Methods, system, and apparatus for multi-user downlink cooperative sensing using spectrum sensing
The multi-band splicing method addresses bandwidth limitations in 5G systems by fusing low-bandwidth frequency chunk measurements to achieve high-resolution sensing, improving performance in sensing applications with limited processing RX nodes.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/079002
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-02-28
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-30
AI Technical Summary
Current 5G systems struggle to meet the stringent key performance indicators for sensing applications, such as high time-resolution channel information and three-dimensional orientation, due to bandwidth limitations and hardware constraints, leading to performance degradation and high signaling overhead in collaborative sensing platforms.
A multi-band splicing method is employed where low-bandwidth frequency chunk measurements are taken across different frequency slots, fused at a sensing TX node to create an ultra-wide band measurement, suitable for sensing RX nodes with limited processing capabilities, without requiring sidelink signaling.
This approach enhances sensing resolution while reducing processing demands on RX nodes, overcoming bandwidth limitations and hardware constraints, and minimizing signaling overhead.
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Figure CN2024079002_30102025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHODS, SYSTEM, AND APPARATUS FOR MULTI-USER DOWNLINK COOPERATIVE SENSING USING SPECTRUM SENSINGTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates, generally, to wireless communication and, in particular embodiments, to sensing and, even more particularly, to multi-user downlink cooperative sensing using spectrum sensing.BACKGROUND
[0002] Next generation wireless communication systems may be referred to as “beyond 5G” communication systems or referred to as sixth generation (6G) communication systems. In next generation wireless communication systems, it is expected that nodes, including network nodes and UEs, will be able to perform communication and sensing functionalities simultaneously, while maintaining relatively high spectral efficiency.
[0003] It is expected that many of the envisioned sensing-related applications and use-cases of next generation wireless communication systems will benefit from meeting stringent key performance indicator (KPI) thresholds. The KPI thresholds may, for example, relate to accuracy, reliability, latency, update rate, low-power requirements and availability. It may be shown that current 5G systems can neither support nor provide certain sensing information, such as three-dimensional orientation. It may further be shown that current 5G systems cannot detect shapes of objects in environment maps. It may still further be shown that current 5G systems cannot meet most of the stringent KPI thresholds for the envisioned sensing applications. For instance, considering position as a sensing information, according to 3GPP Technical Report R1-2009842 TR 38 857 v 0.4.0 on 5G positioning (hereby incorporated herein by reference) , synchronized 5G systems can barely provide positioning accuracies of 2.99 meters and 1.11 meters with positioning methods working over frequency range 1 (FR1) and frequency range 2 (FR2) , respectively, in outdoor environments. Moreover, for unsynchronized 5G systems, the accuracy deteriorates significantly, such that unsynchronized 5G systems may barely achieve 10.9 meters and 9.11 meters with positioning methods working over FR1 and FR2, respectively, in outdoor environments.
[0004] However, many of the sensing-related applications and use-cases of next generation wireless communication systems will require relatively high time-resolution channel information (e.g., channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter and / or the receiver, and power delay profile (PDP) ) . The same high time-resolution channel information may be shown to be employed in a majority of the use cases, either sensing-based use cases, such as positioning, or communication-based use cases, such as sensing-assisted communication applications (e.g., sensing-assisted beamforming) .
[0005] Obtaining relatively high time-resolution information may be shown to involve allocating a relatively large bandwidth for all the nodes involved in the sensing procedures. In bi-static sensing applications, the nodes involved in the sensing procedures may be, e.g., the sensing TX node 602 and the sensing RX nodes 604. In a positioning example, wherein the goal is to estimate positions of two targets separated by 10 cm, it may be shown to be beneficial to receive, from three different sensing TX nodes 602, at least three pilot signals, each pilot signal having a bandwidth of at least 3 GHz. In a sensing-assisted communication example, wherein the goal is to resolve two channel paths with so-called inter-delays of 1 ns, it may be shown to be beneficial to receive signals with bandwidth of at least 1 GHz. The resolvability of dominant channel paths may be shown to influence a performance of beamforming procedures, since different channel paths may have different directions and, accordingly, different beamforming directions.
[0006] Transmitting, receiving and processing ultra-high bandwidth signals may not always be affordable by a given network node, due to the known scarcity of the radio spectrum and the ever-increasing number of users / nodes sharing the spectrum. It may be shown to not be feasible to process ultra-high bandwidth signals at high-end UEs, due to power limitations, e.g., the high-end UE being in low-power mode. It may be shown to not be feasible to process ultra-high bandwidth signals at low-end UEs, due to the limited capabilities of the hardware circuitry that defines low-end UE. Furthermore, utilizing such ultra-high bandwidth signals may be shown to introduce large biases and distortion into transmitted sensing signals or received sensing signals. The biases and distortion may be shown to significantly reduce a performance gain, due to use of the relatively larger bandwidth. A further issue with handling ultra-high bandwidth signals may be shown to be created when sensing is coupled with a massive-MIMO transmitter and / or a massive-MIMO receiver. Such handling may be shown to cause a spatial-wideband effect, defined by a delay across an antenna aperture being comparable to a symbol time. This spatial-wideband effect may be shown to create a spatial-time selectivity that degrades overall performance.
[0007] One option to achieving high resolution sensing performance is to take advantage of the nodes with the “ultimate” sensing capability (in terms of transmitting / processing an ultra-wide bandwidth signal) , by providing a collaborative platform in which the low-capable sensing nodes can utilize the high-resolution sensing information provided by the high-capable sensing nodes. However, this solution requires huge signaling overhead and large central processing at the querist sensing node. This might be yet another bottleneck in obtaining high resolution sensing information in the environment.
[0008] Multi-band splicing has been used in applications such as time of flight (ToF) estimation, channel sounding, and object and human tracking. Such splicing has been applied over different bands and technologies such as WiFi, Bluetooth and UWB using sequential frequency hopping across the whole required bandwidth, requiring the solution of complex optimization problems. Known multi-band splicing solutions suffer from high latency and high signaling overhead.
[0009] Accordingly, a resource efficient multi-band splicing solution that can provide high resolution sensing information in integrated sensing and communication applications (also known as integrated communication and sensing, joint sensing and communication and other, similar, names) is a desirable feature in communication systems.SUMMARY
[0010] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to the application of multi-band splicing to enable fusing of multiple measurements taken across different frequency slots in order to increase the effective bandwidth of the aggregated measurements. In example implementations, one ultra-wide band measurement can be replaced by multiple low-bandwidth measurements.
[0011] In example implementations, a downlink sensing signal may be transmitted from a sensing TX node and received at a plurality of sensing RX nodes, each of which preforms measurements for a respective low-bandwidth frequency chunk. These frequency chunks may be associated with different frequency carriers and / or different sensing frequency layers. These low-bandwidth frequency chunk measurements are feedback to the sensing TX node. The sensing TX node fuses the low-bandwidth frequency chunk measurements and obtains one ultra-wide band measurement. The fusion of the low-bandwidth frequency chunk measurements may be shown to increase a resolution of sensing measurement that may be obtained by processing the measurements. Furthermore, as each sensing RX node need only obtain sensing measurements in respect of a low-bandwidth frequency chunk, the solution can be applied in the context of sensing RX nodes that have limited bandwidth processing capability. This can enable sensing RX nodes with one or more of limited processing capability, limited memory, and limited power resources to be used in a solution that provides high resolution sensing measurements. In at least some examples, sidelink signaling is not required between sensing RX nodes to implement the solution.
[0012] According to a first example aspect, a method of sensing is disclosed that includes: receiving sensing feedback from each sensing RX node in a group of sensing RX nodes, the sensing feedback from each sensing RX node indicating a respective sensing measurement obtained by the sensing RX node for a respective measurement window in respect of a transmitted downlink sensing signal, each measurement window having a respective window frequency spectrum and time window for sensing, each respective window frequency spectrum corresponding to a respective sub-portion of a total frequency bandwidth of the downlink sensing signal; and processing the sensing feedback to fuse the respective sensing measurements obtained for the respective measurement windows into fused sensing measurements that correspond to a collective frequency spectrum of the respective measurement windows.
[0013] In some examples, the respective sensing measurements each comprise a respective power delay profile (PDP) , and the fused sensing measurement comprises a fused PDP that is a fusion of at least some of the respective PDPs.
[0014] In one or more of the previous examples, processing the sensing feedback comprises prior to fusing, time shifting to align the PDPs to account for one or more of: (i) time differences between the measurement windows; (ii) relative time of flight (TOF) differences for the transmitted downlink sensing signal to the sensing RX nodes; and (iii) timing synchronization offsets between the sensing RX nodes.
[0015] In one or more of the previous examples, time shifting the PDPs includes identifying, for at least some of the respective PDPs, a similar feature; time shifting the at least some of the respective PDPs by respective amounts based on the identified similar features; and fusing the time shifted PDPs to obtain the fused PDP.
[0016] In one or more of the previous examples, the similar feature comprises a location of a peak power in the respective PDPs.
[0017] In one or more of the previous examples, the time shifting may be based on position information received in respect of the sensing RX nodes.
[0018] In one or more of the previous examples, the sensing feedback from each sensing RX node further indicates a common window sensing measurement obtained by the sensing RX node for a common measurement window in respect of a transmitted downlink sensing signal, the common measurement window having a respective common window frequency spectrum and common time window that are common for the group of sensing RX nodes, and wherein processing the sensing feedback to fuse the respective sensing measurements is based on comparisons of the common window sensing measurements obtained by the sensing RX nodes.
[0019] In one or more of the previous examples, processing the sensing feedback to fuse the respective sensing measurements comprises selecting a subset of the respective sensing measurements for fusion when the comparisons of the common window sensing measurements indicate that the subset of the respective sensing measurements are suitable for fusion.
[0020] In one or more of the previous examples, the method comprises, prior to receiving the sensing feedback from each sensing RX node and processing the sensing feedback: transmitting, by a sensing TX node, a downlink sensing signal, wherein receiving the sensing feedback from each sensing RX node and processing the sensing feedback are performed at the sensing TX node.
[0021] In one or more of the previous examples, the method comprises: receiving capability reports from a plurality of sensing RX nodes; selecting, based on the capability reports, the group of sensing RX nodes from the plurality of RX nodes to participate in a sensing procedure for measuring the downlink sensing signal; assigning the respective measurement windows to each of the sensing RX nodes in the group of sensing RX nodes; and sending configuration information for the sensing RX nodes in the group of sensing RX nodes, the configuration information indicating the respective measurement window assignments.
[0022] In one or more of the previous examples, the configuration information further comprises an indication of a common measurement window for sensing in the sensing procedure by all of the sensing RX nodes in the group of sensing RX nodes.
[0023] In one or more of the previous examples, the method comprises determining, based on the capability reports, whether the sensing procedure is to be performed in a first mode or a second mode. When the sensing procedure is to be performed in the second mode, a second mode indicator is included in the configuration information indicating a common measurement window for sensing in the sensing procedure by all of the sensing RX nodes in the group of sensing RX nodes. When the sensing procedure is to be performed in the first mode, a first mode indicator is included in the configuration information indicating that no common measurement window is to be sensed.
[0024] In one or more of the previous examples, receiving the capability reports, selecting the group of sensing RX nodes, assigning the respective measurement windows, and sending the configuration information are all performed at the sensing TX node.
[0025] In one or more of the previous examples, receiving the capability reports, selecting the group of sensing RX nodes, assigning the respective measurement windows, and sending the configuration information are all performed at a network node configured to perform a sensing management function.
[0026] In one or more of the previous examples, the configuration information is embedded onto a portion of the downlink sensing signal associated with the common measurement window.
[0027] In one or more of the previous examples, the sensing TX node is a base station of a wireless communication network and at least some of the sensing RX nodes are mobile electronic devices registered with the wireless communication network.
[0028] In one or more of the previous examples, the method comprises generating a map of physical objects within an area of interest based on the fused sensing measurement.
[0029] In one or more of the previous examples, the method comprises storing the sensing measurements together with respective position information indicating a location at which the sensing measurements were obtained.
[0030] In one or more of the previous examples, the method comprises: obtaining, at each sensing RX node of the group of sensing RX nodes, the respective sensing measurement for the respective measurement window for the sensing RX node and transmitting, by the sensing RX node the respective feedback signal for the sensing TX node.
[0031] In one or more of the previous examples, at least some of the window frequency spectrums and / or time windows of the respective measurement windows partially overlap.
[0032] In one or more of the previous examples, the downlink sensing signal comprises a set of sensing signal components that each span a common frequency spectrum and each occupy a different time slot, and at least some of the respective measurement windows each have different time windows that correspond to different sensing signal components of the set of sensing signal components.
[0033] According to a second example aspect, a method performed at a sensing RX node is disclosed, the method comprising: receiving configuration information indicating a respective measurement window for the sensing RX node to use for sensing a downlink sensing signal, the respective measurement window defining a respective frequency spectrum window and time window for the sensing, the respective frequency spectrum window corresponding to a sub-portion that is less than a total frequency bandwidth of the downlink sensing signal; sensing for the downlink sensing signal during the respective measurement window; computing a power delay profile (PDP) for the downlink sensing signal for the respective measurement window based on the sensing; and sending an indication of the PDP to a network node.
[0034] In some examples, the configuration information indicates a common measurement window that is different than the respective measurement for the sensing RX node to also use for sensing the downlink sensing signal, the method further comprising: sensing for the downlink sensing signal during the common measurement window; computing a common window PDP for the downlink sensing signal for the common measurement window based on the sensing; and sending an indication of the common window PDP to the network node.
[0035] According to a third example aspect, a method is disclosed, comprising: receiving capability reports from a plurality of sensing RX nodes; selecting, based on the capability reports, a group of sensing RX nodes from the plurality of RX nodes to participate in a sensing procedure for measuring a transmitted downlink sensing signal; assigning a respective measurement window to each of the sensing RX nodes in the group of sensing RX nodes, each measurement window defining a respective frequency spectrum and time duration for sensing in the sensing procedure, each respective frequency spectrum corresponding to a respective sub-portion of a total frequency bandwidth of the downlink sensing signal; and sending configuration information over a network for the sensing RX nodes in the group of sensing RX nodes, the configuration information indicating the respective measurement window assignments.
[0036] According to examples of the third second example aspect, the configuration information further comprises an indication of a common measurement window defining a common frequency spectrum and common time duration for sensing in the sensing procedure by all of the sensing RX nodes in the group of sensing RX nodes.
[0037] According to examples of the third example aspect, the method includes: determining, based on the capability reports, whether the sensing procedure is to be performed in a first mode or a second mode; and when the sensing procedure is to be performed in the second mode, including a second mode indicator in the configuration information indicating of a common measurement window defining a common frequency spectrum and common time duration for sensing in the sensing procedure by all of the sensing RX nodes in the group of sensing RX nodes, and when the sensing procedure is to be performed in the first mode, including a first mode indicator in the configuration information indicating that no common measurement window is to be sensed.
[0038] According to a fourth example aspect, an apparatus is disclosed that comprises a memory storing instructions, and a processor, wherein the processor is caused, by executing the instructions, to perform the method of any one of the first, second and third example aspects.
[0039] According to a fifth example aspect, a computer-readable medium storing instructions is disclosed, wherein the instructions, upon execution by a processor, cause the processor to perform the method of any one of the first, second and third example aspects.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0040] For a more complete understanding of the present embodiments, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made, by way of example, to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0041] FIG. 1 illustrates, in a schematic diagram, a communication system in which embodiments of the disclosure may occur, the communication system includes multiple example electronic devices and multiple example transmit receive points along with various networks.
[0042] FIG. 2 illustrates, in a block diagram, the communication system of FIG. 1, the communication system includes multiple example electronic devices, an example terrestrial transmit receive point and an example non-terrestrial transmit receive point along with various networks.
[0043] FIG. 3 illustrates, as a block diagram, elements of an example electronic device of FIG. 2, elements of an example terrestrial transmit receive point of FIG. 2 and elements of an example non-terrestrial transmit receive point of FIG. 2, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0044] FIG. 4 illustrates, as a block diagram, various modules that may be included in an example electronic device, an example terrestrial transmit receive point and an example non-terrestrial transmit receive point, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0045] FIG. 5 illustrates, as a block diagram, a sensing management function, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0046] FIG. 6 illustrates a network including a plurality of sensing transmission (TX) nodes, a sensing reception (RX) node, a sensing management function and an environment object, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0047] FIG. 7 illustrates a graphical representation of a sensing signal, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0048] FIG. 8 illustrates, in a signal flow diagram, a flow of information, sensing signals and feedback, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0049] FIG. 9 illustrates a graphical representation of a measurement window, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0050] FIG. 10 illustrates a graphical representation of measurement window allocations overlaid on a sensing signal, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0051] FIG. 11 illustrates a plurality of power delay profiles and a corresponding plurality of relative power delay profiles, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0052] FIG. 12 illustrates a graphical representation of measurement window allocations overlaid on a sensing signal, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0053] For illustrative purposes, specific example embodiments will now be explained in greater detail in conjunction with the figures.
[0054] The embodiments set forth herein represent information sufficient to practice the claimed subject matter and illustrate ways of practicing such subject matter. Upon reading the following description in light of the accompanying figures, those of skill in the art will understand the concepts of the claimed subject matter and will recognize applications of these concepts not particularly addressed herein. It should be understood that these concepts and applications fall within the scope of the disclosure and the accompanying claims.
[0055] Moreover, it will be appreciated that any module, component, or device disclosed herein that executes instructions may include, or otherwise have access to, a non-transitory computer / processor readable storage medium or media for storage of information, such as computer / processor readable instructions, data structures, program modules and / or other data. A non-exhaustive list of examples of non-transitory computer / processor readable storage media includes magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, optical disks such as compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , digital video discs or digital versatile discs (i.e., DVDs) , Blu-ray DiscTM, or other optical storage, volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology, random-access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , flash memory or other memory technology. Any such non-transitory computer / processor storage media may be part of a device or accessible or connectable thereto. Computer / processor readable / executable instructions to implement an application or module described herein may be stored or otherwise held by such non-transitory computer / processor readable storage media.
[0056] Referring to FIG. 1, as an illustrative example without limitation, a simplified schematic illustration of a communication system is provided. The communication system 100 comprises a radio access network 120. The radio access network 120 may be a next generation (e.g., sixth generation, “6G, ” or later) radio access network, or a legacy (e.g., 5G, 4G, 3G or 2G) radio access network. One or more communication electronic devices (ED) 110a, 110b, 110c, 110d, 110e, 110f, 110g, 110h, 110i, 110j (generically referred to as 110) may be interconnected to one another or connected to one or more network nodes (170a, 170b, generically referred to as 170) in the radio access network 120. A core network 130 may be a part of the communication system and may be dependent or independent of the radio access technology used in the communication system 100. Also, the communication system 100 comprises a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 140, the internet 150, and other networks 160.
[0057] FIG. 2 illustrates an example communication system 100. In general, the communication system 100 enables multiple wireless or wired elements to communicate data and other content. The purpose of the communication system 100 may be to provide content, such as voice, data, video, and / or text, via broadcast, multicast, groupcast and unicast, etc. The communication system 100 may operate by sharing resources, such as carrier spectrum bandwidth, between its constituent elements. The communication system 100 may include a terrestrial communication system and / or a non-terrestrial communication system. The communication system 100 may provide a wide range of communication services and applications (such as earth monitoring, remote sensing, passive sensing and positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility, etc. ) . The communication system 100 may provide a high degree of availability and robustness through a joint operation of a terrestrial communication system and a non-terrestrial communication system. For example, integrating a non-terrestrial communication system (or components thereof) into a terrestrial communication system can result in what may be considered a heterogeneous network comprising multiple layers. Compared to conventional communication networks, the heterogeneous network may achieve better overall performance through efficient multi-link joint operation, more flexible functionality sharing and faster physical layer link switching between terrestrial networks and non-terrestrial networks.
[0058] The terrestrial communication system and the non-terrestrial communication system could be considered sub-systems of the communication system. In the example shown in FIG. 2, the communication system 100 includes electronic devices (ED) 110a, 110b, 110c, 110d (generically referred to as ED 110) , radio access networks (RANs) 120a, 120b, a non-terrestrial communication network 120c, a core network 130, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 140, the Internet 150 and other networks 160. The RANs 120a, 120b include respective base stations (BSs) 170a, 170b, which may be generically referred to as terrestrial transmit and receive points (T-TRPs) 170a, 170b. The non-terrestrial communication network 120c includes an access node 172, which may be generically referred to as a non-terrestrial transmit and receive point (NT-TRP) 172.
[0059] Any ED 110 may be alternatively or additionally configured to interface, access, or communicate with any T-TRP 170a, 170b and NT-TRP 172, the Internet 150, the core network 130, the PSTN 140, the other networks 160, or any combination of the preceding. In some examples, the ED 110a may communicate an uplink and / or downlink transmission over a terrestrial air interface 190a with T-TRP 170a. In some examples, the EDs 110a, 110b, 110c and 110d may also communicate directly with one another via one or more sidelink air interfaces 190b. In some examples, the ED 110d may communicate an uplink and / or downlink transmission over a non-terrestrial air interface 190c with NT-TRP 172.
[0060] The air interfaces 190a and 190b may use similar communication technology, such as any suitable radio access technology. For example, the communication system 100 may implement one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA) , space division multiple access (SDMA) , time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) , single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA, also known as discrete Fourier transform spread OFDMA, DFT-s-OFDMA) in the air interfaces 190a and 190b. The air interfaces 190a and 190b may utilize other higher dimension signal spaces, which may involve a combination of orthogonal and / or non-orthogonal dimensions.
[0061] The non-terrestrial air interface 190c can enable communication between the ED 110d and one or multiple NT-TRPs 172 via a wireless link or simply a link. For some examples, the link is a dedicated connection for unicast transmission, a connection for broadcast transmission, or a connection between a group of EDs 110 and one or multiple NT-TRPs 172 for multicast transmission.
[0062] The RANs 120a and 120b are in communication with the core network 130 to provide the EDs 110a, 110b, 110c with various services such as voice, data and other services. The RANs 120a and 120b and / or the core network 130 may be in direct or indirect communication with one or more other RANs (not shown) , which may or may not be directly served by core network 130 and may, or may not, employ the same radio access technology as RAN 120a, RAN 120b or both. The core network 130 may also serve as a gateway access between (i) the RANs 120a and 120b or the EDs 110a, 110b, 110c or both, and (ii) other networks (such as the PSTN 140, the Internet 150, and the other networks 160) . In addition, some or all of the EDs 110a, 110b, 110c may include functionality for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links using different wireless technologies and / or protocols. Instead of wireless communication (or in addition thereto) , the EDs 110a, 110b, 110c may communicate via wired communication channels to a service provider or switch (not shown) and to the Internet 150. The PSTN 140 may include circuit switched telephone networks for providing plain old telephone service (POTS) . The Internet 150 may include a network of computers and subnets (intranets) or both and incorporate protocols, such as Internet Protocol (IP) , Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) , User Datagram Protocol (UDP) . The EDs 110a, 110b, 110c may be multimode devices capable of operation according to multiple radio access technologies and may incorporate multiple transceivers necessary to support such.
[0063] FIG. 3 illustrates another example of an ED 110 and a T-TRP 170a, 170b and / or 170c. The ED 110 is used to connect persons, objects, machines, etc. The ED 110 may be widely used in various scenarios including, for example, cellular communications, device-to-device (D2D) , vehicle to everything (V2X) , peer-to-peer (P2P) , machine-to-machine (M2M) , machine-type communications (MTC) , Internet of things (IoT) , virtual reality (VR) , augmented reality (AR) , mixed reality (MR) , metaverse, digital twin, industrial control, self-driving, remote medical, smart grid, smart furniture, smart office, smart wearable, smart transportation, smart city, drones, robots, remote sensing, passive sensing, positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility, etc.
[0064] Each ED 110 represents any suitable end user device for wireless operation and may include such devices (or may be referred to) as a user equipment / device (UE) , a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) , a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a cellular telephone, a station (STA) , a machine type communication (MTC) device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a smartphone, a laptop, a computer, a tablet, a wireless sensor, a consumer electronics device, wearable devices such as a watch, head mounted equipment, a pair of glasses, a smart book, a vehicle, a car, a truck, a bus, a train, or an IoT device, wearable devices (such as a watch, a pair of glasses, head mounted equipment, etc. ) , an industrial device, or an apparatus in (e.g., communication module, modem, or chip) or comprising the forgoing devices, among other possibilities. Future generation EDs 110 may be referred to using other terms. The base stations 170a and 170b each T-TRPs and will, hereafter, be referred to as T-TRP 170. Also shown in FIG. 3, a NT-TRP will hereafter be referred to as NT-TRP 172. Each ED 110 connected to the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172 can be dynamically or semi-statically turned-on (i.e., established, activated or enabled) , turned-off (i.e., released, deactivated or disabled) and / or configured in response to one of more of: connection availability; and connection necessity.
[0065] The ED 110 includes a transmitter 201 and a receiver 203 coupled to one or more antennas 204. Only one antenna 204 is illustrated to avoid congestion in the drawing. One, some, or all of the antennas 204 may, alternatively, be panels. The transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 may be integrated, e.g., as a transceiver. The transceiver is configured to modulate data or other content for transmission by the at least one antenna 204 or by a network interface controller (NIC) . The transceiver may also be configured to demodulate data or other content received by the at least one antenna 204. Each transceiver includes any suitable structure for generating signals for wireless or wired transmission and / or processing signals received wirelessly or by wire. Each antenna 204 includes any suitable structure for transmitting and / or receiving wireless or wired signals.
[0066] The ED 110 includes at least one memory 208. The memory 208 stores instructions and data used, generated, or collected by the ED 110. For example, the memory 208 could store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or embodiments described herein and that are executed by one or more processing unit (s) (e.g., a processor 210) . Each memory 208 includes any suitable volatile and / or non-volatile storage and retrieval device (s) . Any suitable type of memory may be used, such as random access memory (RAM) , read only memory (ROM) , hard disk, optical disc, subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory stick, secure digital (SD) memory card, on-processor cache and the like.
[0067] The ED 110 may further include one or more input / output devices (not shown) or interfaces (such as a wired interface to the Internet 150 in FIG. 1) . The input / output devices or interfaces permit interaction with a user or other devices in the network. Each input / output device or interface includes any suitable structure for providing information to, or receiving information from, a user, and / or for network interface communications. Suitable structures include, for example, a speaker, a microphone, a keypad, a keyboard, a display or a touch screen, etc.
[0068] The ED 110 includes the processor 210 for performing operations including those operations related to preparing a transmission for uplink transmission to the NT-TRP 172 and / or the T-TRP 170, those operations related to processing downlink transmissions received from the NT-TRP 172 and / or the T-TRP 170, and those operations related to processing sidelink transmission to and from another ED 110. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for uplink transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, transmit beamforming and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing downlink transmissions may include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulating and decoding received symbols. Depending upon the embodiment, a downlink transmission may be received by the receiver 203, possibly using receive beamforming, and the processor 210 may extract signaling from the downlink transmission (e.g., by detecting and / or decoding the signaling) . An example of signaling may be a reference signal transmitted by the NT-TRP 172 and / or by the T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, the processor 210 implements the transmit beamforming and / or the receive beamforming based on the indication of beam direction, e.g., beam angle information (BAI) , received from the T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, the processor 210 may perform operations relating to network access (e.g., initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, such as operations relating to detecting a synchronization sequence, decoding and obtaining the system information, etc. In some embodiments, the processor 210 may perform channel estimation, e.g., using a reference signal received from the NT-TRP 172 and / or from the T-TRP 170.
[0069] Although not illustrated, the processor 210 may form part of the transmitter 201 and / or part of the receiver 203. Although not illustrated, the memory 208 may form part of the processor 210.
[0070] The processor 210, the processing components of the transmitter 201 and the processing components of the receiver 203 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory (e.g., in the memory 208) . Alternatively, some or all of the processor 210, the processing components of the transmitter 201 and the processing components of the receiver 203 may each be implemented using dedicated circuitry, such as a programmed field-programmable gate array (FPGA) , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , or a hardware accelerator such as a graphics processing unit (GPU) or an artificial intelligence (AI) accelerator.
[0071] The T-TRP 170 may be known by other names in some implementations, such as a base station, a base transceiver station (BTS) , a radio base station, a network node, a network device, a device on the network side, a transmit / receive node, a Node B, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a Home eNodeB, a next Generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission point (TP) , a site controller, an access point (AP) , a wireless router, a relay station, a remote radio head, a terrestrial node, a terrestrial network device, a terrestrial base station, a base band unit (BBU) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , an active antenna unit (AAU) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a positioning node, among other possibilities. The T-TRP 170 may be a macro BS, a pico BS, a relay node, a donor node, or the like, or combinations thereof. The T-TRP 170 may refer to the forgoing devices or refer to apparatus (e.g., a communication module, a modem or a chip) in the forgoing devices.
[0072] In some embodiments, the parts of the T-TRP 170 may be distributed. For example, some of the modules of the T-TRP 170 may be located remote from the equipment that houses the antennas 256 for the T-TRP 170, and may be coupled to the equipment that houses the antennas 256 over a communication link (not shown) sometimes known as front haul, such as common public radio interface (CPRI) . Therefore, in some embodiments, the term T-TRP 170 may also refer to modules on the network side that perform processing operations, such as determining the location of the ED 110, resource allocation (scheduling) , message generation, and encoding / decoding, and that are not necessarily part of the equipment that houses the antennas 256 of the T-TRP 170. The modules may also be coupled to other T-TRPs. In some embodiments, the T-TRP 170 may actually be a plurality of T-TRPs that are operating together to serve the ED 110, e.g., through the use of coordinated multipoint transmissions.
[0073] As illustrated in FIG. 3, the T-TRP 170 includes at least one transmitter 252 and at least one receiver 254 coupled to one or more antennas 256. Only one antenna 256 is illustrated to avoid congestion in the drawing. One, some, or all of the antennas 256 may, alternatively, be panels. The transmitter 252 and the receiver 254 may be integrated as a transceiver. The T-TRP 170 further includes a processor 260 for performing operations including those related to: preparing a transmission for downlink transmission to the ED 110; processing an uplink transmission received from the ED 110; preparing a transmission for backhaul transmission to the NT-TRP 172; and processing a transmission received over backhaul from the NT-TRP 172. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for downlink or backhaul transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, precoding (e.g., multiple input multiple output, “MIMO, ” precoding) , transmit beamforming and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing received transmissions in the uplink or over backhaul may include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulating received symbols and decoding received symbols. The processor 260 may also perform operations relating to network access (e.g., initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, such as generating the content of synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) , generating the system information, etc. In some embodiments, the processor 260 also generates an indication of beam direction, e.g., BAI, which may be scheduled for transmission by a scheduler 253. The processor 260 performs other network-side processing operations described herein, such as determining the location of the ED 110, determining where to deploy the NT-TRP 172, etc. In some embodiments, the processor 260 may generate signaling, e.g., to configure one or more parameters of the ED 110 and / or one or more parameters of the NT-TRP 172. Any signaling generated by the processor 260 is sent by the transmitter 252. Note that “signaling, ” as used herein, may alternatively be called control signaling. Signaling may be transmitted in a physical layer control channel, e.g., a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) , in which case the signaling may be known as dynamic signaling. Signaling transmitted in a downlink physical layer control channel may be known as Downlink Control Information (DCI) . Signaling transmitted in an uplink physical layer control channel may be known as Uplink Control Information (UCI) . Signaling transmitted in a sidelink physical layer control channel may be known as Sidelink Control Information (SCI) . Signaling may be included in a higher-layer (e.g., higher than physical layer) packet transmitted in a physical layer data channel, e.g., in a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) , in which case the signaling may be known as higher-layer signaling, static signaling, or semi-static signaling. Higher-layer signaling may also refer to Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol signaling or Media Access Control –Control Element (MAC-CE) signaling.
[0074] The scheduler 253 may be coupled to the processor 260. The scheduler 253 may be included within, or operated separately from, the T-TRP 170. The scheduler 253 may schedule uplink, downlink, sidelink and / or backhaul transmissions, including issuing scheduling grants and / or configuring scheduling-free (e.g., “configured grant” ) resources. The T-TRP 170 further includes a memory 258 for storing information and data. The memory 258 stores instructions and data used, generated, or collected by the T-TRP 170. For example, the memory 258 could store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or embodiments described herein and that are executed by the processor 260.
[0075] Although not illustrated, the processor 260 may form part of the transmitter 252 and / or part of the receiver 254. Also, although not illustrated, the processor 260 may implement the scheduler 253. Although not illustrated, the memory 258 may form part of the processor 260.
[0076] The processor 260, the scheduler 253, the processing components of the transmitter 252 and the processing components of the receiver 254 may each be implemented by the same, or different one of, one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory, e.g., in the memory 258. Alternatively, some or all of the processor 260, the scheduler 253, the processing components of the transmitter 252 and the processing components of the receiver 254 may be implemented using dedicated circuitry, such as a programmed FPGA, a hardware accelerator (e.g., a GPU or an AI accelerator) or an ASIC.
[0077] Notably, the NT-TRP 172 is illustrated as a drone only as an example, the NT-TRP 172 may be implemented in any suitable non-terrestrial form, such as satellites and high altitude platforms, including international mobile telecommunication base stations and unmanned aerial vehicles, for example. Also, the NT-TRP 172 may be known by other names in some implementations, such as a non-terrestrial node, a non-terrestrial network device, or a non-terrestrial base station. The NT-TRP 172 includes a transmitter 272 and a receiver 274 coupled to one or more antennas 280. Only one antenna 280 is illustrated to avoid congestion in the drawing. One, some, or all of the antennas may alternatively be panels. The transmitter 272 and the receiver 274 may be integrated as a transceiver. The NT-TRP 172 further includes a processor 276 for performing operations including those related to: preparing a transmission for downlink transmission to the ED 110; processing an uplink transmission received from the ED 110; preparing a transmission for backhaul transmission to T-TRP 170; and processing a transmission received over backhaul from the T-TRP 170. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for downlink or backhaul transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, precoding (e.g., MIMO precoding) , transmit beamforming and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing received transmissions in the uplink or over backhaul may include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulating received signals and decoding received symbols. In some embodiments, the processor 276 implements the transmit beamforming and / or receive beamforming based on beam direction information (e.g., BAI) received from the T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, the processor 276 may generate signaling, e.g., to configure one or more parameters of the ED 110. In some embodiments, the NT-TRP 172 implements physical layer processing but does not implement higher layer functions such as functions at the medium access control (MAC) or radio link control (RLC) layer. As this is only an example, more generally, the NT-TRP 172 may implement higher layer functions in addition to physical layer processing.
[0078] The NT-TRP 172 further includes a memory 278 for storing information and data. Although not illustrated, the processor 276 may form part of the transmitter 272 and / or part of the receiver 274. Although not illustrated, the memory 278 may form part of the processor 276.
[0079] The processor 276, the processing components of the transmitter 272 and the processing components of the receiver 274 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory, e.g., in the memory 278. Alternatively, some or all of the processor 276, the processing components of the transmitter 272 and the processing components of the receiver 274 may be implemented using dedicated circuitry, such as a programmed FPGA, a CPU, a hardware accelerator (e.g., a GPU or an AI accelerator) or an ASIC. In some embodiments, the NT-TRP 172 may actually be a plurality of NT-TRPs that are operating together to serve the ED 110, e.g., through coordinated multipoint transmissions.
[0080] The T-TRP 170, the NT-TRP 172, and / or the ED 110 may include other components, but these have been omitted for the sake of clarity.
[0081] The apparatus may be a communication device or a component implemented in a communication device. For example, the apparatus implemented in a communication device may be an integrated circuit, which in some contexts may be known by other names, such as chip, modem, modem chip, baseband chip, or baseband processor. In some implementations, one or more integrated circuits can be packaged into a system-on-chip, a system-in-package, or a multi-chip module. The apparatus may comprise one or more integrated circuits or comprise one or more integrated circuits and other discrete components.
[0082] One or more steps of the embodiment methods provided herein may be performed by corresponding units or modules, according to FIG. 4. FIG. 4 illustrates units or modules in a device, such as in the ED 110, in the T-TRP 170 or in the NT-TRP 172. For example, a signal may be transmitted by a transmitting unit or by a transmitting module. A signal may be received by a receiving unit or by a receiving module. A signal may be processed by a processing unit or by a processing module. Other steps may be performed by an artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML) module. The respective units or modules may be implemented using hardware, one or more components or devices that execute software, or a combination thereof. For instance, one or more of the units or modules may be a circuit such as an integrated circuit. Examples of an integrated circuit include a programmed FPGA, a CPU, a GPU or an ASIC. For instance, one or more of the units or modules may be logical such as a logical function performed by a circuit, by a portion of an integrated circuit, or by software instructions executed by a processor. It will be appreciated that where the modules are implemented using software for execution by a processor, for example, the modules may be retrieved by a processor, in whole or part as needed, individually or together for processing, in single or multiple instances, and that the modules themselves may include instructions for further deployment and instantiation.
[0083] Additional details regarding the EDs 110, the T-TRP 170 and the NT-TRP 172 are known to those of skill in the art. As such, these details are omitted here.
[0084] An air interface generally includes a number of components and associated parameters that collectively specify how a transmission is to be sent and / or received over a wireless communications link between two or more communicating devices. For example, an air interface may include one or more components defining the waveform (s) , frame structure (s) , multiple access scheme (s) , protocol (s) , coding scheme (s) and / or modulation scheme (s) for conveying information (e.g., data) over a wireless communications link. The wireless communications link may support a link between a radio access network and user equipment (e.g., a “Uu” link) , and / or the wireless communications link may support a link between device and device, such as between two user equipments (e.g., a “sidelink” ) , and / or the wireless communications link may support a link between a non-terrestrial (NT) -communication network and user equipment (UE) . The following are some examples for the above components.
[0085] A waveform component may specify a shape and form of a signal being transmitted. Waveform options may include orthogonal multiple access waveforms and non-orthogonal multiple access waveforms. Non-limiting examples of such waveform options include Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) , Direct Fourier Transform spread OFDM (DFT-OFDM) , Filtered OFDM (f-OFDM) , Time windowing OFDM, Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC) , Universal Filtered Multicarrier (UFMC) , Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM) , Wavelet Packet Modulation (WPM) , Faster Than Nyquist (FTN) Waveform and low Peak to Average Power Ratio Waveform (low PAPR WF) .
[0086] A frame structure component may specify a configuration of a frame or group of frames. The frame structure component may indicate one or more of a time, frequency, pilot signature, code or other parameter of the frame or group of frames. More details of frame structure will be discussed hereinafter.
[0087] A multiple access scheme component may specify multiple access technique options, including technologies defining how communicating devices share a common physical channel, such as: TDMA; FDMA; CDMA; SDMA; OFDMA; SC-FDMA; Low Density Signature Multicarrier CDMA (LDS-MC-CDMA) ; Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) ; Pattern Division Multiple Access (PDMA) ; Lattice Partition Multiple Access (LPMA) ; Resource Spread Multiple Access (RSMA) ; and Sparse Code Multiple Access (SCMA) . Furthermore, multiple access technique options may include: scheduled access vs. non-scheduled access, also known as grant-free access; non-orthogonal multiple access vs. orthogonal multiple access, e.g., via a dedicated channel resource (e.g., no sharing between multiple communicating devices) ; contention-based shared channel resources vs. non-contention-based shared channel resources; and cognitive radio-based access.
[0088] A hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) protocol component may specify how a transmission and / or a re-transmission is to be made. Non-limiting examples of transmission and / or re-transmission mechanism options include those that specify a scheduled data pipe size, a signaling mechanism for transmission and / or re-transmission and a re-transmission mechanism.
[0089] A coding and modulation component may specify how information being transmitted may be encoded / decoded and modulated / demodulated for transmission / reception purposes. Coding may refer to methods of error detection and forward error correction. Non-limiting examples of coding options include turbo trellis codes, turbo product codes, fountain codes, low-density parity check codes and polar codes. Modulation may refer, simply, to the constellation (including, for example, the modulation technique and order) , or more specifically to various types of advanced modulation methods such as hierarchical modulation and low PAPR modulation.
[0090] In some embodiments, the air interface may be a “one-size-fits-all” concept. For example, it may be that the components within the air interface cannot be changed or adapted once the air interface is defined. In some implementations, only limited parameters or modes of an air interface, such as a cyclic prefix (CP) length or a MIMO mode, can be configured. In some embodiments, an air interface design may provide a unified or flexible framework to support frequencies below known 6 GHz bands and frequencies beyond the 6 GHz bands (e.g., mmWave bands) for both licensed and unlicensed access. As an example, flexibility of a configurable air interface provided by a scalable numerology and symbol duration may allow for transmission parameter optimization for different spectrum bands and for different services / devices. As another example, a unified air interface may be self-contained in a frequency domain and a frequency domain self-contained design may support more flexible RAN slicing through channel resource sharing between different services in both frequency and time.
[0091] A frame structure is a feature of the wireless communication physical layer that defines a time domain signal transmission structure to, e.g., allow for timing reference and timing alignment of basic time domain transmission units. Wireless communication between communicating devices may occur on time-frequency resources governed by a frame structure. The frame structure may, sometimes, instead be called a radio frame structure.
[0092] Depending upon the frame structure and / or configuration of frames in the frame structure, frequency division duplex (FDD) and / or time-division duplex (TDD) and / or full duplex (FD) communication may be possible. FDD communication is when transmissions in different directions (e.g., uplink vs. downlink) occur in different frequency bands. TDD communication is when transmissions in different directions (e.g., uplink vs. downlink) occur over different time durations. FD communication is when transmission and reception occurs on the same time-frequency resource, i.e., a device can both transmit and receive on the same frequency resource contemporaneously.
[0093] One example of a frame structure is a frame structure, specified for use in the known long-term evolution (LTE) cellular systems, having the following specifications: each frame is 10 ms in duration; each frame has 10 subframes, which subframes are each 1 ms in duration; each subframe includes two slots, each of which slots is 0.5 ms in duration; each slot is for the transmission of seven OFDM symbols (assuming normal CP) ; each OFDM symbol has a symbol duration and a particular bandwidth (or partial bandwidth or bandwidth partition) related to the number of subcarriers and subcarrier spacing; the frame structure is based on OFDM waveform parameters such as subcarrier spacing and CP length (where the CP has a fixed length or limited length options) ; and the switching gap between uplink and downlink in TDD is specified as the integer time of OFDM symbol duration.
[0094] Another example of a frame structure is a frame structure, specified for use in the known new radio (NR) cellular systems, having the following specifications: multiple subcarrier spacings are supported, each subcarrier spacing corresponding to a respective numerology; the frame structure depends on the numerology but, in any case, the frame length is set at 10 ms and each frame consists of ten subframes, each subframe of 1 ms duration; a slot is defined as 14 OFDM symbols; and slot length depends upon the numerology. For example, the NR frame structure for normal CP 15 kHz subcarrier spacing ( “numerology 1” ) and the NR frame structure for normal CP 30 kHz subcarrier spacing ( “numerology 2” ) are different. For 15 kHz subcarrier spacing, the slot length is 1 ms and, for 30 kHz subcarrier spacing, the slot length is 0.5 ms.The NR frame structure may have more flexibility than the LTE frame structure.
[0095] Another example of a frame structure is, e.g., for use in a 6G network or a later network. In a flexible frame structure, a symbol block may be defined to have a duration that is the minimum duration of time that may be scheduled in the flexible frame structure. A symbol block may be a unit of transmission having an optional redundancy portion (e.g., CP portion) and an information (e.g., data) portion. An OFDM symbol is an example of a symbol block. A symbol block may alternatively be called a symbol. Embodiments of flexible frame structures include different parameters that may be configurable, e.g., frame length, subframe length, symbol block length, etc. A non-exhaustive list of possible configurable parameters, in some embodiments of a flexible frame structure, includes: frame length; subframe duration; slot configuration; subcarrier spacing (SCS) ; flexible transmission duration of basic transmission unit; and flexible switch gap.
[0096] The frame length need not be limited to 10 ms and the frame length may be configurable and change over time. In some embodiments, each frame includes one or multiple downlink synchronization channels and / or one or multiple downlink broadcast channels and each synchronization channel and / or broadcast channel may be transmitted in a different direction by different beamforming. The frame length may be more than one possible value and configured based on the application scenario. For example, autonomous vehicles may require relatively fast initial access, in which case the frame length may be set to 5 ms for autonomous vehicle applications. As another example, smart meters on houses may not require fast initial access, in which case the frame length may be set as 20 ms for smart meter applications.
[0097] A subframe might or might not be defined in the flexible frame structure, depending upon the implementation. For example, a frame may be defined to include slots, but no subframes. In frames in which a subframe is defined, e.g., for time domain alignment, the duration of the subframe may be configurable. For example, a subframe may be configured to have a length of 0.1 ms or 0.2 ms or 0.5 ms or 1 ms or 2 ms or 5 ms, etc. In some embodiments, if a subframe is not needed in a particular scenario, then the subframe length may be defined to be the same as the frame length or not defined.
[0098] A slot might or might not be defined in the flexible frame structure, depending upon the implementation. In frames in which a slot is defined, then the definition of a slot (e.g., in time duration and / or in number of symbol blocks) may be configurable. In one embodiment, the slot configuration is common to all EDs 110 or a group of EDs 110. For this case, the slot configuration information may be transmitted to the EDs 110 in a broadcast channel or common control channel (s) . In other embodiments, the slot configuration may be UE specific, in which case the slot configuration information may be transmitted in a UE-specific control channel. In some embodiments, the slot configuration signaling can be transmitted together with frame configuration signaling and / or subframe configuration signaling. In other embodiments, the slot configuration may be transmitted independently from the frame configuration signaling and / or subframe configuration signaling. In general, the slot configuration may be system common, base station common, UE group common or UE specific.
[0099] The SCS may range from 15 KHz to 480 KHz. The SCS may vary with the frequency of the spectrum and / or maximum UE speed to minimize the impact of Doppler shift and phase noise. In some examples, there may be separate transmission and reception frames and the SCS of symbols in the reception frame structure may be configured independently from the SCS of symbols in the transmission frame structure. The SCS in a reception frame may be different from the SCS in a transmission frame. In some examples, the SCS of each transmission frame may be half the SCS of each reception frame. If the SCS between a reception frame and a transmission frame is different, the difference does not necessarily have to scale by a factor of two, e.g., if more flexible symbol durations are implemented using inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) instead of fast Fourier transform (FFT) . Additional examples of frame structures can be used with different SCSs.
[0100] The basic transmission unit may be a symbol block (alternatively called a symbol) , which, in general, includes a redundancy portion (referred to as the CP) and an information (e.g., data) portion. In some embodiments, the CP may be omitted from the symbol block. The CP length may be flexible and configurable. The CP length may be fixed within a frame or flexible within a frame and the CP length may possibly change from one frame to another, or from one group of frames to another group of frames, or from one subframe to another subframe, or from one slot to another slot, or dynamically from one scheduling to another scheduling. The information (e.g., data) portion may be flexible and configurable. Another possible parameter relating to a symbol block that may be defined is ratio of CP duration to information (e.g., data) duration. In some embodiments, the symbol block length may be adjusted according to: a channel condition (e.g., multi-path delay, Doppler) ; and / or a latency requirement; and / or an available time duration. As another example, a symbol block length may be adjusted to fit an available time duration in the frame.
[0101] A frame may include both a downlink portion, for downlink transmissions from a base station (e.g., T-TRP 170) , and an uplink portion, for uplink transmissions from the UEs (e.g., Eds 110) . A gap may be present between each uplink and downlink portion, which gap is referred to as a switching gap. The switching gap length (duration) may be configurable. A switching gap duration may be fixed within a frame or flexible within a frame and a switching gap duration may possibly change from one frame to another, or from one group of frames to another group of frames, or from one subframe to another subframe, or from one slot to another slot, or dynamically from one scheduling to another scheduling.
[0102] A device, such as T-TRP 170, may provide coverage over a cell. Wireless communication with the device may occur over one or more carrier frequencies. A carrier frequency will be referred to as a carrier. A carrier may alternatively be called a component carrier (CC) . A carrier may be characterized by its bandwidth and a reference frequency, e.g., the center frequency, the lowest frequency or the highest frequency of the carrier. A carrier may be on a licensed spectrum or an unlicensed spectrum. Wireless communication with the device may also, or instead, occur over one or more bandwidth parts (BWPs) . For example, a carrier may have one or more BWPs. More generally, wireless communication with the device may occur over a spectrum. The spectrum may comprise one or more carriers and / or one or more BWPs.
[0103] A cell may include one or multiple downlink resources and, optionally, one or multiple uplink resources. A cell may include one or multiple uplink resources and, optionally, one or multiple downlink resources. A cell may include both one or multiple downlink resources and one or multiple uplink resources. As an example, a cell might only include one downlink carrier / BWP, or only include one uplink carrier / BWP, or include multiple downlink carriers / BWPs, or include multiple uplink carriers / BWPs, or include one downlink carrier / BWP and one uplink carrier / BWP, or include one downlink carrier / BWP and multiple uplink carriers / BWPs, or include multiple downlink carriers / BWPs and one uplink carrier / BWP, or include multiple downlink carriers / BWPs and multiple uplink carriers / BWPs. In some embodiments, a cell may, instead or additionally, include one or multiple sidelink resources, including sidelink transmitting and receiving resources.
[0104] A BWP is a set of contiguous or non-contiguous frequency subcarriers on a carrier, or a set of contiguous or non-contiguous frequency subcarriers on multiple carriers, or a set of non-contiguous or contiguous frequency subcarriers, which may have one or more carriers. Notably, it should be understood that the terms “bandwidth part (BWP) , ” “frequency sub-bands, ” “frequency bands” and “frequency chunks” refer to the same concept, that is, a set of resources in the frequency domain.
[0105] In some embodiments, a carrier may have one or more BWPs, e.g., a carrier may have a bandwidth of 20 MHz and consist of one BWP, or a carrier may have a bandwidth of 80 MHz and consist of two adjacent contiguous BWPs, etc. In other embodiments, a BWP may have one or more carriers, e.g., a BWP may have a bandwidth of 40 MHz and consist of two adjacent contiguous carriers, where each carrier has a bandwidth of 20 MHz. In some embodiments, a BWP may comprise non-contiguous spectrum resources, which consists of multiple non-contiguous multiple carriers, where the first carrier of the non-contiguous multiple carriers may be in the mmW band, the second carrier may be in a low band (such as the 2 GHz band) , the third carrier (if it exists) may be in THz band and the fourth carrier (if it exists) may be in visible light band. Resources in one carrier which belong to the BWP may be contiguous or non-contiguous. In some embodiments, a BWP has non-contiguous spectrum resources on one carrier.
[0106] Wireless communication may occur over an occupied bandwidth. The occupied bandwidth may be defined as the width of a frequency band such that, below the lower and above the upper frequency limits, the mean powers emitted are each equal to a specified percentage, β / 2, of the total mean transmitted power, for example, the value of β / 2 is taken as 0.5%.
[0107] The carrier, the BWP or the occupied bandwidth may be signaled by a network device (e.g., by a T-TRP 170) dynamically, e.g., in physical layer control signaling such as the known downlink control channel (DCI) , or semi-statically, e.g., in radio resource control (RRC) signaling or in signaling in the medium access control (MAC) layer, or be predefined based on the application scenario; or be determined by the ED 110 as a function of other parameters that are known by the ED 110, or may be fixed, e.g., by a standard.
[0108] UE position information is often used in cellular communication networks to improve various performance metrics for the network. Such performance metrics may, for example, include capacity, agility and efficiency. The improvement may be achieved when elements of the network exploit the position, the behavior, the mobility pattern, etc., of the UE in the context of a priori information describing a wireless environment in which the UE is operating.
[0109] A sensing system may be used to help gather UE pose information, including UE location in a global coordinate system, UE velocity and direction of movement in the global coordinate system, orientation information and the information about the wireless environment. “Location” is also known as “position” and these two terms may be used interchangeably herein. Examples of well-known sensing systems include RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) and LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) . While the sensing system is typically separate from the communication system, it could be advantageous to gather the information using an integrated system, which reduces the hardware (and cost) in the system as well as the time, frequency or spatial resources needed to perform both functionalities. However, using the communication system hardware to perform sensing of UE pose and environment information is a highly challenging and open problem. The difficulty of the problem relates to factors such as the limited resolution of the communication system, the dynamicity of the environment, and the huge number of objects whose electromagnetic properties and position are to be estimated.
[0110] Accordingly, integrated sensing and communication (also known as integrated communication and sensing) is a desirable feature in existing and future communication systems.
[0111] Any or all of the EDs 110 and T-TRP 170 may be sensing nodes in the system 100. Sensing nodes are network entities that perform sensing by transmitting and receiving sensing signals. Some sensing nodes are communication equipment that perform both communications and sensing. However, it is possible that some sensing nodes do not perform communications and are, instead, dedicated to sensing. The sensing agent 174 is an example of a sensing node that is dedicated to sensing. Unlike the EDs 110 and T-TRP 170, the sensing agent 174 does not transmit or receive communication signals. However, the sensing agent 174 may communicate configuration information, sensing information, signaling information, or other information within the communication system 100. The sensing agent 174 may be in communication with the core network 130 to communicate information with the rest of the communication system 100. By way of example, the sensing agent 174 may determine the location of the ED 110a, and transmit this information to the T-TRP 170a via the core network 130. Although only one sensing agent 174 is shown in FIG. 2, any number of sensing agents may be implemented in the communication system 100. In some embodiments, one or more sensing agents may be implemented at one or more of the RANs 120.
[0112] A sensing node may combine sensing-based techniques with reference signal-based techniques to enhance UE pose determination. This type of sensing node may also be known as a sensing management function (SMF) . In some networks, the SMF may also be known as a location management function (LMF) . The SMF may be implemented as a physically independent entity located at the core network 130 with connection to the multiple T-TRPs 170. In other aspects of the present disclosure, the SMF may be implemented as a logical entity co-located inside a T-TRP 170 through logic carried out by the processor 260.
[0113] As shown in FIG. 5, an SMF 176, when implemented as a physically independent entity, includes at least one processor 290, at least one transmitter 282, at least one receiver 284, one or more antennas 286 and at least one memory 288. A transceiver, not shown, may be used instead of the transmitter 282 and the receiver 284. A scheduler 283 may be coupled to the processor 290. The scheduler 283 may be included within or operated separately from the SMF 176. The processor 290 implements various processing operations of the SMF 176, such as signal coding, data processing, power control, input / output processing or any other functionality. The processor 290 can also be configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or embodiments described in more detail above. Each processor 290 includes any suitable processing or computing device configured to perform one or more operations. Each processor 290 could, for example, include a microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor, field programmable gate array or application specific integrated circuit.
[0114] A reference signal-based pose determination technique belongs to an “active” pose estimation paradigm. In an active pose estimation paradigm, the enquirer (e.g., the ED 110) of pose information takes part in the process of determining the pose of the enquirer. The enquirer may transmit or receive (or both) a signal specific to pose determination process. Positioning techniques based on a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) such as Global Positioning System (GPS) are other examples of the active pose estimation paradigm.
[0115] In contrast, a sensing technique, based on radar for example, may be considered as belonging to a “passive” pose determination paradigm. In a passive pose determination paradigm, the target is oblivious to the pose determination process.
[0116] By integrating sensing and communications in one system, the system need not operate according to only a single paradigm. Thus, the combination of sensing-based techniques and reference signal-based techniques can yield enhanced pose determination.
[0117] The enhanced pose determination may, for example, include obtaining UE channel sub-space information, which is particularly useful for UE channel reconstruction at the sensing node, especially for a beam-based operation and communication. The UE channel sub-space is a subset of the entire algebraic space, defined over the spatial domain, in which the entire channel from the TP to the UE lies. Accordingly, the UE channel sub-space defines the TP-to-UE channel with very high accuracy. The signals transmitted over other sub-spaces result in a negligible contribution to the UE channel. Knowledge of the UE channel sub-space helps to reduce the effort needed for channel measurement at the UE and channel reconstruction at the network-side. Therefore, the combination of sensing-based techniques and reference signal-based techniques may enable the UE channel reconstruction with much less overhead as compared to traditional methods. Sub-space information can also facilitate sub-space-based sensing to reduce sensing complexity and improve sensing accuracy.
[0118] In some embodiments of integrated sensing and communication, a same radio access technology (RAT) is used for sensing and communication. This avoids the need to multiplex two different RATs under one carrier spectrum, or necessitating two different carrier spectrums for the two different RATs.
[0119] In embodiments that integrate sensing and communication under one RAT, a first set of channels may be used to transmit a sensing signal and a second set of channels may be used to transmit a communications signal. In some embodiments, each channel in the first set of channels and each channel in the second set of channels is a logical channel, a transport channel or a physical channel.
[0120] At the physical layer, communication and sensing may be performed via separate physical channels. For example, a first physical downlink shared channel PDSCH-C is defined for data communication, while a second physical downlink shared channel PDSCH-Sis defined for sensing. Similarly, separate physical uplink shared channels (PUSCH) , PUSCH-C and PUSCH-S, could be defined for uplink communication and sensing.
[0121] In another example, the same PDSCH and PUSCH could be also used for both communication and sensing, with separate logical layer channels and / or transport layer channels defined for communication and sensing. Note also that control channel (s) and data channel (s) for sensing can have the same or different channel structure (format) , occupy same or different frequency bands or bandwidth parts.
[0122] In a further example, a common physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) and a common physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) may be used to carry control information for both sensing and communication. Alternatively, separate physical layer control channels may be used to carry separate control information for communication and sensing. For example, PUCCH-Sand PUCCH-C could be used for uplink control for sensing and communication respectively and PDCCH-Sand PDCCH-C for downlink control for sensing and communication respectively.
[0123] Different combinations of shared and dedicated channels for sensing and communication, at each of the physical, transport, and logical layers, are possible.
[0124] The term RADAR originates from the phrase Radio Detection and Ranging; however, expressions with different forms of capitalization (e.g., Radar and radar) are equally valid and now more common. Radar is typically used for detecting a presence and a location of an object. A radar system radiates radio frequency energy and receives echoes of the energy reflected from one or more targets. The system determines the pose of a given target based on the echoes returned from the given target. The radiated energy can be in the form of an energy pulse or a continuous wave, which can be expressed or defined by a particular waveform. Examples of waveforms used in radar include frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) and ultra-wideband (UWB) waveforms.
[0125] Radar systems can be monostatic, bi-static or multi-static. In a monostatic radar system, the radar signal transmitter and receiver are co-located, such as being integrated in a transceiver. In a bi-static radar system, the transmitter and receiver are spatially separated, and the distance of separation is comparable to, or larger than, the expected target distance (often referred to as the range) . In a multi-static radar system, two or more radar components are spatially diverse but with a shared area of coverage. A multi-static radar is also referred to as a multisite or netted radar.
[0126] Terrestrial radar applications encounter challenges such as multipath propagation and shadowing impairments. Another challenge is the problem of identifiability because terrestrial targets have similar physical attributes. Integrating sensing into a communication system is likely to suffer from these same challenges, and more.
[0127] Communication nodes can be either half-duplex or full-duplex. A half-duplex node cannot both transmit and receive using the same physical resources (time, frequency, etc. ) ; conversely, a full-duplex node can transmit and receive using the same physical resources. Existing commercial wireless communications networks are all half-duplex. Even if full-duplex communications networks become practical in the future, it is expected that at least some of the nodes in the network will still be half-duplex nodes because half-duplex devices are less complex, and have lower cost and lower power consumption. In particular, full-duplex implementation is more challenging at higher frequencies (e.g., in millimeter wave bands) and very challenging for small and low-cost devices, such as femtocell base stations and UEs.
[0128] The limitation of half-duplex nodes in the communications network presents further challenges toward integrating sensing and communications into the devices and systems of the communications network. For example, both half-duplex and full-duplex nodes can perform bi-static or multi-static sensing, but monostatic sensing typically requires the sensing node have full-duplex capability. A half-duplex node may perform monostatic sensing with certain limitations, such as in a pulsed radar with a specific duty cycle and ranging capability.
[0129] Properties of a sensing signal, or a signal used for both sensing and communication, include the waveform of the signal and the frame structure of the signal. The frame structure defines the time-domain boundaries of the signal. The waveform describes the shape of the signal as a function of time and frequency. Examples of waveforms that can be used for a sensing signal include ultra-wide band (UWB) pulse, Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) or “chirp, ” orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) , cyclic prefix (CP) -OFDM and Discrete Fourier Transform spread (DFT-s) -OFDM. The example waveform called FMCW, or chirp, which can be used for a sensing signal may also be called a linear frequency modulated (LFM) waveform.
[0130] In an embodiment, the sensing signal is a linear chirp signal with bandwidth B and time duration T. Such a linear chirp signal is generally known from its use in FMCW radar systems. A linear chirp signal is defined by an increase in frequency from an initial frequency, fchirp0, at an initial time, tchirp0, to a final frequency, fchirp1, at a final time, tchirp1 where the relation between the frequency (f) and time (t) can be expressed as a linear relation of f-fchirp0= α (t-tchirp0) , where is defined as the chirp slope. The bandwidth of the linear chirp signal may be defined as B=fchirp1-fchirp0 and the time duration of the linear chirp signal may be defined as T=tchirp1-tchirp0. Such linear chirp signal can be presented as in the baseband representation.
[0131] Precoding, as used herein, may refer to any coding operation (s) or modulation (s) that transform an input signal into an output signal. Precoding may be performed in different domains and typically transforms the input signal in a first domain to an output signal in a second domain. Precoding may include linear operations.
[0132] A terrestrial communication system may also be referred to as a land-based or ground-based communication system, although a terrestrial communication system can also, or instead, be implemented on or in water. The non-terrestrial communication system may bridge coverage gaps in underserved areas by extending the coverage of cellular networks through the use of non-terrestrial nodes, which will be key to establishing global, seamless coverage and providing mobile broadband services to unserved / underserved regions. In the current case, it is hardly possible to implement terrestrial access-points / base-stations infrastructure in areas like oceans, mountains, forests, or other remote areas.
[0133] The terrestrial communication system may be a wireless communications system using 5G technology and / or later generation wireless technology (e.g., 6G or later) . In some examples, the terrestrial communication system may also accommodate some legacy wireless technologies (e.g., 3G or 4G wireless technology) . The non-terrestrial communication system may be a communications system using satellite constellations, like conventional Geo-Stationary Orbit (GEO) satellites, which utilize broadcast public / popular contents to a local server. The non-terrestrial communication system may be a communications system using low earth orbit (LEO) satellites, which are known to establish a better balance between large coverage area and propagation path-loss / delay. The non-terrestrial communication system may be a communications system using stabilized satellites in very low earth orbits (VLEO) technologies, thereby substantially reducing the costs for launching satellites to lower orbits. The non-terrestrial communication system may be a communications system using high altitude platforms (HAPs) , which are known to provide a low path-loss air interface for the users with limited power budget. The non-terrestrial communication system may be a communications system using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) (or unmanned aerial system, “UAS” ) achieving a dense deployment, since their coverage can be limited to a local area, such as airborne, balloon, quadcopter, drones, etc. In some examples, GEO satellites, LEO satellites, UAVs, HAPs and VLEOs may be horizontal and two-dimensional. In some examples, UAVs, HAPs and VLEOs may be coupled to integrate satellite communications to cellular networks. Emerging 3D vertical networks consist of many moving (other than geostationary satellites) and high-altitude access points such as UAVs, HAPs and VLEOs.
[0134] MIMO technology allows an antenna array of multiple antennas to perform signal transmissions and receptions to meet high transmission rate requirements. The ED 110 and the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP may use MIMO to communicate using wireless resource blocks. MIMO utilizes multiple antennas at the transmitter to transmit wireless resource blocks over parallel wireless signals. It follows that multiple antennas may be utilized at the receiver. MIMO may beamform parallel wireless signals for reliable multipath transmission of a wireless resource block. MIMO may bond parallel wireless signals that transport different data to increase the data rate of the wireless resource block.
[0135] In recent years, a MIMO (large-scale MIMO) wireless communication system with the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172 configured with a large number of antennas has gained wide attention from academia and industry. In the large-scale MIMO system, the T-TRP 170, and / or the NT-TRP 172, is generally configured with more than ten antenna units (see antennas 256 and antennas 280 in FIG. 3) . The T-TRP 170, and / or the NT-TRP 172, is generally operable to serve dozens (such as 40) of EDs 110. A large number of antenna units of the T-TRP 170 and the NT-TRP 172 can greatly increase the degree of spatial freedom of wireless communication, greatly improve the transmission rate, spectral efficiency and power efficiency, and, to a large extent, reduce interference between cells. The increase of the number of antennas allows for each antenna unit to be made in a smaller size with a lower cost. Using the degree of spatial freedom provided by the large-scale antenna units, the T-TRP 170 and the NT-TRP 172 of each cell can communicate with many EDs 110 in the cell on the same time-frequency resource at the same time, thus greatly increasing the spectral efficiency. A large number of antenna units of the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172 also enable each user to have better spatial directivity for uplink and downlink transmission, so that the transmitting power of the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172 and an ED 110 is reduced, and the power efficiency is correspondingly increased. When the antenna number of the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172 is sufficiently large, random channels between each ED 110 and the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172 can approach orthogonality such that interference between cells and users and the effect of noise can be reduced. The plurality of advantages described hereinbefore enable large-scale MIMO to have a magnificent application prospect.
[0136] A MIMO system may include a receiver connected to a receive (Rx) antenna, a transmitter connected to transmit (Tx) antenna and a signal processor connected to the transmitter and the receiver. Each of the Rx antenna and the Tx antenna may include a plurality of antennas. For instance, the Rx antenna may have a uniform linear array (ULA) antenna, in which the plurality of antennas are arranged in line at even intervals. When a radio frequency (RF) signal is transmitted through the Tx antenna, the Rx antenna may receive a signal reflected and returned from a forward target.
[0137] A non-exhaustive list of possible unit or possible configurable parameters or in some embodiments of a MIMO system include: a panel; and a beam.
[0138] A panel is a unit of an antenna group, or antenna array, or antenna sub-array, which unit can control a Tx beam or a Rx beam independently.
[0139] A beam may be formed by performing amplitude and / or phase weighting on data transmitted or received by at least one antenna port. A beam may be formed by using another method, for example, adjusting a related parameter of an antenna unit. The beam may include a Tx beam and / or a Rx beam. The transmit beam indicates distribution of signal strength formed in different directions in space after a signal is transmitted through an antenna. The receive beam indicates distribution of signal strength that is of a wireless signal received from an antenna and that is in different directions in space. Beam information may include a beam identifier, or an antenna port (s) identifier, or a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) resource identifier, or a SSB resource identifier, or a sounding reference signal (SRS) resource identifier, or other reference signal resource identifier.
[0140] FIG. 6 illustrates a network including a sensing transmission (TX) node 602 transmission sensing node, a plurality of sensing reception (RX) nodes 604-1, 604-2, …, 604-K (collectively or individually 604) , and an SMF 176. The environment in which the network operates may include at least one environment object 606. Downlink sensing signals 610 transmitted by sensing TX node 602 and reflections 612 of such sensing signals by environment object 606 are represented by dashed lines in FIG. 6.
[0141] In example implementations, sensing TX node 602 may be implemented as a T-TRP 170, and sensing RX nodes 604 may be implemented as respective EDs 110. The SMF 176 may be implemented as a discrete physical network entity or as a logical network entity associated with one or more physical entities. The SMF 176 may orchestrate sensing procedures representative of aspects of the present disclosure. If the SMF 176 is implemented as a logical network entity, the sensing TX node 602 may implement the SMF functionality in whole or in part.
[0142] According to aspects of the present disclosure, there is provided a method of obtaining and processing respective sensing measurements for a plurality of low-bandwidth frequency chunks that are respectively measured at a plurality of sensing RX nodes 604 in respect of a wide-bandwidth sensing signal transmitted by sensing TX node 602. For example, the sensing measurement for a respective frequency chunk may include a power delay profile (PDP) as measured at the respective sensing RX node 604. Power delay profile (PDP) may refer to the average power of the received signal in terms of the delay in a multi-path propagation channel. In some embodiments, PDP is defined with respect to the first arrival path. The respective sensing measurements obtained from the plurality of the sensing RX nodes 604 are fed-back to sensing TX node 602 and fused to provide a relatively high-resolution sensing result. The frequency chunks can correspond to measurement windows that each cover a different defined frequency spectrum that corresponds to a respective sub-portion of the bandwidth of the downlink sensing signal.
[0143] One advantage of the sensing methods representative of some aspects of the present disclosure is the provision of a viable solution for relatively high-resolution sensing services using feedback from a plurality of relatively low-bandwidth sensing RX nodes. Utilizing the feedback of relatively low-bandwidth sensing signal monitoring results may be shown to expand the relatively high-resolution sensing capabilities of next generation wireless systems through increasing the number of sensing RX nodes potentially participating in the relatively high-resolution sensing activities. The sensing activities may, for example, include transmitting downlink sensing signals that are measured by multiple RX nodes, and receiving frequency chunk specific uplink feedback signals from multiple RX nodes. The increase in number of sensing RX nodes may involve including low-end EDs and / or low-capability EDs, such as drones and IoT devices (e.g., low-end IoT devices) .
[0144] FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a downlink sensing signal pattern that can be used for downlink sensing signals 610 that are transmitted by sensing TX node 602 according to example implementations. The sensing signal 610 has a total spectrum span, Fspan, and a total time span, Tspan. In the illustrated example, sensing signal comprises one or more sensing signal components 702-1 to 702-L (also referenced generically in the singular or the plural using reference number 702) . Each downlink sensing signal component 702 can, for example, be an LFM signal as described above. In the illustrated example, Fspan is contiguous. In some alternative examples, Fspan could comprise a set of multiple non-contiguous bandwidth parts that collectively have a spectrum bandwidth of Fspan. The spectrum bandwidth of Fspan is defined to enable a high-resolution sensing result. Similarly, the total time span, Tspan can also be defined to enable a high-resolution sensing result. In some examples, the downlink sensing signals 610 are transmitted using a downlink shared channel that is defined for sensing.
[0145] FIG. 8 illustrates, in a signal flow diagram, a flow of information, sensing signals and feedback associated with a sensing procedure 800 performed in the context of the network of FIG. 6, according to aspects of the present disclosure. For the purposes of simplifying FIG. 8 it may be assumed that the sensing TX node 602 and SMF 176 are co-located. It may be expected that the SMF 176 is configured to control and handle sensing resources for the sensing TX node 602 and for the plurality of the sensing RX nodes 604 (represented by sensing RX nodes 604-1 and 604-K in FIG. 7) .
[0146] In some example implementations, two different operating modes can be supported, for example a first mode (referred to herein as GroupSplicingMode=0) that is particularly suitable when position information is known or can be obtained for RX nodes 604, and a second mode (referred to herein as GroupSplicingMode=1) that is more applicable when position information for RX nodes is not available. As will be described in greater detail below, the sensing signal measuring and processing configurations used for GroupSplicingMode=0 and GroupSplicingMode=1 are different. In a particular example, both modes assign a T (e.g., a unique time / frequency window) for respective sensing and processing of the downlink sensing signal to participating RX nodes, however the GroupSplicingMode=1 also includes a common measurement window for sensing and processing by all participating RX nodes.
[0147] In the following description, a procedure performed in the context of GroupSplicingMode=0 will be described first, followed by a procedure performed in the context of GroupSplicingMode=1.
[0148] As an initial operation, a group of available sensing RX nodes 604 can transmit (step 804) capability reports to sensing TX node 602 for processing by SMF 176. The capability reports may include, for a few examples, indications of capabilities related to receiving and processing signals over different frequency chunks, including the number of supported frequency chunks and maximum frequency separation between the chunks, indications of maximum supported bandwidth, indications of dynamic ranges, indications of capabilities of performing time / Doppler measurements and angular measurements and indications of abilities for transmitting and / or receiving over different communication or sensing channels. The SMF 176 may receive (step 806) the capability reports from the sensing RX nodes 604.
[0149] In at least some example implementations, sensing RX nodes 604 may transmit (step 808) position information for the SMF 176. The SMF 176 may receive (step 810) the position information from the sensing RX nodes 604. The position information transmitted by a sensing RX node 604 can include an indication of location of the RX node, and can for example, include an absolute position in a coordinate reference system, a relative location with respect to landmarks in a given radiofrequency (RF) map, an absolute angle of arrival (AoA) value, and / or a relative AoA with respect to a line of sight (LOS) link with the sensing TX node 602.
[0150] Based on the capability reports and the position information for sensing RX nodes, the SMF 176 may select (step 812) a group of suitable sensing RX nodes 604 within an area of interest and assign respective measurement windows (MWs) for the selected sensing RX nodes 604. By way of example, SMF 176 can be configured to assign measurement windows mapped to locations within a search area of interest to enable that the search area is adequately searched.
[0151] FIG. 9 shows a representation of a single generic measurement window MWk that can be assigned to a kth sensing RX node 604 for sensing a respective portion 612R of downlink sensing signal 610. As will be described in greater detail below, each RX node 604 is configured to measure a respective PDP for the sensing signals that it senses within its assigned measurement window MW. Accordingly, each measurement window MW corresponds to a respective sensed PDP. Each measurement window MWk is defined within the spectrum span, Fspan, and time span, Tspan, of the sensing signal resource allocation by a spectral allocation (afrequency chunk of bandwidth Fk, starting at frequency fk) and a temporal allocation, (time duration Tk, starting at time tk) . In some examples, the measurement widows assigned to sensing RX nodes 604 can all have the same size bandwidth Fk and time duration Tk. At least some of the measurement widows MWs have a least one of a unique starting frequency or a unique starting time such that the measurement windows cover different frequency and / or time spans. In example embodiments, measurement window bandwidth Fk is equal to the product of the chirp rate and the measurement window time duration Tk. In the illustrated example, measurement window bandwidth Fk for each respective window is contiguous. In some alternative examples, measurement window bandwidth Fk could comprise a set of multiple non-contiguous bandwidth parts that collectively have a spectrum bandwidth of Fk. Bandwidth Fk is a relatively narrow bandwidth compared to sensing signal bandwidth Fspan.
[0152] FIG. 10 shows a plurality of measurement windows MW1, MW2, …, MWK, each having a frequency bandwidth of F and a time duration T, overlaid onto the sensing signal pattern of FIG. 7 to further illustrate possible measurement window assignments. Although each of the measurement windows MW1, MW2, …, MWK are shown as occurring in discrete times, each in alignment with a portion of a respective sensing signal component 702, in some examples multiple measurement windows can overlap in time and multiple measurement windows can occur within a same sensing signal component time window. In some examples, a set of measurement windows is selected that provides collective coverage over the entire sensing signal spectrum, F_span.
[0153] In some examples, SMF 176 maintains a record of configuration data, for example one or more look up tables (LUTs) , that maps assignments of measurements windows, locations and sensing RX nodes 604. Table 1, below is an illustrative representation of some types of configuration data that may be included in one or more LUTs that may, for example be associated with sensing TX node 602.
[0154] TABLE 1: Configuration Data: Location / Measurement Window / Sensing RX Node Data
[0155] In at least some examples, at least some of the information included in Table 1 (for example, index values and one or both of the measurement window MW parameters and position information that they map to) can be pre-shared during a pre-sensing configuration stage and periodically updated among SMF 176, sensing TX node 602 and RX nodes 604. This can allow the index values to be used to indicate the other parameters, thereby reducing signaling overhead during a sensing procedure. For example, in the case where index value to position mapping is predefined, in step 808 the position information that is transmitted by each sensing RX node 604 may include an index value as position information. In Table 1 above, the window bandwidth F and window time duration T are the same for all measurement windows MW, however in some examples the parameters can be different values for different measurement windows.
[0156] In some examples, different index values may be used for position information and measurement window MW parameters.
[0157] In some examples, sensing procedure 800 is repeatedly performed, and SMF 176 maintains a record the most recent PDPs obtained for each of the measurement windows, as represented by the final column of Table 1. Accordingly, historic PDPs obtained from previous measurements by previous sensing RX nodes for the indicated measurement windows can, in some examples, be included in the data.
[0158] After the SMF 176 selects the sensing RX nodes 604 that will participate in sensing procedure 800, the SMF 176 may, subsequently, transmit (step 814) configuration information to the selected sensing RX nodes 604, who in turn receive the configuration information (step 816) . Among other things, the configuration information can indicate: (i) that the sensing RX node 604 has been selected to participate in a group splicing sensing procedure, and may include a tracking ID for the procedure; (ii) the GroupSplicingMode (=0 in the present example) ; (iii) parameters (e.g., downlink channel resource allocations and waveform configuration) for the downlink sensing signals; and (iv) the respective measurement window MW assignments for each sensing RX Node.
[0159] In the case wherein the SMF 176 is distinct from the sensing TX node 602, the SMF 176 may also transmit (not shown) the same configuration information to the sensing TX node 602. Further, if the SMF 176 is a logical entity, it may be considered inaccurate to indicate that the SMF 176 “transmits” the configuration information. Instead, the configuration information may be understood to be transmitted by a physical entity, such as the TX node 602 or another network node. Further, the signaling of configuration information to the sensing TX node 602 can be carried out through Xn signaling, since configuration transmission may be considered to be so-called “backhaul signaling, ” which may be considered to be distinct from so-called “access signaling. ” The transmitting (step 814) of the configuration information to the sensing RX nodes 604 may be accomplished using control signalling, e.g., RRC control signalling or MAC-CE control signalling.
[0160] Subsequently, the sensing TX node 602 may transmit (step 818) the sensing signal 610 towards the area of interest (which can for example encompass environment object 606 and sensing RX nodes 604) . The transmitting (step 818) may be carried out, by the sensing TX node 602, according to the configuration information defined by the SMF 176.
[0161] In example implementations, the sensing RX nodes 604 may each receive the sensing signal 610 over multiple paths, including for example reflections 612 from environment object 606 as well as over the line of sight (LOS) path if a LOS path exists between the sensing TX node 602 and the sensing RX node 604.
[0162] Each of the sensing RX nodes 604 receives (step 820) downlink sensing signals corresponding to the respective narrow-band measurement window (MW) that it has been assigned. Upon receiving a downlink sensing signal, each sensing RX node 604 may process its respective measurements of the sensing signal to obtain (step 822) a PDP for its measurement window MW.
[0163] Each sensing RX node 604 transmits PDP information (step 824) that represents the PDP obtained in respect of its assigned measurement window MW to sensing TX node 602. In some examples, the PDP information can also include an indication that enables the PDP information to be mapped to a specific measurement window MW. This measurement window could, for example, include one or more of: (i) the measurement window parameters (e.g. time span and frequency span) ; (ii) an index value (see Table 1 for example) for the measurement window; and / or (iii) an ID for the sensing RX node 604 that can be mapped via Table 1 configuration data to the respective measurement window (MW) . In some examples, each sensing RX node 604 also transmits position information (step 828) , indicating its location, in conjunction with the PDP information. In example implementations the PDP information (and accompanying position information, if sent) may for example be sent via an uplink shared or control channel that is defined for communications as part of a packet that will include the identity of the sending sensing RX node 604. In some embodiments, the PDP information can be sent via an uplink sensing channel with the RX sensing node ID embedded in it.
[0164] Sensing TX node 602 receives the respective PDP information from each of the participating sensing RX nodes 604 (step 826) along with any accompanying position information (step 830) that is sent.
[0165] Sensing RX node 604 then pre-processes and fuses (step 832) the low-resolution PDPs corresponding to the narrow-bandwidth measurement windows MWs to obtain a high-resolution PDP that covers the frequency span Fspan of the originating sensing signal 610. A description of the pre-processing and fusion is described in greater detail in the following paragraphs.
[0166] As a first pre-processing step, a rough time alignment can be performed on the the received PDPs based on the known differences in defined start times between the respective measurement windows MWs (e.g., the known time offsets for staring times t1, t2, …, t1=K as defined in Table 1 above) . However, fusion of the roughly time-aligned low resolution PDPs may require a further pre-fusion processing step to compensate for the different sensing signal time-of flight (TOF) delays that result from the different relative locations of the sensing RX nodes 604 and the multiple paths that sensing signals can travel to arrive at each sensing RX node 604. These varying TOF delays can result in mismatches between the PDPs and their respective sensing signal paths such that fusing of the PDPs without correcting for the TOF variations can result in unsuitable fusion results.
[0167] As discussed below, in example embodiments, PDPs can be used as channel measurements for estimating delays and amplitudes associated with dominant channel paths between each sensing RX node 604 and the sensing TX node 602, enabling a given PDP to be associated with a given sensing signal, a given sensing RX node 604 and a given low-bandwidth frequency measurement window.
[0168] By way of illustration, a first PDP 1100-Ais illustrated in FIG. 11. For each of three dominant channel paths, the first PDP 1100-Ais associated with two parameters: a delay, τ1, i; and an amplitude, p1, i. The delay is relative to the starting time specified for the measurement window MW start time defined for the PDP measurement. The first PDP 1100-Ais obtained in respect of a sensing signal received at the sensing RX node 604-1. The first PDP 1100-Amay be seen, in FIG. 11, to include contributions from a first path (i=1, with a delay, τ1, 1, and an amplitude, p1, 1) , a second path (i=2, with a delay, τ1, 2, and an amplitude, p1, 2) and a third path (i=3, with a delay, τ1, 3, and an amplitude, p1, 3) .
[0169] A second PDP 1100-B is illustrated in FIG. 11. For each of three dominant channel paths, the second PDP 1100-B is associated with two parameters: a delay, τ2, i; and an amplitude, p2, i. The second PDP 1100-B is obtained in respect of a sensing signal received at a second sensing RX node 604-2. The second PDP 1100-B may be seen, in FIG. 11, to include contributions from a first path (i=1, with a delay, τ2, 1, and an amplitude, p2, 1) , a second path (i=2, with a delay, τ2, 2, and an amplitude, p2, 2) and a third path (i=3, with a delay, τ2, 3, and an amplitude, p2, 3) .
[0170] A Kth PDP 1100-K is illustrated in FIG. 11. For each of three dominant channel paths, the Kth PDP 1100-K is associated with two parameters: delay, τK, i; and amplitude, pK, i. The Kth PDP 1100-K is obtained in respect of a sensing signal received at Kth sensing RX node 604-K. The Kth PDP 1100-K may be seen, in FIG. 11, to include contributions from a first path (i=1, with a delay, τK, 1, and an amplitude, pK, 1) , a second path (i=2, with a delay, τK, 2, and an amplitude, pK, 2) and a third path (i=3, with a delay, τK, 3, and an amplitude, pK, 3) .
[0171] The parameters of the dominant channel paths of the PDPs 1100 of the sensing RX nodes 604 may be viewed as indistinguishable. The indistinguishability may be blamed on the associated measurement windows having low-bandwidth individual spectrum allocations. It may further be viewed that the narrow-band measurements of the downlink sensing signals may not be directly fusible due to presence of big mismatches between the different PDPs. It may be seen in FIG. 11 that there are big mismatches between the first PDP 1100-A, the second PDP 1100-B and the Kth PDP 1100-K.
[0172] In addition to any defined differences in measurement window start times as set out in Table 1, there may be two types of mismatches between the PDPs 1100 obtained for distinct sensing TX nodes 602.
[0173] A first type of mismatch may be understood to exist in the value of the first delay, τk, 1, that is, τ1, 1≠τ2, 1. The first delay, τk, 1, may be understood to include a time of flight, which may be represented as τk, 1, ToF, over the first path (i=1) of a downlink sensing signal from the sensing TX node 602 to the kth sensing RX node 604. The first delay, τk, 1, may also be understood to include a synchronization error between the sensing TX node 602 and the kth sensing RX node 604.
[0174] The second type of mismatch may be understood to exist in the value of inter-arrival times. An inter-arrival time may be understood to be representative of a difference between delays of downlink sensing signals to a given sensing RX node 604 as the sensing signals travel distinct paths. It might be expected that a first inter-arrival time, |τ1, 2-τ1, 1|, for the sensing signals received by the first sensing RX node 604-1 would be similar to a second inter-arrival time, |τ2, 2-τ2, 1|, for the sensing signals received by the second sensing RX node 604-2. For various reasons, the second type of mismatch may exist between the first inter-arrival time and the second inter-arrival time.
[0175] It may be shown that a “proper” fusing of the relatively low-resolution PDPs at the sensing TX node 602, will lead to a single, improved-resolution PDP. However, to “properly” fuse PDPs, it may be seen as important to reduce the two types of mismatch discussed hereinbefore.
[0176] One approach to reducing the two types of mismatch involves using a procedure to approximately align, in the delay domain, the relatively low-resolution PDPs 1100. The approximate aligning procedure may involve time-shifting the relatively low-resolution PDPs 1100 by approximate estimates τk, off of similar features, for example, their respective highest peaks. Additionally, the approximate aligning procedure may involve taking into account approximate estimates of ToFs, τk, ToF, associated with each relatively low-resolution PDP 1100-k.
[0177] It will be noted that the offset times τk, off will be dependent on the distances between the respective sensing RX nodes 604. In some examples, in addition to or as an alternative to identifying a peak PDP value, the offset times τk, off may be estimated based on a comparison of shared spatial signatures of the sensing RX nodes 604. For example, each respective sensing RX nodes 604 may be configured to obtain a respective spatial signature that can include one or more of the following spatial measurement-based positional information: (1) sensing RX node 604 position with respect to a reference point common to all sensing RX nodes 604, obtained by the respective node performing a monostatic sensing procedure of its surrounding environment; (2) angle of arrival (AOA) measured for a LOS path of the sensing signal received by the sensing RX node 604; (3) orientation, angle of departure (AOD) ; and inter-distance measurements based on signals exchanged among the sensing RX nodes.
[0178] Each sensing RX node 604 may, for example, send its respective spatial signature as part of the positional information that it transmits for sensing TX node 602 in step 828. The sensing TX node 602 may then use one of the sensing RX nodes 604 as a reference or lead node, and compare the spatial signatures of all the other nodes relative to that of the reference node to estimate the respective node-specific offset times τk, off. In at least some examples, an absolute location may be known for the reference sensing RX nodes 604, which can further enhance estimation of the offset times τk, off.
[0179] FIG. 11 illustrates a result of the approximate aligning procedure, wherein each of the relatively low-resolution PDPs 1100-k is mapped to a corresponding relative PDP (an “rPDP” ) 1100-kr. Indeed, the first PDP 1100-Ais mapped to a corresponding first relative PDP 1100-Ar, the second PDP 1100-B is mapped to a corresponding second relative PDP 1100-Br and the Kth PDP 1100-K is mapped to a corresponding Kth relative PDP 1100-Kr. The first relative PDP 1100-Ar, the second relative PDP 1100-Br and the Kth relative PDP 1100-Kr may be collectively or individually referenced, herein, as 1100r.
[0180] The first rPDP 1100-Ar may be obtained by subtracting a first factor, [|τ1, off| or |τ1, ToF|] , from the duration of PDP 1100-A, such that {τ1, 1 ,τ1, 2, ..., τ1, 3} - [|τ1, off| or |τ1, ToF|] maps to {τ′1, 1 ,τ′1, 2, ..., τ′1, 3} . The second rPDP 1100-Br may be obtained by subtracting a second factor, [|τ2, off| or |τ2, ToF|] , from the duration of PDP 1100-B, such that {τ2, 1 ,τ2, 2, ..., τ2, 3} - [|τ2, off| or |τ2, ToF|] maps to {τ′2, 1 ,τ′2, 2, ..., τ′2, 3} . The Kth rPDP 1100-Kr may be obtained by subtracting a Kth factor, [|τK, off| or |τK, ToF|] , from the duration of PDP 1100-K, such that {τK, 1 ,τK, 2, ..., τK, 3} -[|τK, off| or |τK, ToF|] maps to {τ′K, 1 ,τ′K, 2, ..., τ′K, 3} .
[0181] When all K of the relatively low-resolution PDPs 1100 have been mapped to a corresponding rPDP 1100r, the correlation between the relative sensing measurements of the rPDPs 1100r may be shown to be more pronounced than the correlation between the real sensing measurements of the relatively low-resolution PDPs 1100. Accordingly, the rPDPs 1100r may be considered feasibly fusible.
[0182] It may be shown that the more spatially correlated the sensing RX nodes 604 are, the lower these mismatches are. When the mismatches are low, it follows that the quality of the output of the fusion procedure may be improved. Thus, a metric indicative of a spread of the mismatches may be used as an indication of the quality the expected output of the fusion procedure.
[0183] A metric, στrms, indicative of mismatch spread of rPDPs 1100r may be defined as where τ′k, i may be understood to represent a relative delay for an downlink sensing signal on the ith path to the kth sensing RX node 604-k and It may be shown that a value for the metric, στrms, has some dependence upon distances between the sensing RX nodes 604. That is, greater distances between the sensing RX nodes 604 may be shown to be associated with larger values for the metric, στrms. For example, assuming that K=2 and assuming that the two sensing RX nodes 604 have the same positions, i.e., one of the two sensing RX nodes 604 sits on top of the other of the two sensing RX nodes 604, it may be shown that the value for the metric, στrms, is almost zero.
[0184] A minimum delay, δτmin, among pairs of paths is another metric that may be shown to directly affect the quality of the fusion procedure. The minimum delay, δτmin, may be mathematically defined as δτmin=mink, i (τk, i+1-τk, i) . It may be shown that an increase in the minimum delay, δτmin, is associated with a reduction in the sensitivity, to mismatch spread of rPDPs 1100r, of the fusion procedure.
[0185] It also may be shown that the minimum delay, δτmin, is mainly related to the environment and a manner in which objects (scatterers or reflectors of the sensing signals) in the environment are spatially separated and oriented. It may be shown that one environment with objects that more spatially separated and oriented than objects in another environment is expected to have a greater minimum delay, δτmin.
[0186] Notably, the minimum delay, δτmin, may have some dependence on the position of the sensing RX nodes
[0187] 604. Indeed, the minimum delay, δτmin, may not be very sensitive to the variation of the positions of the sensing RX nodes 604 within a spatial area defining a group of the sensing RX nodes 604. This lack of sensitivity may be especially true when the sensing RX nodes 604 are far away from the objects that are associated with the dominant channel paths. Notably, the sensitivity of the fusion procedures to mismatches of PDPs 1100r may be reduced when the minimum delay, δτmin, is much greater than the metric, στrms, that is indicative of mismatch spread of rPDPs 1100r. That is, the sensitivity of the fusion procedures to mismatches of PDPs 1100r may be reduced when δτmin >> στrms.
[0188] In view of the respective impacts of various ones of the metrics discussed hereinbefore on the fusion procedure, some aspects of the present application relate to preprocessing the PDPs 1100r. Indeed, the PDPs 1100 may be preprocessed, in a “pre-fusion” stage, in a manner that exploits a spatial correlation among a plurality of the sensing RX nodes 604 to, thereby, capture a relatively high mathematical correlation among a plurality of PDPs received by the transmitting RX node 602 in step 826. This capture of relatively high mathematical correlation may be achieved by creating and processing a set of relative measurements, e.g., relative PDPs 1100r. Beneficially, the correlation between relative measurements may be measured and captured. In contrast, correlation between the collected measurements, e.g., PDPs 1100, may not be easily measured and captured.
[0189] As discussed hereinbefore, a pre-fusion stage may involve shifting the collected PDPs 1100, in time, by a plurality of time-shifts. In some aspects of the present application, the plurality of time-shifts may be determined based on detecting the offset delay, τk, off, associated with highest peak of an envelope of each collected PDP 1100, i.e., {τ1, off, τ2, off, ..., τK, off} . In another aspects of the present application, the plurality of time-shifts may be determined based on a time-of-flight (ToF) delay, τk, ToF, between the sensing RX node 602 and the sensing RX nodes 604, i.e., {τ1, ToF, τ2, ToF, ..., τK, ToF} . The pre-fusion stage may be shown to result in a plurality of relative measurements, e.g., relative PDPs 1100r, that may be shown to facilitate fusion procedures carried out at the sensing RX node 604.
[0190] As noted above, in example implementations, at step 812, SMF 176 selects sensing RX nodes 604 for participation in sensing procedure 800, and allocates respective measurements windows MWs for the sensing RX nodes 604 based on capability information and position information received at steps 806, 810. In such examples, the selection of participating sensing RX nodes and measurements window MW assignments is performed with an objective of ensuring that δτmin >> στrms.
[0191] In further examples, based on spatial signatures received in step 830 (as transmitted by sensing RX nodes 604 in step 828) the sensing TX node 602 can perform a new estimation of δτmin and στrms. Based on the results, the sensing TX node 602 can apply fusion criteria to identify if the PDPs obtained from a group of sensing RX nodes 604 are suitable for fusion together. The criteria may for example be based on identifying groups of sensing nodes for which δτmin exceeds a threshold that may be expressed in terms of multiple of στrms. In some examples, the PDPs collected from outlier nodes that can’ t be placed in a suitable sized fusion can be filtered out of the subsequent fusion step.
[0192] Following preprocessing to obtain one or more groups of the time-aligned rPDPs PDPs that meet fusion criteria, the sensing TX node 602 is configured to fuse the plurality of individual relative rPDPs in a group to arrive at a fused hi-resolution PDP that corresponds to the frequency spectrum Fspan of the sensing signal. It may be shown that the fused relative measurements, obtained by fusing the plurality of individual relative measurements, have a higher resolution and / or higher accuracy than any one of the individual relative measurements.
[0193] In some examples, one or both of the time-aligned rPDPs and the fused hi-resolution PDP may provided to SMF 176 for storage. For example, the updated PDP information could be stored as part of the Table 1 Configuration Data described above. In some examples, the mapping of PDPs to locations included in the updated Table 1 can be considered by the SMF 176 when allocating measurement windows for future sensing procedures.
[0194] In example embodiments, the fused hi-resolution PDP can be used by a mapping application to generate a map of objects and sensing RX nodes within the area of interest.
[0195] The above description focused on a sensing procedure 800 performed in the context of GroupSplicingMode=0. The following paragraphs describe a sensing procedure 800 performed in the context of GroupSplicingMode=1. As noted above, GroupSplicingMode=1 may be appropriate in scenarios where location information for sensing RX nodes 604 is unknown. The procedure associated with GroupSplicingMode=1 is similar to that of GroupSplicingMode=0, with the exception of differences that will be apparent from the present description and related drawings.
[0196] As noted above, GroupSplicingMode=1 includes a common measurement window MWc for sensing and processing by all participating sensing RX nodes 604, in addition to unique measurement windows MW for respective sensing RX nodes 604. In this regard, FIG. 12 graphically illustrates a representation of possible measurement window MW assignments overlaid on a sensing signal pattern. The measurement window MW assignments illustrated in FIG. 12 are the same as those shown in FIG. 10, with the exception that an additional, common, measurement window assignment, MWc, has been added to the start of the sensing signal pattern. As will be described in greater detail below, participating sensing RX nodes 604 all obtain and feedback a respective PDP for the common measurement window MWc, in addition to their respective assigned measurement windows.
[0197] With reference to FIG. 8, in the case of GroupSplicingMode=1, SMF 176 may receive (step 806) capability reports that are provided (step 804) by a plurality of sensing RX nodes 604. However, the sensing RX nodes 604 will typically not provide position information (i.e. steps 808 and 810 are omitted in the case of GroupSplicingMode=1) .
[0198] In at least some examples, SMF 176 selects either GroupSplicingMode=0 or GroupSplicingMode=1 depending on information included in capability reports received in step 806. For example, if capability reports indicate that position information will not be available for sensing RX nodes 604, then GroupSplicingMode=1 will be selected by SMF 176 rather than GroupSplicingMode=0.
[0199] In the case where SMF 176 has received capability information, SMF 176 may select (step 812) a group of suitable sensing RX nodes 604 and assign them respective measurement windows MWs based at least in part on their respective capabilities. In at least some examples, even in the absence of explicit position information, a rough location knowledge of the sensing RX nodes 604 is known based on the identity of any network base stations that the sensing RX nodes 604 are currently registered with. SMF 176 may also use this knowledge when selecting suitable sensing RX nodes 604 and assigning respective measurement windows MWs. In some examples, SMF 176 may arbitrarily assign measurement windows MWs to respective sensing RX nodes 604. In some examples, SMF 176 may allocate a group of measurement windows (MWs) , for sensing procedure 800 without any explicit assignment of measurement windows (MWs) to specific sensing RX nodes 604.
[0200] The SMF 176 may, subsequently, provide (step 814) configuration information to the selected sensing RX nodes 604, who in turn receive the configuration information (step 816) . Among other things, the configuration information can indicate at least some of the following: (i) the sensing RX nodes 604 has been selected to participate in a group splicing sensing procedure, and may include a tracking ID for the procedure; (ii) the GroupSplicingMode (=1 in the present example) ; (iii) parameters (e.g., downlink channel resource allocations and waveform configuration) for the downlink sensing signals; and (iv) the respective measurement window MW assignments for each sensing RX Node. In the case where measurement window MW assignments are not explicitly known, the configuration information may just indicate available measurement window MWs and the configuration information is groupcast or broadcast for a group of sensing RX nodes 604 that are in communication with sensing TX node 602.
[0201] Subsequently, the sensing TX node 602 may transmit (step 818) the sensing signal 610 towards an area of interest (which can for example encompass environment object 606 and sensing RX nodes 604) . The transmitting (step 818) may be carried out, by the sensing TX node 602, according to the configuration information defined by the SMF 176.
[0202] In at least some examples, instead of transmitting configuration information to the selected sensing RX nodes 604 as a separate communication in step 814, the sensing TX node 602 embeds the configuration information onto the sensing signal segment 702-C that corresponds to the common measurement window MWc, and the configuration information is then included as part of the sensing signal transmission of step 818. In such a scenario each of the sensing RX nodes 604 extracts the configuration information from the portion of received sensing signals corresponding to the common measurement window MWc.
[0203] The sensing RX nodes 604 receive (step 820) downlink sensing signals, either as reflected signals, LOS signals, or both. Each participating sensing RX node 604 will individually measure received signals across the common measurement window MWc and compute a respective PDP for such common measurement window MWc. Furthermore, each participating sensing RX node 604 measures received signals for the specific narrow-band measurement window MW that it has been assigned, and obtains a respective PDP for its measurement window MW.
[0204] Each sensing RX node 604 transmits PDP information (step 824) that represents (i) the PDP obtained by it in respect of its assigned measurement window MW; and (ii) the PDP obtained by it in respect of the common measurement window MWc. In some examples, the PDP information can also include information that enables the PDP information to be mapped to a specific measurement window MW, as indicated above.
[0205] Sensing TX node 602 receives the respective PDP information from each of the participating sensing RX nodes 604 (step 826) . In the case of GroupSplicingMode=1, the sensing TX node 602 will thus have PDP signature corresponding to a measurement window that is common for all sensing RX nodes 604. These common PDPs can be correlated (for example, by searching for a matching feature such as the highest amplitude) to determine a relative time setoff value to account for the different locations of the sensing RX nodes 604. This relative time setoff can then be combined with the setoffs identified above to enable fusion of the sensing RX node-specific PDPs to obtain a high-resolution PDP.
[0206] In at least some examples, a comparison of the common PDPs can be used to identify which sensing node specific PDPs obtained from a group of sensing RX nodes 604 are suitable for fusion together. If a threshold degree of correlation exists among the common PDPs returned by a group of sensing RX nodes 604, then the measurement window specific PDPs for that group can be fused together.
[0207] It should be appreciated that one or more steps of the embodiment methods provided herein may be performed by corresponding units or modules. For example, data may be transmitted by a transmitting unit or a transmitting module. Data may be received by a receiving unit or a receiving module. Data may be processed by a processing unit or a processing module. The respective units / modules may be hardware, software, or a combination thereof. For instance, one or more of the units / modules may be an integrated circuit, such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) . It will be appreciated that where the modules are software, they may be retrieved by a processor, in whole or part as needed, individually or together for processing, in single or multiple instances as required, and that the modules themselves may include instructions for further deployment and instantiation.
[0208] Although a combination of features is shown in the illustrated embodiments, not all of them need to be combined to realize the benefits of various embodiments of this disclosure. In other words, a system or method designed according to an embodiment of this disclosure will not necessarily include all of the features shown in any one of the Figures or all of the portions schematically shown in the Figures. Moreover, selected features of one example embodiment may be combined with selected features of other example embodiments.
[0209] Although this disclosure has been described with reference to illustrative embodiments, this description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and combinations of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the disclosure, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description. It is therefore intended that the appended claims encompass any such modifications or embodiments.
Claims
1.A method of sensing, the method comprising:receiving sensing feedback from each sensing RX node in a group of sensing RX nodes, the sensing feedback from each sensing RX node indicating a respective sensing measurement obtained by the sensing RX node for a respective measurement window in respect of a transmitted downlink sensing signal, each measurement window having a respective window frequency spectrum and time window for sensing, each respective window frequency spectrum corresponding to a respective sub-portion of a total frequency bandwidth of the downlink sensing signal; andprocessing the sensing feedback to fuse the respective sensing measurements obtained for the respective measurement windows into fused sensing measurements that correspond to a collective frequency spectrum of the respective measurement windows.2.The method of claim 1 wherein the respective sensing measurements each comprise a respective power delay profile (PDP) , and the fused sensing measurement comprises a fused PDP that is a fusion of at least some of the respective PDPs.3.The method of claim 2 wherein processing the sensing feedback comprises:prior to the fusing, time shifting to align the PDPs to account for one or more of: (i) time differences between the measurement windows; (ii) relative time of flight (TOF) differences for the transmitted downlink sensing signal to the sensing RX nodes; and (iii) timing synchronization offsets between the sensing RX nodes.4.The method of claim 3 wherein time shifting the PDPs comprises:identifying, for at least some of the respective PDPs, a similar feature;time shifting the at least some of the respective PDPs by respective amounts based on the identified similar features; andfusing the time shifted PDPs to obtain the fused PDP.5.The method of claim 5 wherein the similar feature comprises a location of a peak power in the respective PDPs.6.The method of any one of claims 3, 4 or 5 wherein the time shifting is based on position information received in respect of the sensing RX nodes.7.The method of any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein the sensing feedback from each sensing RX node further indicates a common window sensing measurement obtained by the sensing RX node for a common measurement window in respect of a transmitted downlink sensing signal, the common measurement window having a respective common window frequency spectrum and common time window that are common for the group of sensing RX nodes, and wherein processing the sensing feedback to fuse the respective sensing measurements is based on comparisons of the common window sensing measurements obtained by the sensing RX nodes.8.The method of claim 7 wherein processing the sensing feedback to fuse the respective sensing measurements comprises selecting a subset of the respective sensing measurements for fusion when the comparisons of the common window sensing measurements indicate that the subset of the respective sensing measurements are suitable for fusion.9.The method of any one of claims 1 to 8 comprising, prior to receiving the sensing feedback from each sensing RX node and processing the sensing feedback:transmitting, by a sensing TX node, a downlink sensing signal,wherein receiving the sensing feedback from each sensing RX node and processing the sensing feedback are performed at the sensing TX node.10.The method of claim 9 comprising:receiving capability reports from a plurality of sensing RX nodes;selecting, based on the capability reports, the group of sensing RX nodes from the plurality of RX nodes to participate in a sensing procedure for measuring the downlink sensing signal;assigning the respective measurement windows to each of the sensing RX nodes in the group of sensing RX nodes; andsending configuration information for the sensing RX nodes in the group of sensing RX nodes, the configuration information indicating the respective measurement window assignments.11.The method of claim 10 wherein the configuration information further comprises an indication of a common measurement window for sensing in the sensing procedure by all of the sensing RX nodes in the group of sensing RX nodes.12.The method of claim 10 comprising:determining, based on the capability reports, whether the sensing procedure is to be performed in a first mode or a second mode; andwhen the sensing procedure is to be performed in the second mode, including a second mode indicator in the configuration information indicating a common measurement window for sensing in the sensing procedure by all of the sensing RX nodes in the group of sensing RX nodes, andwhen the sensing procedure is to be performed in the first mode, including a first mode indicator in the configuration information indicating that no common measurement window is to be sensed.13.The method of any one of claims 10 to 12 wherein receiving the capability reports, selecting the group of sensing RX nodes, assigning the respective measurement windows, and sending the configuration information are all performed at the sensing TX node.14.The method of any one of claims 10 to 12 wherein receiving the capability reports, selecting the group of sensing RX nodes, assigning the respective measurement windows, and sending the configuration information are all performed at a network node configured to perform a sensing management function.15.The method of claim 11 or 12 wherein the configuration information is embedded onto a portion of the downlink sensing signal associated with the common measurement window.16.The method of any one of claims 9 to 15 wherein the sensing TX node is a base station of a wireless communication network and at least some of the sensing RX nodes are mobile electronic devices registered with the wireless communication network.17.The method of any one of claims 1 to 16 comprising generating a map of physical objects within an area of interest based on the fused sensing measurement.18.The method of any one of claims 1 to 17 comprising storing the sensing measurements together with respective position information indicating a location at which the sensing measurements were obtained.19.The method of any one of claims 1 to 18 comprising:obtaining, at each sensing RX node of the group of sensing RX nodes, the respective sensing measurement for the respective measurement window for the sensing RX node and transmitting, by the sensing RX node the respective feedback signal for the sensing TX node.20.The method of any one of claims 1 to 19 wherein at least some of the window frequency spectrums and / or time windows of the respective measurement windows partially overlap.21.The method of any one of claims 1 to 20 wherein the downlink sensing signal comprises a set of sensing signal components that each span a common frequency spectrum and each occupy a different time slot, and at least some of the respective measurement windows each have different time windows that correspond to different sensing signal components of the set of repeating sensing signal elements.22.A method performed at a sensing RX node comprising:receiving configuration information indicating a respective measurement window for the sensing RX node to use for sensing a downlink sensing signal, the respective measurement window defining a respective frequency spectrum window and time window for the sensing, the respective frequency spectrum window corresponding to a sub-portion that is less than a total frequency bandwidth of the downlink sensing signal;sensing for the downlink sensing signal during the respective measurement window;computing a power delay profile (PDP) for the downlink sensing signal for the respective measurement window based on the sensing; andsending an indication of the PDP to a network node.23.The method of claim 22 wherein the configuration information indicates a common measurement window that is different than the respective measurement for the sensing RX node to also use for sensing the downlink sensing signal, the method further comprising:sensing for the downlink sensing signal during the common measurement window;computing a common window PDP for the downlink sensing signal for the common measurement window based on the sensing; andsending an indication of the common window PDP to the network node.24.A method comprising:receiving capability reports from a plurality of sensing RX nodes;selecting, based on the capability reports, a group of sensing RX nodes from the plurality of RX nodes to participate in a sensing procedure for measuring a transmitted downlink sensing signal;assigning a respective measurement window to each of the sensing RX nodes in the group of sensing RX nodes, each measurement window defining a respective frequency spectrum and time duration for sensing in the sensing procedure, each respective frequency spectrum corresponding to a respective sub-portion of a total frequency bandwidth of the downlink sensing signal; andsending configuration information over a network for the sensing RX nodes in the group of sensing RX nodes, the configuration information indicating the respective measurement window assignments.25.The method of claim 24 wherein the configuration information further comprises an indication of a common measurement window defining a common frequency spectrum and common time duration for sensing in the sensing procedure by all of the sensing RX nodes in the group of sensing RX nodes.26.The method of claim 24 comprising:determining, based on the capability reports, whether the sensing procedure is to be performed in a first mode or a second mode; andwhen the sensing procedure is to be performed in the second mode, including a second mode indicator in the configuration information indicating of a common measurement window defining a common frequency spectrum and common time duration for sensing in the sensing procedure by all of the sensing RX nodes in the group of sensing RX nodes, andwhen the sensing procedure is to be performed in the first mode, including a first mode indicator in the configuration information indicating that no common measurement window is to be sensed.27.An apparatus comprising a processor configured to cause the apparatus to perform the method of any one of claims 1 -26.28.A computer-readable medium storing instructions, wherein the instructions, upon execution by a processor, cause the processor to perform the method of any one of claims 1-26.29.A system comprising sensing TX node configured to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 21, in combination with a group of sensing RX nodes wherein each sensing RX node is configured to the obtain the respective sensing measurement for the respective measurement window for the sensing RX node and transmit the respective sensing feedback for the sensing TX node.