Nested waveform
A nested OOK waveform structure addresses the challenge of achieving high data rates and reliability in 5G NR systems by embedding higher data rate signals within lower data rate OOK signals, benefiting devices with reduced capabilities and complexity.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/077237
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-02-15
- Publication Date
- 2025-08-21
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communication systems, particularly 5G NR, face challenges in achieving high data rates while maintaining reliability, especially for devices with reduced capabilities or complexity, such as passive wireless devices that rely on backscattered signals without active RF components.
Implementing a nested waveform structure based on on-off keying (OOK) where a higher data rate OOK signal is embedded within a lower data rate OOK signal, enabling efficient communication with a combination of both formats to enhance data rates and reliability.
The nested OOK waveform allows for achieving high data rates while maintaining high reliability, particularly suitable for devices with reduced capabilities, by optimizing power consumption and structural simplicity.
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Figure CN2024077237_21082025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
NESTED WAVEFORMTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to communication systems, and more particularly, to wireless communication systems based on waveform.
[0002] INTRODUCTION
[0003] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of such multiple-access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.
[0004] These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, and even global level. An example telecommunication standard is 5G New Radio (NR) . 5G NR is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to meet new requirements associated with latency, reliability, security, scalability (e.g., with Internet of Things (IoT) ) , and other requirements. 5G NR includes services associated with enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) , massive machine type communications (mMTC) , and ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC) . Some aspects of 5G NR may be based on the 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. There exists a need for further improvements in 5G NR technology. These improvements may also be applicable to other multi-access technologies and the telecommunication standards that employ these technologies.
[0005] BRIEF SUMMARY
[0006] The following presents a simplified summary of one or more aspects in order to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated aspects. This summary neither identifies key or critical elements of all aspects nor delineates the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
[0007] In an aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus at a user equipment (UE) are provided. The apparatus may include at least one memory and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory. Based at least in part on information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to receive a signal based on a waveform, a first portion of the waveform being based on a first format and a second portion of the waveform being based on a second format, the first portion being within the second portion, where the first format and the second format are based on on-off keying (OOK) . Based at least in part on information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to communicate with a second wireless device based on the signal.
[0008] In another aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus at a network entity are provided. The apparatus may include at least one memory and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory. Based at least in part on information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to provide a signal based on a waveform, a first portion of the waveform being based on a first format and a second portion of the waveform being based on a second format, the first portion being within the second portion, where the first format and the second format are based on on-off keying (OOK) . Based at least in part on information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to monitor for at least one response to the signal.
[0009] To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the one or more aspects include the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative features of the one or more aspects. These features are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of various aspects may be employed.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communications system and an access network.
[0011] FIG. 2A is a diagram illustrating an example of a first frame, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0012] FIG. 2B is a diagram illustrating an example of downlink (DL) channels within a subframe, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0013] FIG. 2C is a diagram illustrating an example of a second frame, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0014] FIG. 2D is a diagram illustrating an example of uplink (UL) channels within a subframe, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0015] FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a base station and user equipment (UE) in an access network, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0016] FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example radio frequency identification (RFID) system, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0017] FIG. 5A is a diagram illustrating an example implementation of zero power IoT (ZP IoT) communication, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0018] FIG. 5B is a diagram illustrating another example implementation of ZP IoT communication, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0019] FIG. 6A is a diagram illustrating an example of monostatic backscatter, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0020] FIG. 6B is a diagram illustrating an example of bistatic backscatter, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0021] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating another example of bistatic backscatter, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0022] FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example of an on-off keying (OOK) waveform, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0023] FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating example communications between a first wireless device and a second wireless device.
[0024] FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example of a signal with a nested waveform that includes both high data rate OOK and low data rate OOK, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0025] FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example of a nested waveform where high data rate OOK is used for a first device and low data rate OOK is used for a second device, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0026] FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example of a nested waveform where high data rate OOK is used for a shared channel and low data rate OOK is used for a control channel, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0027] FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating an example of a nested waveform where high data rate OOK is used for a system information block (SIB) and low data rate OOK is used for a master information block (MIB) , in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0028] FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating an example of waveforms where a first bit of the low data rate OOK indicates a presence of the high data rate OOK, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0029] FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating an example where a first packet indicates usage of nested waveform of a second packet, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0030] FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating an example of where there is no extra transition between an ON duration and an OFF duration, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0031] FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating an example of there is an extra transition between an ON duration and an OFF duration, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0032] FIG. 18 is a diagram illustrating an example of an nested waveform with pulse interval encoding (PIE) , in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0033] FIG. 19 is a diagram illustrating an example of an nested waveform where a low data rate OOK portion includes two different portions in an ON duration of the low data rate OOK portion and an OFF duration of the low data rate OOK portion, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0034] FIG. 20 is a flowchart of a method of wireless communication, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0035] FIG. 21 is a flowchart of a method of wireless communication, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0036] FIG. 22 is a flowchart of a method of wireless communication, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0037] FIG. 23 is a flowchart of a method of wireless communication, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0038] FIG. 24 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an example apparatus and / or network entity.
[0039] FIG. 25 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an example network entity
[0040] FIG. 26 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an example apparatus.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0041] In addition to higher capability devices, wireless communication may support devices having reduced capabilities or reduced complexity. Such devices may be configured for lower power consumption and may have a less complicated structure. As an example, passive wireless devices may perform transmissions based on backscattered signals without active RF components. In some aspects, the communication may be based on OOK. Aspects presented herein enable a waveform based on OOK that improves data rates while maintaining high reliability. Aspects provided herein enable a nested waveform having a first portion of the waveform based on a first format and a second portion of the waveform being within the first portion and based on a second format. The first format and the second format are based on OOK. As an example, a higher data rate OOK signal may be provided within an ON duration of a lower data rate OOK signal. The combined, e.g., nested, OOK waveform enables high data rates to be achieved.
[0042] The detailed description set forth below in connection with the drawings describes various configurations and does not represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of various concepts. However, these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such concepts.
[0043] Several aspects of telecommunication systems are presented with reference to various apparatus and methods. These apparatus and methods are described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, components, circuits, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as “elements” ) . These elements may be implemented using electronic hardware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
[0044] By way of example, an element, or any portion of an element, or any combination of elements may be implemented as a “processing system” that includes one or more processors. When multiple processors are implemented, the multiple processors may perform the functions individually or in combination. Examples of processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, graphics processing units (GPUs) , central processing units (CPUs) , application processors, digital signal processors (DSPs) , reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, systems on a chip (SoC) , baseband processors, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , programmable logic devices (PLDs) , state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functionality described throughout this disclosure. One or more processors in the processing system may execute software. Software, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise, shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software components, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, or any combination thereof.
[0045] Accordingly, in one or more example aspects, implementations, and / or use cases, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or encoded as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes computer storage media. Storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, such computer-readable media can include a random-access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, other magnetic storage devices, combinations of the types of computer-readable media, or any other medium that can be used to store computer executable code in the form of instructions or data structures that can be accessed by a computer.
[0046] While aspects, implementations, and / or use cases are described in this application by illustration to some examples, additional or different aspects, implementations and / or use cases may come about in many different arrangements and scenarios. Aspects, implementations, and / or use cases described herein may be implemented across many differing platform types, devices, systems, shapes, sizes, and packaging arrangements. For example, aspects, implementations, and / or use cases may come about via integrated chip implementations and other non-module-component based devices (e.g., end-user devices, vehicles, communication devices, computing devices, industrial equipment, retail / purchasing devices, medical devices, artificial intelligence (AI) -enabled devices, etc. ) . While some examples may or may not be specifically directed to use cases or applications, a wide assortment of applicability of described examples may occur. Aspects, implementations, and / or use cases may range a spectrum from chip-level or modular components to non-modular, non-chip-level implementations and further to aggregate, distributed, or original equipment manufacturer (OEM) devices or systems incorporating one or more techniques herein. In some practical settings, devices incorporating described aspects and features may also include additional components and features for implementation and practice of claimed and described aspect. For example, transmission and reception of wireless signals necessarily includes a number of components for analog and digital purposes (e.g., hardware components including antenna, RF-chains, power amplifiers, modulators, buffer, processor (s) , interleaver, adders / summers, etc. ) . Techniques described herein may be practiced in a wide variety of devices, chip-level components, systems, distributed arrangements, aggregated or disaggregated components, end-user devices, etc. of varying sizes, shapes, and constitution.
[0047] Deployment of communication systems, such as 5G NR systems, may be arranged in multiple manners with various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system, or network, a network node, a network entity, a mobility element of a network, a radio access network (RAN) node, a core network node, a network element, or a network equipment, such as a base station (BS) , or one or more units (or one or more components) performing base station functionality, may be implemented in an aggregated or disaggregated architecture. For example, a BS (such as a Node B (NB) , evolved NB (eNB) , NR BS, 5G NB, access point (AP) , a transmission reception point (TRP) , or a cell, etc. ) may be implemented as an aggregated base station (also known as a standalone BS or a monolithic BS) or a disaggregated base station.
[0048] An aggregated base station may be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. A disaggregated base station may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more units (such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs) , one or more distributed units (DUs) , or one or more radio units (RUs) ) . In some aspects, a CU may be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs may be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually distributed throughout one or multiple other RAN nodes. The DUs may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU and RU can be implemented as virtual units, i.e., a virtual central unit (VCU) , a virtual distributed unit (VDU) , or a virtual radio unit (VRU) .
[0049] Base station operation or network design may consider aggregation characteristics of base station functionality. For example, disaggregated base stations may be utilized in an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open radio access network (O-RAN (such as the network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance) ) , or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN, also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN) ) . Disaggregation may include distributing functionality across two or more units at various physical locations, as well as distributing functionality for at least one unit virtually, which can enable flexibility in network design. The various units of the disaggregated base station, or disaggregated RAN architecture, can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit.
[0050] FIG. 1 is a diagram 100 illustrating an example of a wireless communications system and an access network. The illustrated wireless communications system includes a disaggregated base station architecture. The disaggregated base station architecture may include one or more CUs 110 that can communicate directly with a core network 120 via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 120 through one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 125 via an E2 link, or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC 115 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 105, or both) . A CU 110 may communicate with one or more DUs 130 via respective midhaul links, such as an F1 interface. The DUs 130 may communicate with one or more RUs 140 via respective fronthaul links. The RUs 140 may communicate with respective UEs 104 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 140.
[0051] Each of the units, i.e., the CUs 110, the DUs 130, the RUs 140, as well as the Near-RT RICs 125, the Non-RT RICs 115, and the SMO Framework 105, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or to transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communication interfaces of the units, can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include a wired interface configured to receive or to transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units. Additionally, the units can include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter, or a transceiver (such as an RF transceiver) , configured to receive or to transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units.
[0052] In some aspects, the CU 110 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include radio resource control (RRC) , packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) , service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) , or the like. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 110. The CU 110 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit –User Plane (CU-UP) ) , control plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit –Control Plane (CU-CP) ) , or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 110 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as an E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 110 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 130, as necessary, for network control and signaling.
[0053] The DU 130 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 140. In some aspects, the DU 130 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation, demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by 3GPP. In some aspects, the DU 130 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 130, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 110.
[0054] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 140. In some deployments, an RU 140, controlled by a DU 130, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT) , inverse FFT (iFFT) , digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like) , or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU (s) 140 can be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 104. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communication with the RU (s) 140 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 130. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU (s) 130 and the CU 110 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.
[0055] The SMO Framework 105 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 105 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements that may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface) . For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 105 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 190) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface) . Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 110, DUs 130, RUs 140 and Near-RT RICs 125. In some implementations, the SMO Framework 105 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 111, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO Framework 105 can communicate directly with one or more RUs 140 via an O1 interface. The SMO Framework 105 also may include a Non-RT RIC 115 configured to support functionality of the SMO Framework 105.
[0056] The Non-RT RIC 115 may be configured to include a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the Near-RT RIC 125. The Non-RT RIC 115 may be coupled to or communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the Near-RT RIC 125. The Near-RT RIC 125 may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 110, one or more DUs 130, or both, as well as an O-eNB, with the Near-RT RIC 125.
[0057] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 125, the Non-RT RIC 115 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 125 and may be received at the SMO Framework 105 or the Non-RT RIC 115 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 115 or the Near-RT RIC 125 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 115 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO Framework 105 (such as reconfiguration via O1) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 policies) .
[0058] At least one of the CU 110, the DU 130, and the RU 140 may be referred to as a base station 102. Accordingly, a base station 102 may include one or more of the CU 110, the DU 130, and the RU 140 (each component indicated with dotted lines to signify that each component may or may not be included in the base station 102) . The base station 102 provides an access point to the core network 120 for a UE 104. The base station 102 may include macrocells (high power cellular base station) and / or small cells (low power cellular base station) . The small cells include femtocells, picocells, and microcells. A network that includes both small cell and macrocells may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include Home Evolved Node Bs (eNBs) (HeNBs) , which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG) . The communication links between the RUs 140 and the UEs 104 may include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to an RU 140 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from an RU 140 to a UE 104. The communication links may use multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication links may be through one or more carriers. The base station 102 / UEs 104 may use spectrum up to Y MHz (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100, 400, etc. MHz) bandwidth per carrier allocated in a carrier aggregation of up to a total of Yx MHz (x component carriers) used for transmission in each direction. The carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL) . The component carriers may include a primary component carrier and one or more secondary component carriers. A primary component carrier may be referred to as a primary cell (PCell) and a secondary component carrier may be referred to as a secondary cell (SCell) .
[0059] Certain UEs 104 may communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communication link 158. The D2D communication link 158 may use the DL / UL wireless wide area network (WWAN) spectrum. The D2D communication link 158 may use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) , a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH) , a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , and a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) . D2D communication may be through a variety of wireless D2D communications systems, such as for example, BluetoothTM (Bluetooth is a trademark of the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) ) , Wi-FiTM (Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance) based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standard, LTE, or NR.
[0060] The wireless communications system may further include a Wi-Fi AP 150 in communication with UEs 104 (also referred to as Wi-Fi stations (STAs) ) via communication link 154, e.g., in a 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum or the like. When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the UEs 104 / AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available.
[0061] The electromagnetic spectrum is often subdivided, based on frequency / wavelength, into various classes, bands, channels, etc. In 5G NR, two initial operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz –7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz –52.6 GHz) . Although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “sub-6 GHz” band in various documents and articles. A similar nomenclature issue sometimes occurs with regard to FR2, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” band in documents and articles, despite being different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz –300 GHz) which is identified by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) as a “millimeter wave” band.
[0062] The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR studies have identified an operating band for these mid-band frequencies as frequency range designation FR3 (7.125 GHz –24.25 GHz) . Frequency bands falling within FR3 may inherit FR1 characteristics and / or FR2 characteristics, and thus may effectively extend features of FR1 and / or FR2 into mid-band frequencies. In addition, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operation beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR2-2 (52.6 GHz –71 GHz) , FR4 (71 GHz –114.25 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz –300 GHz) . Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band.
[0063] With the above aspects in mind, unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “sub-6 GHz” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may be less than 6 GHz, may be within FR1, or may include mid-band frequencies. Further, unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “millimeter wave” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may include mid-band frequencies, may be within FR2, FR4, FR2-2, and / or FR5, or may be within the EHF band.
[0064] The base station 102 and the UE 104 may each include a plurality of antennas, such as antenna elements, antenna panels, and / or antenna arrays to facilitate beamforming. The base station 102 may transmit a beamformed signal 182 to the UE 104 in one or more transmit directions. The UE 104 may receive the beamformed signal from the base station 102 in one or more receive directions. The UE 104 may also transmit a beamformed signal 184 to the base station 102 in one or more transmit directions. The base station 102 may receive the beamformed signal from the UE 104 in one or more receive directions. The base station 102 / UE 104 may perform beam training to determine the best receive and transmit directions for each of the base station 102 / UE 104. The transmit and receive directions for the base station 102 may or may not be the same. The transmit and receive directions for the UE 104 may or may not be the same.
[0065] The base station 102 may include and / or be referred to as a gNB, Node B, eNB, an access point, a base transceiver station, a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a basic service set (BSS) , an extended service set (ESS) , a TRP, network node, network entity, network equipment, or some other suitable terminology. The base station 102 can be implemented as an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a relay node, a sidelink node, an aggregated (monolithic) base station with a baseband unit (BBU) (including a CU and a DU) and an RU, or as a disaggregated base station including one or more of a CU, a DU, and / or an RU. The set of base stations, which may include disaggregated base stations and / or aggregated base stations, may be referred to as next generation (NG) RAN (NG-RAN) .
[0066] The core network 120 may include an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 161, a Session Management Function (SMF) 162, a User Plane Function (UPF) 163, a Unified Data Management (UDM) 164, one or more location servers 168, and other functional entities. The AMF 161 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the core network 120. The AMF 161 supports registration management, connection management, mobility management, and other functions. The SMF 162 supports session management and other functions. The UPF 163 supports packet routing, packet forwarding, and other functions. The UDM 164 supports the generation of authentication and key agreement (AKA) credentials, user identification handling, access authorization, and subscription management. The one or more location servers 168 are illustrated as including a Gateway Mobile Location Center (GMLC) 165 and a Location Management Function (LMF) 166. However, generally, the one or more location servers 168 may include one or more location / positioning servers, which may include one or more of the GMLC 165, the LMF 166, a position determination entity (PDE) , a serving mobile location center (SMLC) , a mobile positioning center (MPC) , or the like. The GMLC 165 and the LMF 166 support UE location services. The GMLC 165 provides an interface for clients / applications (e.g., emergency services) for accessing UE positioning information. The LMF 166 receives measurements and assistance information from the NG-RAN and the UE 104 via the AMF 161 to compute the position of the UE 104. The NG-RAN may utilize one or more positioning methods in order to determine the position of the UE 104. Positioning the UE 104 may involve signal measurements, a position estimate, and an optional velocity computation based on the measurements. The signal measurements may be made by the UE 104 and / or the base station 102 serving the UE 104. The signals measured may be based on one or more of a satellite positioning system (SPS) 170 (e.g., one or more of a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) , global position system (GPS) , non-terrestrial network (NTN) , or other satellite position / location system) , LTE signals, wireless local area network (WLAN) signals, Bluetooth signals, a terrestrial beacon system (TBS) , sensor-based information (e.g., barometric pressure sensor, motion sensor) , NR enhanced cell ID (NR E-CID) methods, NR signals (e.g., multi-round trip time (Multi-RTT) , DL angle-of-departure (DL-AoD) , DL time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA) , UL time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA) , and UL angle-of-arrival (UL-AoA) positioning) , and / or other systems / signals / sensors.
[0067] Examples of UEs 104 include a cellular phone, a smart phone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a satellite radio, a global positioning system, a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player (e.g., MP3 player) , a camera, a game console, a tablet, a smart device, a wearable device, a vehicle, an electric meter, a gas pump, a large or small kitchen appliance, a healthcare device, an implant, a sensor / actuator, a display, or any other similar functioning device. Some of the UEs 104 may be referred to as IoT devices (e.g., parking meter, gas pump, toaster, vehicles, heart monitor, etc. ) . The UE 104 may also be referred to as a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communications device, a remote device, a mobile subscriber station, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, a user agent, a mobile client, a client, or some other suitable terminology. In some scenarios, the term UE may also apply to one or more companion devices such as in a device constellation arrangement. One or more of these devices may collectively access the network and / or individually access the network.
[0068] In some aspects, the UE 104 or the base station 102 may be in communication with a tag 142. In some aspects, the term “tag” may refer to a wireless device that may support ambient powered transmission, support energy harvesting, support passive transmission, support backscatter transmission, or the like. In some aspects, a “tag” may also be referred to as a passive UE, passive devices, ambient IoT (which may also be referred to as passive IoT) (A-IoT) device, or other similar devices in any shape or form.
[0069] Referring again to FIG. 1, in some aspects, the tag 142 may include an access component 199. In some aspects, the waveform component 199 may be configured to receive a signal based on a waveform, a first portion of the waveform being based on a first format and a second portion of the waveform being based on a second format, the first portion being within the second portion, where the first format and the second format are based on OOK. In some aspects, the waveform component 199 may be further configured to communicate with a second wireless device based on the signal.
[0070] In certain aspects, the base station 102 or the UE 104 may include a waveform component 198. In some aspects, the waveform component 199 may be configured to provide a signal based on a waveform, a first portion of the waveform being based on a first format and a second portion of the waveform being based on a second format, the first portion being within the second portion, where the first format and the second format are based on OOK. In some aspects, the waveform component 199 may be further configured to monitor for at least one response to the signal.
[0071] Although the following description may be focused on 5G NR, the concepts described herein may be applicable to other similar areas, such as LTE, LTE-A, CDMA, GSM, and other wireless technologies.
[0072] As described herein, a node (which may be referred to as a node, a network node, a network entity, or a wireless node) may include, be, or be included in (e.g., be a component of) a base station (e.g., any base station described herein) , a UE (e.g., any UE described herein) , a network controller, an apparatus, a device, a computing system, an integrated access and backhauling (IAB) node, a distributed unit (DU) , a central unit (CU) , a remote / radio unit (RU) (which may also be referred to as a remote radio unit (RRU) ) , and / or another processing entity configured to perform any of the techniques described herein. For example, a network node may be a UE. As another example, a network node may be a base station or network entity. As another example, a first network node may be configured to communicate with a second network node or a third network node. In one aspect of this example, the first network node may be a UE, the second network node may be a base station, and the third network node may be a UE. In another aspect of this example, the first network node may be a UE, the second network node may be a base station, and the third network node may be a base station. In yet other aspects of this example, the first, second, and third network nodes may be different relative to these examples. Similarly, reference to a UE, base station, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like may include disclosure of the UE, base station, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like being a network node. For example, disclosure that a UE is configured to receive information from a base station also discloses that a first network node is configured to receive information from a second network node. Consistent with this disclosure, once a specific example is broadened in accordance with this disclosure (e.g., a UE is configured to receive information from a base station also discloses that a first network node is configured to receive information from a second network node) , the broader example of the narrower example may be interpreted in the reverse, but in a broad open-ended way. In the example above where a UE is configured to receive information from a base station also discloses that a first network node is configured to receive information from a second network node, the first network node may refer to a first UE, a first base station, a first apparatus, a first device, a first computing system, a first set of one or more one or more components, a first processing entity, or the like configured to receive the information; and the second network node may refer to a second UE, a second base station, a second apparatus, a second device, a second computing system, a second set of one or more components, a second processing entity, or the like.
[0073] As described herein, communication of information (e.g., any information, signal, or the like) may be described in various aspects using different terminology. Disclosure of one communication term includes disclosure of other communication terms. For example, a first network node may be described as being configured to transmit information to a second network node. In this example and consistent with this disclosure, disclosure that the first network node is configured to transmit information to the second network node includes disclosure that the first network node is configured to provide, send, output, communicate, or transmit information to the second network node. Similarly, in this example and consistent with this disclosure, disclosure that the first network node is configured to transmit information to the second network node includes disclosure that the second network node is configured to receive, obtain, or decode the information that is provided, sent, output, communicated, or transmitted by the first network node.
[0074] FIG. 2A is a diagram 200 illustrating an example of a first subframe within a 5G NR frame structure. FIG. 2B is a diagram 230 illustrating an example of DL channels within a 5G NR subframe. FIG. 2C is a diagram 250 illustrating an example of a second subframe within a 5G NR frame structure. FIG. 2D is a diagram 280 illustrating an example of UL channels within a 5G NR subframe. The 5G NR frame structure may be frequency division duplexed (FDD) in which for a particular set of subcarriers (carrier system bandwidth) , subframes within the set of subcarriers are dedicated for either DL or UL, or may be time division duplexed (TDD) in which for a particular set of subcarriers (carrier system bandwidth) , subframes within the set of subcarriers are dedicated for both DL and UL. In the examples provided by FIGs. 2A, 2C, the 5G NR frame structure is assumed to be TDD, with subframe 4 being configured with slot format 28 (with mostly DL) , where D is DL, U is UL, and F is flexible for use between DL / UL, and subframe 3 being configured with slot format 1 (with all UL) . While subframes 3, 4 are shown with slot formats 1, 28, respectively, any particular subframe may be configured with any of the various available slot formats 0-61. Slot formats 0, 1 are all DL, UL, respectively. Other slot formats 2-61 include a mix of DL, UL, and flexible symbols. UEs are configured with the slot format (dynamically through DL control information (DCI) , or semi-statically / statically through radio resource control (RRC) signaling) through a received slot format indicator (SFI) . Note that the description infra applies also to a 5G NR frame structure that is TDD.
[0075] FIGs. 2A-2D illustrate a frame structure, and the aspects of the present disclosure may be applicable to other wireless communication technologies, which may have a different frame structure and / or different channels. A frame (10 ms) may be divided into 10 equally sized subframes (1 ms) . Each subframe may include one or more time slots. Subframes may also include mini-slots, which may include 7, 4, or 2 symbols. Each slot may include 14 or 12 symbols, depending on whether the cyclic prefix (CP) is normal or extended. For normal CP, each slot may include 14 symbols, and for extended CP, each slot may include 12 symbols. The symbols on DL may be CP orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) (CP-OFDM) symbols. The symbols on UL may be CP-OFDM symbols (for high throughput scenarios) or discrete Fourier transform (DFT) spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) symbols (for power limited scenarios; limited to a single stream transmission) . The number of slots within a subframe is based on the CP and the numerology. The numerology defines the subcarrier spacing (SCS) (see Table 1) . The symbol length / duration may scale with 1 / SCS.
[0076] Table 1: Numerology, SCS, and CP
[0077] For normal CP (14 symbols / slot) , different numerologies μ 0 to 4 allow for 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 slots, respectively, per subframe. For extended CP, the numerology 2 allows for 4 slots per subframe. Accordingly, for normal CP and numerology μ, there are 14 symbols / slot and 2μ slots / subframe. The subcarrier spacing may be equal to 2μ*15 kHz, where μ is the numerology 0 to 4. As such, the numerology μ=0 has a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz and the numerology μ=4 has a subcarrier spacing of 240 kHz. The symbol length / duration is inversely related to the subcarrier spacing. FIGs. 2A-2D provide an example of normal CP with 14 symbols per slot and numerology μ=2 with 4 slots per subframe. The slot duration is 0.25 ms, the subcarrier spacing is 60 kHz, and the symbol duration is approximately 16.67 μs. Within a set of frames, there may be one or more different bandwidth parts (BWPs) (see FIG. 2B) that are frequency division multiplexed. Each BWP may have a particular numerology and CP (normal or extended) .
[0078] A resource grid may be used to represent the frame structure. Each time slot includes a resource block (RB) (also referred to as physical RBs (PRBs) ) that extends 12 consecutive subcarriers. The resource grid is divided into multiple resource elements (REs) . The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.
[0079] As illustrated in FIG. 2A, some of the REs carry reference (pilot) signals (RS) for the UE.The RS may include demodulation RS (DM-RS) (indicated as R for one particular configuration, but other DM-RS configurations are possible) and channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS) for channel estimation at the UE. The RS may also include beam measurement RS (BRS) , beam refinement RS (BRRS) , and phase tracking RS (PT-RS) .
[0080] FIG. 2B illustrates an example of various DL channels within a subframe of a frame. The physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) carries DCI within one or more control channel elements (CCEs) (e.g., 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 CCEs) , each CCE including six RE groups (REGs) , each REG including 12 consecutive REs in an OFDM symbol of an RB. A PDCCH within one BWP may be referred to as a control resource set (CORESET) . A UE is configured to monitor PDCCH candidates in a PDCCH search space (e.g., common search space, UE-specific search space) during PDCCH monitoring occasions on the CORESET, where the PDCCH candidates have different DCI formats and different aggregation levels. Additional BWPs may be located at greater and / or lower frequencies across the channel bandwidth. A primary synchronization signal (PSS) may be within symbol 2 of particular subframes of a frame. The PSS is used by a UE 104 to determine subframe / symbol timing and a physical layer identity. A secondary synchronization signal (SSS) may be within symbol 4 of particular subframes of a frame. The SSS is used by a UE to determine a physical layer cell identity group number and radio frame timing. Based on the physical layer identity and the physical layer cell identity group number, the UE can determine a physical cell identifier (PCI) . Based on the PCI, the UE can determine the locations of the DM-RS. The physical broadcast channel (PBCH) , which carries a master information block (MIB) , may be logically grouped with the PSS and SSS to form a synchronization signal (SS) / PBCH block (also referred to as SS block (SSB) ) . The MIB provides a number of RBs in the system bandwidth and a system frame number (SFN) . The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) carries user data, broadcast system information not transmitted through the PBCH such as system information blocks (SIBs) , and paging messages.
[0081] As illustrated in FIG. 2C, some of the REs carry DM-RS (indicated as R for one particular configuration, but other DM-RS configurations are possible) for channel estimation at the base station. The UE may transmit DM-RS for the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) and DM-RS for the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) . The PUSCH DM-RS may be transmitted in the first one or two symbols of the PUSCH. The PUCCH DM-RS may be transmitted in different configurations depending on whether short or long PUCCHs are transmitted and depending on the particular PUCCH format used. The UE may transmit sounding reference signals (SRS) . The SRS may be transmitted in the last symbol of a subframe. The SRS may have a comb structure, and a UE may transmit SRS on one of the combs. The SRS may be used by a base station for channel quality estimation to enable frequency-dependent scheduling on the UL.
[0082] FIG. 2D illustrates an example of various UL channels within a subframe of a frame. The PUCCH may be located as indicated in one configuration. The PUCCH carries uplink control information (UCI) , such as scheduling requests, a channel quality indicator (CQI) , a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) , a rank indicator (RI) , and hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) acknowledgment (ACK) (HARQ-ACK) feedback (i.e., one or more HARQ ACK bits indicating one or more ACK and / or negative ACK (NACK) ) . The PUSCH carries data, and may additionally be used to carry a buffer status report (BSR) , a power headroom report (PHR) , and / or UCI.
[0083] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a base station 310 in communication with a UE 350 in an access network. In the DL, Internet protocol (IP) packets may be provided to a controller / processor 375. The controller / processor 375 implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality. Layer 3 includes a radio resource control (RRC) layer, and layer 2 includes a service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. The controller / processor 375 provides RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) , RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release) , inter radio access technology (RAT) mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification) , and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer packet data units (PDUs) , error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs) , re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs) , demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.
[0084] The transmit (TX) processor 316 and the receive (RX) processor 370 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1, which includes a physical (PHY) layer, may include error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding / decoding of the transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, modulation / demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. The TX processor 316 handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) , quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) , M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK) , M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) ) . The coded and modulated symbols may then be split into parallel streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an OFDM subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domain, and then combined together using an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator 374 may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate may be derived from a reference signal and / or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 350. Each spatial stream may then be provided to a different antenna 320 via a separate transmitter 318Tx. Each transmitter 318Tx may modulate a radio frequency (RF) carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.
[0085] At the UE 350, each receiver 354Rx receives a signal through its respective antenna 352. Each receiver 354Rx recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the receive (RX) processor 356. The TX processor 368 and the RX processor 356 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The RX processor 356 may perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 350. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 350, they may be combined by the RX processor 356 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The RX processor 356 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time-domain to the frequency domain using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) . The frequency domain signal includes a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station 310. These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates computed by the channel estimator 358. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by the base station 310 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the controller / processor 359, which implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality.
[0086] The controller / processor 359 can be associated with at least one memory 360 that stores program codes and data. The at least one memory 360 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 359 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets. The controller / processor 359 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
[0087] Similar to the functionality described in connection with the DL transmission by the base station 310, the controller / processor 359 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) acquisition, RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, and security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification) ; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto TBs, demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.
[0088] Channel estimates derived by a channel estimator 358 from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 310 may be used by the TX processor 368 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the TX processor 368 may be provided to different antenna 352 via separate transmitters 354Tx. Each transmitter 354Tx may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.
[0089] The UL transmission is processed at the base station 310 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE 350. Each receiver 318Rx receives a signal through its respective antenna 320. Each receiver 318Rx recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to a RX processor 370.
[0090] The controller / processor 375 can be associated with at least one memory 376 that stores program codes and data. The at least one memory 376 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 375 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets. The controller / processor 375 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
[0091] At least one of the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller / processor 359 may be configured to perform aspects in connection with waveform component 198 of FIG. 1.
[0092] At least one of the TX processor 316, the RX processor 370, and the controller / processor 375 may be configured to perform aspects in connection with waveform component 198 of FIG. 1.
[0093] In addition to higher capability devices, wireless communication may support reduced capability (RedCap) devices. Among others, examples of higher capability devices include premium smartphones, V2X devices, URLLC devices, eMBB devices, etc. Among other examples, reduced capability devices may include wearables (e.g., smart watches, augmented reality glasses, virtual reality glasses, health and medical monitoring devices, etc. ) , industrial wireless sensor networks (IWSN) (e.g., pressure sensors, humidity sensors, motion sensors, thermal sensors, accelerometers, actuators, etc. ) , surveillance cameras, low-end smartphones, etc. For example, NR communication systems may support both higher capability devices and reduced capability devices. A reduced capability device may be referred to as an NR light device, a low-tier device, a lower tier device, etc. Reduced capability UEs may communicate based on various types of wireless communication. For example, smart wearables may transmit or receive communication based on low power wide area (LPWA) / mMTC, relaxed IoT devices may transmit or receive communication based on URLLC, sensors / cameras may transmit or receive communication based on eMBB, etc.
[0094] In addition to reduced capability devices, devices with a lower capability than reduced capability devices including lower power consumption and a less complicated structure may be included in wireless communication systems. In some wireless communication systems, passive wireless devices such as zero-power passive IoT wireless devices may be included. Such passive wireless devices may be without active RF components and may perform transmissions based on backscatter communication and reception based on envelope detection or an envelope detector. Backscatter communication may modulate information on an incoming RF signal (which may be a carrier wave that may carry communication between other devices) by an adaptation of antenna load impedance. A passive wireless device may be battery-less or battery assisted. For example, a passive wireless device may operate based on energy harvesting from an incoming radio wave with or without a battery as an additional power source. A passive wireless device may have low power consumption, such as between 1 microwatt to 1000 microwatts. Such passive wireless devices may be devices for inventory management, wireless sensors, or the like. Passive devices may use backscatter communication to communicate with another network entity, such as a base station.
[0095] Backscatter communication may enable radio frequency identification (RFID) . For example, a reader may send a continuous waveform signal and interrogate commands. An RF tag (which is a passive wireless device) may harvest energy from the continuous waveform signal and may respond to the interrogation by varying its input impedance (e.g., between conjugate match and strongly mismatched) , therefore modulating the backscattered signals. RFID is a rapidly growing technology impacting many industries due to its potential for inventory / asset management inside and outside warehouse, IoT, sustainable sensor networks in factories and / or agriculture, and smart home. RFID may include small transponders, which may be referred to as tags, emitting an information-bearing signal upon receiving a signal. RFID may be operated without battery at low operational expenditures (OPEX) and may use small amount of resources. RFID may have use lower amount of maintenance and may have a long life-cycle.
[0096] FIG. 4 is a diagram 400 illustrating an example RFID system. As shown in FIG. 4, an RFID system may include a reader 402 and a tag 404. The reader 402 may transmit, through an antenna, an electromagnetic (EM) signal to the tag 404 through a forward link (FL) . The tag 404 may detect the EM signal from the reader 402, for example, through an envelope detector and reflect or scatter the EM signal it encounters through a backward link (BL) back to the reader 402. The reflected EM signal may be modulated by the tag 404 to include the backscatter data for the reader 402. The term “FL” may refer to a link from RF source to the tag. The term “RF source” may refer to a transmitter of a signal (e.g., a modulated signal or a unmodulated signal which may be referred to as a FL carrier wave in the form of a continuous wave to power up tag) to the tag which may reflect the signal into a backscatter wave. The term “BL” may refer to a link from the tag to a reader. The term “reader” may refer to a receiver of the backscatter wave. On the FL, there may be FL data such as FL information, which may be commands, acknowledgment (ACK) , negative acknowledgment (NACK) , or the like. On the BL, there may be BL data such as BL information, which may be ACK / NACK, data from the tag, or the like. As used herein, the term “tag” may be used to refer to various types of devices that use ambient power or received RF power to transmit a signal. A tag is one example of a device that may be configured to perform the aspects described herein, and the concepts are not limited to a tag. Such devices may be also referred to as supporting ambient powered transmission, supporting energy harvesting, supporting passive transmission, supporting backscatter transmission, passive UE, passive devices, or the like. In some aspects, ambient IoT (which may also be referred to as passive IoT) (A-IoT) may be useful for supporting ultra-low complexity and ultra-low power devices, providing complexity and power consumption orders of magnitude lower than other types of IoT.
[0097] FIG. 5A is a diagram 500 illustrating an example implementation of zero power IoT (ZP IoT) communication. As shown in FIG. 5A, a network node 502 may directly communicate with a tag 504 through DL and UL communication. FIG. 5B is a diagram 550 illustrating another example implementation of ZP IoT communication. As shown in FIG. 5B, a network node 552 may communicate with a tag 554 through a UE 556. The UE 556 may work as a relay between the network node 552 and the tag 554. That is, the network node 552 may communicate with the UE 556 via the Uu interface (awireless interface that connects the UE 556 to the network node 552) , and the UE 556 may communicate with the tag 554 via the FL link and the BL link.
[0098] FIG. 6A is a diagram 600 illustrating an example of monostatic backscatter communication, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As illustrated in FIG. 6A, in monostatic backscatter, the RF source and the reader may be part of a same device, or the RF source function and the reader function may be performed by the same device. The RF source may be the transmitter 604 and the reader may be the receiver 614, which may share a same antenna and may communicate with the tag 610. For example, the antenna may transmit a signal (e.g., a modulated signal or a unmodulated signal) to the tag 610, and then receive a reflected signal (backscatter wave) from the tag 610.
[0099] FIG. 6B is a diagram 650 illustrating an example of bistatic backscatter communication, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As illustrated in FIG. 6B, in bistatic backscatter, the RF source and the reader may be difference device, e.g., the RF source may be transmitted by a first device, and a second device may function as a reader by receiving the backscattered signal. The RF source may be the transmitter 654, which may be connected to a transmit antenna 652 and the reader may be the receiver 664, which may be connected to a receive antenna 662. The RF source may transmit a signal to the tag 670 and the reader may receive the backscattered wave from the tag 670.
[0100] FIG. 7 is a diagram 700 illustrating another example of bistatic backscatter communication, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As illustrated in FIG. 7, a network node 702 may be an RF source and may transmit a signal via the FL 708 to the tag 704. The tag 704 may reflect the signal via the BL 710, which may be received by a second device (e.g., the reader 706 may receive the reflected signal) .
[0101] A low-power receiver may be a receiver separate from the main radio on a wireless device. The low-power receiver may be used for enabling lower power consumption at the wireless device and may have a much lower power consumption than the main radio. To save power, the main radio may enter a sleep mode and the low-power receiver may be periodically listening (which may also be referred to as “monitoring” ) to low-power receiver. A wireless device may be periodically listening to the low-power receiver and the main radio may be in a sleep mode (e.g., off) . Upon receiving a low-power wake up signal (LP WUS) via the low-power receiver, the wireless device may turn on the main radio to enable data communications via the main radio.
[0102] As an example, the low-power receiver may be a companion receiver monitoring low-power receiver with very low power while main radio is in sleep state. The low-power receiver may wake up the main radio when data communication may occur. For example, the low-power receiver may monitor for LP WUS at a first time occasion 62. Based on not receiving a LP WUS, the main radio may not wake up at the first time occasion. The low-power receiver may monitor for LP WUS at time occasion. Based on receiving a LP WUS, the main radio may wake up at time occasion. The low-power receiver may consume low power and may be powered separately from the main radio. The low-power receiver may not be used for bidirectional communication with a network entity (such as a base station) , and may be used for monitoring paging information so that main radio may be woke up for communication.
[0103] Usage of low-power receiver may reduce total power consumption because unnecessary awake of the more power consuming main radio may be avoided. Usage of low-power receiver may also reduce total latency. Because the low-power receiver consumes very low power, it may allow frequent low-power receiver monitoring, reducing average latency (e.g., less average latency compared to waking up main radio less frequently) . Example performance metrics for low-power receiver may include power consumption (which may be lower than sleep power of main radio to enable extended operation) . Example performance metrics for low-power receiver may include sensitivity where higher sensitivity enable better coverage. Power hungry blocks may be avoided for low power operation, resulting in poor sensitivity and potential coverage mismatch between of low-power radio and main radio. Therefore, sensitivity at the low-power receiver may be a performance metric. Example performance metrics for low-power receiver may also include data rate, false alarm or false wake up probability (false wake up may result in more power consumption) , miss detection probability (miss detection may lead to poor reliability and increase delay) , and main radio wake-up time (which is correlated to overall latency) .
[0104] LP WUS be used for paging reception and may be associated with a paging early indication. To enable a low-power receiver at a wireless device to perform radio resource management, time or frequency (T / F) tracking, and resynchronization, aspects provided herein may provide LP RS. The wireless device may use such a LP RS in various different configurations. For example, if the low-power receiver supports OOK waveform and the low-power receiver bandwidth is less than or equal to 5 MHz with a noise figure around 7 decibels, LP RS may be based on OOK for T / F synchronization and the LP RS may be based on OOK waveform. As another example, if the low-power receiver supports OOK waveform and the low-power receiver bandwidth is approximately 1 MHz with a noise figure approximately 5 decibels, LP RS may be used if minimum coupling loss (MCL) is 164 decibel or lower. MCL may be the minimum distance loss including antenna gain measured between antenna connectors. In another example, if the low-power receiver supports OOK waveform and the low-power receiver bandwidth is approximately 5 MHz with a noise figure approximately 5 decibels, the wireless device might be able to not use LP RS to satisfy a MCL of 140 decibels. As used herein, the term “LP RS” may refer to a signal received via a low-power receiver that is used for T / F tracking and radio resource management. LP RS may be carried on LP RS resources (which may be arranged as LP RS resource sets) . The term “LP WUS” may refer to a signal received via a low-power receiver that is used for waking up the main radio and may be associated with a paging early indication, an idle discontinuous reception (DRX) cycle (e.g., associated with paging monitoring occasions) , wakeup monitoring occasions associated with a connected-mode DRX cycle, or the like. In some aspects, the term “monitoring occasion” may refer to a configured time occasion where a UE is configured to monitor a transmission. In some aspects a low power wakeup receiver may be referred to as a low power wakeup radio and a main receiver may be referred to as a main radio, and vice versa. As described herein, reference to a radio may include reference to a radio, a receiver, or a transceiver; and vice versa. For example, a low power receiver may also be referred to as a low power radio, a low power transceiver, or the like. As another example, a main receiver may also be referred to as a main radio, a main transceiver, or the like. As another example, a main radio may also be referred to as a main receiver, a main transceiver, or the like. The term “power state” may refer to a power state of a main radio. For example, the main radio may wake up from a sleep state, an off state, or another state where the main radio is configured to refrain from receiving or transmitting some (or all) communications to save power to an on state or an awake state.
[0105] Example waveforms used for low-power receiver signals, such as an LP WUS, may be an on-off keying (OOK) based waveform or other waveforms. OOK may be a modulation scheme of keying a sinusoidal carrier signal on and off with a unipolar binary signal (two level amplitude keying where a first amplitude represents ON and a second amplitude represents OFF) . FIG. 8 is a diagram 800 illustrating an example of an on-off keying (OOK) waveform, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As illustrated in FIG. 8, a first OFF duration 802 may represent a zero ( “0” ) bit, an ON duration 804 may represent a one ( “1” ) bit, and a second OFF duration 806 may represent a 0 bit. Each of the ON duration or the OFF duration may be a single OFDM symbol.
[0106] In some aspects, within the ON duration, the signal may not have a constant amplitude. As long as the average amplitude within a particular duration is within a defined range associated with the ON duration, the particular duration would be detected as and defined to be an ON duration. Similarly, within the OFF duration, the signal may not have a constant amplitude. As long as the average amplitude within a particular duration is within a defined range associated with the OFF duration, the particular duration would be detected as and defined to be an OFF duration. Aspects provided herein enables a nested waveform where within a portion corresponding to a particular ON or OFF duration based on OOK, the signal may be encoded once again based on a second format (e.g., OOK or a different format) to improve communication reliability and improve data rate. For example, a nested waveform may refer to a waveform having a first portion based on a first format and a second portion being within the first portion and based on a second format, wherein the first format and the second format are based on OOK.
[0107] FIG. 9 is a diagram 900 illustrating example communications between a first wireless device 902 and a second wireless device 904. As illustrated in FIG. 9, in some aspects, the second wireless device 904 may transmit a configuration 912 of a nested waveform to the first wireless device 902 to indicate usage of the nested waveform. In some aspects, no explicit configuration may be used and the usage of the nested waveform may be based on a particular pattern associated with the waveform (such as the waveform 914) . Examples of the waveform 914 and the waveform 914N are described later in connection with FIGs. 10-19. In some aspects, the waveform 914 may include an indication (such as a particular pattern) that indicates usage of nested waveform in the waveform 914N. In some aspects, a first portion of the waveform 914 or the waveform 914N may be based on a first format and a second portion of the waveform may be based on a second format, the first portion being within the second portion, where the first format and the second format are based on OOK. Upon transmitting the waveform 914 or the waveform 914N, the second wireless device 904 may monitor for a response at 916, which may be a response 918 (e.g., from a main radio of the first wireless device 902 after waking up, or the like) . In some aspects, the waveform 914 may carry LP-WUS, LP RS, or other signal associated with a low-power receiver. In some aspects, the waveform 914 may carry various signals (e.g., associated with the main radio or the low-power radio) , such as control channel data (e.g., PDCCH, PSCCH, or the like) , shared channel data (PDSCH, PSSCH, or the like) , master information block (MIB) , system information block (SIB) , or the like.
[0108] FIG. 10 is a diagram 1000 illustrating an example of a signal with a nested waveform that includes both high data rate OOK and low data rate OOK, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As illustrated in FIG. 10, starting with a low data rate OOK waveform that includes an ON duration 1002 and an OFF duration 1004, the ON duration 1002 may include a high data rate OOK waveform that includes an ON duration 1012A, an OFF duration 1014A, an ON duration 1012B, and an OFF duration 1014B. Because the high data rate OOK waveform that includes the ON duration 1012A, the OFF duration 1014A, the ON duration 1012B, and the OFF duration 1014B has an average power that corresponds to an ON duration based on a format of the low data rate OOK waveform, the entire high data rate OOK waveform that includes the ON duration 1012A, the OFF duration 1014A, the ON duration 1012B, and the OFF duration 1014B may be viewed as a single ON duration for the low data rate OOK waveform (the ON duration 1002) . The composed signal, may then include the entire high data rate OOK waveform that includes the ON duration 1012A, the OFF duration 1014A, the ON duration 1012B, and the OFF duration 1014B (based on the format of the high data rate OOK waveform) , which may be collectively viewed as ON duration 1002 for the low data rate OOK waveform, and the OFF duration 1004 (based on the format of the low data rate OOK waveform) . In some aspects, the ON duration 1002 may occupy one OFDM symbol. In some aspects, the low data rate OOK waveform may be based on Manchester decoding.
[0109] In some aspects, the low data rate OOK waveform and the high data rate OOK waveform may be used to (1) convey packets from single RF source to multiple tags, (2) convey different types of packets from single RF source to a single tag, such as MIB, SIB, control channel, shared channel, or other different types of packets, or (3) convey broadcast / groupcast channel from single RF source to multiple tags (e.g., low data rate OOK waveform for all A-IoT devices and high data rate OOK waveform for a subset of A-IoT devices) .
[0110] FIG. 11 is a diagram 1100 illustrating an example of a nested waveform where high data rate OOK is used for a first device and low data rate OOK is used for a second device, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As illustrated in FIG. 11, the composed signal may include a first portion and a second portion, where the first portion may include an ON duration 1112A for a high data rate OOK waveform, an OFF duration 1114A for the high data rate OOK waveform, an ON duration 1112B for the high data rate OOK waveform, and an OFF duration 1114B for the high data rate OOK waveform. Collectively, the first portion may be viewed as an ON duration 1102 for a low data rate OOK waveform. The ON duration 1102 and an OFF duration 1104 for the low data rate OOK waveform may be collectively referred to as a second portion for the composed signal. In some aspects, the high data rate OOK waveform, which includes the ON duration 1112A for the high data rate OOK waveform, the OFF duration 1114A for the high data rate OOK waveform, the ON duration 1112B for the high data rate OOK waveform, and the OFF duration 1114B for the high data rate OOK waveform, may be transmitted for or decoded by (e.g., constructed to be decoded by) a first wireless device. In some aspects, the low data rate OOK waveform, which includes the ON duration 1102 and the OFF duration 1104 for the low data rate OOK waveform, may be transmitted for or decoded by (e.g., constructed to be decoded by) a second wireless device.
[0111] FIG. 12 is a diagram 1200 illustrating an example of a nested waveform where high data rate OOK is used for a shared channel and low data rate OOK is used for a control channel, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As illustrated in FIG. 12, the composed signal may include a first portion and a second portion, where the first portion may include an ON duration 1212A for a high data rate OOK waveform, an OFF duration 1214A for the high data rate OOK waveform, an ON duration 1212B for the high data rate OOK waveform, and an OFF duration 1214B for the high data rate OOK waveform. Collectively, the first portion may be viewed as an ON duration 1202 for a low data rate OOK waveform. The ON duration 1202 and an OFF duration 1204 for the low data rate OOK waveform may be collectively referred to as a second portion for the composed signal. In some aspects, the high data rate OOK waveform, which includes the ON duration 1212A for the high data rate OOK waveform, the OFF duration 1214A for the high data rate OOK waveform, the ON duration 1212B for the high data rate OOK waveform, and the OFF duration 1214B for the high data rate OOK waveform, may be carrying shared channel data (e.g., PSSCH, PDSCH, or the like) . In some aspects, the low data rate OOK waveform, which includes the ON duration 1202 and the OFF duration 1204 for the low data rate OOK waveform, may be carrying control channel data (e.g., PSCCH, PDCCH, or the like) . In some aspects, the high data rate OOK waveform and the low data rate OOK waveform may be carrying packets for a same device that may be packets of a same type (e.g., either control channel data or shared channel data) .
[0112] FIG. 13 is a diagram 1300 illustrating an example of a nested waveform where high data rate OOK is used for a system information block (SIB) and low data rate OOK is used for a master information block (MIB) , in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As illustrated in FIG. 13, the composed signal may include a first portion and a second portion, where the first portion may include an ON duration 1312A for a high data rate OOK waveform, an OFF duration 1314A for the high data rate OOK waveform, an ON duration 1312B for the high data rate OOK waveform, and an OFF duration 1314B for the high data rate OOK waveform. Collectively, the first portion may be viewed as an ON duration 1302 for a low data rate OOK waveform. The ON duration 1302 and an OFF duration 1304 for the low data rate OOK waveform may be collectively referred to as a second portion for the composed signal. In some aspects, the high data rate OOK waveform, which includes the ON duration 1312A for the high data rate OOK waveform, the OFF duration 1314A for the high data rate OOK waveform, the ON duration 1312B for the high data rate OOK waveform, and the OFF duration 1314B for the high data rate OOK waveform, may be carrying low reliability broadcast channel (e.g., SIB or the like) . In some aspects, the low data rate OOK waveform, which includes the ON duration 1302 and the OFF duration 1304 for the low data rate OOK waveform, may be high reliability broadcast channel (e.g., MIB or the like) . In some aspects, the high data rate OOK waveform and the low data rate OOK waveform may be carrying packets for a same device that may be packets of a same type. In some aspects, information on the MIB (e.g., carried by the low data rate OOK waveform) may carry decoding information for the SIB (e.g., carried by the high data rate OOK waveform) . In some aspects, the wireless device may decode information within the high data rate OOK waveform which includes the ON duration 1312A for the high data rate OOK waveform, the OFF duration 1314A for the high data rate OOK waveform, the ON duration 1312B for the high data rate OOK waveform, and the OFF duration 1314B for the high data rate OOK waveform, based on information in the low data rate OOK waveform, which includes the ON duration 1302 and the OFF duration 1304.
[0113] In some aspects, information with regard to the waveform, such as data rate, symbol duration, whether nested high data rate waveform is present within the waveform or not, or other information, may be configured (1) within the low data rate OOK waveform or (2) based on a dedicated, standalone configuration, such as the configuration 912. In some aspects, the low data rate OOK waveform may carry indication of whether nested high data rate waveform is present within the waveform or not based on a pattern. For example, one or more bits, such as at least a first bit of the low data rate waveform may indicate the presence (existence) of high data rate waveform. For example, if the low data rate OOK waveform starts with ON then OFF, it may indicate that there is a nested high data rate waveform present within the low data rate OOK waveform. If the low data rate OOK waveform starts with OFF then ON, it may indicate that there is no nested high data rate waveform present within the low data rate OOK waveform.
[0114] FIG. 14 is a diagram 1400 illustrating an example of waveforms where a first bit of the low data rate OOK indicates a presence of the high data rate OOK, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As illustrated in FIG. 14, the composed signal may include a first portion and a second portion, where the first portion may include an ON duration 1412A for a high data rate OOK waveform, an OFF duration 1414A for the high data rate OOK waveform, an ON duration 1412B for the high data rate OOK waveform, and an OFF duration 1414B for the high data rate OOK waveform. Collectively, the first portion may be viewed as an ON duration 1402 for a low data rate OOK waveform. The ON duration 1402 and an OFF duration 1404 for the low data rate OOK waveform may be collectively referred to as a second portion for the composed signal. Because the low data rate OOK waveform starts with the ON duration 1402 then the OFF duration 1404, it may indicate that there is a nested high data rate OOK waveform present in the ON duration 1402 or the OFF duration 1404. As another example, for a low data rate OOK waveform that starts with the OFF duration 1454 then the ON duration 1452, because the low data rate OOK waveform starts with OFF then ON, it may indicate that there is no nested high data rate OOK waveform.
[0115] FIG. 15 is a diagram 1500 illustrating an example where a first packet indicates usage of nested waveform of a second packet (which may also be referred to as a subsequent packet or later packet) , in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As illustrated in FIG. 15, the first packet may include an ON duration 1502A, an OFF duration 1504A, an ON duration 1502B, an OFF duration 1504B, an ON duration 1502C, an OFF duration 1504C, an ON duration 1502D, and an OFF duration 1504D. Based on the first packet (such as particular pattern associated with one or more bits of the packet or by including a configuration) , it may be indicated that a second packet includes a low data rate OOK waveform nested with a high data rate OOK waveform. As illustrated in FIG. 15, the composed signal of the second packet may include a first portion and a second portion, where the first portion may include an ON duration 1522A for a high data rate OOK waveform, an OFF duration 1524A for the high data rate OOK waveform, an ON duration 1522B for the high data rate OOK waveform, and an OFF duration 1524B for the high data rate OOK waveform. Collectively, the first portion may be viewed as an ON duration for a low data rate OOK waveform. The ON duration and an OFF duration 1524 for the low data rate OOK waveform may be collectively referred to as a second portion for the composed signal.
[0116] In some aspects, to improve the timing ability (provide clock together with information bits) , if high data rate OOK is nested in low data rate ON duration, the low data rate ON duration may be forced or not forced to start / end with “high level -low level” transition. As used herein, the term “delimiter, ” “transition, ” or “transaction” may refer to a specific pattern at a start or an end of an ON duration that may be defined to be indicating the start or the end of the ON duration so that a device may be able to detect the position (s) of the start or the end of the ON duration.
[0117] FIG. 16 is a diagram 1600 illustrating an example of where there is no extra transition between an ON duration and an OFF duration, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As illustrated in FIG. 16, the composed signal may include an ON duration 1610 and an OFF duration 1620 for the low data rate waveform. Within the ON duration 1610 based on a format of the low data rate OOK waveform, there may be a high data rate OOK waveform nested based on a different format of a high data rate OOK waveform that includes an ON duration 1602A, an OFF duration 1604A, an ON duration 1602B, an OFF duration 1604B, an ON duration 1612A, an OFF duration 1614A, an ON duration 1612B, and an OFF duration 1614B. The OFF duration 1620 may start after the ON duration 1610 with no particular forced transition.
[0118] FIG. 17 is a diagram 1700 illustrating an example of an extra transition between an ON duration and an OFF duration, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. For example, the waveform in an ON duration may be structured to start and / or end with a transition in relation to the OFF duration. As illustrated in FIG. 17, the composed signal may include an ON duration 1710 and an OFF duration 1720 for the low data rate waveform. Within the ON duration 1710 based on a format of the low data rate OOK waveform, there may be a high data rate OOK waveform nested based on a different format of a high data rate OOK waveform that includes an ON duration 1702A, an OFF duration 1704A, an ON duration 1702B, an OFF duration 1704B, an ON duration 1712A, an OFF duration 1714A, an ON duration 1712B, and transition 1716 after the ON duration 1712B. The OFF duration 1720 may start after the transition. The transition 1716 may be included rather than an OFF duration of the higher data rate OOK waveform so that there is a more easily identified transition from the ON duration 1710 (ending with the transition 1716) to the OFF duration 1720. In some aspects, the extra transition may be a specialized waveform at a start or an end of the lower data rate OOK waveform, such as an ON symbol or an OFF symbol of the lower data rate OOK waveform. The specialized waveform may be in the form of an ON-OFF transaction or another delimiter.
[0119] In some aspects, duty cycle of the low data rate waveform may be increased to more than fifty percent based on pulse interval encoding (PIE) . FIG. 18 is a diagram 1800 illustrating an example of an nested waveform with pulse interval encoding (PIE) , in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In some aspects, different encoding methods can be used in preamble encoding (Manchester) and data part (PIE) . In some aspects, different encoding methods can be used in low data rate OOK (PIE) and high data rate OOK (PIE) . As illustrated in FIG. 18, for the low data rate waveform, an ON duration 1802 and an OFF duration 1804 may be included. Within the ON duration 1802 based on a format of the low data rate OOK waveform, there may be a high data rate OOK waveform nested based on a different format of a high data rate OOK waveform that includes an ON duration 1812A, an OFF duration 1814A, an ON duration 1812B, and an OFF duration 1814B. The ON duration 1802 maybe much longer than the OFF duration 1804.
[0120] In addition to nesting a high data rate waveform within an ON duration of the low data rate OOK waveform, in some aspects, a high data rate waveform may be nested within an OFF duration of the low data rate OOK waveform. FIG. 19 is a diagram 1900 illustrating an example of an nested waveform where a low data rate OOK portion includes two different portions in an ON duration of the low data rate OOK portion and an OFF duration of the low data rate OOK portion, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As illustrated in FIG. 19, for the low data rate waveform, an ON duration 1952 and an OFF duration 1954 may be included. Within the ON duration 1952 based on a format of the low data rate OOK waveform, there may be a high data rate OOK waveform nested based on a different format of a high data rate OOK waveform that includes an ON duration 1962A, an OFF duration 1964A, an ON duration 1962B, and an OFF duration 1964B. Within the OFF duration 1954 based on a format of the low data rate OOK waveform, there may be another high data rate OOK waveform nested based on another different format of a different high data rate OOK waveform that includes an ON duration 1972A, an OFF duration 1974A, an ON duration 1972B, and an OFF duration 1974B. Other than nesting OOK forms, the high data rate waveform may be based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) , frequency shift keying (FSK) , amplitude shift keying (ASK) , or phase shift keying (PSK) , or based on other formats. FIG. 19 also shows that the low data rate OOK waveform may be transmitted with reduced power in comparison to the high data rate OOK waveform. The transmission power for the ON duration 1962A and 1962B may include power pooling. The power pooling may involve distributing the power in a way such that the average power across the ON duration 1962A and 1962B would be within a range that would be defined to be associated with an ON duration.
[0121] FIG. 20 is a flowchart 2000 of a method of wireless communication. The method may be performed by a first wireless device (e.g., the tag 142, the apparatus 2604) . The method may provide better communication reliability and data rate for wireless communication.
[0122] At 2004, the first wireless device may receive a signal based on a waveform, a first portion of the waveform being based on a first format and a second portion of the waveform being based on a second format, the first portion being within the second portion, where the first format and the second format are based on OOK. For example, the first wireless device 902 may receive a signal based on a waveform (e.g., 914) , a first portion of the waveform being based on a first format and a second portion of the waveform being based on a second format, the first portion (e.g., 1002, which may include 1012A, 1014A, 1012B, and 1014B) being within the second portion (e.g., 1002 and 1004) , where the first format and the second format are based on OOK. In some aspects, 2004 may be performed by waveform component 199.
[0123] At 2006, the first wireless device may communicate with a second wireless device based on the signal. For example, the first wireless device 902 may communicate (e.g., at 918) with a second wireless device (e.g., 904) based on the signal. In some aspects, 2006 may be performed by waveform component 199.
[0124] FIG. 21 is a flowchart 2100 of a method of wireless communication. The method may be performed by a first wireless device (e.g., the tag 142, the apparatus 2604) . The method may provide better communication reliability and data rate for wireless communication.
[0125] At 2102, the first wireless device may receive, from the second wireless device, a configuration associated with the first portion and the second portion. For example, the first wireless device 902 may receive, from the second wireless device 904, a configuration (e.g., 912) associated with the first portion and the second portion. In some aspects, 2102 may be performed by waveform component 199.
[0126] At 2104, the first wireless device may receive a signal based on a waveform, a first portion of the waveform being based on a first format and a second portion of the waveform being based on a second format, the first portion being within the second portion, where the first format and the second format are based on OOK. For example, the first wireless device 902 may receive a signal based on a waveform (e.g., 914) , a first portion of the waveform being based on a first format and a second portion of the waveform being based on a second format, the first portion (e.g., 1002, which may include 1012A, 1014A, 1012B, and 1014B) being within the second portion (e.g., 1002 and 1004) , where the first format and the second format are based on OOK. In some aspects, 2104 may be performed by waveform component 199. In some aspects, the first format is based on a first data rate and the second format is based on a second data rate, where the first data rate is higher than the second data rate, where the first portion corresponds to an OOK ON duration associated with the second portion. In some aspects, one of the first portion or the second portion carries a first transmission for the first wireless device and another one of the first portion or the second portion carries a second transmission for a third wireless device (e.g., as described in connection with FIG. 11) . In some aspects, the first portion comprises a first channel associated with the signal and the second portion comprises a second channel associated with the signal, and where a first reliability associated with the first channel is lower than a second reliability associated with the second channel. In some aspects, the first channel is a shared channel and the second channel is a control channel (e.g., as described in connection with FIG. 12) . In some aspects, the first portion is based on a master information block (MIB) and the second portion is based on a system information block (SIB) (e.g., as described in connection with FIG. 13) . In some aspects, a third portion of the signal is based on a third format, the third portion being non-overlapping with the first portion and within the second portion, and where the third portion (e.g., 1954) corresponds to an OOK OFF duration associated with the second portion.
[0127] In some aspects, the third format is based on the OOK, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) , frequency shift keying (FSK) , amplitude shift keying (ASK) , or phase shift keying (PSK) . In some aspects, one or more bits in the second portion indicates an existence of the first portion. In some aspects, the one or more bits includes at least a first bit in the second portion. In some aspects, the OOK ON duration associated with the second portion is configured to start and end with a high-level energy portion followed by a low-level energy portion. In some aspects, the second portion is based on pulse interval encoding, and where a first section of the second portion is based on a first encoding method and a second section of the second portion is based on a second encoding method. In some aspects, the first portion is based on a first encoding method and the second portion is based on a second encoding method. In some aspects, one of the first portion or the second portion carries a first packet for the first wireless device and another one of the first portion or the second portion carries a second packet for the first wireless device.
[0128] At 2106, the first wireless device may communicate with a second wireless device based on the signal. For example, the first wireless device 902 may communicate (e.g., at 918) with a second wireless device (e.g., 904) based on the signal. In some aspects, 2106 may be performed by waveform component 199.
[0129] FIG. 22 is a flowchart 2200 of a method of wireless communication. The method may be performed by a wireless device (e.g., the base station 102, the second wireless device 904, the network entity 2402, the network entity 2502, the UE 104, the first wireless device 902; the apparatus 2404) . The method may provide better communication reliability and data rate for wireless communication.
[0130] At 2204, the first wireless device may provide a signal based on a waveform, a first portion of the waveform being based on a first format and a second portion of the waveform being based on a second format, the first portion being within the second portion, where the first format and the second format are based on OOK. For example, the first wireless device (e.g., 904) may provide a signal based on a waveform, a first portion of the waveform being based on a first format and a second portion of the waveform being based on a second format, the first portion being within the second portion, where the first format and the second format are based on OOK. In some aspects, 2204 may be performed by waveform component 198.
[0131] At 2206, the first wireless device may monitor for at least one response to the signal. For example, the first wireless device may monitor (e.g., at 916) for at least one response to the signal. In some aspects, 2206 may be performed by waveform component 198.
[0132] FIG. 23 is a flowchart 2300 of a method of wireless communication. The method may be performed by a wireless device (e.g., the base station 102, the second wireless device 904, the network entity 2402, the network entity 2502) . The method may provide better communication reliability and data rate for wireless communication.
[0133] At 2302, the first wireless device may transmit, for a second wireless device, a configuration associated with the first portion and the second portion. For example, the first wireless device (e.g., 904) may transmit, for a second wireless device (e.g., 902) , a configuration (e.g., 912) associated with the first portion and the second portion. In some aspects, 2302 may be performed by waveform component 198.
[0134] At 2304, the first wireless device may provide a signal based on a waveform, a first portion of the waveform being based on a first format and a second portion of the waveform being based on a second format, the first portion being within the second portion, where the first format and the second format are based on OOK. For example, the first wireless device (e.g., 904) may provide a signal based on a waveform, a first portion of the waveform being based on a first format and a second portion of the waveform being based on a second format, the first portion being within the second portion, where the first format and the second format are based on OOK. In some aspects, 2304 may be performed by waveform component 198.
[0135] In some aspects, the first format is based on a first data rate and the second format is based on a second data rate, where the first data rate is higher than the second data rate, where the first portion corresponds to an OOK ON duration associated with the second portion. In some aspects, one of the first portion or the second portion carries a first transmission for the first wireless device and another one of the first portion or the second portion carries a second transmission for a third wireless device (e.g., as described in connection with FIG. 11) . In some aspects, the first portion comprises a first channel associated with the signal and the second portion comprises a second channel associated with the signal, and where a first reliability associated with the first channel is lower than a second reliability associated with the second channel. In some aspects, the first channel is a shared channel and the second channel is a control channel (e.g., as described in connection with FIG. 12) . In some aspects, the first portion is based on a master information block (MIB) and the second portion is based on a system information block (SIB) (e.g., as described in connection with FIG. 13) . In some aspects, a third portion of the signal is based on a third format, the third portion being non-overlapping with the first portion and within the second portion, and where the third portion (e.g., 1954) corresponds to an OOK OFF duration associated with the second portion.
[0136] In some aspects, the third format is based on the OOK, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) , frequency shift keying (FSK) , amplitude shift keying (ASK) , or phase shift keying (PSK) . In some aspects, one or more bits in the second portion indicates an existence of the first portion. In some aspects, the one or more bits includes at least a first bit in the second portion. In some aspects, the OOK ON duration associated with the second portion is configured to start and end with a high-level energy portion followed by a low-level energy portion. In some aspects, the second portion is based on pulse interval encoding, and where a first section of the second portion is based on a first encoding method and a second section of the second portion is based on a second encoding method. In some aspects, the first portion is based on a first encoding method and the second portion is based on a second encoding method. In some aspects, one of the first portion or the second portion carries a first packet for the first wireless device and another one of the first portion or the second portion carries a second packet for the first wireless device.
[0137] At 2306, the first wireless device may monitor for at least one response to the signal. For example, the first wireless device may monitor for at least one response to the signal. In some aspects, 2306 may be performed by waveform component 198.
[0138] FIG. 24 is a diagram 2400 illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an apparatus 2404. The apparatus 2404 may be a UE, a component of a UE, or may implement UE functionality. In some aspects, the apparatus 2404 may include at least one cellular baseband processor 2424 (also referred to as a modem) coupled to one or more transceivers 2422 (e.g., cellular RF transceiver) . The cellular baseband processor (s) 2424 may include at least one on-chip memory 2424'. In some aspects, the apparatus 2404 may further include one or more subscriber identity modules (SIM) cards 2420 and at least one application processor 2406 coupled to a secure digital (SD) card 2408 and a screen 2410. The application processor (s) 2406 may include on-chip memory 2406'. In some aspects, the apparatus 2404 may further include a Bluetooth module 2412, a WLAN module 2414, an SPS module 2416 (e.g., GNSS module) , one or more sensor modules 2418 (e.g., barometric pressure sensor / altimeter; motion sensor such as inertial measurement unit (IMU) , gyroscope, and / or accelerometer (s) ; light detection and ranging (LIDAR) , radio assisted detection and ranging (RADAR) , sound navigation and ranging (SONAR) , magnetometer, audio and / or other technologies used for positioning) , additional memory modules 2426, a power supply 2430, and / or a camera 2432. The Bluetooth module 2412, the WLAN module 2414, and the SPS module 2416 may include an on-chip transceiver (TRX) (or in some cases, just a receiver (RX) ) . The Bluetooth module 2412, the WLAN module 2414, and the SPS module 2416 may include their own dedicated antennas and / or utilize the antennas 2480 for communication. The cellular baseband processor (s) 2424 communicates through the transceiver (s) 2422 via one or more antennas 2480 with the UE 104 and / or with an RU associated with a network entity 2402. The cellular baseband processor (s) 2424 and the application processor (s) 2406 may each include a computer-readable medium / memory 2424', 2406', respectively. The additional memory modules 2426 may also be considered a computer-readable medium / memory. Each computer-readable medium / memory 2424', 2406', 2426 may be non-transitory. The cellular baseband processor (s) 2424 and the application processor (s) 2406 are each responsible for general processing, including the execution of software stored on the computer-readable medium / memory. The software, when executed by the cellular baseband processor (s) 2424 / application processor (s) 2406, causes the cellular baseband processor (s) 2424 / application processor (s) 2406 to perform the various functions described supra. The computer-readable medium / memory may also be used for storing data that is manipulated by the cellular baseband processor (s) 2424 / application processor (s) 2406 when executing software. The cellular baseband processor (s) 2424 / application processor (s) 2406 may be a component of the UE 350 and may include the at least one memory 360 and / or at least one of the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller / processor 359. In one configuration, the apparatus 2404 may be at least one processor chip (modem and / or application) and include just the cellular baseband processor (s) 2424 and / or the application processor (s) 2406, and in another configuration, the apparatus 2404 may be the entire UE (e.g., see UE 350 of FIG. 3) and include the additional modules of the apparatus 2404.
[0139] As discussed supra, the waveform component 198 may be configured to provide a signal based on a waveform, a first portion of the waveform being based on a first format and a second portion of the waveform being based on a second format, the first portion being within the second portion, where the first format and the second format are based on OOK. In some aspects, the waveform component 198 may be further configured to monitor for at least one response to the signal. The waveform component 198 may be within the cellular baseband processor (s) 2424, the application processor (s) 2406, or both the cellular baseband processor (s) 2424 and the application processor (s) 2406. The component 198 may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to carry out the stated processes / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the stated processes / algorithm, stored within a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors, or some combination thereof. When multiple processors are implemented, the multiple processors may perform the stated processes / algorithm individually or in combination. As shown, the apparatus 2404 may include a variety of components configured for various functions. In one configuration, the apparatus 2404, and in particular the cellular baseband processor (s) 2424 and / or the application processor (s) 2406, may include means for providing a signal based on a waveform, a first portion of the waveform being based on a first format and a second portion of the waveform being based on a second format, the first portion being within the second portion, where the first format and the second format are based on OOK. In some aspects, the apparatus 2404 may include means for monitoring for at least one response to the signal. In some aspects, the apparatus 2404 may include means for transmitting, for a second wireless device, a configuration associated with the first portion and the second portion. The means may be the component 198 of the apparatus 2404 configured to perform the functions recited by the means. As described supra, the apparatus 2404 may include the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller / processor 359. As such, in one configuration, the means may be the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and / or the controller / processor 359 configured to perform the functions recited by the means.
[0140] FIG. 25 is a diagram 2500 illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for a network entity 2502. The network entity 2502 may be a BS, a component of a BS, or may implement BS functionality. The network entity 2502 may include at least one of a CU 2510, a DU 2530, or an RU 2540. For example, depending on the layer functionality handled by the component 198, the network entity 2502 may include the CU 2510; both the CU 2510 and the DU 2530; each of the CU 2510, the DU 2530, and the RU 2540; the DU 2530; both the DU 2530 and the RU 2540; or the RU 2540. The CU 2510 may include at least one CU processor 2512. The CU processor (s) 2512 may include on-chip memory 2512'. In some aspects, the CU 2510 may further include additional memory modules 2514 and a communications interface 2518. The CU 2510 communicates with the DU 2530 through a midhaul link, such as an F1 interface. The DU 2530 may include at least one DU processor 2532. The DU processor (s) 2532 may include on-chip memory 2532'. In some aspects, the DU 2530 may further include additional memory modules 2534 and a communications interface 2538. The DU 2530 communicates with the RU 2540 through a fronthaul link. The RU 2540 may include at least one RU processor 2542. The RU processor (s) 2542 may include on-chip memory 2542'. In some aspects, the RU 2540 may further include additional memory modules 2544, one or more transceivers 2546, antennas 2580, and a communications interface 2548. The RU 2540 communicates with the UE 104. The on-chip memory 2512', 2532', 2542'a nd the additional memory modules 2514, 2534, 2544 may each be considered a computer-readable medium / memory. Each computer-readable medium / memory may be non-transitory. Each of the processors 2512, 2532, 2542 is responsible for general processing, including the execution of software stored on the computer-readable medium / memory. The software, when executed by the corresponding processor (s) causes the processor (s) to perform the various functions described supra. The computer-readable medium / memory may also be used for storing data that is manipulated by the processor (s) when executing software.
[0141] As discussed supra, the waveform component 198 may be configured to provide a signal based on a waveform, a first portion of the waveform being based on a first format and a second portion of the waveform being based on a second format, the first portion being within the second portion, where the first format and the second format are based on OOK. In some aspects, the waveform component 198 may be further configured to monitor for at least one response to the signal. The waveform component 198 may be within one or more processors of one or more of the CU 2510, DU 2530, and the RU 2540. The component 198 may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to carry out the stated processes / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the stated processes / algorithm, stored within a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors, or some combination thereof. When multiple processors are implemented, the multiple processors may perform the stated processes / algorithm individually or in combination. The network entity 2502 may include a variety of components configured for various functions. In one configuration, the network entity 2502 may include means for providing a signal based on a waveform, a first portion of the waveform being based on a first format and a second portion of the waveform being based on a second format, the first portion being within the second portion, where the first format and the second format are based on OOK. In some aspects, the network entity 2502 may include means for monitoring for at least one response to the signal. In some aspects, the network entity 2502 may include means for transmitting, for a second wireless device, a configuration associated with the first portion and the second portion. The means may be the component 198 of the network entity 2502 configured to perform the functions recited by the means. As described supra, the network entity 2502 may include the TX processor 316, the RX processor 370, and the controller / processor 375. As such, in one configuration, the means may be the TX processor 316, the RX processor 370, and / or the controller / processor 375 configured to perform the functions recited by the means.
[0142] FIG. 26 is a diagram 2600 illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an apparatus 2604. The apparatus may be support energy harvesting, backscatter transmissions, ambient communication, passive communication, etc. The apparatus may be a tag, a PUE, an ambient IoT device, a passive device, an energy harvesting device, etc. The apparatus may include aspects described in connection with FIG. 4A to 9C, among other examples. In some aspects, the apparatus 2604 may be a UE, a component of a UE, or may implement UE functionality. In some aspects, the apparatus 2604 may include a processor 2624 coupled to one or more antennas 2680. The apparatus may include an energy harvesting component 2620, which may provide power to a storage device 2630 and / or to the processor 2624. The processor 2624 may include memory 2624'. In some aspects, the apparatus 2604 may further include an SPS module 2616 (e.g., GNSS module) , one or more sensor modules 2618 (e.g., barometric pressure sensor / altimeter; motion sensor such as inertial measurement unit (IMU) , gyroscope, and / or accelerometer (s) ; light detection and ranging (LIDAR) , radio assisted detection and ranging (RADAR) , sound navigation and ranging (SONAR) , magnetometer, audio and / or other technologies used for positioning) , additional memory modules 2626, and / or a power supply or storage device 2630. The SPS module 2616 may include an on-chip transceiver (TRX) (or in some cases, just a receiver (RX) ) . The SPS module 2616 may include its own dedicated antennas and / or utilize the antennas 2680 for communication. The processor 2624 may receive a signal, such as a backscatter signal, and the apparatus may harvest energy from the received signal. The processor 2624 receives the signal via the one or more antennas 2680, e.g., from the UE 104, reader 2632 (e.g., which may be a base station, a UE, or a different device) and / or with an RU associated with a network entity 2602. The processor 2624 may include a computer-readable medium / memory 2624'. The additional memory modules 2626 may also be considered a computer-readable medium / memory. Each computer-readable medium / memory 2624', 2626 may be non-transitory. The processor 2624 is responsible for general processing, including the execution of software stored on the computer-readable medium / memory. The software, when executed by the processor 2624, causes the processor 2624 to perform the various functions described supra. The computer-readable medium / memory may also be used for storing data that is manipulated by the processor 2624 when executing software. In some aspects, the processor 2624 may be a component of the UE 350, or other energy harvesting device, and may include the memory 360 and / or at least one of the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller / processor 359. In one configuration, the apparatus 2604 may be an energy harvesting device. In other configurations, the apparatus 2604 may be an energy harvesting component of a device.
[0143] As discussed supra, the waveform component 199 may be configured to receive a signal based on a waveform, a first portion of the waveform being based on a first format and a second portion of the waveform being based on a second format, the first portion being within the second portion, where the first format and the second format are based on OOK. In some aspects, the waveform component 199 may be further configured to communicate with a second wireless device based on the signal. The waveform component 199 may be within the processor 2624. The component 199 may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to carry out the stated processes / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the stated processes / algorithm, stored within a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors, or some combination thereof. When multiple processors are implemented, the multiple processors may perform the stated processes / algorithm individually or in combination. As shown, the apparatus 2604 may include a variety of components configured for various functions. In one configuration, the apparatus 2604, and in particular the processor (s) 2624, may include means for receiving, from a second wireless device, a query command associated with a set of active tags including the tag. In some aspects, the apparatus 2604 may include means for transmitting, to the wireless device based on the query command, an active tag quantity estimation RS. In some aspects, the apparatus 2604 may include means for performing, based on an estimated active tag quantity associated with the set of active tags, a CS-based access procedure with the wireless device, the estimated active tag quantity being based on the active tag estimation RS. In some aspects, the apparatus 2604 may include means for generating the active tag quantity estimation RS based on a binary PN sequence including multiple slots, and where each slot of the multiple slots is associated a respective ratio of a zero bit and a one bit. In some aspects, the apparatus 2604 may include means for receiving a signal based on a waveform, a first portion of the waveform being based on a first format and a second portion of the waveform being based on a second format, the first portion being within the second portion, where the first format and the second format are based on on-off keying (OOK) . In some aspects, the apparatus 2604 may include means for communicating with a second wireless device based on the signal. In some aspects, the apparatus 2604 may include means for receiving, from the second wireless device, a configuration associated with the first portion and the second portion. As described supra, the apparatus 2604 may include the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller / processor 359. As such, in one configuration, the means may be the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and / or the controller / processor 359 configured to perform the functions recited by the means.
[0144] It is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts disclosed is an illustration of example approaches. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts may be rearranged. Further, some blocks may be combined or omitted. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various blocks in a sample order, and are not limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.
[0145] The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not limited to the aspects described herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language claims. Reference to an element in the singular does not mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more. ” Terms such as “if, ” “when, ” and “while” do not imply an immediate temporal relationship or reaction. That is, these phrases, e.g., “when, ” do not imply an immediate action in response to or during the occurrence of an action, but simply imply that if a condition is met then an action will occur, but without requiring a specific or immediate time constraint for the action to occur. The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration. ” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. Combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C, ” “one or more of A, B, or C, ” “at least one of A, B, and C, ” “one or more of A, B, and C, ” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” include any combination of A, B, and / or C, and may include multiples of A, multiples of B, or multiples of C. Specifically, combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C, ” “one or more of A, B, or C, ” “at least one of A, B, and C, ” “one or more of A, B, and C, ” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” may be A only, B only, C only, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C, where any such combinations may contain one or more member or members of A, B, or C. Sets should be interpreted as a set of elements where the elements number one or more. Accordingly, for a set of X, X would include one or more elements. When at least one processor is configured to perform a set of functions, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to perform the set of functions. Accordingly, each processor of the at least one processor may be configured to perform a particular subset of the set of functions, where the subset is the full set, a proper subset of the set, or an empty subset of the set. If a first apparatus receives data from or transmits data to a second apparatus, the data may be received / transmitted directly between the first and second apparatuses, or indirectly between the first and second apparatuses through a set of apparatuses. A device configured to “output” data, such as a transmission, signal, or message, may transmit the data, for example with a transceiver, or may send the data to a device that transmits the data. A device configured to “obtain” data, such as a transmission, signal, or message, may receive, for example with a transceiver, or may obtain the data from a device that receives the data. Information stored in a memory includes instructions and / or data. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. The words “module, ” “mechanism, ” “element, ” “device, ” and the like may not be a substitute for the word “means. ” As such, no claim element is to be construed as a means plus function unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for. ”
[0146] As used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of information, one or more conditions, one or more factors, or the like. In other words, the phrase “based on A” (where “A” may be information, a condition, a factor, or the like) shall be construed as “based at least on A” unless specifically recited differently.
[0147] The following aspects are illustrative only and may be combined with other aspects or teachings described herein, without limitation.
[0148] Aspect 1 is a method for wireless communication performed by a first wireless device, including: receiving a signal based on a waveform, a first portion of the waveform being based on a first format and a second portion of the waveform being based on a second format, the first portion being within the second portion, wherein the first format and the second format are based on on-off keying (OOK) ; and communicating with a second wireless device based on the signal.
[0149] Aspect 2 is the method of aspect 1, where the first format is based on a first data rate and the second format is based on a second data rate, where the first data rate is higher than the second data rate, where the first portion corresponds to an OOK ON duration associated with the second portion.
[0150] Aspect 3 is the method of aspect 2, where one of the first portion or the second portion carries a first transmission for the first wireless device and another one of the first portion or the second portion carries a second transmission for a third wireless device.
[0151] Aspect 4 is the method of any of aspects 2-3, where the first portion includes a first channel associated with the signal and the second portion includes a second channel associated with the signal, and where a first reliability associated with the first channel is lower than a second reliability associated with the second channel.
[0152] Aspect 5 is the method of aspect 4, where the first channel is a shared channel and the second channel is a control channel.
[0153] Aspect 6 is the method of aspect 4, where the first portion is based on a master information block (MIB) and the second portion is based on a system information block (SIB) .
[0154] Aspect 7 is the method of any of aspects 2-6, where a third portion of the signal is based on a third format, the third portion being non-overlapping with the first portion and within the second portion, and where the third portion corresponds to an OOK OFF duration associated with the second portion.
[0155] Aspect 8 is the method of aspect 7, where the third format is based on the OOK, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) , frequency shift keying (FSK) , amplitude shift keying (ASK) , or phase shift keying (PSK) .
[0156] Aspect 9 is the method of any of aspects 2-8, where one or more bits in the second portion indicates an existence of the first portion.
[0157] Aspect 10 is the method of aspect 9, where the one or more bits includes at least a first bit in the second portion.
[0158] Aspect 11 is the method of any of aspects 2-10, further including: receiving, from the second wireless device, a configuration associated with the first portion and the second portion.
[0159] Aspect 12 is the method of any of aspects 2-11, where the OOK ON duration associated with the second portion is configured to start and end with a high-level energy portion followed by a low-level energy portion.
[0160] Aspect 13 is the method of any of aspects 2-12, where the second portion is based on pulse interval encoding, and where a first section of the second portion is based on a first encoding method and a second section of the second portion is based on a second encoding method.
[0161] Aspect 14 is the method of any of aspects 2-13, the first portion is based on a first encoding method and the second portion is based on a second encoding method.
[0162] Aspect 15 is the method of any of aspects 1-14, where one of the first portion or the second portion carries a first packet for the first wireless device and another one of the first portion or the second portion carries a second packet for the first wireless device.
[0163] Aspect 16 is the method of any of aspects 1-15, where the second portion includes a specialized transition waveform before or after the first portion.
[0164] Aspect 17 is an apparatus for wireless communication at a device including at least one memory and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, based at least in part on information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor is configured to implement any of aspects 1 to 16.
[0165] Aspect 18 is the apparatus of aspect 17, further including one or more transceivers or one or more antennas coupled to the at least one processor.
[0166] Aspect 19 is an apparatus for wireless communication at a device including means for implementing any of aspects 1 to 16.
[0167] Aspect 20 is a computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable medium) storing computer executable code, where the code when executed by at least one processor causes the at least one processor to implement any of aspects 1 to 16.
Claims
1.An apparatus for wireless communication at a first wireless device, comprising:at least one memory; andat least one processor coupled to the at least one memory, based at least in part on information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the first wireless device to:receive a signal based on a waveform, a first portion of the waveform being based on a first format and a second portion of the waveform being based on a second format, the first portion being within the second portion, wherein the first format and the second format are based on on-off keying (OOK) ; andcommunicate with a second wireless device based on the signal.2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first format is based on a first data rate and the second format is based on a second data rate, wherein the first data rate is higher than the second data rate, wherein the first portion corresponds to an OOK ON duration associated with the second portion.3.The apparatus of claim 2, wherein one of the first portion or the second portion carries a first transmission for the first wireless device and another one of the first portion or the second portion carries a second transmission for a third wireless device.4.The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the first portion comprises a first channel associated with the signal and the second portion comprises a second channel associated with the signal, and wherein a first reliability associated with the first channel is lower than a second reliability associated with the second channel.5.The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the first channel is a shared channel and the second channel is a control channel.6.The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the first portion is based on a master information block (MIB) and the second portion is based on a system information block (SIB) .7.The apparatus of claim 2, wherein a third portion of the signal is based on a third format, the third portion being non-overlapping with the first portion and within the second portion, and wherein the third portion corresponds to an OOK OFF duration associated with the second portion.8.The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the third format is based on the OOK, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) , frequency shift keying (FSK) , amplitude shift keying (ASK) , or phase shift keying (PSK) .9.The apparatus of claim 2, wherein one or more bits in the second portion indicates an existence of the first portion.10.The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the one or more bits includes at least a first bit in the second portion.11.The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the first wireless device to:receive, from the second wireless device, a configuration associated with the first portion and the second portion.12.The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the OOK ON duration associated with the second portion is configured to start and end with a high-level energy portion followed by a low-level energy portion.13.The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the second portion is based on pulse interval encoding, and wherein a first section of the second portion is based on a first encoding method and a second section of the second portion is based on a second encoding method.14.The apparatus of claim 2, the first portion is based on a first encoding method and the second portion is based on a second encoding method.15.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein one of the first portion or the second portion carries a first packet for the first wireless device and another one of the first portion or the second portion carries a second packet for the first wireless device.16.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second portion comprises a specialized transition waveform before or after the first portion.17.An apparatus for wireless communication at a first wireless device, comprising:at least one memory; andat least one processor coupled to the at least one memory, based at least in part on information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the first wireless device to:provide a signal based on a waveform, a first portion of the waveform being based on a first format and a second portion of the waveform being based on a second format, the first portion being within the second portion, wherein the first format and the second format are based on on-off keying (OOK) ; andmonitor for at least one response to the signal.18.The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the first format is based on a first data rate and the second format is based on a second data rate, wherein the first data rate is higher than the second data rate, wherein the first portion corresponds to an OOK ON duration associated with the second portion.19.The apparatus of claim 18, wherein one of the first portion or the second portion carries a first transmission for a second wireless device and another one of the first portion or the second portion carries a second transmission for a third wireless device.20.A method for wireless communication performed by a first wireless device, comprising:receiving a signal based on a waveform, a first portion of the waveform being based on a first format and a second portion of the waveform being based on a second format, the first portion being within the second portion, wherein the first format and the second format are based on on-off keying (OOK) ; andcommunicating with a second wireless device based on the signal.
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