Terminal

Abstract

This terminal comprises: a control unit that predicts, using a learning model, a first mobility state indicating a mobility state of the terminal in a first period including a prediction point of time, and a second mobility state indicating the mobility state in a second period including a more future point of time than the first period; and a transmission unit that transmits at least the second mobility state to a network.

Description

Terminal

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a terminal that predicts a movement state using a learning model.

[0002] The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP (registered trademark)) has specified the 5th generation mobile communication system (5G, also known as New Radio (NR) or Next Generation (NG)), and is also working on specifications for next-generation mobile communication systems called Beyond 5G, 5G Evolution, or 6G.

[0003] For example, the use of artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) models (hereinafter also referred to as learning models) is being considered. The learning models are installed in terminals (hereinafter also referred to as user equipment (UE)) or base stations (hereinafter also referred to as gNodeB (gNB)) and are used to predict various parameters. By using the various parameters predicted by the learning models, performance improvements in various areas such as Channel State Information feedback (CSI feedback), Beam Management (BM), positioning, mobility, network slicing, and Quality of Experience (QoE) are expected (Non-Patent Document 1).

[0004] For example, it is conceivable to utilize a learning model for mobility. Mobility is a term with various meanings, but in this specification, it refers to the mobility state of a UE (UE mobility state, hereinafter simply referred to as mobility state). The mobility state may be interpreted as the movement speed of a UE over a predetermined period. The movement speed may be the average movement speed over the predetermined period, or the median of the average speeds over each period when the predetermined period is divided into multiple periods.

[0005] By using the mobility state, the network can tune the parameters for UE handover (HO) (for example, when the mobility state is high mobility state, timeToTrigger can be shortened). Also, by using the mobility state, the network can achieve UE power saving (for example, when the mobility state is stationary state or low mobility state, the network can relax the requirements for Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurements).

[0006] “Moderator's summary for REL-19 RAN2 topic AI / ML for Air Interface SI (Mobility)”, RP-232622, 3GPP TSG RAN Meeting #101, 3GPP, September 11-15, 2023

[0007] The significance of utilizing learning models in acquiring mobility states is significant. For example, while UEs previously calculated their mobility states based on information from the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), learning models can now predict the mobility states. This allows for easy and fast acquisition of mobility states even in situations where it is difficult to acquire information from GNSS or when it takes time to calculate the mobility states.

[0008] However, even if the mobility state is predicted using a learning model as described above, it is not possible to handle situations where the mobility state changes frequently. In such cases, after a UE acquires a mobility state, by the time the network grasps the mobility state, the mobility state may have changed, and the correct mobility state may not be available.

[0009] Therefore, an object of the present disclosure is to provide a terminal that can predict the mobility state with high accuracy by utilizing a learning model, even when the mobility state changes frequently.

[0010] The terminal includes a control unit (control unit 270) that predicts, using a learning model, a first moving state that indicates the moving state of the terminal in a first period that includes the prediction time point, and a second moving state that indicates the moving state in a second period that includes a time point further in the future than the first period, and a transmission unit (wireless signal transmission / reception unit 210) that transmits at least the second moving state to a network.

[0011] FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an overall schematic configuration of a wireless communication system. FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a frequency range used in the wireless communication system. FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a radio frame, subframe, slot, and symbol used in the wireless communication system. FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram of a terminal. FIG. 5 is a functional block diagram of a base station. FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an example of the architecture of a learning model. FIG. 7 is a sequence diagram showing an example of predicting a mobility state. FIG. 8 is a sequence diagram showing an example of predicting a change in a mobility state. FIG. 9 is a diagram showing an example of implementation when predicting a mobility state. FIG. 10 is a diagram showing an example of implementation when predicting a mobility state. FIG. 11 is a sequence diagram showing an example of predicting a state transition change related to a cell edge. FIG. 12 is a sequence diagram showing an example of transmitting a mobility state in a UE HO. FIG. 13 is a sequence diagram showing an example of transmitting a mobility state in a UE HO. FIG. 14 is a sequence diagram showing an example of transmitting a mobility state from a Central Unit (CU) to a Distributed Unit (DU). FIG. 15 is a sequence diagram showing an example of transmitting a mobility state from a Central Unit (CU) to a Distributed Unit (DU). Fig. 16 is a sequence diagram showing an example of transmitting a mobility state from a Distributed Unit (DU) to a Central Unit (CU). Fig. 17 is a diagram showing an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and a terminal. Fig. 18 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a vehicle.

[0012] Hereinafter, embodiments will be described with reference to the drawings. Note that the same or similar reference numerals are used to designate the same functions or configurations, and descriptions thereof will be omitted as appropriate.

[0013] (1) Configuration of Wireless Communication System The wireless communication system 10 shown in Fig. 1 is a wireless communication system conforming to a method called 5G. Alternatively, the wireless communication system 10 may be a wireless communication system conforming to a method called Beyond 5G, 5G Evolution, or 6G.

[0014] The wireless communication system 10 can support Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (Massive MIMO), which generates more directional beams by controlling wireless signals transmitted from multiple antenna elements, Carrier Aggregation (CA), which uses multiple component carriers (CCs) as a bundle, and Dual Connectivity (DC), which enables simultaneous communication with two base stations.

[0015] As shown in FIG. 1 , the wireless communication system 10 includes a base station 100 (hereinafter also referred to as a gNodeB (gNB) 100) constituting a Next Generation-Radio Access Network (NG-RAN) 20, and a terminal 200 (hereinafter also referred to as a user equipment (UE) 200) that performs wireless communication with the gNB 100. The NG-RAN 20 is connected to a core network (CN) 30. The CN 30 is composed of multiple network functions (NFs). The NFs are, for example, an access and mobility management function (AMF) 300 and a network data analytics function (NWDAF) 400. The AMF 300 performs, for example, registration of the UE 200. The NWDAF 400 performs, for example, optimization of the CN 30. Note that the specific configuration of the wireless communication system 10, for example, the number of gNBs 100 and UEs 200, is not limited to the example shown in FIG. 1 . The NG-RAN 20 and the CN 30 may be simply referred to as a "network."

[0016] The gNB100 may be a base station in a Centralized-Radio Access Network (C-RAN) configuration having a distributed unit (DU) having a function for connecting to the UE200 and a central unit (CU) having a function for connecting to the network. In this case, the gNB100 may be read as a DU, a CU, or a DU and a CU. When the gNB100 is read as a DU, it may be called a gNB-DU. When the gNB100 is read as a CU, it may be called a gNB-CU. When the gNB100 is read as a DU and a CU, the DU portion may be called a gNB-DU and the CU portion may be called a gNB-CU.

[0017] The wireless communication system 10 may also support multiple frequency ranges (FR). That is, as shown in Fig. 2, the wireless communication system 10 may support the following FRs: FR1: 410 MHz to 7.125 GHz FR2-1: 24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHz FR2-2: Over 52.6 GHz to 71 GHz

[0018] In FR1, a subcarrier spacing (SCS) of 15, 30, or 60 kHz and a bandwidth (BW) of 5 to 100 MHz may be used, while in FR2-1, an SCS of 60 or 120 kHz (or even 240 kHz) and a BW of 50 to 400 MHz may be used.

[0019] In FR2-2, to avoid an increase in phase noise, Cyclic Prefix-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (CP-OFDM) or Discrete Fourier Transform-Spread-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM) with a larger SCS may be applied.

[0020] 3, one slot in the wireless communication system 10 is composed of 14 symbols. If this configuration is maintained, the larger (wider) the SCS, the shorter the symbol period (and slot period). Note that the SCS is not limited to the frequencies shown in FIG. 3 and may be, for example, 480 kHz, 960 kHz, or other frequencies.

[0021] Furthermore, the number of symbols constituting one slot does not necessarily have to be 14, but may be, for example, 28 or 56. Furthermore, the number of slots per subframe may differ depending on the SCS.

[0022] (2) Functional Block Configuration of Wireless Communication System (2.1) Functional Block Configuration of Terminal As shown in FIG. 4, the UE 200 includes a wireless signal transmitting / receiving unit 210, an amplifier unit 220, a modulation / demodulation unit 230, a control signal / reference signal processing unit 240, an encoding / decoding unit 250, a data transmitting / receiving unit 260, and a control unit 270.

[0023] The radio signal transceiver 210 transmits and receives radio signals to and from the gNB 100. The radio signal transceiver 210 may be configured with a transmitter that transmits radio signals to the gNB 100 and a receiver that receives radio signals from the gNB 100. The radio signals may include data or may be interpreted as data. Transmission may be interpreted as report, notification, etc. Reception may be interpreted as (configured), (instructed), (notified), etc. Note that configuration may be realized by configuration information (information element (IE)) of the radio resource control (RRC) layer, and instruction may be realized by a control element (CE) or downlink control information (DCI) of the medium access control (MAC) layer.

[0024] The radio signal transceiver 210 of the embodiment can transmit the mobility state of the UE 200 predicted by the control unit 270 using the learning model to a network including the gNB 100. The mobility state may be the current mobility state or a future mobility state. The current mobility state may be, for example, the mobility state at the prediction time point or may be the mobility state in a first period including the prediction time point. The future mobility state may be the mobility state at a time point in the future than the first period or may be the mobility state in a second period including this future time point. The first period and the second period may be, for example, one minute, and the interval between the first period and the second period may be, for example, 30 minutes. In other words, the prediction time point (current time point) and the future time point may be concepts including a short time span (for example, one minute), and the present and the future in this specification may be interpreted as being distinguished by a time span (for example, 30 minutes) larger than such a short time span. Note that the periods of 1 minute and 30 minutes are merely examples, and may be replaced with 1 second and 10 minutes, or 10 minutes and 1 hour depending on the situation.

[0025] The radio signal transceiver 210 of the embodiment can transmit at least a future mobility state to a network including the gNB100. On the other hand, the radio signal transceiver 210 can also transmit both the current mobility state and the future mobility state to a network including the gNB100. Note that in this specification, the current mobility state may be referred to as a first mobility state, and the future mobility state may be referred to as a second mobility state. In other words, the first mobility state indicates the current mobility state, and the second mobility state indicates the future mobility state.

[0026] Furthermore, the radio signal transceiver 210 of the embodiment may transmit a change from the current mobility state to a future mobility state to a network including the gNB 100. In this case, the timing of the change may also be transmitted.

[0027] The radio signal transceiver 210 of the embodiment may transmit a state transition of the UE 200 related to the cell edge to the network including the gNB 100. The state transition of the UE 200 related to the cell edge may mean, for example, movement of the UE 200 from the cell center to the cell edge, or conversely, movement of the UE 200 from the cell edge to the cell center.

[0028] The amplifier unit 220 is configured by a power amplifier (PA) / low noise amplifier (LNA), etc. The amplifier unit 220 amplifies the radio signal output from the radio signal transmitting / receiving unit 210. The amplifier unit 220 also amplifies the radio signal output from the modulation / demodulation unit 230.

[0029] The modem unit 230 performs data modulation / demodulation, transmission power setting, resource block allocation, etc. for each predetermined communication destination (gNB100 or another gNB100). CP-OFDM / DFT-S-OFDM may be applied to the modem unit 230. Furthermore, DFT-S-OFDM may be used not only for the uplink (UL) but also for the downlink (DL).

[0030] The control signal / reference signal processing unit 240 performs processing related to control signals transmitted and received between the gNB 100, such as radio resource control (RRC) signaling.

[0031] The control signal / reference signal processing unit 240 performs processing related to reference signals transmitted and received between the gNB 100, such as Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS), Phase Tracking Reference Signal (PTRS), Channel State Information-Reference Signal (CSI-RS), Sounding Reference Signal (SRS), and Positioning Reference Signal (PRS).

[0032] The channels include control channels and data channels. The control channels include a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH), a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), a physical random access channel (PRACH), a physical broadcast channel (PBCH), etc. The data channels include a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH), a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), etc.

[0033] The encoding / decoding unit 250 performs division / concatenation and coding / decoding of data contained in the radio signal for each predetermined communication destination (gNB100 or another gNB100).

[0034] Specifically, the encoding / decoding unit 250 decodes the data output from the modem unit 230 and concatenates the decoded data. In addition, the encoding / decoding unit 250 divides the data output from the data transmitter / receiver 260 into pieces of a predetermined size and performs coding on the divided data.

[0035] The data transmitter / receiver 260 assembles and disassembles data units (Protocol Data Units (PDUs) / Service Data Units (SDUs)) that make up data between each layer. The multiple layers include a Medium Access Control (MAC) layer, a Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, and a Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer. The data transmitter / receiver 260 also performs data error correction and retransmission control based on Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ).

[0036] The control unit 270 controls the UE 200. The control unit 270 controls, for example, transmission and reception of radio signals by the radio signal transmission and reception unit 210, amplification by the amplifier unit 220, data modulation / demodulation by the modem unit 230, signal processing by the control signal and reference signal processing unit 240, coding / decoding by the encoding / decoding unit 250, and assembly / disassembly of data units by the data transmission and reception unit 260.

[0037] The control unit 270 of the embodiment can predict the mobility state of the UE 200 using a learning model. The mobility state may be the current mobility state or a future mobility state. The current mobility state may be, for example, the mobility state at the prediction time point or the mobility state in a first period including the prediction time point. The future mobility state may be the mobility state at a time point in the future than the first period or the mobility state in a second period including this future time point. The first period and the second period may be, for example, one minute, and the interval between the first period and the second period may be, for example, 30 minutes. In other words, the prediction time point (current time point) and the future time point may be concepts that include a certain time span (for example, one minute), and the present and future in this specification may be interpreted as being distinguished by a time span (for example, 30 minutes) larger than such a certain time span. Note that the periods of one minute and 30 minutes are merely examples, and may be interpreted as one second and ten minutes, or 10 minutes and one hour, depending on the situation.

[0038] In other words, the control unit 270 of the embodiment can predict the mobility state (indicating a first mobility state) of UE200 in a first period including the prediction time point, and the mobility state (indicating a second mobility state) of UE200 in a second period including a time point further in the future than the first period using a learning model.

[0039] The control unit 270 of the embodiment can also predict the change from the first movement state to the second movement state described above, and can also predict the timing of this change.

[0040] The control unit 270 of the embodiment can predict at least one of the cell quality in the first period or the second period described above. Furthermore, the control unit 270 can predict at least one of the first moving state or the second moving state described above based on the predicted cell quality. Note that specific aspects of predicting the cell quality will be described in detail in the section on operation examples.

[0041] Furthermore, the control unit 270 of the embodiment can predict a state transition of the UE 200 associated with the cell edge based on the predicted cell quality. The state transition of the UE 200 associated with the cell edge may mean, for example, movement of the UE 200 from the cell center to the cell edge, or conversely, movement of the UE 200 from the cell edge to the cell center. Note that a specific mode of predicting a state transition of the UE 200 associated with the cell edge will be described in detail in the section on operation examples.

[0042] The control unit 270 of the embodiment can predict at least one of the first moving state and the second moving state described above based on the number of cell transitions of the UE 200 .

[0043] The control unit 270 of the embodiment can predict at least one of the first moving state and the second moving state described above based on at least one of the amount of change in the position of the UE 200 and the amount of change in the received power of the UE 200 .

[0044] (2.2) Functional block configuration of base station As shown in Figure 5, the gNB100 includes a radio signal transceiver unit 110 and a control unit 120.

[0045] The radio signal transmitting / receiving unit 110 transmits and receives radio signals to and from the UE 200. The radio signal transmitting / receiving unit 110 may be configured with a transmitting unit that transmits radio signals to the UE 200 and a receiving unit that receives radio signals from the UE 200. The radio signals may include data or may be interpreted as data. Transmission may be interpreted as configuration, instruction, notification, etc. Reception may be interpreted as (reported), notification, etc. Note that configuration may be realized by configuration information (information element (IE)) of a radio resource control (RRC) layer, and instruction may be realized by a control element (CE) or downlink control information (DCI) of a medium access control (MAC) layer.

[0046] The control unit 120 controls the gNB 100. The control unit 120 controls, for example, the transmission and reception of radio signals by the radio signal transmission and reception unit 110. The control unit 120 also performs scheduling for the UE 200.

[0047] The control unit 120 controls handover (HO) of the UE 200. HO may be understood as, for example, transition of the UE 200 from the gNB 100 to which it is connected to another gNB 100. Note that the gNB 100 to which the UE 200 is connected in HO may be interpreted as a cell or beam formed by the gNB 100. HO may also be interpreted as a term such as cell transition, cell change, or beam change.

[0048] (3) Architecture of the Learning Model As shown in Fig. 6, the architecture of the learning model may include the following functions: The architecture of Fig. 6 is disclosed in Fig. 4.4-1 of 3GPP TR 38.843, and will be explained by referring to this as appropriate.

[0049] - "Data collection unit": Provides input data to the subsequent "model training unit," "management unit," and "estimation unit."

[0050] - "Model training unit": performs training of the learning model and stores the trained learning model in the "model storage unit."

[0051] - "Management Unit": Requests feedback on the performance of the learning model / retraining to the "Model Training Unit". Also, selects / enables (disables) / changes / fallbacks the learning model to the "Estimation Unit". Furthermore, requests the learning model from the "Model Storage Unit".

[0052] - "Estimation unit": Using the learning model stored in the "model storage unit", outputs a predicted value corresponding to the input data to the "management unit".

[0053] - "Model storage unit": stores the learning model and provides the learning model to the "estimation unit" in response to a request from the "management unit."

[0054] (4) Operation of wireless communication system (4.1) Issues Even if the mobility state is predicted using a learning model, it is not possible to handle situations where the mobility state changes frequently (for example, when the UE is in a vehicle and the moving speed is likely to change due to traffic jams or detours, getting on and off a highway, etc.). In such cases, after the UE acquires the mobility state, by the time the network grasps the mobility state, the mobility state may have changed, and the correct mobility state may not be available.

[0055] (4.2) Operation Example As shown in FIG. 7 , the UE 200 of the embodiment can predict the UE mobility state (hereinafter also simply referred to as the mobility state) using a learning model. The UE 200 may notify the gNB 100 of the mobility state predicted using the learning model via AIML reporting. Note that the term "prediction" in this specification is not necessarily limited to referring to the future, and may be interpreted as, for example, "estimation."

[0056] The UE 200 of the embodiment can predict not only the current mobility state but also the future mobility state. For the current mobility state and the future mobility state, please refer to the description of the functional block configuration of the terminal.

[0057] 8, the UE 200 of the embodiment can predict a change in the mobility state using a learning model. The UE 200 may notify the gNB 100 of the change in the mobility state predicted using the learning model via AIML reporting. The change in the mobility state may be interpreted as meaning that, for example, when the current mobility state is a low / high mobility state, the future mobility state will change to a high / low mobility state.

[0058] Furthermore, the UE 200 of the embodiment may predict the timing at which the mobility state changes. This timing (timestamp) may also be notified to the gNB 100 via AIML reporting. The gNB 100 may set in advance in the UE 200 the content to be included in the AIML reporting when the mobility state changes (for example, whether or not a timestamp is included).

[0059] The above-mentioned operation example will be described in more detail below.

[0060] (4.2.1) Operation Example 1 Operation example 1 will be described with reference to Figures 9 to 11. Operation example 1 predicts cell quality using a learning model, and further predicts the current or future mobility state using the learning model based on this cell quality.

[0061] The UE 200 according to the embodiment may predict the quality of the current or future serving cell using a learning model. Note that the gNB 100 may set the content of the cell quality measurement (AIML measurement) using the learning model (e.g., a threshold value related to the cell quality measurement) in the UE 200 in advance.

[0062] For example, the UE 200 may predict (determine) that the mobility state is the stationary state or the low mobility state if the following condition (inequality) is satisfied in a predetermined period of time. Note that the predetermined period here may be the first period or the second period described above, or may be another period. For example, it may be a period that includes the first period or the second period described above and is longer than these periods. Cell quality of the reference serving cell (PCell or SCell) - cell quality of the predicted serving cell (PCell or SCell) < predetermined threshold (for the stationary state) Cell quality of the reference serving cell (PCell or SCell) - cell quality of the predicted serving cell (PCell or SCell) < predetermined threshold (for the low mobility state)

[0063] These conditions may be implemented as shown in Figures 9 and 10. Note that Figure 9 is a modification of the content described in 3GPP TS 38.331 section 5.7.4.4 with the underlined portions changed. Also, Figure 10 is the content described in 3GPP TS 38.331 section 5.7.4.2. Specifically, it specifies that when the condition (inequality) shown in Figure 9 is satisfied for a predetermined period, the UE 200 notifies the gNB 100 that the RRM measurement relaxation criterion is satisfied via a UEAssistanceInformation message. Note that the criterion in 5.7.4.4 in Figure 10 may be interpreted as meaning the content described in Figure 9.

[0064] Furthermore, in the first operational example, it is possible to predict (determine) whether or not UE200 is located at the cell edge, and notify the prediction result to gNB100. Alternatively, as shown in Fig. 11 , it is possible to predict that UE200 will move to the cell edge or vice versa, and notify the prediction result (state transition of UE200 related to the cell edge) to gNB100.

[0065] For example, if the following condition (inequality) is satisfied in a predetermined period, the UE 200 may predict (determine) that the UE 200 is not located at a cell edge. Note that the predetermined period referred to here may be the first period or the second period described above, or may be another period. For example, it may be a period that includes the first period or the second period described above and is longer than these periods. Furthermore, Srxlev in the inequality may be replaced with the Cell selection RX level value (dB), and Squal may be replaced with the Cell selection quality value (dB). - predicted Srxlev of the serving cell > predetermined threshold, and predicted Squal of the serving cell > predetermined threshold

[0066] Similarly, UE 200 may predict (determine) that UE 200 is located at a cell edge if the following condition (inequality) is satisfied in a predetermined period. Note that the predetermined period referred to here may be the first period or second period described above, or may be another period. For example, it may be a period that includes the first period or second period described above and is longer than these periods. Furthermore, Srxlev in the inequality may be replaced with Cell selection RX level value (dB), and Squal may be replaced with Cell selection quality value (dB). - predicted Srxlev of serving cell < predetermined threshold, and predicted Squal of serving cell < predetermined threshold

[0067] The prediction (determination) of whether UE200 is present at a cell edge may be used as follows: If UE200 in stationary state is not present at a cell edge, UE200 may relax requirements related to RRM measurement / RLM / BFD. Furthermore, gNB100 may instruct UE200 to relax requirements related to RRM measurement / RLM / BFD. Note that RRM stands for Radio Resource Management, RLM stands for Radio Link Monitoring, and BFD stands for Beam Failure Detection. If UE200 is present at a cell edge, gNB100 may trigger HO of UE200.

[0068] The prediction (decision) that UE200 will move to the cell edge or vice versa may be used as follows: UE200 may notify gNB100 of the prediction result of moving from a location that is not the cell edge to the cell edge or vice versa (state transition of UE200 related to the cell edge).

[0069] (4.2.2) Operational Example 2 Operational example 2 will be described. In operation example 2, a learning model is used to predict the current or future mobility state of UE 200 based on the number of cells to which UE 200 has transitioned or the number of newly acquired beams (SSB or CSI-RS) over a predetermined period of time in the past. For example, the mobility state of UE 200 that remains in one cell / continues to hold one beam for 10 minutes may be predicted (determined) to be a stationary state or a low mobility state. Conversely, the mobility state of UE 200 that has transitioned to three or more cells or newly acquired beams (SSB or CSI-RS) within 10 minutes may be predicted (determined) to be a high mobility state.

[0070] Furthermore, the UE200 of the embodiment can predict the number of cells to which the UE200 will transition or the number of beams (SSB or CSI-RS) to be newly acquired in a predetermined future period using a learning model. In this case, the UE200 can predict a current or future mobility state using the learning model based on the predicted number of cells to which the UE200 will transition or the number of beams (SSB or CSI-RS) to be newly acquired. Note that the gNB100 may set a trigger for the UE200 to report its mobility state in advance to the UE200. The trigger condition set by the gNB100 may be, for example, that the number of cells to which the UE200 will transition or the number of beams (SSB or CSI-RS) to be newly acquired in a predetermined future period exceeds (or falls below) a predetermined threshold.

[0071] In addition, the number of cells to which UE200 transitions (number of cell transitions) in operation example 2 may be interpreted as a concept that includes the number of beams that UE200 newly grasps, or this inclusive relationship may be interpreted as being reversed.

[0072] (4.2.3) Operation Example 3 Operation Example 3 will be described. Operation Example 3 is a method for predicting a current or future mobility state using a learning model based on a change in the position of UE 200 (which may be provided by GNSS or GPS, for example) over a predetermined period. In this case, UE 200 may use a change in the received power of UE 200 over a predetermined period to predict the current or future mobility state. For example, if both the change in the position of UE 200 and the change in the received power over a predetermined period are small, UE 200 may predict (determine) that the current or future mobility state is a stationary state or a low mobility state.

[0073] Furthermore, in this case, UE200 may use the number of cells to which UE200 transitions or the number of beams to which UE200 newly grasps in a predetermined period of time described in Operation Example 2 to help predict the current or future mobility state. For example, if the amount of change in the location of UE200 in a predetermined period of time is small and the number of cells to which UE200 transitions or the number of beams to which UE200 newly grasps is less than a predetermined number, UE200 may predict (determine) that the current or future mobility state is a stationary state or a low mobility state.

[0074] The mobility state is not limited to that based on horizontal movement, but may be based on vertical movement. When the mobility state is based on vertical movement, the current or future mobility state may be predicted (determined) by using the amount of change in altitude of the UE 200 over a predetermined period using GNSS, GPS, a barometer, or the like. This aspect is effective when applied to, for example, the case where the UE 200 is a drone.

[0075] In this operation example 3, the gNB100 may configure measurement reporting to the UE200 so that the UE200 periodically reports the location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) of the UE200. In accordance with this configuration, the UE200 may periodically report its own location to the gNB100. Note that the configuration by the gNB100 may be performed when a change in mobility state is notified from the UE200.

[0076] (4.2.4) Configurations Applicable to Operation Examples 1 to 3 The following configurations may be applied to the above-described Operation Examples 1 to 3. The mobility state predicted by UE200 using the learning model may be reported to gNB100 via an RRC message. This reporting may be performed based on a configuration or request of gNB100. Note that gNB100 may configure the UE200 in advance with the contents of measurements related to the mobility state prediction (e.g., thresholds related to cell quality measurement, a predetermined number of cell transitions or beam changes, thresholds related to the amount of change in UE200's position and the amount of change in received power). The notification (transmission, reporting) of the mobility state by UE200 may be controlled by a timer. For example, notification may be prohibited while a timer is running and may be enabled after the timer expires. The notification (transmission, reporting) of the mobility state by UE200 may be enabled regardless of whether UE200 is in an RRC IDLE state or an RRC connected state. When the learning model is installed in the UE 200, the UE 200 may predict the mobility state as described in operation examples 1 to 3. However, when the learning model is installed in the gNB 100, the gNB 100 may predict the mobility state. Furthermore, when the learning model is installed in an NF of the CN 30, for example, the NWDAF 400, the NWDAF 400 may predict the mobility state. Furthermore, in the O-RAN architecture, when the learning model is installed in a RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) or a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO), the RIC or the SMO may predict the mobility state. When a non-real time RIC predicts the mobility state, the predicted mobility state may be transmitted to the O-CU (or the O-DU thereafter) via the O1 interface.When the Near-Real Time RIC predicts the mobility state, the predicted mobility state may be transmitted to the O-CU (or further to the O-DU) via the E2 interface.

[0077] (5) Actions and Effects According to the above-described embodiment, even in a situation where the mobility state changes frequently, it is possible to predict the mobility state with high accuracy. Therefore, on the network side, it is possible to appropriately perform parameter tuning during HO according to the mobility state and relaxation of requirements related to RRM measurement / RLM / BFD.

[0078] (6) Other Embodiments The contents of the present invention have been described above in accordance with the embodiments, but it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to these descriptions and that various modifications and improvements are possible.

[0079] As shown in FIG. 12 , the mobility state in the above-described embodiment may be notified from the gNB100 (gNB100A in the figure) that is the source of the UE200 to the gNB100 (gNB100B in the figure) that is the destination of the UE200 at the HO of the UE200. Specifically, the mobility state may be notified via a Handover request message. The gNB100B can use the mobility state to relax requirements related to parameter tuning or RRM measurement / RLM / BFD at the next handover. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 13 , the mobility state may be notified via AMF300.

[0080] The mobility state in the above-described embodiment may be notified from the CU to the DU when the gNB 100 is divided into a CU and a DU, as shown in Figures 14 and 15. Specifically, as shown in Figure 14, the mobility state may be notified via a UE context setup request message. Alternatively, as shown in Figure 15, the mobility state may be notified via a UE context modification request message. In this case, the mobility state may be interpreted as a prediction by the CU in which the learning model is installed, or as a prediction by the NWDAF 400 or RIC / SMO in which the learning model is installed and notified to the CU in advance. The DU can use the mobility state to relax requirements related to RRM measurement / RLM / BFD.

[0081] The mobility state in the above-described embodiment may be notified from the DU to the CU when the gNB 100 is divided into a CU and a DU and the learning model is installed in the DU, as shown in Fig. 16. Specifically, the mobility state may be notified via a UE context modification required message, as shown in Fig. 16. The CU can use the mobility state for parameter tuning in the next handover.

[0082] The above-mentioned inequalities are merely examples. For example, the condition that both of the two inequalities are satisfied may be interpreted as the condition that only one of the inequalities is satisfied. Furthermore, the predetermined thresholds in the above-mentioned inequalities may be different for each inequality.

[0083] The above-described operation examples may be combined and applied in a composite manner, as long as no contradiction occurs.

[0084] The block diagrams used to explain the above embodiments show functional blocks. These functional blocks (components) are realized by any combination of hardware and / or software. Furthermore, the method for realizing each functional block is not particularly limited. That is, each functional block may be realized using a single device that is physically or logically coupled, or may be realized using two or more physically or logically separated devices that are directly or indirectly connected (e.g., wired, wireless, etc.) and these multiple devices. The functional block may also be realized by combining software with the single device or multiple devices.

[0085] Functions include, but are not limited to, judgment, determination, judgment, calculation, computation, processing, derivation, investigation, search, confirmation, reception, transmission, output, access, resolution, selection, selection, establishment, comparison, assumption, expectation, consideration, broadcasting, notifying, communicating, forwarding, configuring, reconfiguring, allocating, mapping, and assignment. For example, a functional block (component) that performs transmission is called a transmitting unit or transmitter. As mentioned above, there are no particular limitations on how these functions are implemented.

[0086] For example, the base station 100, the terminal 200, etc. according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may function as a computer that performs processing of the wireless communication method of the present disclosure. Fig. 17 is a diagram illustrating an example of the hardware configuration of the base station 100 and the terminal 200 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The above-described base station 100 and the terminal 200 may be physically configured as a computer device including a processor 1001, a memory 1002, a storage 1003, a communication device 1004, an input device 1005, an output device 1006, a bus 1007, etc.

[0087] In the following description, the term "apparatus" can be interpreted as a circuit, a device, a unit, etc. The hardware configuration of base station 100 and terminal 200 may be configured to include one or more of the apparatuses shown in the drawings, or may be configured to exclude some of the apparatuses.

[0088] Each function in the base station 100 and the terminal 200 is realized by loading predetermined software (programs) onto hardware such as the processor 1001 and the memory 1002, causing the processor 1001 to perform calculations, control communication by the communication device 1004, and control at least one of reading and writing data in the memory 1002 and the storage 1003.

[0089] The processor 1001 controls the entire computer by running, for example, an operating system, and may be configured as a central processing unit (CPU) including an interface with peripheral devices, a control device, an arithmetic unit, a register, etc.

[0090] The processor 1001 also reads programs (program codes), software modules, data, etc. from at least one of the storage 1003 and the communication device 1004 into the memory 1002 and executes various processes in accordance with these. The programs used are those that cause a computer to execute at least some of the operations described in the above-described embodiments. While the above-described various processes have been described as being executed by one processor 1001, they may be executed simultaneously or sequentially by two or more processors 1001. The processor 1001 may be implemented by one or more chips. The programs may be transmitted from a network via a telecommunications line.

[0091] The memory 1002 is a computer-readable recording medium and may be configured by, for example, at least one of a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), an electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), a random access memory (RAM), etc. The memory 1002 may also be called a register, a cache, a main memory (primary storage device), etc. The memory 1002 can store executable programs (program codes), software modules, etc. for implementing a wireless communication method according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0092] Storage 1003 is a computer-readable recording medium and may be, for example, at least one of an optical disk such as a Compact Disc ROM (CD-ROM), a hard disk drive, a flexible disk, a magneto-optical disk (e.g., a compact disk, a digital versatile disk, a Blu-ray disc), a smart card, a flash memory (e.g., a card, a stick, a key drive), a floppy disk, a magnetic strip, etc. Storage 1003 may also be referred to as an auxiliary storage device. The above-mentioned storage medium may be, for example, a database, a server, or other suitable medium including at least one of memory 1002 and storage 1003.

[0093] The communication device 1004 is hardware (transmission / reception device) for communicating between computers via at least one of a wired network and a wireless network, and is also referred to as, for example, a network device, a network controller, a network card, a communication module, etc. The communication device 1004 may be configured to include a high-frequency switch, a duplexer, a filter, a frequency synthesizer, etc. to realize, for example, at least one of Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD).

[0094] The input device 1005 is an input device (e.g., a keyboard, a mouse, a microphone, a switch, a button, a sensor, etc.) that receives input from the outside. The output device 1006 is an output device (e.g., a display, a speaker, an LED lamp, etc.) that outputs to the outside. Note that the input device 1005 and the output device 1006 may be integrated into one device (e.g., a touch panel).

[0095] Furthermore, each device, such as the processor 1001 and the memory 1002, is connected by a bus 1007 for communicating information. The bus 1007 may be configured using a single bus, or may be configured using different buses between each device.

[0096] Furthermore, base station 100 and terminal 200 may be configured to include hardware such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device (PLD), or a field programmable gate array (FPGA), and some or all of the functional blocks may be realized by the hardware. For example, processor 1001 may be implemented using at least one of these pieces of hardware.

[0097] The notification of information is not limited to the aspects / embodiments described in the present disclosure and may be performed using other methods. For example, the notification of information may be performed by physical layer signaling (e.g., Downlink Control Information (DCI), Uplink Control Information (UCI)), higher layer signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling), broadcast information (Master Information Block (MIB), System Information Block (SIB)), other signals, or a combination thereof. Furthermore, the RRC signaling may be referred to as an RRC message, and may be, for example, an RRC Connection Setup message, an RRC Connection Reconfiguration message, or the like.

[0098] Each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may apply to at least one of a system using Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), SUPER 3G, IMT-Advanced, a 4th generation mobile communication system (4G), a 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), a 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), an xth generation mobile communication system (xG) (where x is, for example, an integer or a decimal), Future Radio Access (FRA), New Radio (NR), New radio access (NX), Future generation radio access (FX), W-CDMA (registered trademark), GSM (registered trademark), CDMA2000, Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.20, Ultra-WideBand (UWB), Bluetooth (registered trademark), or any other suitable system, and next generation systems extended, modified, created, or defined based on these. In addition, multiple systems may be applied in combination (for example, a combination of at least one of LTE and LTE-A with 5G).

[0099] The order of the procedures, sequences, flowcharts, etc. of each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may be changed unless it is consistent. For example, the methods described in this disclosure present elements of various steps using an example order, and are not limited to the particular order presented.

[0100] In the present disclosure, a specific operation described as being performed by a base station may be performed by its upper node in some cases. In a network consisting of one or more network nodes having a base station, it is clear that various operations performed for communication with a terminal may be performed by at least one of the base station and another network node other than the base station (for example, an MME or an S-GW, etc., but are not limited to these). Although the above example illustrates a case where there is one other network node other than the base station, a combination of multiple other network nodes (for example, an MME and an S-GW) may also be used.

[0101] Information, signals (information, etc.) may be output from a higher layer (or a lower layer) to a lower layer (or a higher layer), or may be input / output via multiple network nodes.

[0102] Input and output information may be stored in a specific location (for example, memory) or may be managed using a management table. Input and output information may be overwritten, updated, or added to. Output information may be deleted. Input information may be transmitted to another device.

[0103] The determination may be made based on a value represented by one bit (0 or 1), a Boolean value (true or false), or a numerical comparison (e.g., comparison with a predetermined value).

[0104] The aspects / embodiments described in this disclosure may be used alone, in combination, or switched depending on the implementation. Notification of predetermined information (e.g., notification that "X is true") is not limited to explicit notification, but may be implicit (e.g., not notifying the predetermined information).

[0105] Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executable files, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.

[0106] Software, instructions, information, etc. may also be transmitted or received over a transmission medium. For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using wired technologies (such as coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)), and / or wireless technologies (such as infrared, microwave), then these wired and / or wireless technologies are included within the definition of transmission media.

[0107] The information, signals, etc. described in this disclosure may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, chips, etc. that may be referred to throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, optical fields or photons, or any combination thereof.

[0108] Note that terms described in this disclosure and terms necessary for understanding this disclosure may be replaced with terms having the same or similar meanings. For example, at least one of a channel and a symbol may be a signal (signaling). Furthermore, a signal may be a message. Furthermore, a component carrier (CC) may be called a carrier frequency, a cell, a frequency carrier, etc.

[0109] As used in this disclosure, the terms "system" and "network" are used interchangeably.

[0110] Furthermore, the information, parameters, etc. described in the present disclosure may be expressed using absolute values, may be expressed using relative values ​​from a predetermined value, or may be expressed using other corresponding information. For example, a radio resource may be indicated by an index.

[0111] The names used for the above-described parameters are not intended to be limiting in any way. Furthermore, the mathematical expressions using these parameters may differ from those explicitly disclosed in this disclosure. The various channels (e.g., PUCCH, PDCCH, etc.) and information elements may be identified by any suitable names, and therefore the various names assigned to these various channels and information elements are not intended to be limiting in any way.

[0112] In this disclosure, terms such as "base station (BS)," "radio base station," "fixed station," "NodeB," "eNodeB (eNB)," "gNodeB (gNB)," "access point," "transmission point," "reception point," "transmission / reception point," "cell," "sector," "cell group," "carrier," and "component carrier" may be used interchangeably. Base stations may also be referred to by terms such as macrocell, small cell, femtocell, and picocell.

[0113] A base station can accommodate one or more (e.g., three) cells (also called sectors). When a base station accommodates multiple cells, the overall coverage area of ​​the base station can be divided into multiple smaller areas, and each smaller area can be provided with communication services by a base station subsystem (e.g., a small indoor base station (Remote Radio Head, RRH)). The term "cell" or "sector" refers to a part or the entire coverage area of ​​a base station and / or a base station subsystem that provides communication services within this coverage.

[0114] In the present disclosure, the base station transmitting information to a terminal may be interpreted as the base station instructing the terminal to control or operate based on the information.

[0115] In this disclosure, terms such as "terminal," "user terminal," "Mobile Station (MS)," and "User Equipment (UE)" may be used interchangeably.

[0116] A mobile station may also be referred to by those skilled in the art as a subscriber station, mobile unit, subscriber unit, wireless unit, remote unit, mobile device, wireless device, wireless communication device, remote device, mobile subscriber station, access terminal, mobile terminal, wireless terminal, remote terminal, handset, user agent, mobile client, client, or some other suitable terminology.

[0117] At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be referred to as a transmitting device, a receiving device, a communication device, etc. At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be a device mounted on a mobile object, the mobile object itself, etc. The mobile object refers to a movable object, and may move at any speed. Naturally, this also includes cases where the mobile object is stationary. Examples of the mobile object include, but are not limited to, vehicles, transport vehicles, automobiles, motorcycles, bicycles, connected cars, excavators, bulldozers, wheel loaders, dump trucks, forklifts, trains, buses, handcars, rickshaws, ships and other watercraft, airplanes, rockets, satellites, drones (registered trademark), multicopters, quadcopters, balloons, and objects mounted thereon. The mobile object may also be an autonomous mobile object operating based on an operational command. It may be a vehicle (e.g., a car, an airplane, etc.), an unmanned mobile object (e.g., a drone, an autonomous vehicle, etc.), or a robot (manned or unmanned). At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be a device that does not necessarily move during communication operations. For example, at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be an Internet of Things (IoT) device such as a sensor.

[0118] Furthermore, the base station in the present disclosure may be read as a terminal. For example, the aspects / embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied to a configuration in which communication between a base station and a terminal is replaced with communication between multiple terminals (which may be called, for example, Device-to-Device (D2D) or Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X)). In this case, the terminal 200 may be configured to have the functions of the base station 100 described above. Furthermore, terms such as "uplink" and "downlink" may be read as terms corresponding to communication between terminals (for example, "side"). For example, terms such as an uplink channel and a downlink channel may be read as a side channel.

[0119] Similarly, the term "terminal" in the present disclosure may be read as "base station." In this case, the base station 100 may be configured to have the functions of the terminal 200 described above.

[0120] 18 shows an example of the configuration of a vehicle 2001. As shown in Fig. 18, the vehicle 2001 includes a drive unit 2002, a steering unit 2003, an accelerator pedal 2004, a brake pedal 2005, a shift lever 2006, left and right front wheels 2007, left and right rear wheels 2008, an axle 2009, an electronic control unit 2010, various sensors 2021 to 2029, an information service unit 2012, and a communication module 2013.

[0121] The drive unit 2002 is composed of, for example, an engine, a motor, or a hybrid of an engine and a motor.

[0122] The steering unit 2003 includes at least a steering wheel (also called a handle) and is configured to steer at least one of the front wheels and the rear wheels based on the operation of the steering wheel operated by the user.

[0123] The electronic control unit 2010 is composed of a microprocessor 2031, a memory (ROM, RAM) 2032, and a communication port (IO port) 2033. Signals are input to the electronic control unit 2010 from various sensors 2021 to 2027 provided in the vehicle. The electronic control unit 2010 may also be called an Electronic Control Unit (ECU).

[0124] The signals from the various sensors 2021 to 2029 include a current signal from a current sensor 2021 that senses the current of the motor, a rotation speed signal of the front and rear wheels obtained by a rotation speed sensor 2022, an air pressure signal of the front and rear wheels obtained by an air pressure sensor 2023, a vehicle speed signal obtained by a vehicle speed sensor 2024, an acceleration signal obtained by an acceleration sensor 2025, an accelerator pedal depression amount signal obtained by an accelerator pedal sensor 2029, a brake pedal depression amount signal obtained by a brake pedal sensor 2026, a shift lever operation signal obtained by a shift lever sensor 2027, and a detection signal for detecting obstacles, vehicles, pedestrians, etc. obtained by an object detection sensor 2028.

[0125] The information service unit 2012 is composed of various devices, such as a car navigation system, an audio system, speakers, a television, and a radio, for providing (outputting) various types of information, such as driving information, traffic information, and entertainment information, and one or more ECUs for controlling these devices. The information service unit 2012 uses information acquired from external devices via the communication module 2013, etc., to provide various types of multimedia information and multimedia services to the occupants of the vehicle 2001.

[0126] The information service unit 2012 may include input devices (e.g., keyboards, mice, microphones, switches, buttons, sensors, touch panels, etc.) that accept input from the outside, and may also include output devices (e.g., displays, speakers, LED lamps, touch panels, etc.) that output to the outside.

[0127] The driving assistance system unit 2030 is composed of various devices that provide functions for preventing accidents and reducing the driver's driving burden, such as millimeter-wave radar, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), cameras, positioning locators (e.g., GNSS, etc.), map information (e.g., high-definition (HD) maps, autonomous vehicle (AV) maps, etc.), gyro systems (e.g., inertial measurement units (IMUs), inertial navigation systems (INSs), etc.), artificial intelligence (AI) chips, and AI processors, as well as one or more ECUs that control these devices. The driving assistance system unit 2030 also transmits and receives various information via the communication module 2013 to realize driving assistance functions or autonomous driving functions.

[0128] The communication module 2013 can communicate with the microprocessor 2031 and components of the vehicle 2001 via the communication port. For example, the communication module 2013 transmits and receives data via the communication port 2033 to and from the drive unit 2002, steering unit 2003, accelerator pedal 2004, brake pedal 2005, shift lever 2006, left and right front wheels 2007, left and right rear wheels 2008, axle 2009, microprocessor 2031 and memory (ROM, RAM) 2032 in the electronic control unit 2010, and sensors 2021 to 2029, which are provided in the vehicle 2001.

[0129] The communication module 2013 is a communication device that can be controlled by the microprocessor 2031 of the electronic control unit 2010 and can communicate with an external device. For example, it transmits and receives various information to and from the external device via wireless communication. The communication module 2013 may be located either inside or outside the electronic control unit 2010. The external device may be, for example, a base station, a mobile station, or the like.

[0130] The communication module 2013 may transmit at least one of signals from the above-mentioned various sensors 2021 to 2029 input to the electronic control unit 2010, information obtained based on the signals, and information based on input from the outside (user) obtained via the information service unit 2012 to an external device via wireless communication. The electronic control unit 2010, the various sensors 2021 to 2029, the information service unit 2012, etc. may be referred to as input units that accept input. For example, the PUSCH transmitted by the communication module 2013 may include information based on the above-mentioned input.

[0131] The communication module 2013 receives various information (traffic information, traffic signal information, vehicle distance information, etc.) transmitted from external devices and displays it on the information service unit 2012 provided in the vehicle. The information service unit 2012 may also be called an output unit that outputs information (for example, outputs information to a device such as a display or speaker based on the PDSCH received by the communication module 2013 (or data / information decoded from the PDSCH)).

[0132] Furthermore, the communication module 2013 stores various information received from external devices in a memory 2032 that can be used by the microprocessor 2031. Based on the information stored in the memory 2032, the microprocessor 2031 may control the drive unit 2002, steering unit 2003, accelerator pedal 2004, brake pedal 2005, shift lever 2006, left and right front wheels 2007, left and right rear wheels 2008, axle 2009, sensors 2021 to 2029, and the like provided in the vehicle 2001.

[0133] As used in this disclosure, the terms "determining" and "determining" may encompass a wide variety of actions. "Determining" and "determining" may include, for example, judging, calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up, searching, inquiring (e.g., searching a table, database, or other data structure), and ascertaining, all of which are considered to be "judging" and "determining." "Determining" and "determining" may also include receiving (e.g., receiving information), transmitting (e.g., sending information), input, output, and accessing (e.g., accessing data in memory), all of which are considered to be "judging" and "determining." "Determining" and "determining" may also include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, comparing, and other actions, all of which are considered to be "judging" and "determining." In other words, "judgment" and "decision" can include regarding some action as having been "judged" or "decided." Also, "judgment (decision)" can be interpreted as "assuming," "expecting," "considering," etc.

[0134] The terms "connected," "coupled," or any variation thereof, refer to any direct or indirect connection or coupling between two or more elements, and may include the presence of one or more intermediate elements between two elements that are "connected" or "coupled" to each other. The coupling or connection between elements may be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. For example, "connected" may be read as "access." As used in this disclosure, two elements may be considered to be "connected" or "coupled" to each other using one or more wires, cables, and / or printed electrical connections, as well as electromagnetic energy having wavelengths in the radio frequency range, microwave range, and optical (both visible and invisible) range, as some non-limiting and non-exhaustive examples.

[0135] The reference signal may also be abbreviated as RS, and may be called a pilot depending on the applicable standard.

[0136] As used in this disclosure, the phrase "based on" does not mean "based only on," unless expressly stated otherwise. In other words, the phrase "based on" means both "based only on" and "based at least on."

[0137] As used in this disclosure, any reference to an element using a designation such as "first," "second," etc. does not generally limit the quantity or order of those elements. These designations may be used in this disclosure as a convenient method of distinguishing between two or more elements. Thus, a reference to a first and a second element does not imply that only two elements may be employed or that the first element must in some way precede the second element.

[0138] The "means" in the configuration of each of the above devices may be replaced with "part," "circuit," "device," etc.

[0139] When the terms "include," "including," and variations thereof are used in this disclosure, these terms are intended to be inclusive, similar to the term "comprising." Furthermore, when the term "or" is used in this disclosure, it is not intended to be an exclusive or.

[0140] A radio frame may be composed of one or more frames in the time domain. Each of the one or more frames in the time domain may be called a subframe. A subframe may further be composed of one or more slots in the time domain. A subframe may have a fixed time length (e.g., 1 ms) that is independent of numerology.

[0141] Numerology may be a communication parameter applied to the transmission and / or reception of a signal or channel, such as subcarrier spacing (SCS), bandwidth, symbol length, cyclic prefix length, transmission time interval (TTI), number of symbols per TTI, radio frame structure, specific filtering operations performed by the transceiver in the frequency domain, specific windowing operations performed by the transceiver in the time domain, etc.

[0142] A slot may consist of one or more symbols in the time domain (such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols, Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) symbols, etc.) A slot may be a time unit based on numerology.

[0143] A slot may include multiple minislots. Each minislot may consist of one or multiple symbols in the time domain. A minislot may also be called a subslot. A minislot may consist of fewer symbols than a slot. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted in a time unit larger than a minislot may be called PDSCH (or PUSCH) mapping type A. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted using a minislot may be called PDSCH (or PUSCH) mapping type B.

[0144] The radio frame, subframe, slot, minislot, and symbol all represent time units for transmitting signals, and may be referred to by other names corresponding to the radio frame, subframe, slot, minislot, and symbol.

[0145] For example, one subframe may be referred to as a transmission time interval (TTI), multiple consecutive subframes may be referred to as a TTI, or one slot or one minislot may be referred to as a TTI. That is, at least one of the subframe and the TTI may be a subframe (1 ms) in existing LTE, a period shorter than 1 ms (e.g., 1 to 13 symbols), or a period longer than 1 ms. Note that the unit representing the TTI may be referred to as a slot, minislot, etc., instead of a subframe.

[0146] Here, TTI refers to, for example, the smallest time unit for scheduling in wireless communication. For example, in an LTE system, a base station schedules each terminal by allocating radio resources (such as frequency bandwidth and transmission power that can be used by each terminal) in TTI units. However, the definition of TTI is not limited to this.

[0147] The TTI may be a transmission time unit for a channel-encoded data packet (transport block), a code block, a code word, etc., or may be a processing unit for scheduling, link adaptation, etc. When a TTI is given, the time interval (e.g., the number of symbols) to which a transport block, a code block, a code word, etc. is actually mapped may be shorter than the TTI.

[0148] In addition, when one slot or one minislot is called a TTI, one or more TTIs (i.e., one or more slots or one or more minislots) may be the minimum time unit for scheduling. Furthermore, the number of slots (minislots) constituting the minimum time unit for scheduling may be controlled.

[0149] A TTI having a time length of 1 ms may be referred to as a regular TTI (TTI in LTE Rel. 8 to 12), normal TTI, long TTI, regular subframe, normal subframe, long subframe, slot, etc. A TTI shorter than a regular TTI may be referred to as a shortened TTI, short TTI, partial or fractional TTI, shortened subframe, short subframe, minislot, subslot, slot, etc.

[0150] In addition, a long TTI (e.g., a normal TTI, a subframe, etc.) may be interpreted as a TTI having a time length of more than 1 ms, and a short TTI (e.g., a shortened TTI, etc.) may be interpreted as a TTI having a TTI length shorter than the TTI length of a long TTI and equal to or greater than 1 ms.

[0151] A resource block (RB) is a resource allocation unit in the time domain and the frequency domain, and may include one or more consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain. The number of subcarriers included in an RB may be the same regardless of numerology, for example, 12. The number of subcarriers included in an RB may be determined based on numerology.

[0152] The time domain of an RB may include one or more symbols and may have a length of one slot, one minislot, one subframe, or one TTI. One TTI, one subframe, etc. may each be composed of one or more resource blocks.

[0153] Note that one or more RBs may also be called a physical resource block (PRB), a sub-carrier group (SCG), a resource element group (REG), a PRB pair, an RB pair, etc.

[0154] Furthermore, a resource block may be composed of one or more resource elements (REs). For example, one RE may be a radio resource region of one subcarrier and one symbol. A bandwidth part (BWP) (which may also be referred to as a partial bandwidth) may represent a subset of contiguous common resource blocks (RBs) for a certain numerology in a certain carrier. Here, the common RBs may be identified by their indexes relative to the common reference point of the carrier. PRBs may be defined in a certain BWP and numbered within the BWP.

[0155] The BWP may include a BWP for UL (UL BWP) and a BWP for DL ​​(DL BWP). One or more BWPs may be configured for a UE within one carrier.

[0156] At least one of the configured BWPs may be active, and the UE may not expect to transmit or receive a given signal / channel outside the active BWP. Note that the terms "cell," "carrier," etc. in this disclosure may be read as "BWP."

[0157] The above-described structures of radio frames, subframes, slots, minislots, symbols, etc. are merely examples, and various configurations, such as the number of subframes included in a radio frame, the number of slots per subframe or radio frame, the number of minislots included in a slot, the number of symbols and RBs included in a slot or minislot, the number of subcarriers included in an RB, the number of symbols in a TTI, the symbol length, and the cyclic prefix (CP) length, can be changed.

[0158] The "maximum transmit power" in this disclosure may mean the maximum value of transmit power, the nominal UE maximum transmit power, or the rated UE maximum transmit power.

[0159] In this disclosure, where articles are added by translation, such as a, an, and the in English, the disclosure may include that the nouns following these articles are in the plural form.

[0160] In the present disclosure, the term "A and B are different" may mean "A and B are different from each other." The term may also mean "A and B are each different from C." Terms such as "separate" and "coupled" may also be interpreted in the same way as "different."

[0161] Although the present disclosure has been described in detail above, it is clear to those skilled in the art that the present disclosure is not limited to the embodiments described herein. The present disclosure can be implemented in modified and altered forms without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as defined by the claims. Therefore, the description of the present disclosure is intended to be illustrative and does not have any limiting meaning on the present disclosure.

[0162] (Additional Note) The above disclosure may be expressed as follows.

[0163] The first feature is a terminal that includes a control unit that predicts, using a learning model, a first moving state that indicates the moving state of the terminal in a first period that includes the prediction time point, and a second moving state that indicates the moving state in a second period that includes a time point further in the future than the first period, and a transmission unit that transmits at least the second moving state to a network.

[0164] A second feature is the terminal of the first feature, wherein the control unit predicts a change from the first moving state to the second moving state and a timing of the change, and the transmission unit transmits the change and the timing.

[0165] A third feature is the terminal according to the first or second feature, wherein the control unit predicts a cell quality for the second period, and predicts the second movement state based on the cell quality.

[0166] A fourth feature is the terminal of the third feature, wherein the control unit predicts a state transition of the terminal related to a cell edge based on the cell quality, and the transmission unit transmits the state transition to the network.

[0167] A fifth feature is the terminal according to the first or second feature, wherein the control unit predicts the second movement state based on a number of cell transitions of the terminal.

[0168] A sixth feature is the terminal according to the first or second feature, wherein the control unit predicts the second moving state based on at least one of an amount of change in a position of the terminal and an amount of change in a received power of the terminal.

[0169] 10 Wireless communication system 20 NG-RAN 30 CN 100 Base station 110 Wireless signal transmitting / receiving unit 120 Control unit 200 Terminal 210 Wireless signal transmitting / receiving unit 220 Amplifier unit 230 Modulation / demodulation unit 240 Control signal / reference signal processing unit 250 Encoding / decoding unit 260 Data transmitting / receiving unit 270 Control unit 300 AMF 400 NWDAF 1001 Processor 1002 Memory 1003 Storage 1004 Communication device 1005 Input device 1006 Output device 1007 Bus 2001 Vehicle 2002 Drive unit 2003 Steering unit 2004 Accelerator pedal 2005 Brake pedal 2006 Shift lever 2007 Left and right front wheels 2008 Left and right rear wheels 2009 Axle 2010 Electronic control unit 2012 Information service unit 2013 Communication module 2021 Current sensor 2022 RPM sensor 2023 Air pressure sensor 2024 Vehicle speed sensor 2025 Acceleration sensor 2026 Brake pedal sensor 2027 Shift lever sensor 2028 Object detection sensor 2029 Accelerator pedal sensor 2030 Driving assistance system unit 2031 Microprocessor 2032 Memory (ROM, RAM) 2033 Communication port (IO port)

Claims

1. A terminal comprising: a control unit that predicts, using a learning model, a first moving state indicating the moving state of the terminal in a first period including the prediction time point, and a second moving state indicating the moving state in a second period including a time point in the future than the first period; and a transmission unit that transmits at least the second moving state to a network.

2. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the control unit predicts a change from the first moving state to the second moving state and the timing of the change, and the transmission unit transmits the change and the timing.

3. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the control unit predicts a cell quality for the second period, and predicts the second movement state based on the cell quality.

4. The terminal according to claim 3, wherein the control unit predicts a state transition of the terminal related to a cell edge based on the cell quality, and the transmission unit transmits the state transition to the network.

5. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the control unit predicts the second movement state based on the number of cell transitions of the terminal.

6. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the control unit predicts the second moving state based on at least one of an amount of change in the position of the terminal and an amount of change in the received power of the terminal.

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