Methods, architectures, apparatuses and systems for data collection for positioning

Abstract

Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products using wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) configured for receiving, from a network node, configuration information associated with a WTRU positioning method and a set of reference signal resources; sending, to the network node, a request for a quality indicator associated with a WTRU location estimation; performing measurements using at least a reference signal resource of the set of reference signal resources, and using the WTRU positioning method; estimating the WTRU location based on the measurements; sending, to the network node, first information indicating the estimated WTRU location and the measurements; and receiving, from the network node, a response to the request comprising second information indicating a quality indicator associated with the estimated WTRU location.

Description

METHODS, ARCHITECTURES, APPARATUSES AND SYSTEMS FOR DATA COLLECTION FOR POSITIONINGCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] The present application claims the benefit of US Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 553,259 filed February 14, 2024, which is incorporated herein by reference.BACKGROUND

[0002] The present disclosure is generally directed to the fields of communications, software and encoding, including, for example, to methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems directed to collect accurate ground truth or measurements, for example for positioning purpose.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0003] A more detailed understanding may be had from the detailed description below, given by way of example in conjunction with drawings appended hereto. Figures in such drawings, like the detailed description, are examples. As such, the Figures (FIGs.) and the detailed description are not to be considered limiting, and other equally effective examples are possible and likely. Furthermore, like reference numerals ("ref.") in the FIGs. indicate like elements, and wherein:

[0004] FIG. 1 A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system;

[0005] FIG. IB is a system diagram illustrating an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A;

[0006] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A;

[0007] FIG. ID is a system diagram illustrating a further example RAN and a further example CN that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A;

[0008] FIG. 2 depicts an example of a neural network;

[0009] FIG. 3 depicts an uncertainty related to WTRU location estimate;

[0010] FIG. 4 depicts an use of an artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) model to estimate a WTRU location;

[0011] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a hierarchical structure of Positioning Reference Signal (PRS) configurations;

[0012] FIG. 6 depicts an example UE location and measurements in one report;

[0013] FIG. 7 depicts an example of a report indicating a WTRU location and measurements report;

[0014] FIG. 8 is a flowchart of signaling between network nodes and a WTRU for receiving a quality indicator;

[0015] FIG. 9 is a flowchart of signaling between network nodes and a WTRU for obtaining ground truth based on a reported WTRU location;

[0016] FIG. 10 is an example of exchange of measurements and ground truth between a WTRU and a network;

[0017] FIG. 11 is a flowchart of signaling between network nodes and a WTRU for obtaining ground truth based on measurements performed by the WTRU;

[0018] FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating a method implemented by a WTRU for obtaining ground truth based on a reported WTRU location; and

[0019] FIG. 13 is a flow chart diagram illustrating an example of a method, implemented in a WTRU, estimating a quality indicator associated with a WTRU location, according to an embodiment.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0020] In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments and / or examples disclosed herein. However, it will be understood that such embodiments and examples may be practiced without some or all of the specific details set forth herein. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components and circuits have not been described in detail, so as not to obscure the following description. Further, embodiments and examples not specifically described herein may be practiced in lieu of, or in combination with, the embodiments and other examples described, disclosed or otherwise provided explicitly, implicitly and / or inherently (collectively "provided") herein. Although various embodiments are described and / or claimed herein in which an apparatus, system, device, etc. and / or any element thereof carries out an operation, process, algorithm, function, etc. and / or any portion thereof, it is to be understood that any embodiments described and / or claimed herein assume that any apparatus, system, device, etc. and / or any element thereof is configured to carry out any operation, process, algorithm, function, etc. and / or any portion thereof.

[0021] Provided below are acronyms / abbreviations for terms and phrases commonly used in this application:ACK AcknowledgementAoA Angle of ArrivalAoD Angle of DepartureARFCN Absolute Radio-Frequency Channel NumberBLER Block Error RateBW BandwidthBWP Bandwidth PartCAP Channel Access PriorityCAPC Channel access priority classCCA Clear Channel AssessmentCCE Control Channel ElementCE Control ElementCG Configured Grant or Cell GroupCORESET Control Resource SetCP Cyclic PrefixCP-OFDM Conventional OFDM (relying on cyclic prefix)CQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CheckCSI Channel State InformationCW Contention WindowCWS Contention Window SizeCO Channel OccupancyDAI Downlink Assignment IndexDCI Downlink Control InformationDFI Downlink feedback informationDG Dynamic grantDL DownlinkDM-RS Demodulation Reference SignalDRB Data Radio BearerDRX Discontinuous ReceptionECID Enhanced Cell ID eLAA enhanced Licensed Assisted Access eMBB enhanced Mobile BroadbandFeLAA Further enhanced Licensed Assisted AccessHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat RequestIM Interference MeasurementLAA License Assisted AccessLBT Listen Before TalkLCH Logical ChannelLCP Logical Channel PriorityLBT Listen-Before-TalkLOS Line of SightNLOS Non-Line of SightLMF Location Management FunctionLPP LTE Positioning ProtocolLTE Long Term Evolution e.g. from 3GPP LTE R8 and up MAC CE MAC Control ElementMAC Medium Access ControlMCS Modulation and Coding SchemeMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputNACK Negative ACKNAS Non-access stratumNR New RadioOFDM Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing OTDOAObserved Time Difference of ArrivalPDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Packet Data UnitPHY Physical LayerPID Process IDPO Paging OccasionPRACH Physical Random Access ChannelPRS Positioning Reference SignalPSS Primary Synchronization SignalPTRS Phase Tracking Reference SignalPUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel RA Random Access (or procedure)RACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRCU Radio access network Central Unit RE Resource ElementRF Radio Front endRLF Radio Link FailureRLM Radio Link MonitoringRNTI Radio Network IdentifierRNA RAN Notification AreaRO RACH occasionRRC Radio Resource ControlRRM Radio Resource ManagementRTT Round Trip TimeRP Reception PointRS Reference SignalRSRP Reference Signal Received PowerRSTD Reference Signal Time DifferenceRTT Round Trip TimeRS SI Received Signal Strength IndicatorRTOA Relative Time of ArrivalSDAP Service data adaptation protocolSDU Service Data UnitSRB Signaling Radio BearerSRS Sounding Reference SignalSS Synchronization SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalSWG Switching Gap (in a self-contained subframe)SPS Semi-persistent schedulingSUL Supplemental UplinkTB Transport BlockTBS Transport Block SizeTDoA Time Difference of ArrivalTRP Transmission-Reception PointTSC Time-sensitive communicationsTSN Time-sensitive networkingTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUL UplinkURLLC Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency CommunicationsWBWP Wide Bandwidth PartWLAN Wireless Local Area Networks and related technologies (IEEE 802. xx domain)

[0022] In this disclosure, “Network” may include AMF, LMF, gNB or NG-RAN. “Preconfiguration” and “configuration” may be used interchangeably in this disclosure. “Non-serving gNB” and “neighboring gNB” may be used interchangeably in this disclosure. “gNB” and “TRP” may be used interchangeably in this disclosure. “PRS”, “SRS”, “SRS for positioning” or “SRS for positioning purpose” can be used interchangeably in this disclosure. “PRS” or “PRS resource” may be used interchangeably in this disclosure. “PRS(s)” or “PRS resource(s)” may be used interchangeably in this disclosure. The aforementioned “PRS(s)” or “PRS resource(s)” may belong to different PRS resource sets. “PRS” or “DL-PRS” or “DL PRS” may be used interchangeably in this disclosure. “Measurement gap” or “Measurement gap pattern” may be used interchangeably in this disclosure. “Measurement gap pattern” may include parameters such as measurement gap duration or measurement gap repetition period or measurement gap periodicity.

[0023] An LMF is a non-limiting example of a node or entity (e.g., network node or entity) that may be used for or to support positioning. Any other node or entity may be substituted for LMF and still be consistent with this disclosure.

[0024] The UE may receive a preconfigured threshold(s) from the network (e.g., LMF, gNB).

[0025] The LOS indicator may be hard (e.g., 1 or 0) or soft indicator (e.g., 0, 0.1, 0.2. . .,1) and it indicates likelihood of the presence of an LOS path between TRP and UE or along PRS. The LOS indicator can be associated with a TRP or PRS resource ID (e.g., index). The UE may receive the LOS indicator from the network per TRP or resource ID. Alternatively, the UE may determine the LOS indicator per TRP or resource ID based on measurements.

[0026] In the examples described herein, “ID” and “index” may be used interchangeably.

[0027] A UE location may be expressed in terms of altitude, latitude, geographic coordinate, or local coordinate, for example.

[0028] Example Communications System

[0029] The methods, apparatuses and systems provided herein are well-suited for communications involving both wired and wireless networks. An overview of various types of wireless devices and infrastructure is provided with respect to FIGs. 1A-1D, where various elements of the network may utilize, perform, be arranged in accordance with and / or be adapted and / or configured for the methods, apparatuses and systems provided herein.

[0030] FIG. 1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communications system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging,broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users. The communications system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications systems 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), singlecarrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail (ZT) unique-word (UW) discreet Fourier transform (DFT) spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block- filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.

[0031] As shown in FIG. 1A, the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a radio access network (RAN) 104 / 113, a core network (CN) 106 / 115, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as a "station" and / or a "STA", may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include (or be) a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi- Fi device, an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0032] The communications systems 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, e.g., to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or the networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be any of a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B (NB), an eNode-B (eNB), a Home Node-B (HNB), a Home eNode-B (HeNB), a gNode-B (gNB), a NR Node-B (NR NB), a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as asingle element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0033] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. The base station 114a and / or the base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for a wireless service to a specific geographical area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over time. The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in an embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each or any sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and / or receive signals in desired spatial directions.

[0034] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0035] More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104 / 113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0036] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE- Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[0037] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR Radio Access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[0038] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for instance using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., an eNB and a gNB).

[0039] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 IX, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.

[0040] The base station 114b in FIG. 1 A may be a wireless router, Home Node-B, Home eNode- B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a roadway, and the like. In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish any of a small cell, picocell or femtocell. As shown in FIG. 1 A, the base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Thus, the base station 114b may not be required to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106 / 115.

[0041] The RAN 104 / 113 may be in communication with the CN 106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have varying quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as differing throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc.,and / or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1 A, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 / 113 and / or the CN 106 / 115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104 / 113, which may be utilizing an NR radio technology, the CN 106 / 115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing any of a GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or Wi-Fi radio technology.

[0042] The CN 106 / 115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include circuit-switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and / or the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired and / or wireless communications networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 114 or a different RAT.

[0043] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links). For example, the WTRU 102c shown in FIG. 1A may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0044] FIG. IB is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. IB, the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other elements / peripherals 138, among others. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0045] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) circuits, anyother type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. While FIG. IB depicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together, e.g., in an electronic package or chip.

[0046] The transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 116. For example, in an embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In an embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an emitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In an embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0047] Although the transmit / receive element 122 is depicted in FIG. IB as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. For example, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in an embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0048] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit / receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11, for example.

[0049] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to, and may receive user input data from, the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and / or the removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM), readonly memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital(SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0050] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and / or control the power to the other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

[0051] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information over the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and / or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by way of any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0052] The processor 118 may further be coupled to other elements / peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules / units that provide additional features, functionality and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the elements / peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (e.g., for photographs and / or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like. The elements / peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, the sensors may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[0053] The WTRU 102 may include a full duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for both the uplink (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full duplex radio may include an interference management unit to reduce and or substantially eliminate self-interference via either hardware (e.g., a choke) or signal processing via a processor (e.g., aseparate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In an embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for either the uplink (e.g., for transmission) or the downlink (e.g., for reception)).

[0054] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0055] The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In an embodiment, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNode-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a.

[0056] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the uplink (UL) and / or downlink (DL), and the like. As shown in FIG. 1C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another over an X2 interface.

[0057] The CN 106 shown in FIG. 1C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any one of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0058] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c in the RAN 104 via an SI interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0059] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via the SI interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to / from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during inter-eNode-B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for theWTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0060] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0061] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0062] Although the WTRU is described in FIGs. 1A-1D as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments that such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) wired communication interfaces with the communication network.

[0063] In representative embodiments, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0064] A WLAN in infrastructure basic service set (BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have an access or an interface to a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic into and / or out of the BSS. Traffic to STAs that originates from outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and may be delivered to the STAs. Traffic originating from STAs to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to respective destinations. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where the source STA may send traffic to the AP and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. The traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and / or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. The peer-to-peer traffic may be sent between (e.g., directly between) the source and destination STAs with a direct link setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use an 802. l ie DLS or an 802.1 Iz tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and the STAs (e.g., all of the STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS mode of communication may sometimes be referred to herein as an "ad-hoc" mode of communication.

[0065] When using the 802.1 lac infrastructure mode of operation or a similar mode of operations, the AP may transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. Theprimary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a dynamically set width via signaling. The primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA / CA) may be implemented, for example in in 802.11 systems. For CSMA / CA, the STAs (e.g., every STA), including the AP, may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0066] High throughput (HT) STAs may use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, via a combination of the primary 20 MHz channel with an adjacent or nonadj acent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0067] Very high throughput (VHT) STAs may support 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz wide channels. The 40 MHz, and / or 80 MHz, channels may be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel may be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which may be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the data, after channel encoding, may be passed through a segment parser that may divide the data into two streams. Inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) processing, and time domain processing, may be done on each stream separately. The streams may be mapped on to the two 80 MHz channels, and the data may be transmitted by a transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above-described operation for the 80+80 configuration may be reversed, and the combined data may be sent to a medium access control (MAC) layer, entity, etc.

[0068] Sub 1 GHz modes of operation are supported by 802.1 laf and 802.11 ah. The channel operating bandwidths, and carriers, are reduced in 802.1 laf and 802.1 lah relative to those used in 802. l ln, and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV white space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.1 lah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.1 lah may support meter type control / machine-type communications (MTC), such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities including support for (e.g., only support for) certain and / or limited bandwidths. The MTC devices may include a battery with a battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[0069] WLAN systems, which may support multiple channels, and channel bandwidths, such as 802. l ln, 802.1 lac, 802.1 laf, and 802.1 lah, include a channel which may be designated as theprimary channel. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and / or limited by a STA, from among all STAs in operating in a BSS, which supports the smallest bandwidth operating mode. In the example of 802.1 lah, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e.g., MTC type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1 MHz mode, even if the AP, and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or network allocation vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to a STA (which supports only a 1 MHz operating mode), transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency bands may be considered busy even though a majority of the frequency bands remains idle and may be available.

[0070] In the United States, the available frequency bands, which may be used by 802.1 lah, are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.1 lah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz depending on the country code.

[0071] FIG. ID is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 may employ an NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.

[0072] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a, 180b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. Thus, the gNB 180a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and / or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0073] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with a scalable numerology. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframe or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., including a varying number of OFDM symbols and / or lasting varying lengths of absolute time).

[0074] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non- standalone configuration. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c). In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility anchor point. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non- standalone configuration WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with / connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating with / connecting to another RAN such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In the non- standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may serve as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and / or throughput for servicing WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0075] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and / or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards user plane functions (UPFs) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards access and mobility management functions (AMFs) 182a, 182b, and the like. As shown in FIG. ID, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may communicate with one another over an Xn interface.

[0076] The CN 115 shown in FIG. ID may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one session management function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and at least one Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0077] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N2 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, support for network slicing (e.g., handling of different protocol data unit (PDU) sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, management of the registration area, termination of NAS signaling, mobility management, and the like. Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182a, 182b, e.g., to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the types of services being utilized WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for MTC access, and / or the like. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies such as WiFi.

[0078] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to an AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via an N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to a UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via an N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b and configure the routing of traffic through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP address, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notifications, and the like. A PDU session type may be IP -based, non-IP based, Ethernet-based, and the like.

[0079] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, e.g., to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multihomed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, and the like.

[0080] The CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers. In an embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to a local DataNetwork (DN) 185a, 185b through the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.

[0081] In view of FIGs. 1 A-1D, and the corresponding description of FIGs. 1 A-1D, one or more, or all, of the functions described herein with regard to any of WTRUs 102a-d, base stations 114a- b, eNode-Bs 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNBs 180a-c, AMFs 182a-b, UPFs 184a- b, SMFs 183a-b, DNs 185a-b, and / or any other element(s) / device(s) described herein, may be performed by one or more emulation elements / devices (not shown). The emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described herein. For example, the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and / or to simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0082] The emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a lab environment and / or in an operator network environment. For example, the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for purposes of testing and / or may performing testing using over-the-air wireless communications.

[0083] The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, including all, functions while not being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the emulation devices may be utilized in a testing scenario in a testing laboratory and / or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication network in order to implement testing of one or more components. The one or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communications via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation devices to transmit and / or receive data.

[0084] In current 3 GPP specifications, RAT dependent positioning methods are specified. These methods require the WTRU (e.g., UE) to be in line-of-sight environment with respect to TRP, limiting the applicable use cases. In non-line of sight environment, the performance of RAT dependent positioning methods deteriorate.

[0085] The WTRU (e.g., UE) needs to collect measurements and ground truth (e.g., WTRU location) to train an AIML model at the WTRU (e.g., UE). However, the WTRU (e.g., UE) cannot determine quality indicator for the ground truth because it doesn’t know its location accurately.The WTRU (e.g., UE) may be able to determine location uncertainty but the uncertainty metric may be associated with an inaccurate estimate of the WTRU (e.g., UE) location. As shown in FIG. 3, uncertainty determined by the WTRU (e.g., UE) may be associated with inaccurate estimate of the WTRU (e.g., UE) location, which may not be useful as ground truth label quality indicator.

[0086] Methods and apparatus for enhanced positioning are provided. In one embodiment, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may be configured: The WTRU (e.g., UE) may send a request for a ground truth label quality indicator. The WTRU (e.g., UE) is requested to make measurements by the network. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may report the measurements and WTRU (e.g., UE) location to the network. The obtains quality indicator from the network.

[0087] For reference, an example data collection procedure to address privacy / propriety concerns procedure is described below, and may comprise any of the following steps.

[0088] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive configuration for WTRU- based positioning method (e.g., RAT dependent positioning method) and PRS configurations (for measurements).

[0089] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may send a request for quality indication (e.g., hard indicator such as 1 or 0) for the estimated WTRU (e.g., WTRU / UE) location. For, example, the request may include periodicity of provision of quality indication.

[0090] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive an indication from the network, indicating which of the configured PRS resources to make measurements on and report, and measurement instance (e.g., semi-persistent measurement instance defined by start / end time with periodicity). An example of measurement instance is timing at which the measurement is made.

[0091] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may perform measurements on the received PRS.

[0092] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may report estimated WTRU (e.g., UE) location and set(s) of measurements associated with indicated PRS resources, where each set is associated with a timestamp (e.g., differential timestamp with respect to the reference time). The WTRU (e.g., UE) may report uncertainty associated with the location estimate.

[0093] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive quality indicator associated with the reported location estimate. For, example, the NW can return an update to the uncertainty at the WTRU (e.g., UE).

[0094] In 3 GPP Rel. 16, downlink, uplink and downlink and uplink positioning methods are used.

[0095] In the below various embodiments, any of the following positioning methods, may be considered:(1) A “DL positioning method” may refer to any positioning method that uses downlink reference signals such as PRS. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive multiple reference signals from TP(s) and measures DL RSTD and / or RSRP. Examples of DL positioning methods are DL-AoD or DL-TDOA positioning.(2) A “UL positioning method” may refer to any positioning method that uses uplink reference signals such as SRS for positioning. The WTRU (e.g., UE) transmits SRS to multiple RPs and the RPs measure the UL RTOA and / or RSRP. Examples of UL positioning methods are UL-TDOA or UL-AoA positioning.(3) A “DL & UL positioning method” may refer to any positioning method that uses both uplink and downlink reference signals for positioning. According to embodiments, a WTRU (e.g., UE) transmits SRS to multiple TRPs and gNB measures Rx-Tx time difference which is calculated based on the time of arrival of DL RS (e.g., PRS). The gNB can measure RSRP for the received SRS. The WTRU (e.g., UE) measures Rx-Tx time difference for PRS transmitted from multiple TRPs. The WTRU (e.g., UE) can measure RSRP for the received PRS. The Rx-TX difference and possibly RSRP measured at WTRU (e.g., UE) and gNB are used to compute round trip time. Here “WTRU / UE Rx - Tx time difference” refers to the difference between arrival time of the reference signal transmitted by the TRP and transmission time of the reference signal transmitted from the UE. An example of DL & UL positioning method is multi -RTT positioning.

[0096] Machine learning (ML) may refer to type of algorithms that solve a problem based on learning through experience (‘data’), without explicitly being programmed (‘configuring set of rules’). Machine learning can be considered as a subset of Al. Different machine learning paradigms may be envisioned based on the nature of data or feedback available to the learning algorithm. For example, a supervised learning approach may involve learning a function that maps input to an output based on labeled training example, wherein each training example may be a pair consisting of input and the corresponding output. For example, unsupervised learning approach may involve detecting patterns in the data with no pre-existing labels. For example, reinforcement learning approach may involve performing sequence of actions in an environment to maximize the cumulative reward. In some solutions, it is possible to apply machine learning algorithms using a combination or interpolation of the above-mentioned approaches. For example, semi-supervised learning approach may use a combination of a small amount of labeled data with a large amount of unlabeled data during training. In this regard semi-supervised learning falls betweenunsupervised learning (with no labeled training data) and supervised learning (with only labeled training data).

[0097] One of the examples of a neural network is shown in FIG. 2. The objective of training is to apply input and adjust weights, indicated as w and x in the figure (which may be referred to as neuron weights or link weights), such that the output from the neural network approaches the desired target values which are associated with the input values. In the example, a neural network consists of 3 layers. During the training, for given input, the difference between output and desired values are computed and difference is used to update the weights in the neural network. If large difference between output and desired values is observed, large changes in weights are expected while small difference will lead to small changes in weights.

[0098] For example, for positioning, input can be reference signal parameters and output can be estimated position. The desired value can be location information acquired by GNSS with high accuracy. Once the neural network completes its training (e.g., the difference between the output and desired values is below a threshold), it can be applied for positioning by feeding input and use the output as the expected outcome for the associated input. The output may be estimated position or location of the WTRU (e.g., UE).

[0099] Thus, for training a neural network any of the following parameters may be used: (i) Input for the neural network; (ii) expected output associated with input; and (iii) actual output from the neural network against which the target values are compared.

[0100] As an example, a neural network model can be characterized by any of the following parameters: (i) number of weights; (ii) number of layers in a neural network; and (iii) number of neurons per layer.

[0101] A Neural Network is characterized by a) the number and types of layers, and b) the values of parameters (e.g., weights) associated with each layer.

[0102] Deep learning refers to class of machine learning algorithms that employ artificial neural networks (specifically DNNs) which were loosely inspired from biological systems and include at least one hidden layer. The Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are a special class of machine learning models inspired human brain wherein the input is linearly transformed and pass through non-linear activation function multiple times. DNNs typically consists of multiple layers where each layer consists of linear transformation and a given non-linear activation functions. The DNNs can be trained using the training data via back-propagation algorithm. Recently, DNNs have shown state- of-the-art performance in variety of domains, e.g., speech, vision, natural language etc. and for various machine learning settings supervised, un-supervised, and semi-supervised. In addition, “events” or “occasions” may be used interchangeably in this disclosure.

[0103] The WTRU (e.g., UE) may send a request to the network for configuration (e.g., PRS configurations, SRSp configurations) in PUSCH, PUCCH, UCI, MAC-CE, RRC or LPP message. The request from the WTRU (e.g., UE) may include configurations of a measurement gap, PRS processing window or window for transmission of SRS for positioning (SRSp).

[0104] The WTRU (e.g., UE) may send an acknowledgement message in PUSCH or PUCCH for the grant received from the network.

[0105] More than one conditions / criteria can be used in a combination. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may be configured with more than one conditions and associated WTRU (e.g., UE) behavior and the WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine which behavior the WTRU (e.g., UE) shall use based on the applicable condition.

[0106] The WTRU (e.g., UE) can measure DL-PRS inside or outside of active BWP. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may transmit SRSp inside or outside of active BWP.

[0107] The WTRU (e.g., UE) may be preconfigured with parameters (e.g.,, measurement gaps, PRS processing windows, PRS configurations, SRSp configurations) via a semi-static message (e g., LPP, RRC).

[0108] Any actions the WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine to take may be configured by the network. For example, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may be configured with a rule and according to the rule, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine to take an associated action.

[0109] In addition to the measurements made on PRS, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may include at least one of the following cell-related measurements: (i) SSB RSRP from the serving cell with corresponding cell ID; (ii) SSB RSRP from the neighboring cell(s) with corresponding cell ID(s); (iii) RSRP of CSI-RS with CSLRS resource ID; and (iv) RSRS of DM-RS.

[0110] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive PRS and / or SRS configurations for positioning purpose from the network (e.g., LMF). The LMF may forward the PRS configuration and SRS configurations to the gNB so that the gNB can schedule PRS transmission or SRS reception at the TRP, TP and / or RP.

[0111] According to embodiments, a PRS configuration may contain at least one of the following parameters: number of symbols, transmission power, number of PRS resources included in PRS resource set, muting pattern for PRS (for example, the muting pattern may be expressed via a bitmap), periodicity, type of PRS (e.g., periodic, semi-persistent, or aperiodic), slot offset for periodic transmission for PRS, vertical shift of PRS pattern in the frequency domain, time gap during repetition, repetition factor, RE (resource element) offset, comb pattern, comb size, spatial relation (e.g., with respect to other PRSs or UL RS such as SRS for positioning purpose), QCL information (e.g., QCL target, QCL source) for PRS, number of TRPs, Absolute Radio-FrequencyChannel Number (ARFCN), subcarrier spacing, expected RSTD, uncertainty in expected RSTD, start Physical Resource Block (PRB), bandwidth, BWP ID, number of frequency layers, start / end time for PRS transmission, on / off indicator for PRS, TRP ID, PRS ID, cell ID, global cell ID and applicable time window. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may apply a PRS configuration under a condition that the current time is within the applicable time window. “ID” may be used interchangeably with “index.”

[0112] According to embodiments, SRS for positioning (SRSp) or SRS configuration may include at least one of: resource ID; comb offset values, cyclic shift values; start position in the frequency domain; number of SRSp symbols; shift in the frequency domain for SRSp; frequency hopping pattern; type of SRSp (e.g., aperiodic, semi-persistent or periodic); sequence ID used to generate SRSp, or other IDs used to generate SRSp sequence; spatial relation information, indicating which reference signal (e.g., DL RS, UL RS, CSI-RS, SRS, DM-RS) or SSB (e.g., SSB ID, cell ID of the SSB) the SRSp is related to spatially where the SRSp and DL RS may be aligned spatially; QCL information (e.g., a QCL relationship between SRSp and other reference signals or SSB); QCL type (e.g., QCL type A, QCL type B, QCL type C, QCL type D); resource set ID; list of SRSp resources in the resource set; transmission power related information; pathloss reference information which may contain index for SSB, CSLRS or PRS; periodicity of SRSp transmission; and / or spatial information such as spatial direction information of SRSp transmission (e.g., beam information, angles of transmission), spatial direction information of DL RS reception (e.g., beam ID used to receive DL RS, angle of arrival). “ID” may be used interchangeably with “index.”

[0113] According to embodiments, RSTD may be defined by the difference in time of arrival between PRSs transmitted from a reference TRP and target TRP. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may be configured with the reference TRP index and target TRP index. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may be configured with the PRS resource indices to make measurements. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine the time of arrival from TRP based on one or more PRS resources associated with the TRP. According to embodiments, the RSTD may be defined as the difference in time of arrival between the reference PRS transmitted from a TRP and the target PRS transmitted from a TRP.

[0114] According to embodiments, “WTRU / UE Rx - Tx time difference” refers to the difference between arrival time of the reference signal transmitted by the TRP and transmission time of the reference signal transmitted from the WTRU (e.g., UE). The WTRU / UE Rx-Tx time difference may be associated with PRS resource ID and / or SRSp resource ID.

[0115] According to embodiments, RSCP (RS Carrier Phase) may be defined as the carrier phase measurement on the PRS. RSCPD (RSCP Difference) may be defined as difference in carrier phase measurements between two PRS resources.

[0116] According to embodiments, RSRP per path may be defined as the RSRP per path if the WTRU (e.g., UE) observers a multipath channel in the measurement. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine RSRP for a DL RS resource. RSRP or RSRPP may be reported using units dBm or relative power difference compared to a reference, e.g., RSRP of the first path, in dB.

[0117] An example of measurement may be a channel impulse response. A channel impulse response, consisting of N paths, may be defined by the following equation h(t) = hk(t)<5(t — rk) where hk(t) and Tkare time-varying complex valued coefficient (e.g., expressed by a + bj where j = V— 1 for the channel impulse response and delay, measured in seconds, for the kthpath, respectively. The delta function is defined as <5(t) = 1 for t = 0 and

[0118] For a sake of simplicity, we assume the coefficients are constant over time, .e.g. / ik(t) = hk. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may report hkand Tkfor each path k to the network. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may report the number of paths, N, to the network. Alternatively, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive hkand Tkfor each path k from the network and / or the number of paths.

[0119] According to various embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may obtain CIR from the network. The network may indicate PRS configuration(s) such as PRS resource IDs associated with the CIR. For example, the CIR may be associated with PRS resource ID. In this case, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine that the CIR is derived based on the measurements made on the PRS resource associated with the ID. Alternatively, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine that the channel along the direction of transmission of the PRS or reception of the PRS corresponds to the CIR.

[0120] According to embodiments, the CIR may be associated with a TRP ID. In this case, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine that the CIR represents the channel between the associated TRP and WTRU (e.g., UE). According to embodiments, the CIR may be associated with more than one TRPs where the network may include TRP indices associated with the CIR.

[0121] According to embodiments, the CIR may be associated with a cell. In this case, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive cell ID or index associated with the CIR from the network.

[0122] According to embodiments, CIR may be associated with more than one TRPs or PRS resource IDs. In this case, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine that the channel between the TRPs and the WTRU (e.g., UE) corresponds to the CIR. Alternatively, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine that the channel along the transmission directions of PRSs associated with IDs or reception directions of the PRS correspond to the CIR.

[0123] According to embodiments, more than one CIRs may be associated with one parameter from PRS configurations (e.g., TRP ID, PRS resource ID, frequency layer ID). For example, theWTRU (e.g., UE) may receive information related to 2 CIRs associated with a TRP from the network,and= Sfc=i h2'k(t)8(t - T2J / C) from the network. Alternatively, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may report information related to more than one CIRs associated with PRS configuration (e.g., TRP ID, PRS resource ID) based on the measurements to the network. There can be more than one CIRs associated with PRS configuration since the WTRU (e.g., UE) or network may observe different channel characteristics based on AoA of DL RS or UL RS, for example.

[0124] Channel impulse response may be represented by delay profile or power delay profile. A power delay profile may be defined as a set of delays and power profiles, such as [T0> U< >TN-I] and [po' Pi< "■ < PN-IL where pfemay corresponds to relative power at the kthpath compared to the first path. A delay profile may be defined as a set of delays [T0> U< >TN-I] which indicates path delay for each path above Pthreshoid - The WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive Pthreshoid from the network to derive delay profile from power delay profile.

[0125] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive an indication from the network on how to generate CIR, PDP or DP based on timing, phase and / or power measurements. According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may send a request to the network to receive an indication on which methodologies to use to generate CIR, PDP or DP based on the measurements the WTRU (e.g., UE) made. For example, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive a message from the network (e.g., via LPP, RRC, MAC-CE, DCI) indicating the PRS resource indices and associated measurement type(s) (e.g., RSTD, AOA) to use to generate CIR, PDP, or DP. According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive an indication from the network indicating to generate CIR, PDP, or DP.

[0126] The WTRU (e.g., UE) may send measurements in a report to the network (e.g., LMF, gNB) via a semi-static (e.g., LPP, RRC) or dynamic message (e.g., UCI, UL MAC-CE).

[0127] In the examples herein, “PRS,” DL-RS (e.g.., CSLRS, DM-RS, TRS) and SSB may be used interchangeably.

[0128] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive a request from the network to report its location and / or measurements made on the PRS. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may report to the network at least one or combination of the following parameters in the measurement report: (i) PRS ID associated with measurements and / or WTRU (e.g., UE) location estimate; (ii) TRP ID associated with measurements and / or WTRU (e.g., UE) location estimate; (iii) Cell ID associated with measurements and / or WTRU (e.g., UE) location estimate; (iv) ARFCN associated with measurements and / or WTRU (e.g., UE) location estimate; (v) PRS Resource ID(s) associated with measurements and / or WTRU (e.g., UE) location estimate; (vi) PRS Resource Set ID(s) associatedwith measurements and / or WTRU (e.g., UE) location estimate; (vii) Frequency layer ID (s) associated with measurements and / or WTRU (e.g., UE) location estimate; (viii) Timestamp indicating when the measurements are made or when the report is made; (ix) RSTD associated with PRS resource ID(s) for each path in multipaths; (x) RSRP associated with PRS resource ID(s) for each path in multipaths; (xi) Phase measurement (e.g., RSCP, RSCPD) for each path in multipaths; (xii) Uncertainty information (e.g., expressed in terms of a range such as ±2 us) or quality information (e.g., indicating whether the indicated measurement is in the unit of 0.1 us or O.Olus) for measurements; (xiii) TEG (timing error group) associated with measurements or PRS resource ID or PRS resource set ID; (xiv) LOS indicator associated with PRS resource ID or TRP ID; (xv) WTRU (e.g., UE) location (e.g., absolute location with geographical coordinates expressed by x and y coordinates, relative location with respect to a reference point (e.g., indicated TRP, cell center)); (xvi) Uncertainty information for the determined WTRU (e.g., UE) location (e.g., expressed in terms of a range such as ±2 meter) or quality information (e.g., indicating whether the indicated WTRU (e.g., UE) location is in the unit of 0.1 meter or 0.01 meter); (xvii) Indication of which method (e.g., RAT dependent positioning method such as DL-TDOA, DL- AoD, or AIML based positioning) is used to determine the WTRU (e.g., UE) location; and (xviii) Channel impulse response and associated DL-RS configurations used to determine CIRs.

[0129] Artificial intelligence may be broadly defined as the behavior exhibited by machines that mimics cognitive functions to sense, reason, adapt, act, and providing the ability to discern patterns.

[0130] An example of using an AIML model to obtain WTRU (e.g., UE) location is shown in FIG. 4. As shown in FIG. 4, the WTRU (e.g., UE) inputs the AIML model with measurements (e.g., timing, phase, power measurements such as RSTD, time of flight, ToA, ToD, carrier phase measurement, carrier phase difference measurement, RSRP, RSRP per path) and the WTRU (e.g., UE) obtains the WTRU (e.g., UE) location from the AIML model. The output of the AIML model may be referred to as “inference.”

[0131] As an input to the AIML model, if the AIML model is associated with or trained with measurements from more than one TRPs, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may use measurements made from more than one TRPs. If the AIML model is trained with measurements from more than one TRPs, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive an indication or configuration from the network about identification information about the TRPs (e.g., TRP IDs, PRS IDs) the AIML model is trained with. In the examples described here in, “AIML” and “AI / ML” can be used interchangeably.

[0132] Examples of inputs for an AIML model for positioning may be at least one or combination of any of the following parameters: (i) RSRP of PRS resource(s); (ii) Statistical measure of RSRP(e.g., mean, variance etc.) per PRS resource(s); (iii) Maximum or minimum value of RSRP per PRS resource(s); (iv) RSRP of PRS resource(s) per path; (v) RSRP of PRS resource(s) per antenna port; (vi) RSCP of PRS resource(s) per path; (vii) RSCP of PRS resource(s) per antenna port; (viii) RSTD and / or RSCPD of PRS resource(s); (ix) Statistical measure of RSTD per PRS resource(s); (x) Maximum or minimum value of RSTD per PRS resource(s); (xi) RSTD and / or RSCPD of PRS resource(s) per path; (xii) RSTD and / or RSCPD of PRS resource(s) per antenna port; (xiii) Time of arrival per PRS resource(s); (xiv) Time of arrival per PRS resource(s) per path; (xv) Time of arrival per PRS resource(s) per port; (xvi) Statistical measure of Time of arrival per PRS resource(s); (xvii) Maximum or minimum value of time of arrival per PRS resource(s); (xviii) CIR estimated based on DL-RS(s) (e.g., PRS, CSI-RS, DM-RS) where CIR may be associated with a TRP or TRPs; (xix) PDP estimated based on DL-RS(s) (e g., PRS, CSI-RS, DM-RS) where CIR may be associated with a TRP or TRPs; and (xx) DP estimated based on DL-RS(s) (e.g., PRS, CSI-RS, DM-RS) where CIR may be associated with a TRP or TRPs.

[0133] As illustrated in FIG. 5, PRS parameters may be organized in a hierarchical manner. Parameters associated with a higher layer is used by parameters at lower layer(s). For example, if a frequency layer has a parameter comb factor = 2, PRS resource sets, TRPs and PRS resources under the frequency layer also uses comb factor =2. The parameters are organized in a hierarchical manner to reduce signaling overhead from the network.

[0134] An example of training an AIML model at the WTRU (e.g., UE) is shown in FIG. 6. In the example, an AIML model is trained with measurements and desired output (e.g., ground truth). The ground truth may be the location of the WTRU (e.g., UE), expressed by geographical coordinates.

[0135] The measurements as an input to the AIML model may be RSTD, RSRP, NRCP, NRCPD, for example. The output from the AIML model may be compared against the desired output and difference between the two may be used to train the AIML model (e.g., adjust weights in the AIML model) so that the difference between the actual output and desired output can be minimized.

[0136] According to embodiments, the ground truth may have associated a ground truth label quality indicator. Based on the quality indicator the WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine whether to use the ground truth for training or not. An example of usage of the ground truth label quality indicator is shown in the following table:

[0137] In the table, “Label quality indicator” can be used interchangeably with “Ground truth label quality indicator.” According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine to weigh the ground truth by the quality indicator. In the examples described herein, “ground truth” and “ground truth label” may be used interchangeably. In the examples described herein, “ground truth label quality indicator,” “quality indicator” and “ground truth quality indicator” may be used interchangeably.

[0138] An example of the ground truth label quality indicator may be a hard indicator, where the value of “1” and “0” may indicate that the associated ground truth is suitable or unsuitable for training an AIML model, respectively. According to various embodiments, “1” and “0” may indicate that the associated ground truth is reliable or not unreliable for training an AIML model, respectively. According to various embodiments, “1” and “0” may indicate that the associated ground truth is valid or invalid for training an AIML model, respectively. Another example of the ground truth label quality indicator may be a soft indicator, where the value of “0.8” indicates relatively high confidence in using the associated ground truth for training an AIML model. On the other hand, the value of “0.2” may indicate that relatively low confidence in using the associated ground truth for training an AIML model. According to various embodiments, for soft or hard quality indicator, the value of “1” may correspond to the ground truth generated with no or minimum uncertainty. For a soft quality indicator with value less than 1 and greater than 0, it may be used to indicate quality of the ground truth generated with uncertainty. For a soft or hard quality indicator with the value equal to 0, it may indicate that the ground truth label quality indicator cannot be assigned to the ground truth.

[0139] According to embodiments, the indicator may have a range defined by minimum value and maximum value. For example, the minimum and maximum value for the soft indicator may be 0 and 1, respectively. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may be preconfigured or configured with the range of the indicator by the network. Granularity of the soft indicator may be predefined, e.g., 0.1, 0.01, etc.

[0140] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine parameters related to the ground truth label quality indicator (e.g., granularity of a soft indicator, hard or soft indicator)based on WTRU (e.g., UE) capability. For example, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may be able to process a hard indicator for the ground truth label quality indicator. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may indicate such limitation by sensing the WTRU (e.g., UE) capability to the network.

[0141] According to embodiments, the indicator may be a range of values, indicating uncertainty. For example, if the ground truth is expressed as a coordinate (x,y), the indicator may be a range of uncertainty for each value , x and y, such as x±0.2 meters, for example.

[0142] According to embodiments, a ground truth label quality indicator may be associated with each coordinate of the ground truth. For example, there may be two indicators for a ground truth (x, y) where each of “x” and “y” may be associated with a ground truth label quality indicator.

[0143] The associated ground truth label quality indicator indicates confidence level of the ground truth location. For example, the ground truth obtained by DL-TDOA in NLOS heavy environment may be associated with a low ground truth label quality indicator. On the other hand, the ground truth obtained by DL-TDOA in LOS heavy environment may be associated with a high ground truth label quality indicator.

[0144] According to various embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may be configured with an association table which associated the ground truth label quality indicator with a range of uncertainty in the ground truth. In the example, the ground truth label quality indicator becomes an index for the configured association table where the index indicates the uncertainty (e.g., ±2 meters) in the ground truth.

[0145] According to various embodiments, the ground truth label quality indicator may be associated with more than one ground truths. For example, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine a ground truth label quality indicator associated with more than one ground truths where each ground truth may be determined at different time instances (e.g., at different day, hour, minute, second). According to various embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive a ground truth label quality indicator from the network associated with more than one ground truths where each ground truth may be determined at different time instances (e.g., at different day, hour, minute, second).

[0146] The WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive an indication or request from the network to determine the ground truth label quality indicator for N ground truths where N is the number of ground truths and configured by the network. In the example, N may correspond to different time instances the WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine the ground truth. The time instance may correspond to the measurement reporting instances (e.g., periodic measurement reporting instances, semi-persistent reporting instances) or measurement instances.

[0147] In an embodiment, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive, from the network, a relative quality indicator for the ground truth reported by the WTRU (e.g., UE). For example, the relative quality indicator may be derived based on comparison to a reference ground truth. For example, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may be configured with plurality of thresholds DI, D2... Dn wherein Dl<D2...<Dn. For example, DI, D2...Dn may be expressed as distances from reference ground truth. Each of these thresholds may be associated with a relative quality indicator (e.g.l, 2. . .n). In a first solution, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive relative quality indicator 1 if the WTRU (e.g., UE) reported ground truth is less than reference ground truth + DI and receive a relative quality indicator 2 if the WTRU (e.g., UE) reported ground truth is less than reference round truth + D2 and so on. In a second solution, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may be preconfigured with one threshold from the plurality of thresholds (e.g. De wherein Dc<=Dn). The WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive a Boolean relative quality indicator based on the preconfigured threshold De. For example, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive relative quality indicator 1 if the WTRU (e.g., UE) reported ground truth is less than reference ground truth + De and receive a relative quality indicator 0 if the WTRU (e.g., UE) reported ground truth is more than reference round truth + De. Possibly the value of De may be negotiated between WTRU (e.g., UE) and network during the request for ground truth label quality indication from network. Possibly the value of De may be based on WTRU (e.g., UE) capability. Possibly the value of De may be configured based on network implementation. Possibly the value of De may be based on PRS density / periodicity. Possibly the value of De may be based on WTRU (e.g., UE) speed. In one or more solutions herein the term reference ground truth may refer to a ground truth that meets performance requirements. For example, the reference ground truth may be defined considering margin of error due to hardware imperfections, granularity of time stamps, incomplete dataset, etc.

[0148] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive information about the reference ground truth (e.g., geographical coordinate) from the network in assistance information (e.g., via LPP, RRC) for the WTRU (e.g., UE) to know the reference used, by the network, to derive the relative threshold.

[0149] According to various embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may send a request, to the network, for the ground truth label quality indicator for the ground truth generated by the WTRU (e.g., UE). The WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive a request from the network (e.g., LMF, gNB) to report the ground truth (e.g., WTRU (e.g., UE) location estimate) and measurements used to determine the ground truth to the network. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may report requested measurements and associate the measurements with the ground truth determined by the WTRU (e.g., UE). By associating the measurements and the ground truth, the WTRU (e.g., UE) mayindicate that the measurements are used to derive the ground truth. According to various embodiment, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may be configured, by the network (e.g., LMF, gNB), to generate both ground truth (e.g., WTRU’s location estimate) and associated ground truth label quality indicator. If the WTRU (e.g., UE) is not configured to determine the ground truth label quality indicator for the determined ground truth, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine to send a request to the network, for the ground truth label quality indicator for the ground truth generated by the WTRU (e.g., UE). The WTRU (e.g., UE) may send measurements used and / or associated with the determined ground truth.

[0150] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine to send the request for the ground truth label quality indicator once the WTRU (e.g., UE) determines the WTRU (e.g., UE) location (or ground truth). According to various embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine to send the request for the ground truth label quality indicator prior to determining the WTRU (e.g., UE) location. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may include a cause in the request, e.g., collection of ground truth label quality indicators, training AIML model(s), etc.

[0151] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may be configured with a WTRU (e.g., UE) based positioning method (e.g., DL-TDOA) where the WTRU (e.g., UE) determines its location based on the measurements made on the configured PRSs. The configuration for PRSs may include PRS resource IDs the WTRU (e.g., UE) is expected to measure.

[0152] In the request the WTRU (e.g., UE) may include any of the following: (i) Type of the ground truth label quality indicator, e.g., soft or hard; (ii) periodicity of provision ground truth label quality indicator; and (iii) periodicity of reporting, by the WTRU (e.g., UE), of measurements associated with the ground truth label quality indicator.

[0153] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may include the granularity of accuracy or error margin requirements. For example, different WTRUs (e.g., UEs) may have different positioning accuracy requirements, and thus an error of + / - x meters may be considered accurate enough for one WTRU (e.g., UE), but not accurate enough for another WTRU (e.g., UE).

[0154] For example, as a response for the WTRU (e.g., UE)’s request, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive from the network an indication of which PRS resources to make measurements on. According to embodiments, the indicated PRS resources may be a subset of the PRS configurations (e.g., first PRS configuration) received from the network for the WTRU (e.g., UE) to determine its location. According to various embodiments, the indicated PRS resources may be a separate set of PRS resources from the first PRS configuration. For example, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive N PRS resource IDs (e.g., PRS resource ID#1, PRS resource ID#2, PRS resource ID#3, PRS resource ID#4) in the first PRS configuration to make measurements on. The WTRU (e.g., UE)may determine the WTRU (e.g., UE) location based on the measurements made using the first PRS configuration. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may send a request to the network for a ground truth label quality indicator. As a response for the WTRU (e.g., UE)’s request, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive a second set of PRS resource IDs (e.g., PRS resource ID#1, PRS resource ID#2) from the network to make measurements on where the second set of PRS resource IDs is a subset of the N PRS resource IDs in the first PRS configuration. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may be requested to report the measurements on the second set of PRS resource IDs.

[0155] According to various embodiments, the measurements reported by the WTRU (e.g., UE) on the indicated PRS resources may be used by the NW to generate the quality indicator. The resources are indicted to reduce reporting overhead and allow the network to perform fingerprint matching between the reported measurements and database of measurements, for example.

[0156] The WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive any of the following request from the network regarding the measurement behavior and content of the report.

[0157] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive a request, from the network, to make the indicated number of measurement instances per PRS resource, PRS resource set, TRP and / or frequency layer.

[0158] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive a request from the network, to make N measurement reports to receive the ground truth label quality indicator. In this case, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may make N measurement reports where the measurements in each report are associated with the determined ground truth.

[0159] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive a request, from the network, to make measurements on indicated resources or PRS configurations (e.g., PRS resource ID(s), PRS resource set ID(s), PRS ID(s) TRP ID(s) and / or PFL ID(s)).

[0160] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive a request, from the network, to make the measurements on indicated PRS configurations (e.g., PRS resource IDs) during a time window (e.g., indicated by start, end time and / or duration where start or end time may be indicated by absolute time, SFN, slot number and duration may be indicated by the number of frames, subframes, slots, symbols).

[0161] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive a request to make specific measurements (e.g, RSTD, CIR, PDP, DP, RSRP, RSRPP, NRCP, NRCPD).

[0162] According to embodiments, if the WTRU (e.g., UE) is configured to send more than one measurement set and one location estimate in the report, it may receive a corresponding list of quality indicators for each measurement and location estimate pairs. For example, if the WTRU (e.g., UE) sends a list containing 10 entries in the report, each containing the measurements andthe location estimate, the UE may receive 10 quality indicators corresponding to each entry. According to various embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive a quality indicator that summarizes the quality of all the entries in the report (e.g., the average quality of the indicated locations, other statical information such as standard deviation, highest error margin, lowest error margin, etc.,).

[0163] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine to make measurements on the indicated set of PRS resources in the response from the network. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine to report the measurements. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine to include timestamps (e.g., absolute time, symbol index, slot index, subframe index, frame index, SFN) in the report to indicate time instances the measurements are made. According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may explicitly indicate to the network that the timestamp is associated with time instance when the measurements are made. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine to associate the measurements with the determined location estimate. According to various embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may indicate to the network that reported timestamp is associated with the time instance when the measurement report is made, or when the WTRU (e.g., UE) determined its location estimate.

[0164] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine to use a differential timestamp in the report. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may include the differential timestamps in the report if the WTRU (e.g., UE) determines to include the more than one timestamp, each associated with a set of measurement(s). The WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine the reference time for the differential timestamp. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may be requested to use a reference time by the network (e.g., 3PM on Nov. 11, 2011, SFN, frame index, slot index). The WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine the reference time and the WTRU (e.g., UE) may report the determined reference time to the network. The differential timestamp may be indicated by time difference between the timestamp and reference time (e.g., seconds, minutes, hours, days). An example of different timestamp is shown in FIG. 7 where the reference time is indicated by “XX hr, YY min, ZZ sec” and the first differential timestamp is “75 sec” indicating that RSRP for PRS resource ID KK of - 55dBm is made 75 seconds after the reference time. The WTRU (e.g., UE) indicates the location determined based on the measurements.

[0165] According to various embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may report the measurements and associated ground truth periodically or semi-persistently to the network at configured periodicity. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive activation or deactivation message from the network, activating or deactivating. According to various embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) mayreport the measurements and associated ground truth to the network aperiodically (e.g., one-shot). The WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive a triggering signal from the network to perform one-shot report.

[0166] According to various embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine to activate or deactivate semi-persistent reporting or semi-persistent measurement (e.g., making measurements during a time window) based on signaling from the network (e.g., MAC-CE). According to various embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine that semi-persistent PRS transmission or SRSp transmission is activated or deactivated by the network based on signaling (e.g., MAC-CE).

[0167] According to various embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may associate the measurements with the ground truth. According to various embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may to report uncertainty (e.g., ±0.2 meters) associated with the determined ground truth. According to various embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine to send uncertainty related to the determined ground truth (e.g., ±0.2 meters) to the network to obtain the ground truth label quality indicator. According to various embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive a request from the network to report uncertainty related to the determined ground truth (e.g., ±0.2 meters) to the network to obtain the ground truth label quality indicator.

[0168] According to various embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive, from the network, the ground truth label quality indicator, associated with the ground truth determined by the WTRU (e.g., UE). The WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive correction on the uncertainty “y” reported by the WTRU (e.g., UE). For example, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive correction information on the uncertainty “y” as A = —0.01 meter indicating the uncertainty range should be reduced by 0.01 meter. For example, if the WTRU (e.g., UE) determined the uncertainty to be ±0.2 meters prior to receiving correction information from the network, after receiving correction information, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine that the updated uncertainty range is ±0.19 meters. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive the ground truth label quality indicator from the network periodically, semi- persistently or aperiodically.

[0169] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive a timestamp associated with the ground truth label quality indicator from the network. The timestamp may be associated or equivalent to one of the timestamp(s) reported by the WTRU (e.g., UE). The WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive the timestamp(s) associated with the ground truth label quality indicator(s) such that the WTRU (e.g., UE) can determine which ground truth the label quality indicator is associated with.

[0170] According to various embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive the ground truth and associated ground truth label quality indicator from the network. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may,in addition, receive a timestamp so that the WTRU (e.g., UE) can determine which measurement s) or set of measurements the timestamp is associated with.

[0171] An example of the signal exchange diagram is shown in FIG. 8

[0172] Methods and apparatus for enhanced positioning are provided. In one embodiment, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may be configured: The WTRU (e.g., UE) may send a request for a ground truth label quality indicator. The WTRU (e.g., UE) is requested to make measurements by the network. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may report the measurements and WTRU (e.g., UE) location to the network. The obtains quality indicator from the network.

[0173] For reference, an example data collection procedure to address privacy / propriety concerns procedure is described below, and may comprise any of the following steps.

[0174] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive configuration for WTRU (e.g., UE)-based positioning method (e.g., RAT dependent positioning method) and PRS configurations (for measurements).

[0175] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine the location of the WTRU (e.g., UE).

[0176] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may send a request for quality indication (e.g., hard indicator such as 1 or 0) for the estimated WTRU (e.g., UE) location. The request may include periodicity of provision of quality indication.

[0177] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive an indication from the network, indicating which of the configured PRS resources to make measurements on and report, and measurement instance (e.g., semi-persistent measurement instance defined by start / end time with periodicity). An example of measurement instance is timing at which the measurement is made. The indicated PRS resources may be a subset of the first PRS configuration.

[0178] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may perform measurements on the received PRS.

[0179] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may report estimated WTRU (e.g., UE) location and set(s) of measurements associated with indicated PRS resources, where each set is associated with a timestamp (e.g., differential timestamp with respect to the reference time). The WTRU (e.g., UE) may report uncertainty associated with the location estimate.

[0180] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive quality indicator associated with the reported location estimate. The NW can return an update to the uncertainty at the WTRU (e.g., UE).

[0181] According to various embodiments, based on the request made by the WTRU (e.g., UE), the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive correction information from the network and correctioninformation may be applicable to measurements made by the WTRU (e.g., UE). According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may send a request for correction information on the measurements. As the response, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may be requested to make measurements by the network to receive correction information. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive PRS configuration(s) from the network, indicating which PRS resource(s) to make measurements on. Examples of correction information the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive may be at least one or combination of the following: (i) Time offset (e.g., x meters) or time drift (e.g., x meters per second) for RSTD associated with indicate PRS configuration (e.g., PRS resource(s), PRS resource set(s), TRP ID(s), PRS ID(s), PFL ID(s)); (ii) Phase offset or phase drift for RSCP, RSCPD associated with indicate PRS configuration (e.g., PRS resource(s), PRS resource set(s), TRP ID(s), PRS ID(s), PFL ID(s)); (iii) and power offset for RSRP, RSRPP associated with indicate PRS configuration (e g., PRS resource(s), PRS resource set(s), TRP ID(s), PRS ID(s), PFL ID(s)).

[0182] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive correction for measurements per path if there’s multipath channel. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive an indication to apply the same correction to measurements for all paths if there’s multipath channel.

[0183] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may indicate error related parameters to the network to indicate potential errors that may exist in measurements. The example of such parameters may be beamwidth of transmission beam, beamwidth of reception beam, timing error characteristics such as timing error group index, time offset, time drift, timing jitter, phase error characteristics such as phase error group index, phase offset, phase drift, phase jitter, phase spread, Doppler shift, Doppler spread, antenna gain (e.g., expressed in terms of dB), antenna type (e.g., omni directional). Timing or phase group index may be associated with a range of timing error (e.g., ±0.1 / / s, ±0.1 degrees) based on which the network may determine how much timing or phase error that may exist in the received UL signals.

[0184] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive error related parameters to the network to indicate potential errors that may exist in receive signals or measurements. The examples of such parameters may be the parameters described herein.

[0185] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may be configured with WTRU (e.g., UE)-based positioning and the WTRU (e.g., UE) may obtain the ground truth from the network based on the determined WTRU (e.g., UE) location reported by the WTRU (e.g., UE). An example is illustrated in FIG. 9. In the example, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may send a request to obtain the ground truth from the network. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may be configured with WTRU (e.g., UE)- based positioning method (e.g., DL-TDOA). The reporting behaviour is not restricted to periodic. It can be semi-persistent or aperiodic.

[0186] The WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive PRS configurations from the network. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive configurations related to a positioning method that should be used at the WTRU (e.g., UE) to determine WTRU (e.g., UE) location (e.g., DL-TDOA, RAT independent positioning method such as GNSS, AIML based positioning). The WTRU (e.g., UE) may perform measurements on the received PRS. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may report the WTRU (e.g., UE) location determined based on the measurements made by the WTRU (e.g., UE). The WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive the ground truth from the network. The ground truth may be corrected WTRU (e.g., UE) location estimate based on the reported WTRU (e.g., UE) location where the correction was made by the network. The ground truth may be expressed in terms of absolute location (e.g., geographical coordinates).

[0187] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may send a request for correction of the WTRU (e.g., UE) location estimate determined by the WTRU (e.g., UE). The WTRU (e.g., UE) may report the determined WTRU (e.g., UE) location to the network. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive, from the network, a change (e.g., —0.3 meters for x coordinate, +0.2 meters for y coordinate) that should be applied to the WTRU (e.g., UE) location estimate reported by the WTRU (e.g., UE).

[0188] According to embodiments, the ground truth may be associated with a quality indicator (e.g., range of the ground truth expressed by lower and upper limit in terms of meters for example, ±3 meters). According to various embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine the ground truth quality indicator based on the range reported by the WTRU (e.g., UE). The WTRU (e.g., UE) may send the range for the accuracy (e.g., ±1 meter) to the network via RRC message, LPP message or UE capability message. If the network determines that estimation accuracy of the estimate (e.g., ground truth) made by WTRU (e.g., UE) is within the range, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive the ground truth label quality indicator 1 from the network, for example. If the network determines that estimation accuracy of the estimate (e.g., ground truth) made by WTRU (e.g., UE) is outside the range, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive the ground truth label quality indicator 0 from the network.

[0189] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive a quality indicator from the network for the location estimate the WTRU (e.g., UE) may perform.

[0190] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive configuration for WTRU (e.g., UE)-based positioning.

[0191] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may send a request for quality indication for WTRU (e.g., UE) location estimate.

[0192] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive a grant from the network.

[0193] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive PRS configuration and PRS from the network (e.g., LMF, gNB).

[0194] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may perform measurements on the received PRS.

[0195] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may report more than one sets of measurements, each associated with a different timestamp, and associated location estimate.

[0196] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive quality indicator (e.g., range of uncertainty ±0.2 meters) associated with the reported location estimate.

[0197] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may be configured to provide WTRU (e.g., UE) location or measurements at configured occasions where occasions of reporting of WTRU (e.g., UE) location or measurements may not overlap (e.g., first set of occasions for reporting WTRU (e.g., UE) location, second set of occasions for reporting of measurements).

[0198] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive first configuration for periodic reporting of WTRU (e.g., UE) location. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive the second configuration for periodic reporting of measurements. The first configuration and second configuration may contain different parameters. For example, to determine the WTRU (e.g., UE) location, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive boresight direction of each PRS beam in the first configuration. In the second configuration, in addition to PRS configurations (e.g., PRS resource ID), the WTRU (e.g., UE) may not receive boresight direction of each PRS beam. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive PRS configurations (e.g., PRS resource ID). An example exchange of measurements and ground truth between WTRU (e.g., UE) and network is shown in FIG. 10. In the example, the WTRU (e.g., UE) is configured with reporting occasions (e.g., first, second and third) at which the WTRU (e.g., UE) may report measurements made on the received PRS. At the fourth occasion, the WTRU (e.g., UE) is configured to report the ground truth, determined by the WTRU (e.g., UE), to the network. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive the ground truth based on the measurements reported by the WTRU (e.g., UE).

[0199] According to various embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive the ground truth label quality indicator corresponding to the WTRU (e.g., UE) location reported by the WTRU (e.g., UE). The WTRU (e.g., UE) may be configured to report N1 estimates, for example at N1 different reporting occasions, of WTRU (e.g., UE) location to obtain the ground truth and / or ground truth label quality indicator from the network.

[0200] According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive the ground truth and / or ground truth label quality indicator corresponding to the measurements reported by the WTRU (e.g., UE). The WTRU (e.g., UE) may be configured to report N2 sets of measurements (e.g., CIR,RSTD, RSRP), for example at N2 different reporting occasions, to obtain the ground truth and / or ground truth label quality indicator from the network.

[0201] According to various embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive the WTRU (e.g., UE) location from the network based on the request from the WTRU (e.g., UE). The WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive a request from the network to make measurements. The request from the network may indicate a positioning method or specific set of measurements (e.g., timing, power, phase) on configured PRSs (e.g., indicated by PRS resource IDs, TRPs).

[0202] An example is illustrated in FIG. 11. In the example, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may send a request for the ground truth, e.g., WTRU (e.g., UE) location. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive PRS configurations from the network based on which the WTRU (e.g., UE) may perform measurements on. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may send the measurement report to the network. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may receive the ground truth associated with the measurements reported by the WTRU (e.g., UE). The WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine to make measurements and report measurements periodically and configured periodicity. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may obtain the ground truth from the network periodically. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may make measurements on the received PRS and send the measurement report and receive the corresponding ground truth aperiodically (e.g., the report is triggered by the network). The WTRU (e.g., UE) may send a request to the network, indicating whether the WTRU (e.g., UE) wants to receive the ground truth periodically or aperiodically.

[0203] The WTRU (e.g., UE) may send a measurement report that contains requested measurements to the network. According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may include a cause in the request. Examples of the cause may be at least one of the following : training an AIML model at the WTRU (e.g., UE), retuning an AIML model at the WTRU (e.g., UE), verifying an AIML model at the WTRU (e.g., UE), monitoring the performance of an AIML model at the WTRU (e.g., UE), etc. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine to send the request for the ground truth based on at least one of the following conditions: AIML model needs to be trained.

[0204] The network may send the WTRU (e.g., UE) location determined based on the measurement report sent by the WTRU (e.g., UE). The network may associate any of the following information with the WTRU (e.g., UE) location: (i) Timestamp(s) included in the measurement report from the WTRU (e.g., UE); and (ii) PRS configuration parameters (e.g., PRS resource IDs, PRS resource set IDs, frequency layer IDs) include in the measurement report from the WTRU (e.g., UE).

[0205] According to various embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine to send a message to terminate provision of assistance information (e.g., ground truth label quality indicator)from the network. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may send a message (e.g., RRC, LPP, MAC-CE, UCI) to the network, indicating a request to stop provision of assistance information from the network. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may include a cause (e.g., sufficient amount of data is collected) in the request so that the network understands why the WTRU (e.g., UE) is making the request (e.g., collection of ground truth label quality indicator, measurement correction, WTRU (e.g., UE) location correction).

[0206] According to various embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine the provision of assistance information is terminated when the validity condition associated with assistance information is invalid.

[0207] According to various embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine that provision of assistance information (e.g., ground truth label quality indicator) from the network is terminated when the timer associated with the provision of assistance information expires. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may be configured with a validity timer associated with periodic provision of assistance information from the network. When the timer expires, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine that that periodic provision of assistance information is terminated.

[0208] According to various embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may be configured with area validity condition associated with provision of assistance information. For example, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may be configured with an area consisting of cells or TRPs. The WTRU (e.g., UE) may be configured to make measurements within the area or measurements associated with the configured TRPs. If the WTRU (e.g., UE) cannot make measurements because the WTRU (e.g., UE) cannot obtain satisfactory quality (e.g., low RSRP, RSRP below the configured threshold), the WTRU (e.g., UE) may determine that provision of assistance information is terminated based on quality of measurement (e.g., RSRP of SSB or RSRP of PRS is below the configured threshold) that the WTRU (e.g., UE) may report to the network.

[0209] According to various embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may be configured to send the measurements and associated WTRU (e.g., UE) determined locations for quality check by the network only if the WTRU (e.g., UE) has an unused UL grant (e.g., this may not generate an SR or a BSR like other user plane or control plane data). In such a case, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may aggregate several measurements and associated location estimates until it gets an UL grant. According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may send an indication to the network about the availability of the measurements and associated location estimates (e.g., using a scheduling request, SR, where the SR can be a legacy SR or a newly defined SR for this purpose, a MAC CE like buffer status report, etc.,)

[0210] According to various embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may indicate the periodicity at which it intends to send the measurements and associated WTRU (e.g., UE) location estimates, and the network may provide it with configured grants to accommodate those reports. For example, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may be configured to prioritize the sending of the measurements on those configured grants occasions (e.g., as compared to other pending data, even if that pending data can be of higher priority than the measurements).

[0211] According to various embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may be configured to send the measurements and associated WTRU (e.g., UE) location estimates using SRB 1 signaling (i.e., high priority, as in measurements for mobility). According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may be configured to send the measurements and associated WTRU (e.g., UE) location estimates using SRB2 signaling (i.e., lower priority, as in NAS signaling). According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) may be configured to send the measurements and associated WTRU (e.g., UE) location estimates using SRBx signaling (i.e., where SRBx could for example, be SRB4, or a newly defined SRB that supports RRC message segmentation). According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) maybe configured to send the measurements and associated UE location estimates using a DRB. According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., UE) maybe configured to determine the bearer type to be used (e.g., which SRB, whether to use an SRB or a DRB, etc.) that is to be used for the sending of the measurements and location estimates based on the amount / size of the report (e.g., use SRB1 if size is below first threshold, use SRB2 if size is between first and second threshold, use SRB4 if size is above the second threshold, etc.,)

[0212] Using the various methods described herein, the WTRU (e.g., UE) can collect accurate ground truth or measurements for positioning purpose. In addition, signaling overhead required to correct the ground truth or measurements can be reduced using the methods described herein.

[0213] FIG. 12 is a flowchart illustrating a representative method 1200 implemented by a WTRU 102. Referring to FIG. 12, the representative method 1200 may include, at block 1210, receiving, from a network node, configuration information associated with a WTRU positioning method and a set of reference signal resources.

[0214] At block 1220, the representative method 1200 may include sending, to the network node, a request for a quality indicator associated with a WTRU location estimation. At block 1230, the representative method 1200 may include performing measurements using at least a reference signal resource of the set of reference signal resources, and using the WTRU positioning method. At block 1240, the representative method 1200 may include estimating the WTRU location based on the measurements. At block 1250, the representative method 1200 may include sending, to the network node, first information indicating the estimated WTRU location and the measurements.At block 1260, the representative method 1200 may include receiving, from the network node, a response to the request comprising second information indicating a quality indicator associated with the estimated WTRU location.

[0215] According to certain embodiments, the representative method 1200 may include: training an artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) model based on the quality indicator.

[0216] According to certain embodiments, the request comprises third information indicating a periodicity of provision of the quality indicator.

[0217] According to certain embodiments, the representative method 1200 may include: receiving, from the network node, fourth information indicating the at least reference signal resource of the set of reference signal resources used to perform the measurements.

[0218] According to certain embodiments, the first information comprise an uncertainty value associated with the estimated WTRU location.

[0219] According to certain embodiments, the measurements are associated with a timestamp.

[0220] According to certain embodiments, the representative method 1200 may include: receiving, from the network node, fifth information indicating a correction associated with the estimated WTRU location.

[0221] Referring to FIG. 13, a method 1300 implemented by a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), may comprise a step wherein the WTRU may receive 1310, from a network node, a first message comprising configuration information associated with a WTRU positioning method and a set of reference signal resources. The method 1300 may further comprise a step wherein the WTRU may send 1320, to the network node, a second message comprising a request for a quality indicator associated with an estimation of a WTRU location. The request may comprise third information indicating a periodicity of provision of the quality indicator. The method 1300 may further comprise a step wherein the WTRU may perform 1330 measurements using at least one reference signal resource of the set of reference signal resources, and using the WTRU positioning method. The method 1300 may further comprise a step wherein the WTRU may estimate 1340 the WTRU location based on the measurements. The method 1300 may further comprise a step wherein the WTRU may send 1350, to the network node, first information indicating the estimated WTRU location and the measurements; and a step wherein the WTRU may receive, 1360 from the network node, a response message to the request comprising second information indicating the quality indicator associated with the estimated WTRU location. The quality indicator may be a hard value indicator or a soft value indicator. The first information may comprise an uncertainty value associated with the estimated WTRU location.

[0222] The method 1300 may comprise a step wherein the WTRU may train an artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) model based on the quality indicator. The method 1300 may further comprise a step wherein the WTRU may receive, from the network node, fourth information indicating the at least one reference signal resource of the set of reference signal resources used to perform the measurements. The method 1300 may further comprise a step wherein the WTRU may receive, from the network node, fifth information indicating a correction associated with the estimated WTRU location.

[0223] The first information may indicate the estimated WTRU location and the measurements associated with one or more timestamps, wherein the one or more timestamps may be associated with one or more time instances when measurements are performed. The one or more timestamps may be differential timestamps with respect to a reference time. The method 1300 may comprise a step wherein the WTRU may determine the reference time for the one or more differential timestamps.

[0224] Although features and elements are provided above in particular combinations, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that each feature or element can be used alone or in any combination with the other features and elements. The present disclosure is not to be limited in terms of the particular embodiments described in this application, which are intended as illustrations of various aspects. Many modifications and variations may be made without departing from its spirit and scope, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. No element, act, or instruction used in the description of the present application should be construed as critical or essential to the invention unless explicitly provided as such. Functionally equivalent methods and apparatuses within the scope of the disclosure, in addition to those enumerated herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing descriptions. Such modifications and variations are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. The present disclosure is to be limited only by the terms of the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. It is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to particular methods or systems.

[0225] The foregoing embodiments are discussed, for simplicity, with regard to the terminology and structure of infrared capable devices, i.e., infrared emitters and receivers. However, the embodiments discussed are not limited to these systems but may be applied to other systems that use other forms of electromagnetic waves or non-electromagnetic waves such as acoustic waves.

[0226] It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the term "video" or the term "imagery" may mean any of a snapshot, single image and / or multiple images displayedover a time basis. As another example, when referred to herein, the terms "user equipment" and its abbreviation "UE", the term "remote" and / or the terms "head mounted display" or its abbreviation "HMD" may mean or include (i) a wireless transmit and / or receive unit (WTRU); (ii) any of a number of embodiments of a WTRU; (iii) a wireless-capable and / or wired-capable (e.g., tetherable) device configured with, inter alia, some or all structures and functionality of a WTRU; (iii) a wireless-capable and / or wired-capable device configured with less than all structures and functionality of a WTRU; or (iv) the like. Details of an example WTRU, which may be representative of any WTRU recited herein, are provided herein with respect to FIGs. 1 A-1D. As another example, various disclosed embodiments herein supra and infra are described as utilizing a head mounted display. Those skilled in the art will recognize that a device other than the head mounted display may be utilized and some or all of the disclosure and various disclosed embodiments can be modified accordingly without undue experimentation. Examples of such other device may include a drone or other device configured to stream information for providing the adapted reality experience.

[0227] In addition, the methods provided herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted over wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer- readable storage media include, but are not limited to, a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks, and digital versatile disks (DVDs). A processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

[0228] Variations of the method, apparatus and system provided above are possible without departing from the scope of the invention. In view of the wide variety of embodiments that can be applied, it should be understood that the illustrated embodiments are examples only, and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the following claims. For instance, the embodiments provided herein include handheld devices, which may include or be utilized with any appropriate voltage source, such as a battery and the like, providing any appropriate voltage.

[0229] Moreover, in the embodiments provided above, processing platforms, computing systems, controllers, and other devices that include processors are noted. These devices may include at least one Central Processing Unit ("CPU") and memory. In accordance with the practices of persons skilled in the art of computer programming, reference to acts and symbolicrepresentations of operations or instructions may be performed by the various CPUs and memories. Such acts and operations or instructions may be referred to as being "executed," "computer executed" or "CPU executed."

[0230] One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the acts and symbolically represented operations or instructions include the manipulation of electrical signals by the CPU. An electrical system represents data bits that can cause a resulting transformation or reduction of the electrical signals and the maintenance of data bits at memory locations in a memory system to thereby reconfigure or otherwise alter the CPU's operation, as well as other processing of signals. The memory locations where data bits are maintained are physical locations that have particular electrical, magnetic, optical, or organic properties corresponding to or representative of the data bits. It should be understood that the embodiments are not limited to the above-mentioned platforms or CPUs and that other platforms and CPUs may support the provided methods.

[0231] The data bits may also be maintained on a computer readable medium including magnetic disks, optical disks, and any other volatile (e.g., Random Access Memory (RAM)) or non-volatile (e.g., Read-Only Memory (ROM)) mass storage system readable by the CPU. The computer readable medium may include cooperating or interconnected computer readable medium, which exist exclusively on the processing system or are distributed among multiple interconnected processing systems that may be local or remote to the processing system. It should be understood that the embodiments are not limited to the above-mentioned memories and that other platforms and memories may support the provided methods.

[0232] In an illustrative embodiment, any of the operations, processes, etc. described herein may be implemented as computer-readable instructions stored on a computer-readable medium. The computer-readable instructions may be executed by a processor of a mobile unit, a network element, and / or any other computing device.

[0233] There is little distinction left between hardware and software implementations of aspects of systems. The use of hardware or software is generally (but not always, in that in certain contexts the choice between hardware and software may become significant) a design choice representing cost versus efficiency tradeoffs. There may be various vehicles by which processes and / or systems and / or other technologies described herein may be effected (e.g., hardware, software, and / or firmware), and the preferred vehicle may vary with the context in which the processes and / or systems and / or other technologies are deployed. For example, if an implementer determines that speed and accuracy are paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly hardware and / or firmware vehicle. If flexibility is paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly softwareimplementation. Alternatively, the implementer may opt for some combination of hardware, software, and / or firmware.

[0234] The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments of the devices and / or processes via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts, and / or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flowcharts, and / or examples include one or more functions and / or operations, it will be understood by those within the art that each function and / or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples may be implemented, individually and / or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In an embodiment, several portions of the subject matter described herein may be implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), and / or other integrated formats. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that some aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, may be equivalently implemented in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and / or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of skill in the art in light of this disclosure. In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms of the subject matter described herein may be distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative embodiment of the subject matter described herein applies regardless of the particular type of signal bearing medium used to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of a signal bearing medium include, but are not limited to, the following: a recordable type medium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a CD, a DVD, a digital tape, a computer memory, etc., and a transmission type medium such as a digital and / or an analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wireless communication link, etc.).

[0235] Those skilled in the art will recognize that it is common within the art to describe devices and / or processes in the fashion set forth herein, and thereafter use engineering practices to integrate such described devices and / or processes into data processing systems. That is, at least a portion of the devices and / or processes described herein may be integrated into a data processing system via a reasonable amount of experimentation. Those having skill in the art will recognize that a typical data processing system may generally include one or more of a system unit housing, a video display device, a memory such as volatile and non-volatile memory, processors such as microprocessors and digital signal processors, computational entities such as operating systems,drivers, graphical user interfaces, and applications programs, one or more interaction devices, such as a touch pad or screen, and / or control systems including feedback loops and control motors (e.g., feedback for sensing position and / or velocity, control motors for moving and / or adjusting components and / or quantities). A typical data processing system may be implemented utilizing any suitable commercially available components, such as those typically found in data computing / communication and / or network computing / communication systems.

[0236] The herein described subject matter sometimes illustrates different components included within, or connected with, different other components. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely examples, and that in fact many other architectures may be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively "associated" such that the desired functionality may be achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality may be seen as "associated with" each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components so associated may also be viewed as being "operably connected", or "operably coupled", to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated may also be viewed as being "operably couplable" to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and / or physically interacting components and / or wirelessly interactable and / or wirelessly interacting components and / or logically interacting and / or logically interactable components.

[0237] With respect to the use of substantially any plural and / or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and / or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and / or application. The various singular / plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity.

[0238] It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as "open" terms (e.g., the term "including" should be interpreted as "including but not limited to," the term "having" should be interpreted as "having at least," the term "includes" should be interpreted as "includes but is not limited to," etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, where only one item is intended, the term "single" or similar language may be used. As an aid to understanding, the following appended claims and / or the descriptions herein may include usage of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one or more" to introduce claim recitations. However,the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles "a" or "an" limits any particular claim including such introduced claim recitation to embodiments including only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least one" and indefinite articles such as "a" or "an" (e.g., "a" and / or "an" should be interpreted to mean "at least one" or "one or more"). The same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of "two recitations," without other modifiers, means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, and C, etc." is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, and C" would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, or C, etc." is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, or C" would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and / or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase "A or B" will be understood to include the possibilities of "A" or "B" or "A and B." Further, the terms "any of' followed by a listing of a plurality of items and / or a plurality of categories of items, as used herein, are intended to include "any of," "any combination of," "any multiple of," and / or "any combination of multiples of the items and / or the categories of items, individually or in conjunction with other items and / or other categories of items. Moreover, as used herein, the term "set" is intended to include any number of items, including zero. Additionally, as used herein, the term "number" is intended to include any number, including zero. And the term "multiple", as used herein, is intended to be synonymous with "a plurality".

[0239] In addition, where features or aspects of the disclosure are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.

[0240] As will be understood by one skilled in the art, for any and all purposes, such as in terms of providing a written description, all ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible subranges and combinations of subranges thereof. Any listed range can be easily recognized as sufficiently describing and enabling the same range being broken down into at least equal halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, tenths, etc. As a non-limiting example, each range discussed herein may be readily broken down into a lower third, middle third and upper third, etc. As will also be understood by one skilled in the art all language such as "up to," "at least," "greater than," "less than," and the like includes the number recited and refers to ranges which can be subsequently broken down into subranges as discussed above. Finally, as will be understood by one skilled in the art, a range includes each individual member. Thus, for example, a group having 1-3 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, or 3 cells. Similarly, a group having 1-5 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 cells, and so forth.

[0241] Moreover, the claims should not be read as limited to the provided order or elements unless stated to that effect. In addition, use of the terms "means for" in any claim is intended to invoke 35 U.S.C. §112, 6 or means-plus-function claim format, and any claim without the terms "means for" is not so intended.

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A method implemented by a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), the method comprising: receiving, from a network node, a first message comprising configuration information associated with a WTRU positioning method and a set of reference signal resources; sending, to the network node, a second message comprising a request for a quality indicator associated with an estimation of a WTRU location; performing measurements using at least one reference signal resource of the set of reference signal resources, and using the WTRU positioning method; estimating the WTRU location based on the measurements; sending, to the network node, first information indicating the estimated WTRU location and the measurements; and receiving, from the network node, a response message to the request comprising second information indicating the quality indicator associated with the estimated WTRU location.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the quality indicator is a hard value indicator or a soft value indicator.

3. The method of any of claims 1 to 2, further comprising: training an artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) model based on the quality indicator.

4. The method of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the request comprises third information indicating a periodicity of provision of the quality indicator.

5. The method of any of claims 1 to 4, further comprising: receiving, from the network node, fourth information indicating the at least one reference signal resource of the set of reference signal resources used to perform the measurements.

6. The method of any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the first information comprises an uncertainty value associated with the estimated WTRU location.

7. The method of any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the first information indicates the estimated WTRU location and the measurements associated with one or more timestamps, wherein the oneor more timestamps are associated with one or more time instances when measurements are performed.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the one or more timestamps are differential timestamps with respect to a reference time.

9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: determining the reference time for the one or more differential timestamps.

10. The method of any of claims 1 to 9, further comprising: receiving, from the network node, fifth information indicating a correction associated with the estimated WTRU location.

11. A wireless transmit / receive unit, WTRU, comprising: a processor, a transceiver, and memory configured to: receive, from a network node, a first message comprising configuration information associated with a WTRU positioning method and a set of reference signal resources; send, to the network node, a second message comprising a request for a quality indicator associated with an estimation of a WTRU location; perform measurements using at least one reference signal resource of the set of reference signal resources, and using the WTRU positioning method; estimate the WTRU location based on the measurements; send, to the network node, first information indicating the estimated WTRU location and the measurements; and receive, from the network node, a response message to the request comprising second information indicating the quality indicator associated with the estimated WTRU location.

12. The WTRU of claim 11, wherein the quality indicator is a hard value indicator or a soft value indicator.

13. The WTRU of any of claims 11 to 12, wherein the processor, the transceiver, and the memory are configured to train an artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) model based on the quality indicator.

14. The WTRU of any of claims 11 to 13, wherein the request comprises third information indicating a periodicity of provision of the quality indicator.

15. The WTRU of any of claims 11 to 14, wherein the processor, the transceiver, and the memory are configured to receive, from the network node, fourth information indicating the at least one reference signal resource of the set of reference signal resources used to perform the measurements.

16. The WTRU of any of claims 11 to 15, wherein the first information comprises an uncertainty value associated with the estimated WTRU location.

17. The WTRU of any of claims 11 to 16, wherein the first information indicates the estimated WTRU location and the measurements associated with one or more timestamps, wherein the one or more timestamps are associated with one or more time instances when measurements are performed.

18. The WTRU of claim 17, wherein the one or more timestamps are differential timestamps with respect to a reference time.

19. The WTRU of claim 18, wherein the processor, the transceiver, and the memory are configured to determine the reference time for the one or more differential timestamps.

20. The WTRU of any of claims 11 to 19, wherein the processor, the transceiver, and the memory are configured to receive, from the network node, fifth information indicating a correction associated with the estimated WTRU location.

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