmis- sion) and / or one functionality, e.g. sensing or communication. It may be considered that antenna elements of an antenna sub-array share the same polarisation, e.g. horizontal or vertical. In some cases, NP may be an even number, wherein it may be considered that NP / 2 antenna sub-arrays (and / or their antenna elements) may be associated to a first polarisation (e.g., horizontal or vertical or left-circular or right-circular, or any other suitable polarisation) and the other NP / 2 antenna sub-arrays are associated to a second polarisation, which may be orthogonal to the first polarisation. For example, the first polarisation may be horizontal with the second polarisation being vertical, or the first polarisation may be left-circular and the second polarisation may be right-circular. This allows multiple beams to be operated, with good flexibility and / or large signalling capacity. In general, an antenna arrangement associated to a radio node may comprise one or more antenna sub-arrays, in particular an even number of antenna sub-arrays. In general, at different times, different antenna sub-arrays and / or panels may be used for different functions, e.g. transmission or reception, and / or sensing or communication. The polarisation of an antenna element may be associated to a specific operation direction, e.g. for transmission or reception. Depending on signalling direction (transmission or reception), polarisation may be different. For example, an antenna subarray may be associated to a first polarisation for transmission, and a second polarisation for reception, or vice versa. This may be achieved, for example, by providing crossed linear antenna elements for the sub-arrays, with associated connections / circuitry according to polarisation. In particular, it may be considered that the sensing signalling is transmitted and / or received, e.g. by the radio node, utilising a first set of antenna elements and / or antenna subarrays and / or antenna panels, and the communication signalling is transmitted and / or received, e.g., by the radio node, utilising a second set of antenna elements and / or antenna sub-arrays and / or antenna panels. The first set may comprise different sub-arrays and / or antenna elements and / or antenna panels than the second set. The first set may comprise one or more antenna sub-arrays and / or panels, e.g. NC sub-arrays and / or panels, in particular an even number. It may be considered that the second set may comprise +one or more antenna sub-arrays and / or panels, e.g., NS sub-arrays, in particular an even number. It may be considered that NC+NS=NP. In some cases, the NC and / or NS subarrays and / or panels may comprise equal number of antenna sub-arrays and / or panels associated to first and second polarisations (in general, an antenna sub-array may be considered associated to a polarisation if all its antenna elements are associated to the +same polarisation). It may be considered that different antenna subarrays are used for transmitting sensing signalling and receiving signalling, wherein the same polarization may be associated to transmitting and receiving of sensing signalling.

[0042] It may be considered that the sensing signalling and the communication signalling are transmitted and / or received in an operation time interval, for example a slot, or an integer number N of symbol time intervals or allocation units or block symbols. The operation time interval may correspond to 1 ms or less, or 0.5 ms or less, or .1 ms or less, and / or N may be 1000 or less, or 300 or less, or 200 or less, or 100 or less, or 20 or less. Thus, the radio node may operate both signalling types in short timescales. Within the operation time interval, the sensing signalling and communication signalling may be operated time multiplexed, or simultaneously, or both (in different sub-intervals).

[0043] In some variants, the sensing signalling and the communication signalling may be transmitted and / or received at least partly, or fully, overlapping in time, e.g. in an operation time interval, or one or more sub-intervals thereof. Partly overlapping in time may refer to part of the sensing signalling not overlapping with the communication signalling, fully overlapping may refer to all of the sensing signalling overlapping with communication signalling (in time domain, in particular within the operation time interval and / or one or more sub-intervals thereof).

[0044] In particular, the sensing signalling may in general be transmitted in a sensing time interval, and a reflection of the sensing signalling may be monitored for (and / or received) in a monitoring time interval, wherein the sensing time interval and the monitoring time interval may at least partly, or fully, overlap in time. The sensing time interval and / or the monitoring time interval may be part of an operation time interval, e.g. comprised therein, for example as sub-intervals, or covering the operation time interval. Thus, short timescale joint operation is facilitated.

[0045] It may be considered that a first antenna sub-array and / or antenna panel may be used for transmitting sensing signalling, a second antenna sub-array and / or antenna panel may be used for monitoring and / or receiving a reflection of the sensing signalling. Two or more antenna subarrays and / or panels may be used for communicating utilising communication signalling., e.g. during the operation time interval. The first and second sub-array and / or panel may be of different polarisation. In particular for large NP (e.g., 8 or larger), this may facilitate sensing operation with comparatively low impact on communication operation.

[0046] In general, sensing signalling and communication signalling occupy the same frequency spectrum, e.g. the same carrier. Frequency multiplexing may generally refer to different locations of the frequency spectrum being assigned to sensing signalling and communication signalling, e.g. different parts of the carrier bandwidth; additionally, different band- widths may be assigned to sensing signalling and communication signalling. Spectrum re-use thusly may be provided. This may refer to operation time interval / s.

[0047] It may be considered that the sensing signalling may occupy a bandwidth (first frequency bandwidth, or first bandwidth) of 350 MHz or less, or 300 MHz or less, and / or 10% or less of a carrier or system bandwidth, or 5% or less of a carrier or system bandwidth, and / or 10% or less of the bandwidth (second frequency bandwidth, or second bandwidth) used for communication signalling, and / or 7% or less of the bandwidth used for communication signalling. This may refer to operation time interval / s; outside of such, different bandwidth sizes may be used, e.g. if only communication signalling is used for a longer time (e.g., 5 or more times the operation time interval duration, or 10 or 20 or 50 or more times the operation time interval duration), the full carrier / system bandwidth may be applied for communication signalling. Thus, bandwidth limitation may be ameliorated.

[0048] In some variants, sensing signalling may occupy a first frequency bandwidth (or first bandwidth), and the communication signalling may occupy a second frequency bandwidth (second bandwidth), wherein further a frequency gap may exist, or be, or be located, between the first frequency bandwidth and the second frequency bandwidth. The second frequency bandwidth may be larger in size than the first frequency bandwidth, e.g. it may be SM times the size, wherein SM may be 3 or more, or 5 or more, or 10 or more, or 15 or more. The gap may correspond to a bandwidth smaller than the second frequency bandwidth, and / or may be smaller than the first frequency bandwidth. The gap may correspond to a guard bandwidth, e.g. limiting interference between the first and second frequency bandwidths.

[0049] In general, the communication signalling may be based on an OFDM wave-form, for example a DFT-s-OFDM based wave-form. This may facilitated reliable communication with high capacity.

[0050] Approaches described herein facilitate using hardware of a communication radio node for radar or sensing, with limited overhead or loss of efficiency.

[0051] Sensing signalling may generally be represented by reference signalling. Sensing signalling of different types may differ in terms of numerology and / or wave-form and / or modula- tion symbol sequence and / or sequence root and / or duration and / or frequency bandwidth and / or density (e.g., in time domain and / or frequency domain) and / or code and / or tim- ing, in particular regarding periodicity) and / or beam shape or beam size.

[0052] The communication signalling and / or sensing signalling may be based on an OFDM waveform, e.g. OFDM and / or SC-FDM. Transmitting and / or receiving sensing signalling may be considered operating utilising sensing signalling. It may be considered that operating utilising communication signalling, and / or communicating utilising communication signalling, may comprise transmitting the communication signalling and / or receiving the communication signalling. Depending on whether the radio node is adapted for full-duplex operation or not, operating utilising sensing signalling may comprise operating in the same direction (e.g., both operations comprise or consists of transmitting, or both comprise or consist of receiving), or in different directions (for either or both operations, or between operations and / or for one operation). Thus, different use cases and types of setup (mono-static or multi-static) may be considered.

[0053] In some cases, operating utilising sensing signalling may comprise transmitting the sensing signalling and / or receiving the sensing signalling. In general, receiving sensing signalling may comprise receiving reflections of the sensing signalling; the reflections may be shifted in time relative to the transmitting signalling (due to propagation delay); the shift in time may two symbol time intervals or less, or one symbol time interval or less, or the duration of acyclic prefix or less. The range of the sensing signalling may be configured accordingly. In general, operating utilising sensing signalling may comprise performing sensing and / or determining the presence (or absence) of an object and / or determining one or more properties of one or more objects (sensing targets).

[0054] It may be considered that the communication signalling is based on an OFDM waveform, e.g. OFDM, or DFT-s-OFDM, or pulse-shaped DFT-s-OFDM. Such a wave-form is particularly suitable for wireless communication at high frequencies and / or with high communication loads. In some cases, the sensing signalling may be based on an OFDM waveform, e.g. OFDM, or DFT-s-OFDM, or pulse-shaped DFT-s-OFDM, or an OFTS based waveform. The sensing signalling wave-form may be based on the same wave-form as the communication signalling, which allows easy reuse of configurations and circuitries. In some cases, it may be based on a different wave-form, allowing flexibility, e.g. for different use cases and functionalities.

[0055] The radio node may be a wireless device or user equipment or terminal. Alternatively, it may be a network node or signalling radio node. A radio node adapted for wireless communication may be a radio node adapted for transmitting and / or receiving communication signalling, and / or for operating with signalling in conformance with a communication standard, e.g. according to a 3GPP standard, and / or adapted for communicating utilising control signalling in conformance with a standard (not necessarily data signalling). A radio node adapted for operating with signalling in conformance with a communication standard may be adapted for utilising signalling and / or waveforms ac- cording to the standard, and / or circuitry capable of producing such waveforms and / or signalling. Communication signalling may be. and / or comprise, data signalling and / or control signalling and / or reference signalling, e.g. according to a wireless communication standard like a 3GPP standard or IEEE standard. A radio node adapted for sensing operation and / or radar operation may be adapted for, and / or be configured or config- urable, for transmitting and / or receiving signalling for sensing or radar functionality, in particular according to a configuration for sensing and / or processing signalling. The radio node may share circuitry like processing circuitry and / or radio circuitry and / or antenna circuitry and / or antenna elements and / or sub-arrays between communication signalling and sensing operation and / or sensing signalling. The sensing operation may be monostatic and / or multi-static. Sensing signalling may be reference signalling, and / or may be communication signalling and / or signalling dedicated for sensing. Sensing signalling may have different types of signalling, e.g. based on, or associated to use and / or object and / or sensing function (e.g., which parameters of an object are to be determined). Multiplexing communication signalling and sensing signalling in a multiplexing time interval may correspond to the communication signalling and the sensing signalling being transmitted in the multiplexing time interval, e.g. by the same node or different nodes. Operating utilising communication signalling may comprise transmitting and / or receiving communication signalling. Operating utilising sensing signalling may comprise transmitting and / or receiving sensing signalling. A radio node may be adapted for mono-static operation. In this case, it may be adapted for full-duplex operation, transmitting and receiving in fully or at least partially overlapping time intervals (e.g., corresponding to, and / or at least partially overlapping with, the multiplexing time interval), such that it may receive reflected sensing signalling it transmitted itself (due to the large speed of radio waves, the reflected sensing signalling will often be received while the radio node still transmits sensing signalling). The radio circuitry and / or processing circuitry and / or antenna circuitry of a radio node may be adapted both for handling communication sig- nailing and sensing signalling. The radio node may be adapted for full-duplex operation, and / or half-duplex operation. Full duplex may refer to transmitting and receiving at the same time, e.g. using the same or different circuitries, and / or using different antenna sub-arrays or separately operable antenna sub-arrays or antenna elements.

[0056] The sensing signalling may be beam-formed. The communication signalling may be beam- formed. Different beams, in particular narrower beams, may be used for the sensing signalling than the communication signalling. In some cases, the beam shapes of sensing signalling may be different for different occurrences and / or signalling types and / or functionalities of sensing signalling. Beam- switching may be performed when switching from communication signalling to sensing signalling, and vice versa. Sensing signalling may be transmitted with a sensing beam and / or isotropically or with a default beam; it may be received with a reception beam, or with a default or isotropic reception. A sensing beam may be swept through a spatial angle, e.g. according to a sweeping scheme to perform sensing in the spatial angle. Receiving sensing signalling may be based on beam-forming; the training may be adapted accordingly. For example, in some cases, different target see- narios may differ in terms of reception beams utilised, and / or in terms of beam sweeping of one or more reception beams being performed.

[0057] A DFT-s-OFDM based wave-form may be a wave-form constructed by performing a DFT- spreading operation on modulation symbols mapped to a frequency interval (e.g., subcarriers), e.g. to provide a time-variable signal. A DFT-s-OFDM based wave-form may also be referred to a SC-FDM wave-form. It may be considered to provide good PAPR characteristics, allowing optimised operation of power amplifiers, in particular for high frequencies. In general, the approaches described herein may also be applicable to Single- Carrier based wave-forms, e.g. FDE-based wave-forms. Communication, e.g. on data channel / s and / or control channel / s, may be based on, and / o utilise, a DFT-s-OFDM based wave- form, or a Single-Carrier based wave- form. Communication may in particular on multiple communication links and / or beams and / or with multiple targets (e.g., TRPs or other forms of transmission sources also receiving) and / or multiple layers at the same time; different reference signallings for multiple transmission or reception may be based on different sequence roots and / or combs and / or cyclic shifts. Thus, high throughput may be achieved, with low interference. In general, different reference signallings (e.g., of the same type) may be associated to different transmission sources and / or beams and / or layers, in particular if transmitted simultaneously and / or overlapping in time (e.g., considering different timing advance values if transmitted in uplink). For example, there may be first reference signalling transmitted using a first transmission source and / or first beam and / or first layer, and second reference signalling transmitted using a first transmission source and / or first beam and / or first layer.

[0058] There is also described a program product comprising instructions causing processing circuitry to control and / or perform a method as described herein. Moreover, a carrier medium arrangement carrying and / or storing a program product as described herein is considered. An information system comprising, and / or connected or connectable, to a radio node is also disclosed.

[0059] Brief description of the drawings

[0060] The drawings are provided to illustrate concepts and approaches described herein, and are not intended to limit their scope. The drawings comprise:

[0061] Figure 1, showing an exemplary sensing scenario;

[0062] Figure 2, showing an exemplary JCAS scenario;

[0063] Figure 3, showing an exemplary JCAS system;

[0064] Figure 4, showing an exemplary sensing processing scenario;

[0065] Figure 5, showing another exemplary sensing processing scenario;

[0066] Figure 6, showing another exemplary sensing processing scenario;

[0067] Figure 7, showing another exemplary sensing processing scenario;

[0068] Figure 8, showing another exemplary sensing processing scenario;

[0069] Figure 9, showing an exemplary wireless device; and

[0070] Figure 10, showing an exemplary network node.

[0071] Detailed description

[0072] Joint communication and sensing (JCAS) is emerging as one of the use cases in future wireless cellular communication such as 6G. In one approach, it may be considered using cellular communication (radio) nodes (base stations / UEs) to sense the environment by either using the communication-specific signals and / or dedicated sensing signals, and provide information such as location, shape, speed, etc. of the objects in the surrounding. Some of the possible applications of sensing using cellular communication systems are traffic monitoring and crash avoidance, gesture / motion detection, presence detection of objects or persons, vital sign detection, environment mapping, particle / pollution detec- tion, etc. In general, joint communication and sensing may comprise and / or be based on utilising radio nodes for a communication network for sensing and / or radar operation, e.g. sharing radio circuitry and / or antennas and / or resources.

[0073] Tighter integration of communication and sensing may be provided. By reusing existing macro infrastructure, sensing can be added at low cost. Sensing can be using both to improve network performance and to add new features such as traffic monitoring and surveillance. If the same hardware is used for radar and communication, performance and capacity of both systems may suffer. Radar signalling may be considered sensing signalling and vice versa in this discussion. For example, to monitor a traffic intersection, detect approaching vehicles and their speed, a large part of available resources may be used for radar operation, lowering resources available for communication. Approaches described herein facilitate efficient operation of joint communication and sensing, with limited impact of sensing operation on communication capabilities.

[0074] Sensing can be done either using a single node, i.e. the transmitter and receiver are co-located and / or associated to the same radio node (mono-static) or multiple nodes, in which case transmitter(s) and receiver(s) may be in different locations (multi-static); in some variants of multi-static approaches, one or more nodes may be have transmitter and receiver and / or may operate for transmitting and receiving. In a mono-static scenario in joint communications and sensing, the same radio node is used for simultaneous trans- mission and reception, which may require it to be capable of full-duplex communication (the received signals will be shifted in time to the transmitted one due to path travel time, but they usually will overlap in time). This may be particularly challenging, since the received signal levels in a cellular communications may be lower than the transmitted signals by several orders of magnitude; reception of such signals may be facilitated by certain approaches or designs considered to reduce interference. In a mono-static radar setup, simultaneous transmission and reception (and thus full duplex) is unavoidable if it should be possible to detect targets close to the base stations; targets far enough away may be less challenging from this point of view since the echo (reflected signal) may arrive after the BS stopped transmitting. A multi-static scenario may not require simultaneous transmission and reception from the same node. However, one challenge in using communication nodes in multi-static scenario is that the neighbouring nodes must be in different duplex directions (uplink and downlink, or sidelink, or transmission and reception modes), which means that different time division duplex (TDD) configurations in the two cells may be used. This is also rather challenging, since using different TDD configurations in neighbouring cells can give rise to large inter-cell interference, especially from the downlink transmission in one cell to the uplink reception in the other cell, as downlink signalling usually has significantly larger +power levels than uplink signalling.

[0075] Typically, sensing uses a known signal waveform (sensing signalling) that is sent in a particular direction, back- scattered signal from a target is captured / received to estimate various parameters of interest such as velocity, range, etc. shows an example in which one vehicle performs sensing of another, utilising frequency and amplitude profiles to determine parameters of a sensed vehicle.

[0076] In contrast, in communication, the goal is to achieve higher data-rate and reliability with low latency. Therefore, when a communication infrastructure is used for radar, it may be sub- optimal for both and require intelligent methods to extract communication and radar performance. Figure 2 shows a JCAS scenario with a network node adapted for wireless communication and for sensing (also referred to as Dual-Functional node or Basestation, BS) utilises signalling waveforms to sense a target, as well as for communication with mobile stations.

[0077] In some applications, sensing may improve network performance and / or add new features such as traffic monitoring and surveillance. If the same hardware is used for radar and communication, performance and capacity of both systems may suffer in comparison to using separated dedicated equipment for both. For example, if a traffic intersection is monitored, to detect approaching vehicles and their speed, significant parts of avail- able resources (e.g., half) may be required for radar operation, not being available for communication.

[0078] The available carrier or system bandwidth in 6G at high frequencies is expected to be very wide, e.g. covering one GHz or more, in particular 5GHz or more. There are several regions with ~6GHz contiguous spectra (bandwidth) available for high frequencies (above 90 GHz).

[0079] Sensing, also referred to as active sensing, may generally refer to transmitting signalling and / or receiving reflection / s of this signalling, e.g. radar signalling and / or communica- tion signalling; Sensing may comprise and / or be based on processing received (reflected) signalling to determine one or more properties of a target object, e.g. position and / or speed (total speed, or a component thereof, e.g. to direction of the receiver) and / or shape and / or size and / or velocity (total, or a component thereof) and / or surface structure and / or reflexivity of a reflecting object, e.g. based on one or more signalling characteristics of the transmitted (radar) signalling and / or one or more signalling characteristics of the received (radar) signalling, and / or based on one or more changes and / or shifts and / or differences and / or delta (e.g., one value subtracted from another value) between one or more signalling characteristics of the transmitted signalling and / or received signalling. For a multi-static case, the receiving node may be informed about the one or more signalling characteristics, e.g. based on configuration (e,g, higher layer signalling like RRC signalling or MAC layer signalling, or Fl signalling, or X2 signalling, or physical layer signalling).

[0080] Sensing signal processing is described in the following. In active sensing, a signal or signalling like radar or sensing signalling is transmitted to probe the environment and / or at a target, and the received reflections are used to estimate for example position and / or speed and / or velocity of the object / s in a range covered by the signalling. Depending on the required accuracy and range for the position and speed of the object / s, there are certain requirements on the duration, bandwidth, and periodicity of the signalling or signal to be used.

[0081] In a typical pulse radar, a sequence of wave-forms or symbols or signals (e.g., spreading codes) with chip duration T and signal integration duration of Tint with periodicity Trare transmitted for a duration Tf (there is one transmission or signalling occurrence in each Tr). The choice of these parameters determine range (sensing range, if wave-forms are identical), range resolution, velocity or speed (speed or velocity range), and speed / velocity resolution for sensing targets. L and M may represent integer numbers (of chips or symbols in a period corresponding to the periodicity, and number of transmission occurrences in Tf, respectively).

[0082] Depending on the use case, a sensing signal design may be tailored to meet fundamental requirements on: Range resolution (Rr) representing the minimum distinguishable distance between two objects; and / or (Unambiguous) range (Ru), representing the maximum distance where an object can be located for (e.g., guaranteed, and / or within a desired error range) detection; and / or Speed or Velocity range (v„), representing the maximum range of speed or velocity of +moving object that can be measured; and / or Speed or Velocity resolution (vr), representing the smallest change in the speed or velocity of the moving object that can be measured.

[0083] The parameters of a sensing signal (which in general may also be referred to as sensing signalling, or radar signal, or radar signalling) may include a bandwidth, like a minimum bandwidth, and / or a duration like a minimum duration of the sensing signal, and / or a minimum and / or maximum repetition periodicity, and / or a minimum duration of the sensing frame (a time interval in which sensing signalling may be transmitted), may be designed such above sensing requirement / s are met. Table 1 below shows the relationship between the sensing requirements and the sensing signal parameters, with c denoting the speed of light, fcrepresenting the carrier frequency.

[0084] Table 1

[0085] At the receiver, the reflected signal (e.g., reflected from one or more objects or targets and / or from the surrounding) is received, and may be matched and / or filtered with the transmitted wave-form to give the delay (e.g., representing the distance of the object), and / or the phase rotation between consecutive wave forms, e.g. representing the Doppler shift due to the movement of the object. In general, the above-mentioned signal generation and receiver processing may be common to all types of sensing methods and signals, and is not limited to a pulse radar. In a joint communication and sensing scenario, the choice of wave-form may depend on what wave-form is more suitable for both communication and sensing, although this is not a requirement, and the wave-forms for the two systems may be different. The following description of receiver processing is independent of the wave- form type and is equally applicable to waveforms , as well as any typical communication wave-form such as OFDM, DFT-s-OFDM, etc. As one example, the wave-form may comprise, and / or be based on, and / or represent, and / or be one or several OFDM or DFT-S-OFDM symbols ( or even sub-symbols), and / or block symbols, as it is the common wave-form used in most of the existing wireless access links (used for wireless and / or cellular communication). A sensing signal may be based on OFDM symbols, in particular a train of OFDM symbols as sensing signalling; such train may be repeated a plurality of times, e.g. according to a periodicity, e.g. in one or more sensing frames. A train of symbols may represent a sequence of symbols, each of which may carry and / or represent a sequence of modulation symbols (e.g., for a OFDM based wave-form), which may be mapped to frequency domain; each symbol may carry the same or a different sequence. In some cases, a sequence may be mapped over multiple symbols, e.g. frequency first. A common receiver processing may comprise and / or be based on performing an FFT per sequence occurrence, e.g. a train of symbols, for example transforming delay domain into subcarrier (frequency) domain, and an IFFT per subcarrier across the sequence occurrences, for example transforming time-domain into Doppler domain. Then peaks, e.g. all peaks, beyond a threshold may be identified, and the delay and Doppler values associated with each peak (representing a target) may be considered corresponding to delay and velocity or speed of the target.

[0086] The communication nodes involved in sensing may be UEs, base stations, or a combination thereof, including

[0087] • Base- station transmission of signal for sensing, UE reception of signal for sensing

[0088] • UE transmission of signal for sensing, base-station reception of signal for sensing

[0089] • Base-station transmission of signal for sensing, base-station reception of signal for sensing

[0090] • UE transmission of signal for sensing, UE reception of signal for sensing

[0091] For cellular communications, such as in 5G or upcoming 6G systems, this could mean that the sensing signal can be a DL reference signal, or a UL reference signal, a sidelink reference signal. The sensing signal or signalling can be any of the existing signals, such as DL positioning reference signal (PRS), CSLRS, DM-RS; and UL sounding reference signal (SRS), a new sensing / positioning specific signal, or the communication signal itself. Combinations of these signals may also be used.

[0092] Sensing may be considered as estimating channel based on known reference signals, but may performing sensing based on data signalling may also be considered. In this case, either data is known at the receiver (e.g. mono-static scenario) or it has to be decoded first so that the channel can be estimated subsequently.

[0093] Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been the de-facto modulation scheme for communication since 4G and will likely continue in 6G and beyond as well. Though this waveform is good for communication, there are induced several problems when operating in high frequency bands such as sub-THz (around 10 GHz or higher, for example). The OFDM scheme is prone to hardware impairments and suffers from high PAPR, high sensitivity to phase-noise, etc. Due to these hardware impairments, radar target parameter estimates (range, Doppler, etc.) may suffer, and a receiver algorithm

[0094] (sensing processing) may be needed to be designed to accomodate for such impairments. Also, at high frequency, such impairments may vary with time, which may require a receiver or processing which tracks hardware impairment continuously to enhance RADAR performance.

[0095] An Al based signal processing strategy for a joint communication and sensing receiver is proposed, which may track, and / or accomodate for, the impairments, and / or may calibrate receiver and / or sensing processing to enhance radar performance, without compromising the communication performance. Compensating for hardware impairments for radar parameter estimation in a joint communication and sensing hardware is considered.

[0096] Histogram images of the delay - Doppler created from pilot targets using classical radar signal processing agnostic to hardware impairments may be used to train an Al algorithm, in particular a ML system. During the live or inferencing stage, a test target histogram may be constructed (provided as measurement set for input for the ML system) and the proposed Al structure (ML system) may be used in the radar receiver to estimate target parameters to overcome the effect of hardware impairments.

[0097] Also, an Al architecture ML system is proposed to provide for improved update rate when the target is highly dynamic (quick target). Here, a CNN may be trained to learn key features from the delay-Doppler histograms to form low dimensional contexts. A fully connected neural net may be jointly trained with CNN to overcome the effect of HW impairment.

[0098] There is proposed using delay-Doppler histograms (as training value sets) to calibrate the hardware impairment, e.g., in an online fashion. A decoupled CNN based Al architecture to provide for improved update rate when the target is highly dynamic (quick target) also is proposed. Here, a CNN may be trained to learn the key features from the delay Doppler histograms, to form low dimensional contexts. A fully connected neural net may be jointly trained with CNN to overcome the impairments, e.g., even for quick targets. In general, a quick target may be a target with a speed above a threshold speed, and / or with an acceleration (e.g., absolute acceleration, so braking may count as well) above a threshold acceleration. Threshold speed or velocity (it is noted that speed may be absolute, velocity a vector) may for example correspond to more than walking speed, and / or more than 25 km / h, or more than 35 km / h, or more than 50 km / h. Threshold acceleration may correspond to certain time interval, e.g., Is or more, or 5s or more. Example threshold acceleration are 5 km / hs or more, or lOkm / hs or more, or 20km / hs or more, etc. 6G systems may support joint sensing and communication, and may operate at high frequency. At these frequencies, the HW impairment may create a significant challenges. Many impairments such as mutual coupling, antenna array calibration error, phase noise, etc. together with the channel form a complex non-linear distortion to the received signal causing it model deficient and thus favoring data driven approach. The data driven impairment compensation for the radar target estimations is not a well- studied problem. However, it can play a crucial role in the 6G and beyond systems. The approaches described herein, using the delay- Doppler histograms proposed and / or the Al features and architectures may mitigate these effects.

[0099] The received symbol for an OFDM transceiver at time t and sub-carrier k may generally be given by

[0100] Herein, ut may represent an analog combiner, vt the precoder and the far-field channel

[0101] Hfc may be given by

[0102] Herein, a (ff) may represent the steering vector. The received signal in general is not only a function of the channel Hk but also of the error caused due to the receiver noise and transceiver impairment. The receiver error can be modelled as additive white gaussian noise (AWGN) with known variance (o2) but the impairment due to the active and passive elements in the transceiver is non Gaussian and non-linear in nature.

[0103] For a typical joint communication and sensing system shown in the Figure 3, impairments due to the RF signals could be attributed to mutual coupling (resulting in the improper gain), array calibration (resulting in improper steering angle) phase and frequency offset (resulting in rotational effect to the received signal, yt.k), etc.

[0104] Conventional model-based approaches for impairment analysis do have issues in high frequency operation of 6G systems, as their effects are very complex to model at high frequencies. Though individually, impairments such as mutual coupling, power amplifier nonlinearity, array calibration errors, quantization effects etc. are studied under modelbased setup, the joint effect of these together with the channel at high frequency is very complex for modelling and hence data driven methods are favored. To handle such impairment, an approach as illustrated in Figure 3 may be considered. Radar sysmbols (sensing signalling) may be provided by a transmitter (left-hand side of Figure), e.g., mixed with reference or calibration symbols in a multiplexer MUX, and provided to a radar modulator for transmission via a channel. Similarly, communication symbols (and / or reference signalling) may be provided to a communication modulator; hardware may be shared on this transmitter side. Figure 3 exemplarily shows training and / or use of an CNN based agent for radar parameter estimates (to provide a resulting value for a parameter). Signalling traverses the channel, the be received on the receiver side (right-hand side of Figure 3), which may represent a sensing node as discussed herein. Communicating signalling may be provided to a communication receiver, providing re- ceived communication symbols. The Al radar, or ML system, which may be utilised for tracking, may provide a resulting target parameter value (or values), e.g., over a tracking time interval, and / or for different targets. In general, a ML system may be referred to and / or implemented as an agent.

[0105] In a typical radar parameter estimation problem, from the received signal, estimating the radar parameters such as delay (which yields distance of the target) and Doppler or Doppler shift (which yields the velocity of the target), may performed and / or be of interest.

[0106] An approach is proposed, according to which training value sets are determined and input for training of the agent / ML system, for example as delay-Doppler histogram or images therof, which may be first constructed during a training / measurement campaign. These images (each image may represent a different training value set) may be fed to a CNN-based Al agent t(or ML system), to learn the association between radar delay-Doppler plot to the true parameter value as shown in Figures 4 and 5.

[0107] In the proposed approach, during the measurement campaign and training process (the training), repeated measurements for a pilot or reference target at a known or fixed dis- tance and velocity or speed may be made, to obtain the delay-Doppler histogram image. Example histogram radar images are as shown in the Figure 5 below. The collection of these images from ((I,p) in Figure 4) are used to train the CNN agent shown in Figure 4. The CNN agent / ML system may take as input (e.g., for training), radar images rep- resenting training value sets and / or delay-Doppler histograms, and associated indicated parameter values, e.g. target parameters assumed to be correct and / or representative of the target scenario. The ML system may comprise one ore more convolution layers and / or one or more pooling layers, which may for example be used for extraction infer- mation, e.g., successive in different layers. Fully connected layers maybe trained, e.g., to provide resulting parameters (which may correspond to indicated parameter values, e.g., according to, or indicated in, training.

[0108] Figure 5 shows example histogram images from the received signal for a pilot target (target scenario) or with known range and velocity (indicated small circle in each of the three example images in the panels of Figure 5). Each of the three panels of Figure 5 shows a different histogram image, and / or may correspond to different pilot targets and / or target scenarios.

[0109] Different implementations may can be employed during the live or inferencing phase, e.g., based on target speed and / or velocity and / or acceleration. In one variant or implemen- tation, in particular applicable to the case where the range and velocity of the target is changing very slowly (e.g., such that the measured values all represent essentially the same target scenario), multiple measurements or measured values make be taken of the target, to build a histogram image and use the trained agent for inferring on the target’s parameters as shown in the Figure 6; this may correspond to determining a resulting parameter value based on a histogramm and / or a measurement set.

[0110] Figure 6 shows an example of inferencing the target parameter (determining a resulting value) by the Al based radar receiver (representing the trained ME system and / or sensing node). To arrive at histogram image, multiple measurements of the target may be made, and target parameters such as range and velocity should not (significantly) change during this process, e.g., within certain threshold parameters; thus, the measurement set will represent the same target scenario. In this approach, the convolution and pooling layers as well as fully connected layer of the ML system may be used, to provied as resulting value estimated parameters fo range, Doppler / speed and / or velocity. Input may correspond to histogram or histogram image. An image may generally be considered to represent a representation of a sensing signaling parameter, which may be represented or representable as image, and / or as a two-dimensional representation, e.g. of delay / range over Doppler- shift / speed.

[0111] If the target is highly dynamic (quick target, e.g., speed and / or acceleration above associated thresholds), then the update rate of the receiver may need to be high, and there may not be enough time to capture sufficient observations to build the histogram. Therefore, a different approach to address this case is proposed. The training and inference structure may be modified, as shown Figures 7 and 8, respectively. During training / which may be in lieu of, or in addition too the training as indicated in Figure 6), each histogram image obtained from the measurement campaign as shown in the Figures 4 and 5, may be is converted into lower dimensional features called contexts, using a CNN as shown in Figure 7. Figure shows a training procedure for faster update rate approach, which may be performed in addition to the training as discussed in the context of Figure 4 and 5. The delay-Doppler images are converted into lower dimensional contexts. The context along with all the observed target parameters used in the histogram, p’ s, are used to train the fully connected network to equalize and / or evaluate the target parameter to true param- eter value p as resulting value. All the observations p in the histogram image together with the determine / trained context may be fed to a fully connected neural network to learn the functional mapping as given in the equation below:

[0112] F : {{Context, p}} p (3)

[0113] It may be considered that during the inferencing or live phase (operating the ML system or sensing node), the fully connected neural network layers of the Al pipeline may be used as shown in the Figure 8; the layers, e.g., convolutional and / or pooling layers used to train the context may be omitted and / or taken out of the layer structure. The target parameter observed from the classical signal processing method (measured value), p , together with the best context is fed into the trained fully connected neural network to obtain the hardware impairment corrected estimate p as shown in the Figure 8. The choice of the best context for a given p can be found by choosing the context corresponding to the representative histogram image used during the training. This may be performed auto- matically, e.g., by an agent and / or the sensing node, e.g., based on training information or context information provided and / or stored for the agent and / or sensing node.

[0114] Figure 8 shows that during the live or inferencing stage, the fully connected NN filter may be used to correct (de-convolve) the impairment, e.g., omitting convolutional and / or pooling layers, which may have been used for training and / or determining the context / s.

[0115] In general, the sensing node may be adapted for operating in sensing mode based on utilising the ML system and / or agent or CNN agent; for communication mode, the ML system may be un-utilised. However, the same receiving circuitry and / or transceiver circuitry may be utilised, e.g., at least in part. The ML system may be switched on when switching to sensing mode, and / or switched off when switching to communication mode.

[0116] Communication may be based on (DFTS-)OFDM; OFDM based radar may be used to allow re-use of as much hardware as possible.

[0117] Figure 9 schematically shows a radio node, in particular a wireless device or terminal 10 or a UE (User Equipment). Radio node 10 comprises processing circuitry (which may also be referred to as control circuitry) 20, which may comprise a controller connected to a memory. Any module of the radio node 10, e.g. a communicating module or determining module, may be implemented in and / or executable by, the processing circuitry 20, in particular as module in the controller. Radio node 10 also comprises radio circuitry 22 providing receiving and transmitting or transceiving functionality (e.g., one or more transmitters and / or receivers and / or transceivers), the radio circuitry 22 being connected or connectable to the processing circuitry. An antenna circuitry 24 of the radio node 10 is connected or connectable to the radio circuitry 22 to collect or send and / or amplify signals. Radio circuitry 22 and the processing circuitry 20 controlling it are configured for cellular communication with a network, e.g. a RAN as described herein, and / or for sidelink communication (which may be within coverage of the cellular network, or out of coverage; and / or may be considered non-cellular communication and / or be associated to a non-cellular wireless communication network). Radio node 10 may generally be adapted to carry out any of the methods of operating a radio node like terminal or UE disclosed herein; in particular, it may comprise corresponding circuitry, e.g. processing circuitry, and / or modules, e.g. software modules. It may be considered that the radio node 10 comprises, and / or is connected or connectable, to a power supply. A DFE may be considered part of radio circuitry; an analog frontend may be associated to radio circuitry and / or antenna circuitry.

[0118] Figure 10 schematically shows a radio node 100, which may in particular be implemented as a network node 100, for example an eNB or gNB or similar for NR. Radio node 100 comprises processing circuitry (which may also be referred to as control circuitry) 120, which may comprise a controller connected to a memory. Any module, e.g. transmitting module and / or receiving module and / or configuring module of the node 100 may be implemented in and / or executable by the processing circuitry 120. The processing circuitry 120 is connected to control radio circuitry 122 of the node 100, which provides receiver and transmitter and / or transceiver functionality (e.g., comprising one or more transmitters and / or receivers and / or transceivers). An antenna circuitry 124 may be connected or con- nectable to radio circuitry 122 for signal reception or transmittance and / or amplification.

[0119] Node 100 may be adapted to carry out any of the methods for operating a radio node or network node disclosed herein; in particular, it may comprise corresponding circuitry, e.g. processing circuitry, and / or modules. The antenna circuitry 124 may be connected to and / or comprise an antenna array. The node 100, respectively its circuitry, may be adapted to perform any of the methods of operating a network node or a radio node as described herein; in particular, it may comprise corresponding circuitry, e.g. processing circuitry, and / or modules. The radio node 100 may generally comprise communication circuitry, e.g. for communication with another network node, like a radio node, and / or with a core network and / or an internet or local net, in particular with an information system, which may provide information and / or data to be transmitted to a user equipment. A DFE may be considered part of radio circuitry; an analog frontend may be associated to radio circuitry and / or antenna circuitry. In general, the wireless device and / or network node may operate in, and / or the communication signalling may be in TDD operation. It should be noted that the transmission of signalling from transmission sources may be synchronised and simultaneous; a shift in time may occur due to different propagation times, e.g. due to different beams and / or source locations.

[0120] A wireless device may in general comprise processing circuitry and / or radio circuitry, in particular a receiver and / or transceiver and / or transmitter, for performing measure- ment and / or to control beam switch and / or control beam-forming and / or receive and / or transmit signalling like communication signalling and / or sensing signalling. The wireless device may in particular be implemented as terminal or a user equipment. However, in some cases, e.g. relay and / or back-link and / or IAB scenarios, it may be implemented as network node or network radio node. A network node may in general comprise processing circuitry and / or radio circuitry, in particular a receiver and / or transceiver and / or trans- mitter, for transmitting reference signalling and / or a beam switch indication and / or for beam switching and / or to control beam switch and / or control beam-forming and / or receive and / or transmit signalling like communication signalling and / or sensing signalling. The second radio node may in particular be implemented as a network node, e.g. a net- work radio node and / or base station or a relay node or IAB node. However, in some cases, e.g. sidelink scenarios, the second radio node may be implemented as a wireless device or terminal, e.g. a user equipment.

[0121] In general, sensing signalling may be based on the same wave-form as the communication signalling. However, it may be based on a different wave-form in some variants. The sensing signalling may be OFDM based, for example, regular OFDM, or spread OFDM like DFT-s-OFDM, and / or pulse-shaped OFDM, or filter-bank based, or Single Carrier based. The communication signalling may be OFDM based, for example, regular OFDM, or spread OFDM like DFT-s-OFDM, and / or pulse-shaped OFDM , or filter-bank based, or Single Carrier based. The sensing signalling may be transmitted in a transmission timing structure corresponding to the transmission timing structure associated to the communication signalling, e.g. a frame structure, and / or be based on the same or a different numerology as the communication signalling. The timing structure (e.g., symbol duration or allocation unit duration) and / or types of modulation symbols carried by 965 signalling may be based on the wave-form used.

[0122] Communicating may comprise transmitting or receiving. It may be considered that communicating like transmitting signalling is based on a SC-FDM based wave-form, and / or corresponds to a Frequency Domain Filtered (FDF) DFTS-OFDM wave-form. However, the approaches may be applied to a Single Carrier based wave-form, e.g. a SC-FDM or SC- FDE-wave-form, which may be pulse-shaped / FDF-based. It should be noted that SC- FDM may be considered DFT-spread OFDM, such that SC-FDM and DFTS-OFDM may be used interchangeably. Alternatively, or additionally, the signalling (e.g., first signalling and / or second signalling) and / or beam / s (in particular, the first received beam and / or second received beam) may be based on a wave-form with CP or comparable guard time. The received beam and the transmission beam of the first beam pair may have the same (or similar) or different angular and / or spatial extensions; the received beam and the transmission beam of the second beam pair may have the same (or similar) or different angular and / or spatial extensions. It may be considered that the received beam and / or transmission beam of the first and / or second beam pair have angular extension of 20 degrees or less, or 15 degrees or less, or 10 or 5 degrees or less, at least in one of horizontal or vertical direction, or both; different beams may have different angular extensions. An ex- tended guard interval or switching protection interval may have a duration corresponding to essentially or at least N CP (cyclic prefix) durations or equivalent duration, wherein N may be 2, or 3 or 4. An equivalent to a CP duration may represent the CP duration associated to signalling with CP (e.g., SC-FDM-based or OFDMbased) for a wave-form without CP with the same or similar symbol time duration as the signalling with CP. Pulse-shaping (and / or performing FDF for) a modulation symbol and / or signalling, e.g. associated to a first subcarrier or bandwidth, may comprise mapping the modulation symbol (and / or the sample associated to it after FFT) to an associated second subcarrier or part of the bandwidth, and / or applying a shaping operation regarding the power and / or amplitude and / or phase of the modulation symbol on the first subcarrier and the second subcarrier, wherein the shaping operation may be according to a shaping function. Pulseshaping signalling may comprise pulse-shaping one or more symbols; pulse-shaped signalling may in general comprise at least one pulse-shaped symbol. Pulse-shaping may be performed based on a Nyquist-filter. It may be considered that pulse-shaping is per- formed based on periodically extending a frequency distribution of modulation symbols (and / or associated samples after FFT) over a first number of subcarrier to a larger, second number of subcarriers, wherein a subset of the first number of subcarriers from one end of the frequency distribution is appended at the other end of the first number of subcarriers.

[0123] In some variants, communicating may be based on a numerology (which may, e.g., be represented by and / or correspond to and / or indicate a subcarrier spacing and / or symbol time length) and / or an SC-FDM based wave-form (including a FDF-DFTS-FDM based wave-form) or a single-carrier based wave-form. Whether to use pulse- shaping or FDF on a SC-FDM or SC- based wave-form may depend on the modulation scheme (e.g., MCS) used. Such wave-forms may utilise a cyclic prefix and / or benefit particularly from the described approaches. Communicating may comprise and / or be based on beamforming, e.g. transmission beamforming and / or reception beamforming, respectively. It may be considered that a beam is produced by performing analog beamforming to provide the beam, e.g. a beam corresponding to a reference beam. Thus, signalling may be adapted, e.g. based on movement of the communication partner. A beam may for example be produced by performing analog beamforming to provide a beam corresponding to a reference beam. This allows efficient postprocessing of a digitally formed beam, without requiring changes to a digital beamforming chain and / or without requiring changes to a standard defining beam forming precoders. In general, a beam may be produced by hybrid beam forming, and / or by digital beamforming, e.g. based on a precoder. This facilitates easy processing of beams, and / or limits the number of power amplifiers / ADC / DCA required for antenna arrangements. It may be considered that a beam is produced by hybrid beamforming, e.g. by analog beamforming performed on a beam representation or beam formed based on digital beamforming. Monitoring and / or performing cell search may be based on reception beamforming, e.g. analog or digital or hybrid reception beamforming. The numerology may determine the length of a symbol time interval and / or the duration of a cyclic prefix. The approaches described herein are particularly suitable to SC-FDM, to ensure orthogonality, in particular subcarrier orthogonality, in corresponding systems, but may be used for other wave-forms. Communicating may comprise utilising a wave-form with cyclic prefix. The cyclic prefix may be based on a numerology, and may help keeping signalling orthogonal. Communicating may comprise, and / or be based on per- forming cell search, e.g. for a wireless device or terminal, or may comprise transmitting cell identifying signalling and / or a selection indication, based on which a radio node re- ceiving the selection indication may select a signalling bandwidth from a set of signalling bandwidths for performing cell search.

[0124] A beam or beam pair may in general be targeted at one radio node, or a group of radio nodes and / or an area including one or more radio nodes. In many cases, a beam or beam pair may be receiver- specific (e.g., UE-specific), such that only one radio node is served per beam / beam pair. A beam pair switch or switch of received beam (e.g., by using a different reception beam) and / or transmission beam may be performed at a border of a transmission timing structure, e.g. a slot border, or within a slot, for example between symbols. Some tuning of radio circuitry, e.g. for receiving and / or transmitting, may be performed. Beam pair switching may comprise switching from a second received beam to a first received beam, and / or from a second transmission beam to a first transmission beam. Switching may comprise inserting a guard period to cover retuning time; however, circuitry may be adapted to switch sufficiently quickly to essentially be instantaneous; this may in particular be the case when digital reception beamforming is used to switch reception beams for switching received beams.

[0125] A reference beam (or reference signalling beam) may be a beam comprising reference signalling, based on which for example a of beam signalling characteristics may be deter- mined, e.g. measured and / or estimated. A signalling beam may comprise signalling like control signalling and / or data signalling and / or reference signalling. A reference beam may be transmitted by a source or transmitting radio node, in which case one or more beam signalling characteristics may be reported to it from a receiver, e.g. a wireless device. However, in some cases it may be received by the radio node from another radio node or wireless device. In this case, one or more beam signalling characteristics may be determined by the radio node. A signalling beam may be a transmission beam, or a reception beam. A set of signalling characteristics may comprise a plurality of subsets of beam signalling characteristics, each subset pertaining to a different reference beam. Thus, a reference beam may be associated to different beam signalling characteristics. A reference beam may be used for sensing signalling; different reference beams and / or beam sweeping may be used for sensing signalling than for communication signalling. In particular, the angular size and / or distribution of reference signalling or a reference beam for sensing signalling may be different from that of a beam used for communication signalling in particular the angular size may be smaller than for communication signalling.

[0126] A beam signalling characteristic, respectively a set of such characteristics, may represent and / or indicate a signal strength and / or signal quality of a beam and / or a delay charac- teristic and / or be associated with received and / or measured signalling carried on a beam. Beam signalling characteristics and / or delay characteristics may in particular pertain to, and / or indicate, a number and / or list and / or order of beams with best (e.g., lowest mean delay and / or lowest spread / range) timing or delay spread, and / or of strongest and / or best quality beams, e.g. with associated delay spread. A beam signalling characteristic may be based on measurement / s performed on reference signalling carried on the reference beam it pertains to. The measurement / s may be performed by the radio node, or another node or wireless device. The use of reference signalling allows improved accuracy and / or gauging of the measurements. In some cases, a beam and / or beam pair may be represented by a beam identity indication, e.g. a beam or beam pair number. Such an in- dication may be represented by one or more signalling sequences (e.g., a specific reference signalling sequences or sequences), which may be transmitted on the beam and / or beam pair, and / or a signalling characteristic and / or a resource / s used (e.g., time / frequency and / or code) and / or a specific RNTI (e.g., used for scrambling a CRC for some messages or transmissions) and / or by information provided in signalling, e.g. control signalling and / or system signalling, on the beam and / or beam pair, e.g. encoded and / or provided in an information field or as information element in some form of message of signalling, e.g. DCI and / or MAC and / or RRC signalling. Different signalling characteristics may be used for sensing signalling than for communication signalling, e.g., based on sensing distance and / or target speed.

[0127] A reference beam may in general be one of a set of reference beams, the second set of reference beams being associated to the set of signalling beams. The sets being associated may refer to at least one beam of the first set being associated and / or corresponding to the second set (or vice versa), e.g. being based on it, for example by having the same analog or digital beamforming parameters and / or precoder and / or the same shape before analog beamforming, and / or being a modified form thereof, e.g. by performing additional analog beamforming. The set of signalling beams may be referred to as a first set of beams, a set of corresponding reference beams maybe referred to as second set of beams.

[0128] Communicating utilising a beam pair or a beam may comprise receiving signalling on a received beam (which may be a beam of a beam pair), and / or transmitting signalling on a beam, e.g. a beam of a beam pair. The following terms are to be interpreted from the point of view of the referred radio node: a received beam may be a beam carrying signalling received by the radio node (for reception, the radio node may use a reception beam, e.g. directed to the received beam, or be non-beamformed). A transmission beam may be a beam used by the radio node to transmit signalling. A beam pair may consist of a received beam and a transmission beam. The transmission beam and the received beam of a beam pair may be associated to each and / or correspond to each other, e.g. such that signalling on the received beam and signalling on a transmission beam travel essentially the same path (but in opposite directions), e.g. at least in a stationary or almost stationary condition. It should be noted that the terms “first” and “second” do not necessarily denote an order in time; a second signalling may be received and / or transmitted before, or in some cases simultaneous to, first signalling, or vice versa. The received beam and transmission beam of a beam pair may be on the same carrier or frequency range or bandwidth part, e.g. in a TDD operation; however, variants with FDD maybe considered as well. Different beam pairs may operate on the same frequency ranges or carriers or bandwidth parts (e.g., such that transmission beams operate on the same frequency range or carriers or bandwidth part, and received beams on the same frequency range or carriers or bandwidth part (the transmission beam and received beams may be on the same or different ranges or carriers or BWPs). Communicating utilizing a first beam pair and / or first beam may be based on, and / or comprise, switching from the second beam pair or second beam to the first beam pair or first beam for communicating. The switching may be controlled by the network, for example a network node (which may be the source or transmitter of the received beam of the first beam pair and / or second beam pair, or be associated thereto, for example associated transmission points or nodes in dual connectivity). Such controlling may comprise transmitting control signalling, e.g. physical layer signalling and / or higher layer signalling. In some cases, the switching may be performed by the radio node without additional control signalling, for example based on measurements on signal quality and / or signal strength of beam pairs (e.g., of first and second received beams), in particular the first beam pair and / or the second beam pair. For example, it maybe switched to the first beam pair (or first beam) if the signal quality or signal strength measured on the second beam pair (or second beam) is considered to be insufficient, and / or worse than corresponding measurements on the first beam pairindicate. Measurements performed on a beam pair (or beam) may in particular comprise measurements performed on a received beam of the beam pair. It maybe considered that the timing indication may be determined before switching from the second beam pair to the first beam pair for communicating. Thus, the synchronization may be in place and / or the timing indication may be available for synchronising) when starting communication utilizing the first beam pair or first beam. However, in some cases the timing indication may be determined after switching to the first beam pair or first beam. This may be in particular useful if first signalling is expected to be received after the switching only, for example based on a periodicity or scheduled timing of suitable reference signalling on the first beam pair, e.g. first received beam. In general, a reception beam of a node maybe associated to and / or correspond to a transmission beam of the node, e.g. such that the (spatial) angle of reception of the reception beam and the (spatial) angle of transmission of the transmission beam at least partially, or essentially or fully, overlap and / or coincide, in particular for TDD operation and / or independent of frequency. Spatial correspondence between beams may be considered in some cases, e.g. such that a beam pair (e.g., transmission beam of a transmitting node and reception beam of a receiving node) may be considered to comprise corresponding beams (e.g., the reception beam is suitable and / or the best beam to receive transmissions on the transmission beam, e.g. based on a threshold signal quality and / or signal strength and / or measurements); to each of such beams, there may be an associated or corresponding complementary beam of the respective node (e.g., to a transmission beam of a beam pair, there may be associated a reception beam of the transmitting node, and / or to the reception beam of a beam pair, there may be associated a transmitting beam of the receiving node; if the beams (e.g., at least essentially or substantially) overlap (e.g., in spatial angle), in some cases a beam pair maybe considered to indicate four beams (or actually, two beam pairs).

[0129] A transmission source may in particular comprise, and / or be represented by, and / or associated to, an antenna or group of antenna elements or antenna sub-array or antenna array or transmission point or TRP or TP (Transmission Point) or access point. In some cases, a transmission source may be represented or representable, and / or correspond to, and / or associated to, an antenna port or layer of transmission, e.g. for multi-layer transmission. Different transmission sources may in particular comprise different and / or separately controllable antenna element / s or (sub-)arrays and / or be associated to different antenna ports. In particular, analog beamforming may be used, with separate analog control of the different transmission sources. An antenna port may indicate a transmission source, and / or a one or more transmission parameter, in particular of reference signalling associated to the antenna port. In particular, transmission parameters pertaining to, and / or indicating a frequency domain distribution or mapping (e.g., which comb to use and / or which subcarrier or frequency offset to use, or similar) of modulation symbols of the reference signalling, and / or to which cyclic shift to use (e.g., to shift elements of a modulation symbol sequence, or a root sequence, or a sequence based on or derived from the root sequence) and / or to which cover code to use (e.g., (e.g., to shift elements of a modulation symbol sequence, or a root sequence, or a sequence based on or derived from the root sequence). In some cases, a transmission source may represent a target for reception, e.g. if it is implemented as a TRP or AP (Access Point).

[0130] There is generally considered a program product comprising instructions adapted for causing processing and / or control circuitry to carry out and / or control and / or perform any method described herein, in particular when executed on the processing and / or control circuitry. Also, there is considered a carrier medium arrangement carrying and / or storing a program product as described herein.

[0131] A carrier medium arrangement may comprise one or more carrier media. Generally, a carrier medium may be accessible and / or readable and / or receivable by processing or control circuitry. Storing data and / or a program product and / or code may be seen as part of carrying data and / or a program product and / or code. A carrier medium generally may comprise a guiding / transporting medium and / or a storage medium. A guiding / transporting medium may be adapted to carry and / or carry and / or store signals, in particular electromagnetic signals and / or electrical signals and / or magnetic signals and / or optical signals. A carrier medium, in particular a guiding / transporting medium, may be adapted to guide such signals to carry them. A carrier medium, in particular a guiding / transporting medium, may comprise the electromagnetic field, e.g. radio waves or microwaves, and / or optically transmissive material, e.g. glass fiber, and / or cable. A storage medium may comprise at least one of a memory, which may be volatile or nonvolatile, a buffer, a cache, an optical disc, magnetic memory, flash memory, etc. A system comprising one or more radio nodes as described herein, in particular a network node and a user equipment, is described. The system may be a wireless communication system, and / or provide and / or represent a radio access network.

[0132] Moreover, there may be generally considered a method of operating an information system, the method comprising providing information. Alternatively, or additionally, an information system adapted for providing information may be considered. Providing information may comprise providing information for, and / or to, a target system, which may comprise and / or be implemented as radio access network and / or a radio node, in particular a network node or user equipment or terminal. Providing information may comprise transferring and / or streaming and / or sending and / or passing on the information, and / or offering the information for such and / or for download, and / or triggering such providing, e.g. by triggering a different system or node to stream and / or transfer and / or send and / or pass on the information. The information system may comprise, and / or be connected or connectable to, a target, for example via one or more intermediate systems, e.g. a core network and / or internet and / or private or local network. Information may be provided utilising and / or via such intermediate system / s. Providing information may be for radio transmission and / or for transmission via an air interface and / or utilising a RAN or radio node as described herein. Connecting the information system to a target, and / or providing information, may be based on a target indication, and / or adaptive to a target indication. A target indication may indicate the target, and / or one or more parameters of transmission pertaining to the target and / or the paths or connections over which the information is provided to the target. Such parameter / s may in particular pertain to the air interface and / or radio access network and / or radio node and / or network node. Example parameters may indicate for example type and / or nature of the target, and / or transmission capacity (e.g., data rate) and / or latency and / or reliability and / or cost, respectively one or more estimates thereof. The target indication may be provided by the target, or determined by the information system, e.g. based on information received from the target and / or historical information, and / or be provided by a user, for example a user operating the target or a device in communication with the target, e.g. via the RAN and / or air interface. For example, a user may indicate on a user equipment communicating with the information system that information is to be provided via a RAN, e.g. by selecting from a selection provided by the information system, for example on a user application or user interface, which may be a web interface. An information system may comprise one or more information nodes. An information node may generally comprise processing circuitry and / or communication circuitry. In particular, an information system and / or an information node may be implemented as a computer and / or a computer arrangement, e.g. a host computer or host computer arrangement and / or server or server arrangement. In some variants, an interaction server (e.g., web server) of the information system may provide a user interface, and based on user input may trigger transmitting and / or streaming information provision to the user (and / or the target) from another server, which may be connected or connectable to the interaction server and / or be part of the information system or be connected or connectable thereto. The information may be any kind of data, in particular data intended for a user of for use at a terminal, e.g. video data and / or audio data and / or location data and / or interactive data and / or game -related data and / or environmental data and / or technical data and / or traffic data and / or vehicular data and / or circumstantial data and / or operational data. The information provided by the information system may be mapped to, and / or mappable to, and / or be intended for mapping to, communication or data signalling and / or one or more data channels as described herein (which may be signalling or channel / s of an air interface and / or used within a RAN and / or for radio transmission). It may be considered that the information is formatted based on the target indication and / or target, e.g. regarding data amount and / or data rate and / or data structure and / or timing, which in particular may be pertaining to a mapping to communication or data signalling and / or a data channel. Mapping information to data signalling and / or data channel / s may be considered to refer to using the signalling / channel / s to carry the data, e.g. on higher layers of communication, with the signalling / channel / s underlying the transmission. A target indication generally may comprise different components, which may have different sources, and / or which may indicate different characteristics of the target and / or communication path / s thereto. A format of information may be specifically selected, e.g. from a set of different formats, for information to be transmitted on an air interface and / or by a RAN as described herein. This may be particularly pertinent since an air interface may be limited in terms of capacity and / or of predictability, and / or potentially be cost sensitive. The format may be selected to be adapted to the transmission indication, which may in particular indicate that a RAN or radio node as described herein is in the path (which may be the indicated and / or planned and / or expected path) of information between the target and the information system. A (communication) path of information may represent the interface / s (e.g., air and / or cable interfaces) and / or the intermediate system / s (if any), between the information system and / or the node providing or transferring the information, and the target, over which the information is, or is to be, passed on. A path may be (at least partly) undetermined when a target indication is provided, and / or the information is provided / transferred by the information system, e.g. if an internet is involved, which may comprise multiple, dynamically chosen paths. Information and / or a format used for information may be packet-based, and / or be mapped, and / or be mappable and / or be intended for mapping, to packets. Alternatively, or additionally, there may be considered a method for operating a target device comprising providing a target indicating to an information system. More alternatively, or additionally, a target device may be considered, the target device being adapted for providing a target indication to an information system. In another approach, there may be considered a target indication tool adapted for, and / or comprising an indication module for, providing a target indication to an information system. The target device may generally be a target as described above. A target indication tool may comprise, and / or be implemented as, software and / or application or app, and / or web interface or user interface, and / or may comprise one or more modules for implementing actions performed and / or controlled by the tool. The tool and / or target device may be adapted for, and / or the method may comprise, receiving a user input, based on which a target indicating may be determined and / or provided. Alternatively, or additionally, the tool and / or target device may be adapted for, and / or the method may comprise, receiving information and / or communication signalling carrying information, and / or operating on, and / or presenting (e.g., on a screen and / or as audio or as other form of indication), information. The information may be based on received information and / or communication signalling carrying information. Presenting information may comprise processing received information, e.g. decoding and / or transforming, in particular between different formats, and / or for hardware used for presenting. Operating on information may be independent of or without presenting, and / or proceed or succeed presenting, and / or may be without userinteraction or even user reception, for example for automatic processes, or target devices without (e.g., regular) user interaction like MTC devices, of for automotive or transport or industrial use. The information or communication signalling may be expected and / or received based on the target indication. Presenting and / or operating on information may generally comprise one or more processing steps, in particular decoding and / or executing and / or interpreting and / or transforming information. Operating on information may generally comprise relaying and / or transmitting the information, e.g. on an air interface, which may include mapping the information onto signalling (such mapping may generally pertain to one or more layers, e.g. one or more layers of an air interface, e.g. RLC (Radio Link Control) layer and / or MAC layer and / or physical layer / s). The information may beimprinted (or mapped) on communication signalling based on the target indication, which may make it particularly suitable for use in a RAN (e.g., for a target device like a network node or in particular a UE or terminal). The tool may generally be adapted for use on a target device, like a UE or terminal. Generally, the tool may provide multiple functionalities, e.g. for providing and / or selecting the target indication, and / or presenting, e.g. video and / or audio, and / or operating on and / or storing received information. Providing a target indication may comprise transmitting or transferring the indication as signalling, and / or carried on signalling, in a RAN, for example if the target device is a UE, or the tool for a UE. It should be noted that such provided information may be transferred to the information system via one or more additionally communication interfaces and / or paths and / or connections. The target indication may be a higher-layer indication and / or the information provided by the information system may be higher-layer information, e.g. application layer or user-layer, in particular above radio layers like transport layer and physical layer. The target indication may be mapped on physical layer radio signalling, e.g. related to or on the user-plane, and / or the information may be mapped on physical layer radio communication signalling, e.g. related to or on the user-plane (in particular, in reverse communication directions). The described approaches allow a target indication to be provided, facilitating information to be provided in a specific format particularly suitable and / or adapted to efficiently use an air interface. A user input may for example represent a selection from a plurality of possible transmission modes or formats, and / or paths, e.g.in terms of data rate and / or packaging and / or size of information to be provided by the information system.

[0133] Signalling may generally comprise one or more (e.g., modulation) symbols and / or signals and / or messages. A signal may comprise or represent one or more bits. An indication may represent signalling, and / or be implemented as a signal, or as a plurality of signals. One ormore signals may be included in and / or represented by a message, signalling, in particular control signalling, may comprise a plurality of signals and / or messages, which may be transmitted on different carriers and / or be associated to different signalling processes, e.g. representing and / or pertaining to one or more such processes and / or corresponding information. An indication may comprise signalling, and / or a plurality of signals and / or messages and / or may be comprised therein, which may be transmitted on different carriers and / or be associated to different acknowledgement signalling processes, e.g. representing and / or pertaining to one or more such processes. Signalling associated to a channel may be transmitted such that represents signalling and / or information for that channel, and / or that the signalling is interpreted by the transmitter and / or receiver to belong to that channel. Such signalling may generally comply with transmission parameters and / or format / s for the channel.

[0134] An antenna arrangement may comprise one or more antenna elements (radiating elements), which may be combined in antenna arrays. An antenna array or sub-array may comprise one antenna element, or a plurality of antenna elements, which may be arranged e.g. two-dimensionally (for example, a panel) or three dimensionally. It maybe considered that each antenna array or sub-array or element is separately controllable, respectively that different antenna arrays are controllable separately from each other. A single antenna element / radiator maybe considered the smallest example of a sub-array. Examples of antenna arrays comprise one or more multiantenna panels or one or more individually controllable antenna elements. An antenna arrangement may comprise a plurality of antenna arrays. It may be considered that an antenna arrangement is associated to a (specific and / or single) radio node, e.g. a configuring or informing or scheduling radio node, e.g. to be controlled or controllable by the radio node. An antenna arrangement associated to a UE or terminal may be smaller (e.g., in size and / or number of antenna elements or arrays) than the antenna arrangement associated to a network node. Antenna elements of an antenna arrangement may be configurable for different arrays, e.g. to change the beamforming characteristics. In particular, antenna arrays may be formed by combining one or more independently or separately controllable antenna elements or sub-arrays. The beams may be provided by analog beamforming, or in some variants by digital beamforming, or by hybrid beamforming combing analog and digital beamforming. The informing radio nodes may be configured with the manner of beam transmission, e.g. by transmitting a corresponding indicator or indication, for example as beam identify indication. However, there may be considered cases in which the informing radio node / s are not configured with such information, and / or operate transparently, not knowing the way of beamforming used. An antenna arrangement may be considered separately controllable in regard to the phase and / or amplitude / power and / or gain of a signal feed to it for transmission, and / or separately controllable antenna arrangements may comprise an independent or separate transmit and / or receive unit and / or ADC (analog-Digital-Converter, alternatively an ADC chain) or DCA (Digital-to-analog Converter, alternatively a DCA chain) to convert digital control information into an analog antenna feed for the whole antenna arrangement (the ADC / DCA may be considered part of, and / or connected or connectable to, antenna circuitry) or vice versa. A scenario in which an ADC or DCA is controlled directly for beamforming may be considered an analog beamforming scenario; such controlling may be performed after encoding / decoding and 7 or after modulation symbols have been mapped to resource elements. This may be on the level of antenna arrangements using the same ADC / DCA, e.g. one antenna element or a group of antenna elements associated to the same ADC / DCA. Digital beamforming may correspond to a scenario in which processing for beamforming is provided before feeding signalling to the ADC / DCA, e.g. by using one or more precoder / s and / or by precoding information, for example before and / or when mapping modulation symbols to resource elements. Such a precoder for beamforming may provide weights, e.g. for amplitude and / or phase, and / or may be based on a (precoder) codebook, e.g. selected from a codebook. A precoder may pertain to one beam or more beams, e.g. defining the beam or beams. The codebook may be configured or configurable, and / or be predefined. DFT beamforming may be considered a form of digital beamforming, wherein a DFT procedure is used to form one or more beams. Hybrid forms of beamforming may be considered.

[0135] A beam may be defined by a spatial and / or angular and / or spatial angular distribution of radiation and / or a spatial angle (also referred to as solid angle) or spatial (solid) angle distribution into which radiation is transmitted (for transmission beamforming) or from which it is received (for reception beamforming). Reception beamforming may comprise only accepting signals coming in from a reception beam (e.g., using analog beamforming to not receive outside reception beam / s), and / or sorting out signals that do not come in in a reception beam, e.g. in digital postprocessing, e.g. digital beamforming. Abeam may have a solid angle equal to or smaller than 4*pi sr (4*pi correspond to a beam covering all directions), in particular smaller than 2* pi, or pi, or pi / 2, or pi / 4 or pi / 8 or pi / 16. In particular for high frequencies, smaller beams may be used. Different beams may have different directions and / or sizes (e.g., solid angle and / or reach). A beam may have a main direction, which may be defined by a main lobe (e.g., center of the main lobe, e.g. pertaining to signal strength and / or solid angle, which may be averaged and / or weighted to determine the direction), and may have one or more sidelobes. A lobe may generally be defined to have a continuous or contiguous distribution of energy and / or power transmitted and / or received, e.g. bounded by one or more contiguous or contiguous regions of zero energy (or practically zero energy). A main lobe may comprise the lobe with the largest signal strength and / or energy and / or power content. However, sidelobes usually appear due to limitations of beamforming, some of which may carry signals with significant strength, and may cause multi-path effects. A sidelobe may generally have a different direction than a main lobe and / or other side lobes, however, due to reflections a sidelobe still may contribute to transmitted and / or received energy or power. A beam may be swept and / or switched over time, e.g., such that its (main) direction is changed, but its shape (angular / solid angle distribution) around the main direction is not changed, e.g. from the transmitter’s views for a transmission beam, or the receiver’s view for a reception beam, respectively. Sweeping may correspond to continuous or near continuous change of main direction (e.g., such that after each change, the main lobe from before the change covers at least partly the main lobe after the change, e.g. at least to 50 or 75 or 90 percent). Switching may correspond to switching direction non-continuously, e.g. such that after each change, the main lobe from before the change does not cover the main lobe after the change, e.g. at most to 50 or 25 or 10 percent.

[0136] Signal strength may be a representation of signal power and / or signal energy, e.g. as seen from a transmitting node or a receiving node. A beam with larger strength at transmission (e.g., according to the beamforming used) than another beam does may not necessarily have larger strength at the receiver, and vice versa, for example due to interference and / or obstruction and / or dispersion and / or absorption and / or reflection and / or attrition or other effects influencing a beam or the signalling it carries. Signal quality may in general be a representation of how well a signal may be received over noise and / or interference. A beam with better signal quality than another beam does not necessarily have a larger beam strength than the other beam. Signal quality may be represented for example by SIR, SNR, SINR, BER, BLER, Energy per resource element over noise / interference or another corresponding quality measure. Signal quality and / or signal strength may pertain to, and / or may be measured with respect to, a beam, and / or specific signalling carried by the beam, e.g. reference signalling and / or a specific channel, e.g. a data channel or control channel. Signal strength may be represented by received signal strength, and / or relative signal strength, e.g. in comparison to a reference signal (strength).

[0137] Uplink or sidelink signalling may be OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) or SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) signalling. Downlink signalling may in particular be OFDMA signalling. However, signalling like communication signalling and / or sensing signalling is not limited thereto (Filter-Bank based signalling and / or Single-Carrier based signalling, e.g. SC-FDE signalling, may be considered alternatives).

[0138] A radio node may generally be considered a device or node adapted for wireless and / or radio (and / or millimeter wave) frequency communication, and / or for communication utilising an air interface, e.g. according to a communication standard.

[0139] A radio node may be a network node, or a user equipment or terminal. A network node may be any radio node of a wireless communication network, e.g. a base station and / or gNodeB (gNB) and / or eNodeB (eNB) and / or relay node and / or micro / nano / pico / femto node and / or transmission point (TP) and / or access point (AP) and / or other node, in particular for a RAN or other wireless communication network as described herein.

[0140] The terms user equipment (UE) and terminal may be considered to be interchangeable in the context of this disclosure. A wireless device, user equipment or terminal may represent an end device for communication utilising the wireless communication network, and / or be implemented as a user equipment according to a standard. Examples of user equipments may comprise a phone like a smartphone, a personal communication device, a mobile phone or terminal, a computer, in particular laptop, a sensor or machine with radio capability (and / or adapted for the air interface), in particular for MTC (Machine-Type-Communication, sometimes also referred to M2M, Machine-To-Machine), or a vehicle adapted for wireless communication. A user equipment or terminal may be mobile or stationary. A wireless device generally may comprise, and / or be implemented as, processing circuitry and / or radio circuitry, which may comprise one or more chips or sets of chips. The circuitry and / or circuitries may be packaged, e.g. in a chip housing, and / or may have one or more physical interfaces to interact with other circuitry and / or for power supply. Such a wireless device may be intended for use in a user equipment or terminal.

[0141] A radio node may generally comprise processing circuitry and / or radio circuitry. A radio node, in particular a network node, may in some cases comprise cable circuitry and / or communication circuitry, with which it may be connected or connectable to another radio node and / or a core network.

[0142] Circuitry may comprise integrated circuitry. Processing circuitry may comprise one or more processors and / or controllers (e.g., microcontrollers), and / or ASICs (Application Specific Integrated Circuitry) and / or FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Array), or similar. It may be considered that processing circuitry comprises, and / or is (operatively) connected or connectable to one or more memories or memory arrangements. A memory arrangement may comprise one or more memories. A memory may be adapted to store digital information. Examples for memories comprise volatile and non-volatile memory, and / or Random Access Memory (RAM), and / or Read-Only-Memory (ROM), and / or magnetic and / or optical memory, and / or flash memory, and / or hard disk memory, and / or EPROM or EEPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM or Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM).

[0143] Radio circuitry may comprise one or more transmitters and / or receivers and / or transceivers (a transceiver may operate or be operable as transmitter and receiver, and / or may comprise joint or separated circuitry for receiving and transmitting, e.g. in one package or housing), and / or may comprise one or more amplifiers and / or oscillators and / or filters, and / or may comprise, and / or be connected or connectable to antenna circuitry and / or one or more antennas and / or antenna arrays. An antenna array may comprise one or more antennas, which may be arranged in a dimensional array, e.g. 2D or 3D array, and / or antenna panels. A remote radio head (RRH) may be considered as an example of an antenna array. However, in some variants, an RRH may be also be implemented as a network node, depending on the kind of circuitry and / or functionality implemented therein.

[0144] Communication circuitry may comprise radio circuitry and / or cable circuitry. Communication circuitry generally may comprise one or more interfaces, which may be air inter face / s and / or cable interface / s and / or optical interface / s, e.g. laser-based. Interface / s may be in particular packet-based. Cable circuitry and / or a cable interfaces may comprise, and / or be connected or connectable to, one or more cables (e.g., optical fiber-based and / or wire- based), which may be directly or indirectly (e.g., via one or more intermediate systems and / or interfaces) be connected or connectable to a target, e.g. controlled by communication circuitry and / or processing circuitry.

[0145] Any one or all of the modules disclosed herein may be implemented in software and / or firmware and / or hardware. Different modules may be associated to different components of a radio node, e.g. different circuitries or different parts of a circuitry. It may be considered that a module is distributed over different components and / or circuitries. A program product as described herein may comprise the modules related to a device on which the program product is intended (e.g., a user equipment or network node) to be executed (the execution may be performed on, and / or controlled by the associated circuitry).

[0146] A wireless communication network may be or comprise a radio access network and / or a backhaul network (e.g. a relay or backhaul network or an IAB network), and / or a Radio Access Network (RAN) in particular according to a communication standard. A communication standard may in particular a standard according to 3 GPP and / or 5G, e.g. according to NR or LTE, in particular LTE Evolution.

[0147] A wireless communication network may be and / or comprise a Radio Access Network (RAN), which may be and / or comprise any kind of cellular and / or wireless radio network, which may be connected or connectable to a core network. The approaches described herein are particularly suitable for a 5G network, e.g. LTE Evolution and / or NR (New Radio), respectively successors thereof. A RAN may comprise one or more network nodes, and / or one or more terminals, and / or one or more radio nodes. A network node may in particular be a radio node adapted for radio and / or wireless and / or cellular communication with one or more terminals. A terminal may be any device adapted for radio and / or wireless and / or cellular communication with or within a RAN, e.g. a user equipment (UE) or mobile phone or smartphone or computing device or vehicular communication device or device for machine- type-communication (MTC), etc. A terminal may be mobile, or in some cases stationary. A RAN or a wireless communication network may comprise at least one network node and a UE, or at least two radio nodes. There may be generally considered a wireless communication network or system, e.g. a RAN or RAN system, comprising at least one radio node, and / or at least one network node and at least one terminal.

[0148] Transmitting in downlink may pertain to transmission from the network or network node to the terminal, or to a target for sensing. Transmitting in uplink may pertain to transmission from the terminal to the network or network node or to a sensing target. Transmitting in sidelink may pertain to (direct) transmission from one terminal to another. Uplink, downlink and sidelink (e.g., sidelink transmission and reception) may be considered communication directions. In some variants, uplink and downlink may also be used to described wireless communication between network nodes, e.g. for wireless backhaul and / or relay communication and / or (wireless) network communication for example between base stations or similar network nodes, in particular communication terminating at such. It may be considered that backhaul and / or relay communication and / or network communication is implemented as a form of sidelink or uplink communication or similar thereto.

[0149] Signalling may generally be considered to represent an electromagnetic wave structure (e.g., over a time interval and frequency interval), which is intended to convey informa- tion to at least one specific or generic (e.g., anyone who might pick up the signalling) target. A process of signalling may comprise transmitting the signalling. Transmitting signalling, in particular control signalling or communication signalling, e.g. comprising or representing acknowledgement signalling and / or resource requesting information, may comprise encoding and / or modulating. Encoding and / or modulating may comprise error detection coding and / or forward error correction encoding and / or scrambling. Receiving control signalling may comprise corresponding decoding and / or demodulation. Error detection coding may comprise, and / or be based on, parity or checksum approaches, e.g. CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check). Forward error correction coding may comprise and / or be based on for example turbo coding and / or Reed- Muller coding, and / or polar coding and / or LDPC coding (Low Density Parity Check). The type of coding used may be based on the channel (e.g., physical channel) the coded signal is associated to. A code rate may represent the ratio of the number of information bits before encoding to the number of encoded bits after encoding, considering that encoding adds coding bits for error detection coding and forward error correction. Coded bits may refer to information bits (also called systematic bits) plus coding bits.

[0150] Communication signalling may comprise, and / or represent, and / or be implemented as, data signalling, and / or user plane signalling. Communication signalling may be associated to a data channel, e.g. a physical downlink channel or physical uplink channel or physical sidelink channel, in particular a PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel) or PSSCH (Physical Sidelink Shared Channel). Generally, a data channel may be a shared channel or a dedicated channel. Data signalling may be signalling associated to and / or on a data channel.

[0151] An indication generally may explicitly and / or implicitly indicate the information it represents and / or indicates. Implicit indication may for example be based on position and / or resource used for transmission. Explicit indication may for example be based on a parametrisation with one or more parameters, and / or one or more index or indices, and / or one or more bit patterns representing the information. It may in particular be considered that control signalling as described herein, based on the utilised resource sequence, implicitly indicates the control signalling type.

[0152] A resource element may generally describe the smallest individually usable and / or encodable and / or decodable and / or modulatable and / or demodulatable time-frequency resource, and / or may describe a time-frequency resource covering a symbol time length in time and a subcarrier in frequency. A signal may be allocatable and / or allocated to a resource element. A subcarrier may be a subband of a carrier, e.g. as defined by a standard. A carrier may define a frequency and / or frequency band for transmission and / or reception. In some variants, a signal (jointly encoded / modulated) may cover more than one resource elements. A resource element may generally be as defined by a correspond- ing standard, e.g. NR or LTE. As symbol time length and / or subcarrier spacing (and / or numerology) may be different between different symbols and / or subcarriers, different re- source elements may have different extension (length / width) in time and / or frequency domain, in particular resource elements pertaining to different carriers.

[0153] A resource generally may represent a time-frequency and / or code resource, on which signalling, e.g. according to a specific format, may be communicated, for example transmitted and / or received, and / or be intended for transmission and / or reception.

[0154] Sensing and communication may utilise the same carrier and / or bandwidth. They may be multiplexed, e.g., in time domain and / or frequency domain.

[0155] A carrier may generally represent a frequency range or band and / or pertain to a central frequency and an associated frequency interval. It may be considered that a carrier com- prises a plurality of subcarriers . A carrier may have assigned to it a central frequency or center frequency interval, e.g. represented by one or more subcarriers (to each subcarrier there may be generally assigned a frequency bandwidth or interval). Different carriermay be non-overlapping, and / or may be neighbouring in frequency domain.

[0156] It should be noted that the term “radio” in this disclosure may be considered to pertain to wireless communication in general, and may also include wireless communication utilising millimeter waves, in particular above one of the thresholds 10 GHz or 20 GHz or 50 GHz or 52 GHz or 52.6 GHz or 60 GHz or 72 GHz or 100 GHz or 114 GHz. Such communication may utilise one or more carriers, e.g. in FDD and / or carrier aggregation. Upper frequency boundaries may correspond to 300 GHz or 200 GHz or 120 GHz or any of the thresholds larger than the one representing the lower frequency boundary. A radio node, in particular a network node or a terminal, may generally be any device adapted for transmitting and / or receiving radio and / or wireless signals and / or data, inparticular communication data, in particular on at least one carrier. The at least one carrier may comprise a carrier accessed based on an LBT procedure (which may be called LBT carrier), e.g., an unlicensed carrier. It may be considered that the carrier is part of a carrier aggregate.

[0157] Receiving or transmitting on a cell or carrier may refer to receiving or transmitting utilizing a frequency (band) or spectrum associated to the cell or carrier. A cell may generally comprise and / or be defined by or for one or more carriers, in particular at least one carrier for UL communication / transmission (called UL carrier) and at least one carrier for DL communication / transmission (called DL carrier). It may be considered that a cell comprises different numbers of UL carriers and DL carriers. Alternatively, or additionally, a cell may comprise at least one carrier for UL communication / transmission and DL communication / transmission, e.g., in TDD-based approaches.

[0158] In general, a symbol may represent and / or be associated to a symbol time length, which may be dependent on the carrier and / or subcarrier spacing and / or numerology of the associated carrier. Accordingly, a symbol may be considered to indicate a time intervalhaving a symbol time length in relation to frequency domain. A symbol time length may be dependent on a carrier frequency and / or bandwidth and / or numerology and / or subcarrier spacing of, or associated to, a symbol. Accordingly, different symbols may have different symbol time lengths. In particular, numerologies with different subcarrier spacings may have different symbol time length. Generally, a symbol time length may be based on, and / or include, a guard time interval or cyclic extension, e.g. prefix or postfix.

[0159] Example types of signalling comprise signalling of a specific communication direction, in particular, uplink signalling, downlink signalling, sidelink signalling, as well as reference signalling (e.g., SRS or CRS or CSLRS), communication signalling, control signalling, and / or signalling associated to a specific channel like PUSCH, PDSCH, PUCCH, PDCCH, PSCCH, PSSCH, etc.).

[0160] In this disclosure, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth (such as particular network functions, processes and signalling steps) in order to provide a thorough understanding of the technique presented herein. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the present concepts and aspects may be practised in other variants and variants that depart from these specific details. For example, the concepts and variants are partially described in the context of Long Term Evolution (LTE) or LTE- Advanced (LTE-A) or New Radio mobile or wireless communications technologies; however, this does not rule out the use of the present concepts and aspects in connection with additional or alternative mobile communication technologies such as the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) or IEEE standards as IEEE 802.1 lad or IEEE 802.11 ay. While described variants may pertain to certain Technical Specifications (TS s) of the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), it will be appreciated that the present approaches, concepts and aspects could also be realized in connection with different Performance Management (PM) specifications.

[0161] Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the services, functions and steps explained herein may be implemented using software functioning in conjunction with a programmed microprocessor, or using an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or general purpose computer. It will also be appreciated that while the variants described herein are elucidated in the context of methods and devices, the concepts and aspects presented herein may also be embodied in a program product as well as in a system comprising control circuitry, e.g. a computer processor and a memory coupled to the processor, wherein the memory is encoded with one or more programs or program products that execute the services, functions and steps disclosed herein.

[0162] It is believed that the advantages of the aspects and variants presented herein will be fully understood from the foregoing description, and it will be apparent that various changes may be made in the form, constructions and arrangement of the exemplary aspects thereof without departing from the scope of the concepts and aspects described herein or without sacrificing all of its advantageous effects. The aspects presented herein can be varied in many ways.

[0163] Some useful abbreviations comprise

[0164] Abbreviation Explanation

[0165] ABF Analog beamformer, fanout to antenna+beamforming

[0166] ACK / NACK Acknowledgment / Negative Acknowledgement

[0167] Ant Antenna

[0168] ARQ Automatic Repeat reQuest

[0169] BB BaseBand

[0170] Beamindex IF beamindex interface

[0171] BER Bit Error Rate

[0172] BI Beam Index

[0173] BLER Block Error Rate

[0174] BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying

[0175] BWP Bandwidth Part

[0176] CAZAC Constant Amplitude Zero Cross Correlation

[0177] CB Code Block

[0178] CBB Code Block Bundle

[0179] CBG Code Block Group

[0180] CDM Code Division Multiplex

[0181] CM Cubic Metric

[0182] CNN Convolution Neural Network

[0183] Comm RXBB communication receiver baseband

[0184] CORESET Control Resource Set

[0185] CP Cyclic Prefix

[0186] CP rem CP removal

[0187] CQI Channel Quality Information

[0188] CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check

[0189] CRS Common reference signal

[0190] CSI Channel State Information

[0191] CSI-RS Channel state information reference signal

[0192] DAI Downlink Assignment Indicator

[0193] DCI Downlink Control Information

[0194] DFE Digital Frontend DFT Discrete Fourier Transform

[0195] DFTS-FDM DFT-spread-FDM

[0196] DM(-)RS Demodulation reference signal(ing) eMBB enhanced Mobile BroadBand FDD Frequency Division Duplex

[0197] FDE Frequency Domain Equalisation

[0198] FDF Frequency Domain Filtering

[0199] FDM Frequency Division Multiplex

[0200] FFT Fast Fourier Transform

[0201] GPIO General Purpose Input Output

[0202] HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request

[0203] IAB Integrated Access and Backhaul

[0204] IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform

[0205] Im Imaginary part, e.g. for pi / 2*BPSK modulation

[0206] IR Impulse Response

[0207] ISI Inter Symbol Interference

[0208] JCAS Joint Communication and Sensing

[0209] MBB Mobile Broadband

[0210] MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme

[0211] MIMO Multiple-input-multiple-output

[0212] MRC Maximum-ratio combining

[0213] MRT Maximum-ratio transmission

[0214] MU-MIMO Multiuser multiple-input-multiple-output

[0215] OFDM / A Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex / Multiple Access

[0216] PAPR Peak to Average Power Ratio

[0217] PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel

[0218] PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel

[0219] PRACH Physical Random Access CHannel

[0220] PRB Physical Resource Block

[0221] PRS Positioning Reference Signal(ing)

[0222] PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel

[0223] PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel

[0224] (P)SCCH (Physical) Sidelink Control Channel

[0225] PSS Primary Synchronisation Signal(ing)

[0226] PT-RS Phase Tracking Reference signalling

[0227] (P)SSCH (Physical) Sidelink Shared Channel QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

[0228] OCC Orthogonal Cover Code

[0229] QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

[0230] PSD Power Spectral Density

[0231] RAN Radio Access Network

[0232] RAT Radio Access Technology

[0233] RB Resource Block

[0234] RCS Radar Cross Section

[0235] RE Resource Element

[0236] Re Real part (e.g., for pi / 2*BPSK) modulation

[0237] RF Radio Frequency

[0238] RNTI Radio Network Temporary Identifier

[0239] RRC Radio Resource Control

[0240] RX Receiver, Reception, Reception-related / side

[0241] SA Scheduling Assignment SC-FDE Single Carrier Frequency Domain Equalisation SC-FDM / A Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiplex / Multiple Access

[0242] SCI Sidelink Control Information

[0243] SINR Signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio

[0244] SIR Signal-to-interference ratio

[0245] SNR Signal-to-noise-ratio

[0246] SPI Serial to Parallel Interface

[0247] SR Scheduling Request

[0248] SRS Sounding Reference Signal(ing) sss Secondary Synchronisation Signal(ing)

[0249] SVD Singular-value decomposition

[0250] TB Transport Block

[0251] TDD Time Division Duplex

[0252] TDM Time Division Multiplex

[0253] T-RS Tracking Reference signalling or Timing Reference signalling

[0254] TX Transmitter, Transmission, Transmission-related / side

[0255] UCI Uplink Control Information

[0256] UDC Up-Down Converter, mixing from BB j-^RF

[0257] UE User Equipment

[0258] URELC Ultra Eow Eatency High Reliability Communication VL-MIMO Very-large multiple-input-multiple-output WD Wireless Device

[0259] Wfg Waveform Generator

[0260] ZC Zadoff-Chu

[0261] ZF Zero Forcing

[0262] ZP Zero-Power, e.g. muted CSI-RS symbol

[0263] Abbreviations may be considered to follow 3 GPP usage if applicable.

Claims

1. Method of training a machine learning, ML, system for operating a sensing node in sensing operation, the method comprising training the ML system based on a plurality of training value sets; wherein each of the training value sets comprises a plurality of training values of a sensing signaling parameter; wherein to each of the training value sets, an indicated parameter value of the sensing signaling parameter is associated.

2. Method of operating a machine learning, ML, system, in particular a ML system trained according to a method of claim 1, the method comprising determing a measurement set of measured values of a sensing signaling parameter for a sensing target, and determining a resulting value of the sensing signaling parameter based on evaluating the measurement set utilising the ML system.

3. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein training the ML system is based on, and / or comprises, determining the plurality of training value sets.

4. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein each value represents a n-tuple of values, and / or wherein each parameter represents a n-tuple of parameters, wherein n is an integer value of 1 or larger.

5. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the training and / or operating compensates for hardware impairment of the sensing node.

6. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein different training value sets and / or different values of a sensing signaling parameter correspond to different target situations.

7. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the training value sets represent histograms of measurements of the sensing signaling parameter, and / or the measurement set represents a histogram of measurements of the sensing signaling parameter.

8. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the sensing signaling parameter represents and / or comprises one or more of Doppler shift and / or path delay, and / or speed and / or velocity and / or distance and / or range and / or position of a target.

9. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the ML system is trained to determine a context of a measurement set and / or training value set and / or associated values.

10. Method according to one of claims 2 to 9, wherein evaluating is based on comparing a set of measured values to a training value set.

11. Method according to one of claims 2 to 10, wherein evaluating is based on determining a context for at least one measured value.

12. Machine learning, ML, system, the machine learning system adapted for performing a method according to one of the preceding claims.

13. Sensing node, in particular a radio node adapted for joint communication and sensing, the sensing node comprising a machine learning, ML, system according to claim 12, and / or being adapted for performing a method according to one of claims 1 to 11.

14. Program product comprising instructions causing processing circuitry to control and / or perform a method according to one of claims 2 to 11.

15. Carrier medium arrangement carrying and / or storing a program product according to claim 14.

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