Cluster based object sensing
The cluster-based object sensing method addresses the inefficiencies in selecting base stations for UAV sensing by using geographic grids and criteria like distance and LoS paths, improving accuracy and reducing resource waste.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/079046
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-02-28
- Publication Date
- 2025-09-04
AI Technical Summary
In 5G-A and 6G mobile communication systems, selecting base stations for object sensing based solely on distance is inadequate due to the impact of side lobes and Line-of-Sight (LoS)/Non-LoS (NLoS) effects, which can lead to weakened signal strength and fragmented coverage for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), resulting in inefficient resource utilization and inaccurate sensing.
A method for cluster-based object sensing that selects network nodes within a geographic grid based on criteria such as distance, angle ranges, and Line-of-Sight paths, assigning some nodes as transmitters and others as receivers to optimize sensing performance and reduce resource waste.
This approach improves sensing accuracy and reduces resource consumption by correctly selecting sensing nodes, avoiding unnecessary resource waste and enhancing sensing performance for objects like UAVs.
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Figure CN2024079046_04092025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
CLUSTER BASED OBJECT SENSINGTechnical Field
[0001] The present disclosure is related to the field of telecommunication, and in particular, to an electronic device and a method for cluster based object sensing.Background
[0002] The 5th Generation Advanced (5G-A) and 6th Generation (6G) mobile communication systems are expected to support novel services such as autonomous driving, extended reality (XR) , and so forth, which will require powerful communication and sensing capabilities simultaneously. Wireless sensing, including positioning, velocity detection, posture recognition, and object detection, has long been an independent technology developed in parallel with mobile communications. In 5G-A and 6G mobile communication systems, higher bandwidth, full duplex, and massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) technologies could be indispensable. As a result, the frequency bands and antennas of wireless communication systems are becoming similar to those of radar, which makes the Joint Communication and Sensing (JCAS) technology feasible and promising.
[0003] In JCAS, sensing and communication functions will be mutually beneficial in the same system, which can improve the spectral and energy efficiency while reducing the hardware cost. The application of JCAS technology in future mobile networks has already become a consensus. For example, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) International Mobile Telecommunication-2030 (IMT-2030) has identified JCAS as one of the candidate enabling technologies of 6G. Also, some operators have required JCAS functions in 5G-A network for early phase research.Summary
[0004] Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrating exemplary scenarios for mono-static sensing and bi-static / multi-static sensing, respectively. As shown in (a) "Mono-static sensing" of Fig. 1, a Radio Access Node (RAN) node 100 may function as both a Transmitter (Tx) node and a Receiver (Rx) node for sensing an object 110 (e.g., a moving vehicle) . In such a case, the RAN node 100 may transmit a sensing signal towards the object 110 and then receive an echo signal reflected by the object 110. Based on the information obtained (e.g., measured or received) for the sensing signal and the echo signal, some information related to the object 110 may be determined. For example, the distance between the object 110 and the RAN node 100 may be estimated based on the difference between the time when the sensing signal is transmitted and the time when the echo signal is received.
[0005] As shown in (b) "Bi / multi-static sensing" of Fig. 1, a RAN node 105 may function as a Tx node while one or more other RAN nodes 120 (e.g., a RAN node 120-1 and a RAN node 120-2 as shown) may function as Rx nodes. In such a case, the RAN node 105 may transmit a sensing signal towards the object 110 and then the RAN nodes 120 may receive an echo signal reflected by the object 110, respectively. Based on the information obtained (e.g., measured or received) for the sensing signal and the echo signal, some information related to the object 110 may be determined, for example, in a similar manner as described above for (a) mono-static sensing.
[0006] With the development of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technologies and the increase of demands for rapid logistics, aerial photographing, environmental monitoring, and public security, a variety of commercial UAV services gradually become reality.
[0007] For example, a RAN operator can provide the UAV flight trajectory tracing service to a trusted third-party application (e.g., UAV service operator, UAV management department, Uncrewed Aerial System (UAS) Service Supplier (USS) , UAS Traffic Management (UTM) ) with the help of the JCAS technology. Some operators currently view the UAV sensing as the JCAS use case with the highest priority.
[0008] Height related air environment due to Line-of-Sight (LoS) and side lobe.
[0009] Since a UAV is typically moving at a higher altitude than that for a terrestrial User Equipment (UE) (e.g., a mobile phone) , different radio environments may be experienced by the UAV and the terrestrial UE. At a higher altitude, two main effects that lead to a different radio environment are:
[0010] - close to free-space propagation;
[0011] - antenna side lobes / grating lobes.
[0012] To be specific, for a terrestrial UE, a signal to and from a base station (BS) is often obstructed or diffracted due to objects blocking the direct (LoS) path between the terrestrial UE and the BS. Therefore, the received signal strength will be considerably weakened at the UE. Further, base stations are often placed in elevated positions, such as on cell towers or on top of buildings. In such a case, if the UE moves at a higher altitude, as in the case of a UAV, the likelihood of objects obstructing the LoS path becomes much lower, as illustrated in Fig. 2.
[0013] Fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary scenario for explaining how LoS / Non-LoS (NLoS) and side lobes will introduce different radio environments for a UAV. As shown in Fig. 2, a UAV 210 is flying and communicating with (e.g., receiving from, transmitting to, or both) one or more RAN nodes 200 (e.g., the gNBs 200-1 through 200-4) . Although the distances between the UAV 210 and the gNBs 200-1 / 200-2 are shorter than the distances between the UAV 210 and the gNBs 200-3 / 200-4, the Rx strength at the UAV 210 may be lower for the gNBs 200-1 / 200-2 than that for the gNBs 200-3 / 200-4.
[0014] For example, as shown in Fig. 2, there is an obstacle (e.g., a high-rise building) between the UAV 210 and the gNB 200-1, and therefore there is no LoS path therebetween. For another example, although there is no obstacle between the UAV 210 and the gNB 200-2, the signal propagation direction from the gNB 200-2 to the UAV 210 happens to fall between two side lobes of the transmission beam pattern (anulling point) . For both of the cases, the Rx strengths at the UAV 210 are significantly weakened.
[0015] On the other hand, although the gNB 200-3 and the gNB 200-4 are farther than the gNB 200-1 and the gNB 200-2 with respect to the UAV 210, each of them has a LoS path to the UAV 210 and their signal propagation directions fall on the sidelobes of their transmission beam patterns. Therefore, the Rx strengths for signals from the gNB 200-3 and the gNB 200-4 could be much better than those for the gNB 200-1 and the gNB 200-2.
[0016] Further, some simulations for height-related impact for UAV have been done, and more details can be found at https: / / arxiv. org / ftp / arxiv / papers / 1801 / 1801.10508. pdf., which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0017] In fact, for a higher altitude, the strongest signal at a given location may come from a faraway BS, if the gain of the side lobes of the closer BSs to the drone UE is much weaker. These effects can be clearly seen in Fig. 3A and Fig. 3B, which show the maximum-received-power-based cell association patterns at the ground level and at the heights of 50 m, 100 m, and 300 m, respectively. At the higher heights, the coverage areas become fragmented, and the fragmentation pattern is determined by the lobe structures of the BS antennas.
[0018] For example, as shown by "Ground" in Fig. 3A, multiple base stations (e.g., the base stations 300 and 310) may transmit their radio signals to serve and / or sense UEs on the ground, and their coverage at the ground level (e.g., the coverage 305 and 315) are not fragmented. As shown by "50 m" in Fig. 3A, the coverage 305 and 315 (and also other coverage from other BSs) are fragmented and interlaced with each other at the height of 50 m, and the strongest signal at a given location may come from a faraway BS due to LoS / NLoS paths and / or antenna configurations of the BSs as mentioned earlier. For example, the location indicated by the arrow 305 is closer to the BS 310 than the BS 300, but the strongest signal at this location is transmitted by the BS 300 instead of the BS 310. As also shown by "100 m" and "300 m" in Fig. 3B, the coverage 310 and 315 become further fragmented and interlaced with each other to a greater extent, which also means that the strongest signal at a given location may come from a faraway BS.
[0019] For sensing UAV in a specific area, the current solution is to choose geographically nearby base station to do the sensing, while side lobe and LoS / NLoS impacts may make more far away base stations as the best sensing nodes for a specific UAV as discussed above. In such a case, it is not appropriate to select the base stations for object sensing purely based on the distance from the object.
[0020] Therefore, to address or at least partially alleviate one or more of the above issues, some embodiments of the present disclosure are provided.
[0021] According to a first aspect of the present disclosure, a method for object sensing is provided. The method comprises: selecting one or more network nodes from a cluster of network nodes associated with a geographic grid; and triggering the one or more network nodes to sense one or more objects in the geographic grid.
[0022] In some embodiments, a geographic grid is a three dimensional (3D) space that has at least one of: a specific shape; a specific area; and a specific altitude range. In some embodiments, the cluster of network nodes associated with the geographic grid is determined based on one or more criteria comprising at least one of: a distance between the geographic grid and any network node in the cluster is shorter than a threshold; a horizontal angle between the geographic grid and any network node in the cluster falls in a first angle range; a vertical angle between the geographic grid and any network node in the cluster falls in a second angle range; and there is a LoS path between any network node in the cluster and at least one other network node in the cluster. In some embodiments, at least one of the first angle range and the second angle range is a network node specific angle range. In some embodiments, the first angle range falls into an angle range of a beam at a first beam width in the horizontal direction. In some embodiments, the second angle range falls into an angle range of a beam at a second beam width in the vertical direction. In some embodiments, at least one of the first beam width and the second beam width is one of: 8 dB beam width; 10 dB beam width; 12 dB beam width; and 16 dB beam width. In some embodiments, at least one of the first angle range and the second angle range is determined based on at least one of: an antenna tilt associated with a corresponding network node; a height of the geographic grid; a position of the geographic grid; a height of an antenna associated with the corresponding network node; and a position of an antenna associated with the corresponding network node.
[0023] In some embodiments, the step of triggering the one or more network nodes to sense one or more objects in the geographic grid comprises: triggering one of the network nodes to function as a sensing Tx node and the rest of the network nodes to function as sensing Rx nodes. In some embodiments, each of the network nodes in the cluster has a weight associated therewith. In some embodiments, the step of selecting one or more network nodes from a cluster of network nodes associated with a geographic grid is performed based on at least the weights associated with the network nodes in the cluster. In some embodiments, the step of selecting one or more network nodes from a cluster of network nodes associated with a geographic grid comprises: selecting, from the cluster of network nodes, one or more network nodes with the top-N weights, where N is a natural number. In some embodiments, an initial weight assigned to a network node is one of: a random weight; and a weight that is determined based on a distance between the geographic grid and the network node. In some embodiments, when the initial weight is assigned based on the distance between the geographic grid and the network node, the shorter the distance is, the higher the initial weight is.
[0024] In some embodiments, the method further comprises: adjusting a weight associated with a network node in the cluster based on at least one of: whether a receiver of the network node experiences a higher or lower Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) than a threshold; whether the network node has a higher or lower miss detection ratio than those of other network nodes in the cluster by a threshold; and whether the network node has a higher or lower miss detection ratio than an average miss detection ratio for the network nodes in the cluster by a threshold. In some embodiments, the method further comprises at least one of: adjusting the weight associated with the network node to be lower in response to determining that the receiver of the network node experiences a lower SINR than a threshold; adjusting the weight associated with the network node to be higher in response to determining that the receiver of the network node experiences a higher SINR than a threshold; adjusting the weight associated with the network node to be lower in response to determining that the network node has a higher miss detection ratio than those of other network nodes in the cluster by a threshold; adjusting the weight associated with the network node to be higher in response to determining that the network node has a lower miss detection ratio than those of other network nodes in the cluster by a threshold; adjusting the weight associated with the network node to be lower in response to determining that the network node has a higher average miss detection ratio than those of other network nodes in the cluster by a threshold; and adjusting the weight associated with the network node to be higher in response to determining that the network node has a lower average miss detection ratio than those of other network nodes in the cluster by a threshold. In some embodiments, the step of adjusting a weight associated with a network node in the cluster is performed repeatedly and / or periodically.
[0025] In some embodiments, the method further comprises: obtaining one or more measurement results for sensing an object in the geographic grid; and determining a realistic propagation time of a signal that is transmitted by a sensing Tx node, reflected by the object, and sensed by a sensing Rx node based on at least the one or more measurement results. In some embodiments, the realistic propagation time of the signal is calculated as follows:
[0026] where is the realistic propagation time of the signal to be calculated, is a measured propagation time of the signal that is transmitted by the sensing Tx node, reflected by the object, and sensed by the sensing Rx node, is a measured propagation time of the signal via a LoS path from the sensing Tx node to the sensing Rx node directly, and is a realistic propagation time of the signal via the LoS path. In some embodiments, the realistic propagation time of the signal via the LoS path is calculated as follows:
[0027] where D is a distance between the sensing Tx node and the sensing Rx node, and C is the light speed.
[0028] In some embodiments, the method further comprises: compensating one or more phase errors and / or one or more frequency errors in object sensing by using phase information and / or frequency information of a signal that is propagated via a LoS path from the sensing Tx node to the sensing Rx node directly. In some embodiments, whether there is a LoS path between two network nodes in the cluster is determined by at least one of: whether or not a pathloss for a signal propagated between the two network nodes matches a free space propagation model; whether or not a propagation delay of a signal propagated between the two network nodes matches a distance between the two network nodes; and whether or not a Direction of Arrival (DoA) of a signal propagated between the two network nodes matches an angle between the two network nodes. In some embodiments, at least two network nodes are selected from the cluster of network nodes for bi-static and / or multi-static sensing. In some embodiments, the one or more network nodes are RAN nodes, and the object is a UAV. In some embodiments, the method is performed by at least one of: a RAN node; a Core Network (CN) node; and an Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM) node. In some embodiments, the method is performed by one of the one or more network nodes that are selected for object sensing.
[0029] According to a second aspect of the present disclosure, an electronic device is provided. The electronic device comprises: a processor; a memory storing instructions which, when executed by the processor, cause the electronic device to: select one or more network nodes from a cluster of network nodes associated with a geographic grid; and trigger the one or more network nodes to sense one or more objects in the geographic grid. In some embodiments, the instructions, when executed by the processor, further cause the electronic device to perform any of the methods of the first aspect.
[0030] According to a third aspect of the present disclosure, an electronic device is provided. The electronic device comprises: a selecting module configured to select one or more network nodes from a cluster of network nodes associated with a geographic grid; and a triggering module configured to trigger the one or more network nodes to sense one or more objects in the geographic grid. Further, the electronic device comprises one or more further modules, each of which may perform any of the steps of any of the methods of the first aspect.
[0031] According to a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, a computer program comprising instructions is provided. The instructions, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to carry out any of the methods of the first aspect.
[0032] According to a fifth aspect of the present disclosure, a carrier containing the computer program of the fourth aspect is provided. In some embodiments, the carrier is one of an electronic signal, optical signal, radio signal, or computer readable storage medium.
[0033] According to a sixth aspect of the present disclosure, a telecommunication network is provided. The telecommunication network comprises: an electronic device; and one or more network nodes. In some embodiments, the electronic device comprises: a processor; a memory storing instructions which, when executed by the processor, cause the electronic device to: select one or more network nodes from a cluster of network nodes associated with a geographic grid; and trigger the one or more network nodes to sense one or more objects in the geographic grid. In some embodiments, the instructions stored in the memory of the electronic device, when executed by the processor of the electronic device, further cause the electronic device to perform any of the methods of the first aspect.
[0034] With some embodiments of the present disclosure, a cluster based bi-static and multi-static sensing is provided, which may correctly select the sensing node and avoid unnecessary sensing resource waste, resulting in a better sensing performance and reduced resource consumption for sensing.Brief Description of the Drawings
[0035] Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrating exemplary scenarios for mono-static sensing and bi-static / multi-static sensing, respectively.
[0036] Fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary scenario for explaining how LoS / Non-LoS (NLoS) and side lobes will introduce different radio environments for a UAV.
[0037] Fig. 3A and Fig. 3B are diagrams illustrating exemplary maximum-received-power-based cell association patterns at the ground level and at the heights of 50 m, 100 m, and 300 m, respectively.
[0038] Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary telecommunication network in which cluster based object sensing is applicable according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0039] Fig. 5 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary procedure for determining and maintaining a cluster for a geographic grid according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0040] Fig. 6 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary beam envelope of an antenna array and an exemplary method for determining an angle range based thereon according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0041] Fig. 7 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary method for determining the elevation angle range according to embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0042] Fig. 8 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary method for removing synchronization error in object sensing according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0043] Fig. 9 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary method for object sensing according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0044] Fig. 10 schematically shows an embodiment of an arrangement which may be used in an electronic device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0045] Fig. 11 is a block diagram of an exemplary electronic device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0046] Fig. 12 shows an exemplary communication system in accordance with some embodiments.
[0047] Fig. 13 shows an exemplary UE in accordance with some embodiments.
[0048] Fig. 14 shows an exemplary network node in accordance with some embodiments.
[0049] Fig. 15 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary virtualization environment in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized.Detailed Description
[0050] Hereinafter, the present disclosure is described with reference to embodiments shown in the attached drawings. However, it is to be understood that those descriptions are just provided for illustrative purpose, rather than limiting the present disclosure. Further, in the following, descriptions of known structures and techniques are omitted so as not to unnecessarily obscure the concept of the present disclosure.
[0051] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the term "exemplary" is used herein to mean "illustrative, " or "serving as an example, " and is not intended to imply that a particular embodiment is preferred over another or that a particular feature is essential. Likewise, the terms "first" , "second" , "third" , "fourth, " and similar terms, are used simply to distinguish one particular instance of an item or feature from another, and do not indicate a particular order or arrangement, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Further, the term "step, " as used herein, is meant to be synonymous with "operation" or "action. " Any description herein of a sequence of steps does not imply that these operations must be carried out in a particular order, or even that these operations are carried out in any order at all, unless the context or the details of the described operation clearly indicates otherwise.
[0052] Conditional language used herein, such as "can, " "might, " "may, " "e.g., " and the like, unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain embodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certain features, elements and / or states. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements and / or states are in any way required for one or more embodiments or that one or more embodiments necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without author input or prompting, whether these features, elements and / or states are included or are to be performed in any particular embodiment. Also, the term "or" is used in its inclusive sense (and not in its exclusive sense) so that when used, for example, to connect a list of elements, the term "or" means one, some, or all of the elements in the list. Further, the term "each, " as used herein, in addition to having its ordinary meaning, can mean any subset of a set of elements to which the term "each" is applied.
[0053] The term "based on" is to be read as "based at least in part on. " The term "one embodiment" and "an embodiment" are to be read as "at least one embodiment. " The term "another embodiment" is to be read as "at least one other embodiment. " Other definitions, explicit and implicit, may be included below. In addition, language such as the phrase "at least one of X, Y and Z, " unless specifically stated otherwise, is to be understood with the context as used in general to convey that an item, term, etc. may be either X, Y, or Z, or a combination thereof.
[0054] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limitation of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms "a" , "an" , and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms "comprises" , "comprising" , "has" , "having" , "includes" and / or "including" , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof. It will be also understood that the terms "connect (s) , " "connecting" , "connected" , etc. when used herein, just mean that there is an electrical or communicative connection between two elements and they can be connected either directly or indirectly, unless explicitly stated to the contrary.
[0055] Of course, the present disclosure may be carried out in other specific ways than those set forth herein without departing from the scope and essential characteristics of the disclosure. One or more of the specific processes discussed below may be carried out in any electronic device comprising one or more appropriately configured processing circuits, which may in some embodiments be embodied in one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) . In some embodiments, these processing circuits may comprise one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers, and / or digital signal processors programmed with appropriate software and / or firmware to carry out one or more of the operations described above, or variants thereof. In some embodiments, these processing circuits may comprise customized hardware to carry out one or more of the functions described above. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive.
[0056] Although multiple embodiments of the present disclosure will be illustrated in the accompanying Drawings and described in the following Detailed Description, it should be understood that the disclosure is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but instead is also capable of numerous rearrangements, modifications, and substitutions without departing from the present disclosure that as will be set forth and defined within the claims.
[0057] Further, please note that although the following description of some embodiments of the present disclosure is given in the context of 5G NR, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In fact, as long as object sensing is involved, the inventive concept of the present disclosure may be applicable to any appropriate communication architecture, for example, to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) / General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) , Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) , Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) , Time Division -Synchronous CDMA (TD-SCDMA) , CDMA2000, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) , Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) , 4th Generation Long Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advance (LTE-A) , or 5G NR, 6th generation (6G) mobile system standard, etc. Therefore, one skilled in the arts could readily understand that the terms used herein may also refer to their equivalents in any other infrastructure. For example, the term "terminal device" used herein may refer to a UE, a mobile device, a mobile terminal, a mobile station, a user device, a user terminal, a wireless device, a wireless terminal, or any other equivalents. For another example, the term "network node" used herein may refer to a transmission reception point (TRP) , a base station, a base transceiver station, an access point, a hot spot, a NodeB, an Evolved NodeB (eNB) , a gNB, a network element, a satellite, an aircraft, or any other equivalents.
[0058] As mentioned above, side lobe and LoS / NLoS impacts may make more far away base stations as the best sensing nodes for a specific UAV. In such a case, it is not appropriate to select the base stations for object sensing purely based on the distance from the object. Therefore, to address or at least partially alleviate one or more of the above issues, some embodiments of the present disclosure are provided.
[0059] In some embodiments, a virtual sensing cluster is proposed to support either bi-static or multi-static sensing. In some embodiments, a sensing region may be partitioned into several geographic grids (or sometimes "grids" for short) , each of which may be specified with an area (e.g., a 100 m x 100 m grid) and an altitude range (e.g., 50 m to 65 m) . That is, a geographic grid may have an assigned virtual sensing cluster.
[0060] In some embodiments, the whole sensing area may be split into geographic grids and several criteria may be defined to select the sensing node (s) (e.g., base station (s) ) for object sensing, as sensing cluster, for this geographic grid.
[0061] In some embodiments, when choosing a sensing node for a cluster, some factors may be considered, and the factors may comprise (but not limited to) one or more of:
[0062] - The sensing region (e.g., the corresponding geographic grid) and the sensing node are closer than a threshold that the operator may set.
[0063] - To prevent sensing objects from falling into elevation beam's undesired side lobes or even nulling points, the elevation angle between the sensing node and the sensing region should be within a specific sensing elevation range, which may be determined by antenna design of sensing node.
[0064] - To prevent sensing objects from falling into horizontal beam's undesired side lobes or even front-back points, the horizontal angle between the sensing node and the sensing region should be within a specific range, which may also be determined by antenna design of sensing node.
[0065] - Inter-sensing node has LOS (optional, and only applicable to sensing nodes that require over-the-air sync) .
[0066] In some embodiments, one of sensing nodes in a sensing cluster may be assigned as the sensing Tx node upon the detection of a geographic grid, while the remaining sensing nodes may function as the Rx nodes. In some embodiments, sensing cluster updates may occur periodically based on historical sensing results.
[0067] Some embodiments of the present disclosure propose a cluster concept to assist bi-static and multi-static sensing. By correctly selecting the sensing node, unnecessary sensing resource waste may be avoided, and sensing performance may be improved.
[0068] Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary telecommunication network 40 in which cluster based object sensing is applicable according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 4, the network 40 may comprise one or more RAN nodes 410-1 through 410-3 (collectively, the RAN nodes 410) . Each of the RAN nodes 410 may provide services within one or more cells / coverage associated therewith. For example, cells 405-1 through 405-3 may be served by the RAN node 410-1, cells 405-4 through 405-6 may be served by the RAN node 410-2, and a cell 405-7 may be served by the RAN node 410-3. In this way, the RAN nodes 410 may provide one or more UEs within the cells 405-1 through 405-7 (collectively, the cells 405) with one or more services, such as, a voice call service, a video call service, a Short Message Service (SMS) , a data downloading service, a streaming service, a location service, etc.
[0069] Further, the network 40 may further comprise a core network (CN) 420 and / or one or more OAM nodes 430. The CN 420 may comprise one or more CN nodes, such as AMF, SMF, UPF, etc. The RAN nodes 410 may communicate with the CN 420 and / or the OAM nodes 430, directly or indirectly, to enable the services.
[0070] In some embodiments, the RAN nodes 410 may sense one or more objects 400 (e.g., a UAV) within their coverage. As shown in Fig. 4, the object 400 is moving through the cells 405, and one or more of the RAN nodes 410 may be selected to sense the object 410.
[0071] For ease of explanation of the cluster concept, assuming that the geographic grids are defined as same as the cells 405 shown in Fig. 4 (but the present disclosure is not limited thereto) , a cluster may then be defined for each of the geographic grids. For example, a cluster may be defined for the cell / grid 405-4 as comprising the RAN node 410-1 and the RAN node 410-3. Although the cell / grid 405-4 is closer to the RAN node 410-2 than the RAN nodes 410-1 and 410-3, the RAN nodes 410-1 and 410-3 may have LoS paths to the object 400 while the RAN node 410-2 do not have such a LoS path to the object 400 at the height of 100 m, for example, due to a high-rise building or another obstacle. After the cluster is defined, one or more sensing nodes may be selected from the cluster if a sensing procedure is to be performed for the corresponding geographic grid, which leads to a more accurate sensing result and avoids resource waste as mentioned earlier.
[0072] Next, a detailed description of how to define the cluster and how to maintain the cluster will be given with reference to Fig. 5.
[0073] Fig. 5 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary procedure 500 for determining and maintaining a cluster for a geographic grid according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 5, the procedure may be split into 3 phases.
[0074] Phase 1
[0075] In some embodiments, the procedure may begin with step S510 where a sensing area may be split into several geographic grids. In some embodiments, each of the geographic grids may be specified with an area (e.g., a 100 m x 100 m grid) and an altitude range (e.g., 50 m to 65 m) . For example, a geographic grid may be a cube having a length of 60 m, a width of 60 m, and a height of 60 m, or may be a sphere having a radius of 50 m. For another example, a geographic grid may have an irregular shape that is defined by multiple vertices, e.g., defined by multiple geographic coordinates, e.g., {longitude, latitude, altitude} . The present disclosure is not limited thereto. In fact, a geographic grid may be a 3D space that has at least one of a specific shape, a specific area, and a specific altitude range.
[0076] In some embodiments, the splitting of the area into the grids may be implemented in advance, for example, at the system's initial stage or immediately before the object sensing is performed.
[0077] Phase 2
[0078] In this phase, for each grid, a set of candidate sensing nodes may be determined based on at least one of following criteria:
[0079] - Criterion 1: The sensing region (e.g., a geographic grid) and a sensing node are closer than a threshold that the operator may set. With Criterion 1, N1 sensing nodes may be selected for a geographic grid at step S520. In other words, a distance between the grid and any sensing node in the cluster associated with the grid is shorter than the threshold.
[0080] - Criterion 2: To prevent objects to be sensed from falling into elevation / horizontal beam's undesired side lobes or even nulling points, the horizontal / vertical angle between a sensing node and the sensing region should fall into a specific range, as will be explained with reference to Fig. 6 and Fig. 7. With Criterion 2, N2 sensing nodes may be selected from the N1 sensing nodes at step S530. In other words, a horizontal angle between the grid and any sensing node in the cluster falls in a first angle range, and / or a vertical angle between the geographic grid and any sensing node in the cluster falls in a second angle range. In some embodiments, at least one of the first angle range and the second angle range may be a sensing node specific angle range. For example, different first / second angle ranges may be defined for different sensing nodes due to their different antenna configurations and / or environments (e.g., whether there is LoS / NLoS path) .
[0081] - Criterion 3: Due to imperfect synchronization between the sensing nodes (e.g., Radio Units (RUs) ) , especially when they connect to different Distributed Units (DUs) , it optionally requires a LoS path between the sensing nodes, as will be described below with reference to Fig. 8. With Criterion 3, N3 sensing nodes may be selected from the N2 sensing nodes at step S540.
[0082] Although only three criteria are described above, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In some other embodiments, different and / or additional criteria may be used to select candidate sensing nodes in a cluster for a geographic grid. Further, although a specific order for applying multiple criteria is described with reference to Fig. 5, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In some other embodiments, a different order may be applied. For example, N2 sensing nodes may be selected first according to the angle criterion, and then N1 sensing nodes may be selected from the N2 sensing nodes according to the distance criterion.
[0083] Next, at step S550, each of the selected sensing nodes (e.g., the N3 sensing nodes, or the N2 sensing nodes if step S540 is omitted) , which serves a geographic grid, may be assigned by the system with an initial weight. In some embodiments, the weight may reflect its historical performance in object sensing.
[0084] In some embodiments, a potential way for allocating initial weights may be at least one of:
[0085] - Use random weights for the N2 / N3 sensing base stations.
[0086] - The distance between the geographic grid and a selected sensing node may determine the weight assigned thereto. For example, a higher weight may be assigned to a selected sensing node with a shorter distance from the grid.
[0087] In some embodiments, the Phase 2, i.e., the determination of the cluster for a grid and the weight initialization may be performed in advance, for example, at the system's initial stage or immediately before the object sensing is performed.
[0088] Phase 3
[0089] This phase may be executed periodically.
[0090] At step S560, based on the weights, N sensing nodes may be selected from the N2 / N3 sensing nodes for each sensing occasion. To prevent an excessively high communication load, operators may typically restrict the number N to a value that is static and determined by the operator's input. In some embodiments, the N sensing nodes that are selected may be triggered to perform an object sensing procedure (e.g., as described with reference to Fig. 1) .
[0091] In some embodiments, the weight associated with a sensing node may be adjusted based on the sensing result. For example, the weight of a particular sensing node may be reduced if its receiver experiences a lot of clutter, interference, etc. For another example, the weight of a particular sensing node may be reduced if its miss detection ratio is obviously higher than others in the sensing cluster. For yet another example, the weight of a particular sensing node may be increased if its miss detection ratio is obviously lower than others in sensing cluster. For a further example, the weight of a particular sensing node may be reduced or increased if its miss detection ratio is obviously higher or lower than an average miss detection ratio of others in sensing cluster, respectively.
[0092] In some embodiments, for a sensing occasion of a geographic grid, one sensing node may be selected as the sensing Tx and others may be assigned as sensing Rx. In this way, Tx-Rx nodes may execute bi-static or multi-static sensing, for example, as described with reference to Fig. 1.
[0093] Fig. 6 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary beam envelope of an antenna array and how to determine an angle range based thereon according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. A description of the vertical angle related processing is provided with reference to Fig. 6. However, it is also applicable to the horizontal angle related processing with some necessary adaptation known by one skilled in the art, and therefore the description of the horizontal angle related processing is omitted for simplicity.
[0094] As mentioned earlier, the sensing Tx / Rx beam should stay away from side lobe or even nulling directed to the object to be sensed. An exemplary Tx vertical beam envelope of a 64TRX massive MIMO with 192 antenna elements is shown in Fig. 6. As shown in Fig. 6, using a 10 dB beam width as the threshold, the beam may support a range of up to about 42 degrees. Therefore, the sensing geographic grid should fall into this 42 degree range. However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In some other embodiments, a different threshold may be used, for example, an 8 dB beam width, a 12 dB beam width, or a 16 dB beam width.
[0095] In some embodiments, the first angle range (described above in Criterion 2) may fall into an angle range of a beam at a first beam width (e.g., an 8 / 10 / 12 / 16 dB beam width) in the horizontal direction. In some embodiments, the second angle range (described above in Criterion 2) may fall into an angle range of a beam at a second beam width (e.g., an 8 / 10 / 12 / 16 dB beam width) in the vertical direction.
[0096] Fig. 7 is a diagram illustrating exemplary methods for determining the elevation angle range according to embodiments of the present disclosure. Similar to Fig. 6, it is also applicable to the horizontal angle related processing with some necessary adaptation known by one skilled in the art, and therefore the description of the horizontal angle related processing is omitted for simplicity.
[0097] As shown in Fig. 7, the minimum and maximum elevation angles may be determined based on one or more parameters comprising at least one of: the antenna tilt, the geographic grid height and position, the height and position of the antenna. In some embodiments, these parameters are all configuration-based details that are input from the operator.
[0098] Fig. 8 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary method for removing synchronization error in object sensing according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 8, a bi-static sensing is performed by the Tx node 410-1 and the Rx node 410-2 for an object 400. In some embodiments, the Tx node 410-1 may transmit sensing signals, and the Rx node 410-2 may receive the signals from the Tx node 410-1 directly and also receive the corresponding echo signals reflected by the object 400. However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In some other embodiments, the method is also applicable to the multi-static sensing where more than one Rx node may be used for object sensing.
[0099] For bi-static or multi-static sensing, to guarantee the restrict synchronization requirement between the sensing Tx node (e.g., the Tx node 410-1) and the sensing Rx node (e.g., the Rx node 410-2) , a LoS link between Tx and Rx is required, as show in Fig. 8.
[0100] The exact same degree of temporal mismatch between the Tx node 410-1 and the Rx node 410-2 will affect both LoS measurement and the sensing measurement, and therefore the following equations can be determined:
[0101] where is the measured propagation time for the LoS path between the Tx node 410-1 and the Rx node 410-2, Tsync_error is the synchronization error between the Tx node 410-1 and the Rx node 410-2, is the realistic propagation time for the LoS path between the Tx node 410-1 and the Rx node 410-2,
[0102] where is the measured propagation time for the Tx-object-Rx (or NLoS) path, is the realistic propagation time for the path between the Tx node 410-1 and the object 400, and is the realistic propagation time for the path between the object 400 and the Rx node 410-2.
[0103] From these two equations, the following equation can be derived, i.e., the equation (1) minus the equation (2) :
[0104] in which the term Tsync_error is cancelled.
[0105] The equation (3) can be transformed to another form:
[0106] where is the realistic propagation time for the Tx-object-Rx (or NLoS) path, which is the sum of and
[0107] In some embodiments, the term could be calculated based on the distance between the Tx node 410-1 and the Rx node 410-2:
[0108] where D is the distance between the Tx node 410-1 and the Rx node 410-2, and C is the light speed, which is approximately 3.0 x 108 m / s.
[0109] In some embodiments, the LoS path Radio Frequency (RF) phase information may be used as a reference, and then a relative phase / frequency change for the reflection path with respect to the reference due to object mobility could be detected (phase changes in Tx and Rx nodes common) and hence compensated.
[0110] In some embodiments, numerous techniques might be used to determine if a LoS path is present between two nodes. Here are a few instances:
[0111] - The pathloss (PL) between nodes, when measured, nearly matches the free space propagation model: PL (free space) = -34.6 + 20 x log (Distance) + 20 *log (Frequency)
[0112] - Propagation delay is stable, when measured, nearly matches the distance of the Tx node 410-1 and the Rx node 410-2 based on GPS information:
[0113] where D is the distance between the Tx node 410-1 and the Rx node 410-2, and C is the light speed, which is approximately 3.0 x 108 m / s.
[0114] - DoA (Direction of Arrival) follows the GPS determined angle between Tx and Rx.
[0115] If several above criteria are met, a LoS path between Tx and Rx could be identified.
[0116] With some embodiments described above, a cluster concept is proposed to assist bi-static and multi-static sensing. By correctly selecting the sensing base station, unnecessary sensing resource waste may be avoided, and sensing performance may be improved.
[0117] Fig. 9 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary method 900 for object sensing according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The method 900 may be performed at a RAN node (e.g., the RAN node 410) , a CN node (e.g., the CN 420) , and / or an OAM node (e.g., the OAM node 430) . The method 900 may comprise steps S910 and S920. However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In some other embodiments, the method 900 may comprise more steps, less steps, different steps, or any combination thereof. Further the steps of the method 900 may be performed in a different order than that described herein when multiple steps are involved. Further, in some embodiments, a step in the method 900 may be split into multiple sub-steps and performed by different entities, and / or multiple steps in the method 900 may be combined into a single step.
[0118] The method 900 may begin at step S910 where one or more network nodes may be selected from a cluster of network nodes associated with a geographic grid.
[0119] At step S920, the one or more network nodes may be triggered to sense one or more objects in the geographic grid.
[0120] In some embodiments, a geographic grid may be a 3D space that has at least one of: a specific shape; a specific area; and a specific altitude range. In some embodiments, the cluster of network nodes associated with the geographic grid may be determined based on one or more criteria comprising at least one of: a distance between the geographic grid and any network node in the cluster is shorter than a threshold; a horizontal angle between the geographic grid and any network node in the cluster falls in a first angle range; a vertical angle between the geographic grid and any network node in the cluster falls in a second angle range; and there is a LoS path between any network node in the cluster and at least one other network node in the cluster. In some embodiments, at least one of the first angle range and the second angle range may be a network node specific angle range. In some embodiments, the first angle range may fall into an angle range of a beam at a first beam width in the horizontal direction. In some embodiments, the second angle range may fall into an angle range of a beam at a second beam width in the vertical direction. In some embodiments, at least one of the first beam width and the second beam width may be one of: 8 dB beam width; 10 dB beam width; 12 dB beam width; and 16 dB beam width. In some embodiments, at least one of the first angle range and the second angle range may be determined based on at least one of: an antenna tilt associated with a corresponding network node; a height of the geographic grid; a position of the geographic grid; a height of an antenna associated with the corresponding network node; and a position of an antenna associated with the corresponding network node.
[0121] In some embodiments, the step of triggering the one or more network nodes to sense one or more objects in the geographic grid may comprise: triggering one of the network nodes to function as a sensing Tx node and the rest of the network nodes to function as sensing Rx nodes. In some embodiments, each of the network nodes in the cluster may have a weight associated therewith. In some embodiments, the step of selecting one or more network nodes from a cluster of network nodes associated with a geographic grid may be performed based on at least the weights associated with the network nodes in the cluster. In some embodiments, the step of selecting one or more network nodes from a cluster of network nodes associated with a geographic grid may comprise: selecting, from the cluster of network nodes, one or more network nodes with the top-N weights, where N is a natural number. In some embodiments, an initial weight assigned to a network node may be one of: a random weight; and a weight that is determined based on a distance between the geographic grid and the network node. In some embodiments, when the initial weight is assigned based on the distance between the geographic grid and the network node, the shorter the distance is, the higher the initial weight is.
[0122] In some embodiments, the method 900 may further comprise: adjusting a weight associated with a network node in the cluster based on at least one of: whether a receiver of the network node experiences a higher or lower SINR than a threshold; whether the network node has a higher or lower miss detection ratio than those of other network nodes in the cluster by a threshold; and whether the network node has a higher or lower miss detection ratio than an average miss detection ratio for the network nodes in the cluster by a threshold. In some embodiments, the method 900 may further comprise at least one of: adjusting the weight associated with the network node to be lower in response to determining that the receiver of the network node experiences a lower SINR than a threshold; adjusting the weight associated with the network node to be higher in response to determining that the receiver of the network node experiences a higher SINR than a threshold; adjusting the weight associated with the network node to be lower in response to determining that the network node has a higher miss detection ratio than those of other network nodes in the cluster by a threshold; adjusting the weight associated with the network node to be higher in response to determining that the network node has a lower miss detection ratio than those of other network nodes in the cluster by a threshold; adjusting the weight associated with the network node to be lower in response to determining that the network node has a higher average miss detection ratio than those of other network nodes in the cluster by a threshold; and adjusting the weight associated with the network node to be higher in response to determining that the network node has a lower average miss detection ratio than those of other network nodes in the cluster by a threshold. In some embodiments, the step of adjusting a weight associated with a network node in the cluster may be performed repeatedly and / or periodically.
[0123] In some embodiments, the method 900 may further comprise: obtaining one or more measurement results for sensing an object in the geographic grid; and determining a realistic propagation time of a signal that is transmitted by a sensing Tx node, reflected by the object, and sensed by a sensing Rx node based on at least the one or more measurement results. In some embodiments, the realistic propagation time of the signal may be calculated as follows:
[0124] where is the realistic propagation time of the signal to be calculated, is a measured propagation time of the signal that is transmitted by the sensing Tx node, reflected by the object, and sensed by the sensing Rx node, is a measured propagation time of the signal via a LoS path from the sensing Tx node to the sensing Rx node directly, and is a realistic propagation time of the signal via the LoS path. In some embodiments, the realistic propagation time of the signal via the LoS path may be calculated as follows:
[0125] where D is a distance between the sensing Tx node and the sensing Rx node, and C is the light speed.
[0126] In some embodiments, the method 900 may further comprise: compensating one or more phase errors and / or one or more frequency errors in object sensing by using phase information and / or frequency information of a signal that is propagated via a LoS path from the sensing Tx node to the sensing Rx node directly. In some embodiments, whether there is a LoS path between two network nodes in the cluster may be determined by at least one of: whether or not a pathloss for a signal propagated between the two network nodes matches a free space propagation model; whether or not a propagation delay of a signal propagated between the two network nodes matches a distance between the two network nodes; and whether or not a Direction of Arrival (DoA) of a signal propagated between the two network nodes matches an angle between the two network nodes. In some embodiments, at least two network nodes may be selected from the cluster of network nodes for bi-static and / or multi-static sensing. In some embodiments, the one or more network nodes may be RAN nodes, and the object is a UAV. In some embodiments, the method 900 may be performed by at least one of: a RAN node; a CN node; and an Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM) node. In some embodiments, the method 900 may be performed by one of the one or more network nodes that are selected for object sensing.
[0127] Fig. 10 schematically shows an embodiment of an arrangement 1000 which may be used in an electronic device (e.g., the RAN node 410, the CN node 420, and / or the OAM node 430) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Comprised in the arrangement 1000 are a processing unit 1006, e.g., with a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) or a Central Processing Unit (CPU) . The processing unit 1006 may be a single unit or a plurality of units to perform different actions of procedures described herein. The arrangement 1000 may also comprise an input unit 1002 for receiving signals from other entities, and an output unit 1004 for providing signal (s) to other entities. The input unit 1002 and the output unit 1004 may be arranged as an integrated entity or as separate entities.
[0128] Furthermore, the arrangement 1000 may comprise at least one computer program product 1008 in the form of a non-volatile or volatile memory, e.g., an Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM) , a flash memory and / or a hard drive. The computer program product 1008 comprises a computer program 1010, which comprises code / computer readable instructions, which when executed by the processing unit 1006 in the arrangement 1000 causes the arrangement 1000 and / or the electronic device in which it is comprised to perform the actions, e.g., of the procedure described earlier in conjunction with Fig. 4 through Fig. 9 or any other variant.
[0129] The computer program 1010 may be configured as a computer program code structured in computer program modules 1010A and 1010B. Hence, in an exemplifying embodiment when the arrangement 1000 is used in an electronic device, the code in the computer program of the arrangement 1000 includes: a module 1010A configured to select one or more network nodes from a cluster of network nodes associated with a geographic grid; and a module 1010B configured to trigger the one or more network nodes to sense one or more objects in the geographic grid.
[0130] The computer program modules could essentially perform the actions of the flow illustrated in Fig. 4 through Fig. 9, to emulate the electronic device. In other words, when the different computer program modules are executed in the processing unit 1006, they may correspond to different modules in the electronic device.
[0131] Although the code means in the embodiments disclosed above in conjunction with Fig. 10 are implemented as computer program modules which when executed in the processing unit causes the arrangement to perform the actions described above in conjunction with the figures mentioned above, at least one of the code means may in alternative embodiments be implemented at least partly as hardware circuits.
[0132] The processor may be a single CPU (Central processing unit) , but could also comprise two or more processing units. For example, the processor may include general purpose microprocessors; instruction set processors and / or related chips sets and / or special purpose microprocessors such as Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASICs) . The processor may also comprise board memory for caching purposes. The computer program may be carried by a computer program product connected to the processor. The computer program product may comprise a computer readable medium on which the computer program is stored. For example, the computer program product may be a flash memory, a Random-access memory (RAM) , a Read-Only Memory (ROM) , or an EEPROM, and the computer program modules described above could in alternative embodiments be distributed on different computer program products in the form of memories within the electronic device.
[0133] Correspondingly to the method 900 as described above, an exemplary electronic device is provided. Fig. 11 is a block diagram of an electronic device 1100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The electronic device 1100 may be, e.g., the RAN node 410, the CN node 420, and / or the OAM node 430 in some embodiments.
[0134] The electronic device 1100 may be configured to perform the method 900 as described above in connection with Fig. 9. As shown in Fig. 11, the electronic device 1100 may comprise: a selecting module 1110 configured to select one or more network nodes from a cluster of network nodes associated with a geographic grid; and a triggering module 1120 configured to trigger the one or more network nodes to sense one or more objects in the geographic grid.
[0135] The above modules 1110 and 1120 may be implemented as a pure hardware solution or as a combination of software and hardware, e.g., by one or more of: a processor or a micro-processor and adequate software and memory for storing of the software, a Programmable Logic Device (PLD) or other electronic component (s) or processing circuitry configured to perform the actions described above, and illustrated, e.g., in Fig. 9. Further, the electronic device 1100 may comprise one or more further modules, each of which may perform any of the steps of the method 900 described with reference to Fig. 9.
[0136] Fig. 12 shows an example of a communication system QQ100 in accordance with some embodiments.
[0137] In the example, the communication system QQ100 includes a telecommunication network QQ102 that includes an access network QQ104, such as a radio access network (RAN) , and a core network QQ106, which includes one or more core network nodes QQ108. The access network QQ104 includes one or more access network nodes, such as network nodes QQ110A and QQ110B (one or more of which may be generally referred to as network nodes QQ110) , or any other similar 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) access nodes or non-3GPP access points. Moreover, as will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, a network node is not necessarily limited to an implementation in which a radio portion and a baseband portion are supplied and integrated by a single vendor. Thus, it will be understood that network nodes include disaggregated implementations or portions thereof. For example, in some embodiments, the telecommunication network QQ102 includes one or more Open-RAN (ORAN) network nodes. An ORAN network node is a node in the telecommunication network QQ102 that supports an ORAN specification (e.g., a specification published by the O-RAN Alliance, or any similar organization) and may operate alone or together with other nodes to implement one or more functionalities of any node in the telecommunication network QQ102, including one or more network nodes QQ110 and / or core network nodes QQ108.
[0138] Examples of an ORAN network node include an open radio unit (O-RU) , an open distributed unit (O-DU) , an open central unit (O-CU) , including an O-CU control plane (O-CU-CP) or an O-CU user plane (O-CU-UP) , a RAN intelligent controller (near-real time or non-real time) hosting software or software plug-ins, such as a near-real time control application (e.g., xApp) or a non-real time control application (e.g., rApp) , or any combination thereof (the adjective "open" designating support of an ORAN specification) . The network node may support a specification by, for example, supporting an interface defined by the ORAN specification, such as an A1, F1, W1, E1, E2, X2, Xn interface, an open fronthaul user plane interface, or an open fronthaul management plane interface. Moreover, an ORAN access node may be a logical node in a physical node. Furthermore, an ORAN network node may be implemented in a virtualization environment (described further below) in which one or more network functions are virtualized. For example, the virtualization environment may include an O-Cloud computing platform orchestrated by a Service Management and Orchestration Framework via an O-2 interface defined by the O-RAN Alliance or comparable technologies. The network nodes QQ110 facilitate direct or indirect connection of user equipment (UE) , such as by connecting UEs QQ112A, QQ112B, QQ112C, and QQ112D (one or more of which may be generally referred to as UEs QQ112) to the core network QQ106 over one or more wireless connections.
[0139] Example wireless communications over a wireless connection include transmitting and / or receiving wireless signals using electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared waves, and / or other types of signals suitable for conveying information without the use of wires, cables, or other material conductors. Moreover, in different embodiments, the communication system QQ100 may include any number of wired or wireless networks, network nodes, UEs, and / or any other components or systems that may facilitate or participate in the communication of data and / or signals whether via wired or wireless connections. The communication system QQ100 may include and / or interface with any type of communication, telecommunication, data, cellular, radio network, and / or other similar type of system.
[0140] The UEs QQ112 may be any of a wide variety of communication devices, including wireless devices arranged, configured, and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with the network nodes QQ110 and other communication devices. Similarly, the network nodes QQ110 are arranged, capable, configured, and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with the UEs QQ112 and / or with other network nodes or equipment in the telecommunication network QQ102 to enable and / or provide network access, such as wireless network access, and / or to perform other functions, such as administration in the telecommunication network QQ102.
[0141] In the depicted example, the core network QQ106 connects the network nodes QQ110 to one or more host computing systems, such as host QQ116. These connections may be direct or indirect via one or more intermediary networks or devices. In other examples, network nodes may be directly coupled to hosts. The core network QQ106 includes one more core network nodes (e.g., core network node QQ108) that are structured with hardware and software components. Features of these components may be substantially similar to those described with respect to the UEs, network nodes, and / or hosts, such that the descriptions thereof are generally applicable to the corresponding components of the core network node QQ108. Example core network nodes include functions of one or more of a Mobile Switching Center (MSC) , Mobility Management Entity (MME) , Home Subscriber Server (HSS) , Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) , Session Management Function (SMF) , Authentication Server Function (AUSF) , Subscription Identifier De-concealing function (SIDF) , Unified Data Management (UDM) , Security Edge Protection Proxy (SEPP) , Network Exposure Function (NEF) , and / or a User Plane Function (UPF) .
[0142] The host QQ116 may be under the ownership or control of a service provider other than an operator or provider of the access network QQ104 and / or the telecommunication network QQ102. The host QQ116 may host a variety of applications to provide one or more service. Examples of such applications include live and pre-recorded audio / video content, data collection services such as retrieving and compiling data on various ambient conditions detected by a plurality of UEs, analytics functionality, social media, functions for controlling or otherwise interacting with remote devices, functions for an alarm and surveillance center, or any other such function performed by a server.
[0143] As a whole, the communication system QQ100 of Fig. 12 enables connectivity between the UEs, network nodes, and hosts. In that sense, the communication system may be configured to operate according to predefined rules or procedures, such as specific standards that include, but are not limited to: Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) ; Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) ; Long Term Evolution (LTE) , and / or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G standards, or any applicable future generation standard (e.g., 6G) ; wireless local area network (WLAN) standards, such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards (WiFi) ; and / or any other appropriate wireless communication standard, such as the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) , Bluetooth, Z-Wave, Near Field Communication (NFC) ZigBee, LiFi, and / or any low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) standards such as LoRa and Sigfox.
[0144] In some examples, the telecommunication network QQ102 is a cellular network that implements 3GPP standardized features. Accordingly, the telecommunications network QQ102 may support network slicing to provide different logical networks to different devices that are connected to the telecommunication network QQ102. For example, the telecommunications network QQ102 may provide Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) services to some UEs, while providing Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) services to other UEs, and / or Mtassive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) / Massive IoT services to yet further UEs.
[0145] In some examples, the UEs QQ112 are configured to transmit and / or receive information without direct human interaction. For instance, a UE may be designed to transmit information to the access network QQ104 on a predetermined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to requests from the access network QQ104. Additionally, a UE may be configured for operating in single-or multi-RAT or multi-standard mode. For example, a UE may operate with any one or combination of Wi-Fi, NR (New Radio) and LTE, i.e. being configured for multi-radio dual connectivity (MR-DC) , such as E-UTRAN (Evolved-UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) New Radio -Dual Connectivity (EN-DC) .
[0146] In the example, the hub QQ114 communicates with the access network QQ104 to facilitate indirect communication between one or more UEs (e.g., UE QQ112C and / or QQ112D) and network nodes (e.g., network node QQ110B) . In some examples, the hub QQ114 may be a controller, router, content source and analytics, or any of the other communication devices described herein regarding UEs. For example, the hub QQ114 may be a broadband router enabling access to the core network QQ106 for the UEs. As another example, the hub QQ114 may be a controller that sends commands or instructions to one or more actuators in the UEs. Commands or instructions may be received from the UEs, network nodes QQ110, or by executable code, script, process, or other instructions in the hub QQ114. As another example, the hub QQ114 may be a data collector that acts as temporary storage for UE data and, in some embodiments, may perform analysis or other processing of the data. As another example, the hub QQ114 may be a content source. For example, for a UE that is a Virtual Reality (VR) device, display, loudspeaker, or other media delivery device, the hub QQ114 may retrieve VR assets, video, audio, or other media or data related to sensory information via a network node, which the hub QQ114 then provides to the UE either directly, after performing local processing, and / or after adding additional local content. In still another example, the hub QQ114 acts as a proxy server or orchestrator for the UEs, in particular if one or more of the UEs are low energy IoT devices.
[0147] The hub QQ114 may have a constant / persistent or intermittent connection to the network node QQ110B. The hub QQ114 may also allow for a different communication scheme and / or schedule between the hub QQ114 and UEs (e.g., UE QQ112C and / or QQ112D) , and between the hub QQ114 and the core network QQ106. In other examples, the hub QQ114 is connected to the core network QQ106 and / or one or more UEs via a wired connection. Moreover, the hub QQ114 may be configured to connect to a Machine-to-Machine (M2v) service provider over the access network QQ104 and / or to another UE over a direct connection. In some scenarios, UEs may establish a wireless connection with the network nodes QQ110 while still connected via the hub QQ114 via a wired or wireless connection. In some embodiments, the hub QQ114 may be a dedicated hub -that is, a hub whose primary function is to route communications to / from the UEs from / to the network node QQ110B. In other embodiments, the hub QQ114 may be a non-dedicated hub -that is, a device which is capable of operating to route communications between the UEs and network node QQ110B, but which is additionally capable of operating as a communication start and / or end point for certain data channels.
[0148] Fig. 13 shows a UE QQ200 in accordance with some embodiments. The UE QQ200 presents additional details of some embodiments of the UE QQ112 of Fig. 12. As used herein, a UE refers to a device capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with network nodes and / or other UEs. Examples of a UE include, but are not limited to, a smart phone, mobile phone, cell phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phone, wireless local loop phone, desktop computer, personal digital assistant (PDA) , wireless cameras, gaming console or device, music storage / playback device, wearable terminal device, wireless endpoint, mobile station, tablet, laptop, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , an Augmented Reality (AR) or Virtual Reality (VR) device, wireless customer-premise equipment (CPE) , vehicle, vehicle-mounted or vehicle embedded / integrated wireless device, etc. Other examples include any UE identified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) , including a narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) UE, a machine type communication (MTC) UE, and / or an enhanced MTC (evTC) UE.
[0149] A UE may support device-to-device (D2D) communication, for example by implementing a 3GPP standard for sidelink communication, Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) , vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) , vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) , or vehicle-to-everything (V2X) . In other examples, a UE may not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and / or operates the relevant device. Instead, a UE may represent a device that is intended for sale to, or operation by, a human user but which may not, or which may not initially, be associated with a specific human user (e.g., a smart sprinkler controller) . Alternatively, a UE may represent a device that is not intended for sale to, or operation by, an end user but which may be associated with or operated for the benefit of a user (e.g., a smart power meter) .
[0150] The UE QQ200 includes processing circuitry QQ202 that is operatively coupled via a bus QQ204 to an input / output interface QQ206, a power source QQ208, a memory QQ210, a communication interface QQ212, and / or any other component, or any combination thereof. Certain UEs may utilize all or a subset of the components shown in Fig. 13. The level of integration between the components may vary from one UE to another UE. Further, certain UEs may contain multiple instances of a component, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, receivers, etc.
[0151] The processing circuitry QQ202 is configured to process instructions and data and may be configured to implement any sequential state machine operative to execute instructions stored as machine-readable computer programs in the memory QQ210. The processing circuitry QQ202 may be implemented as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., in discrete logic, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , etc. ) ; programmable logic together with appropriate firmware; one or more stored computer programs, general-purpose processors, such as a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP) , together with appropriate software; or any combination of the above. For example, the processing circuitry QQ202 may include multiple central processing units (CPUs) .
[0152] In the example, the input / output interface QQ206 may be configured to provide an interface or interfaces to an input device, output device, or one or more input and / or output devices. Examples of an output device include a speaker, a sound card, a video card, a display, a monitor, a printer, an actuator, an emitter, a smartcard, another output device, or any combination thereof. An input device may allow a user to capture information into the UE QQ200. Examples of an input device include a touch-sensitive or presence-sensitive display, a camera (e.g., a digital camera, a digital video camera, a web camera, etc. ) , a microphone, a sensor, a mouse, a trackball, a directional pad, a trackpad, a scroll wheel, a smartcard, and the like. The presence-sensitive display may include a capacitive or resistive touch sensor to sense input from a user. A sensor may be, for instance, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a tilt sensor, a force sensor, a magnetometer, an optical sensor, a proximity sensor, a biometric sensor, etc., or any combination thereof. An output device may use the same type of interface port as an input device. For example, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port may be used to provide an input device and an output device.
[0153] In some embodiments, the power source QQ208 is structured as a battery or battery pack. Other types of power sources, such as an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet) , photovoltaic device, or power cell, may be used. The power source QQ208 may further include power circuitry for delivering power from the power source QQ208 itself, and / or an external power source, to the various parts of the UE QQ200 via input circuitry or an interface such as an electrical power cable. Delivering power may be, for example, for charging of the power source QQ208. Power circuitry may perform any formatting, converting, or other modification to the power from the power source QQ208 to make the power suitable for the respective components of the UE QQ200 to which power is supplied.
[0154] The memory QQ210 may be or be configured to include memory such as random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , programmable read-only memory (PROM) , erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , magnetic disks, optical disks, hard disks, removable cartridges, flash drives, and so forth. In one example, the memory QQ210 includes one or more application programs QQ214, such as an operating system, web browser application, a widget, gadget engine, or other application, and corresponding data QQ216. The memory QQ210 may store, for use by the UE QQ200, any of a variety of various operating systems or combinations of operating systems.
[0155] The memory QQ210 may be configured to include a number of physical drive units, such as redundant array of independent disks (RAID) , flash memory, USB flash drive, external hard disk drive, thumb drive, pen drive, key drive, high-density digital versatile disc (HD-DVD) optical disc drive, internal hard disk drive, Blu-Ray optical disc drive, holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disc drive, external mini-dual in-line memory module (DIMM) , synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) , external micro-DIMM SDRAM, smartcard memory such as tamper resistant module in the form of a universal integrated circuit card (UICC) including one or more subscriber identity modules (SIMs) , such as a USIM and / or ISIM, other memory, or any combination thereof. The UICC may for example be an embedded UICC (eUICC) , integrated UICC (iUICC) or a removable UICC commonly known as ′SIM card. ′ The memory QQ210 may allow the UE QQ200 to access instructions, application programs and the like, stored on transitory or non-transitory memory media, to off-load data, or to upload data. An article of manufacture, such as one utilizing a communication system may be tangibly embodied as or in the memory QQ210, which may be or comprise a device-readable storage medium.
[0156] The processing circuitry QQ202 may be configured to communicate with an access network or other network using the communication interface QQ212. The communication interface QQ212 may comprise one or more communication subsystems and may include or be communicatively coupled to an antenna QQ222. The communication interface QQ212 may include one or more transceivers used to communicate, such as by communicating with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication (e.g., another UE or a network node in an access network) . Each transceiver may include a transmitter QQ218 and / or a receiver QQ220 appropriate to provide network communications (e.g., optical, electrical, frequency allocations, and so forth) . Moreover, the transmitter QQ218 and receiver QQ220 may be coupled to one or more antennas (e.g., antenna QQ222) and may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively be implemented separately.
[0157] In the illustrated embodiment, communication functions of the communication interface QQ212 may include cellular communication, Wi-Fi communication, LPWAN communication, data communication, voice communication, multimedia communication, short-range communications such as Bluetooth, near-field communication, location-based communication such as the use of the global positioning system (GPS) to determine a location, another like communication function, or any combination thereof. Communications may be implemented in according to one or more communication protocols and / or standards, such as IEEE 802.11, Code Division Multiplexing Access (CDMA) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , GSM, LTE, New Radio (NR) , UMTS, WiMax, Ethernet, transmission control protocol / internet protocol (TCP / IP) , synchronous optical networking (SONET) , Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) , QUIC, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) , and so forth.
[0158] Regardless of the type of sensor, a UE may provide an output of data captured by its sensors, through its communication interface QQ212, via a wireless connection to a network node. Data captured by sensors of a UE can be communicated through a wireless connection to a network node via another UE. The output may be periodic (e.g., once every 15 minutes if it reports the sensed temperature) , random (e.g., to even out the load from reporting from several sensors) , in response to a triggering event (e.g., when moisture is detected an alert is sent) , in response to a request (e.g., a user initiated request) , or a continuous stream (e.g., a live video feed of a patient) .
[0159] As another example, a UE comprises an actuator, a motor, or a switch, related to a communication interface configured to receive wireless input from a network node via a wireless connection. In response to the received wireless input the states of the actuator, the motor, or the switch may change. For example, the UE may comprise a motor that adjusts the control surfaces or rotors of a drone in flight according to the received input or to a robotic arm performing a medical procedure according to the received input.
[0160] A UE, when in the form of an Internet of Things (IoT) device, may be a device for use in one or more application domains, these domains comprising, but not limited to, city wearable technology, extended industrial application and healthcare. Non-limiting examples of such an IoT device are a device which is or which is embedded in: a connected refrigerator or freezer, a TV, a connected lighting device, an electricity meter, a robot vacuum cleaner, a voice controlled smart speaker, a home security camera, a motion detector, a thermostat, a smoke detector, a door / window sensor, a flood / moisture sensor, an electrical door lock, a connected doorbell, an air conditioning system like a heat pump, an autonomous vehicle, a surveillance system, a weather monitoring device, a vehicle parking monitoring device, an electric vehicle charging station, a smart watch, a fitness tracker, a wearable for tactile augmentation or sensory enhancement, a water sprinkler, an animal-or item-tracking device, a sensor for monitoring a plant or animal, an industrial robot, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) , and any kind of medical device, like a heart rate monitor or a remote controlled surgical robot. A UE in the form of an IoT device comprises circuitry and / or software in dependence of the intended application of the IoT device in addition to other components as described in relation to the UE QQ200 shown in Fig. 13.
[0161] As yet another specific example, in an IoT scenario, a UE may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and / or measurements, and transmits the results of such monitoring and / or measurements to another UE and / or a network node. The UE may in this case be an M2M device, which may in a 3GPP context be referred to as an MTC device. As one particular example, the UE may implement the 3GPP NB-IoT standard. In other scenarios, a UE may represent a vehicle, such as a car, a bus, a truck, a ship and an airplane, or other equipment that is capable of monitoring and / or reporting on its operational status or other functions associated with its operation.
[0162] In practice, any number of UEs may be used together with respect to a single use case. For example, a first UE might be or be integrated in a drone and provide the drone's speed information (obtained through a speed sensor) to a second UE that is a remote controller operating the drone. When the user makes changes from the remote controller, the first UE may adjust the throttle on the drone (e.g. by controlling an actuator) to increase or decrease the drone's speed. The first and / or the second UE can also include more than one of the functionalities described above. For example, a UE might comprise the sensor and the actuator, and handle communication of data for both the speed sensor and the actuators.
[0163] Fig. 14 shows a network node QQ300 in accordance with some embodiments. As used herein, network node refers to equipment capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with a UE and / or with other network nodes or equipment, in a telecommunication network. Examples of network nodes include, but are not limited to, access points (APs) (e.g., radio access points) , base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs) and NR NodeBs (gNBs) ) , O-RAN nodes or components of an O-RAN node (e.g., O-RU, O-DU, O-CU) .
[0164] Base stations may be categorized based on the amount of coverage they provide (or, stated differently, their transmit power level) and so, depending on the provided amount of coverage, may be referred to as femto base stations, pico base stations, micro base stations, or macro base stations. A base station may be a relay node or a relay donor node controlling a relay. A network node may also include one or more (or all) parts of a distributed radio base station such as centralized digital units, distributed units (e.g., in an O-RAN access node) and / or remote radio units (RRUs) , sometimes referred to as Remote Radio Heads (RRHs) . Such remote radio units may or may not be integrated with an antenna as an antenna integrated radio. Parts of a distributed radio base station may also be referred to as nodes in a distributed antenna system (DAS) .
[0165] Other examples of network nodes include multiple transmission point (multi-TRP) 5G access nodes, multi-standard radio (MSR) equipment such as MSR BSs, network controllers such as radio network controllers (RNCs) or base station controllers (BSCs) , base transceiver stations (BTSs) , transmission points, transmission nodes, multi-cell / multicast coordination entities (MCEs) , Operation and Maintenance (O&M) nodes, Operations Support System (OSS) nodes, Self-Organizing Network (SON) nodes, positioning nodes (e.g., Evolved Serving Mobile Location Centers (E-SMLCs) ) , and / or Minimization of Drive Tests (MDTs) .
[0166] The network node QQ300 includes a processing circuitry QQ302, a memory QQ304, a communication interface QQ306, and a power source QQ308. The network node QQ300 may be composed of multiple physically separate components (e.g., a NodeB component and a RNC component, or a BTS component and a BSC component, etc. ) , which may each have their own respective components. In certain scenarios in which the network node QQ300 comprises multiple separate components (e.g., BTS and BSC components) , one or more of the separate components may be shared among several network nodes. For example, a single RNC may control multiple NodeBs. In such a scenario, each unique NodeB and RNC pair, may in some instances be considered a single separate network node. In some embodiments, the network node QQ300 may be configured to support multiple radio access technologies (RATs) . In such embodiments, some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate memory QQ304 for different RATs) and some components may be reused (e.g., a same antenna QQ310 may be shared by different RATs) . The network node QQ300 may also include multiple sets of the various illustrated components for different wireless technologies integrated into network node QQ300, for example GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, Zigbee, Z-wave, LoRaWAN, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) or Bluetooth wireless technologies. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chip or set of chips and other components within network node QQ300.
[0167] The processing circuitry QQ302 may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software and / or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other network node QQ300 components, such as the memory QQ304, to provide network node QQ300 functionality.
[0168] In some embodiments, the processing circuitry QQ302 includes a system on a chip (SOC) . In some embodiments, the processing circuitry QQ302 includes one or more of radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry QQ312 and baseband processing circuitry QQ314. In some embodiments, the radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry QQ312 and the baseband processing circuitry QQ314 may be on separate chips (or sets of chips) , boards, or units, such as radio units and digital units. In alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry QQ312 and baseband processing circuitry QQ314 may be on the same chip or set of chips, boards, or units.
[0169] The memory QQ304 may comprise any form of volatile or non-volatile computer-readable memory including, without limitation, persistent storage, solid-state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , mass storage media (for example, a hard disk) , removable storage media (for example, a flash drive, a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD) ) , and / or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device-readable and / or computer-executable memory devices that store information, data, and / or instructions that may be used by the processing circuitry QQ302. The memory QQ304 may store any suitable instructions, data, or information, including a computer program, software, an application including one or more of logic, rules, code, tables, and / or other instructions capable of being executed by the processing circuitry QQ302 and utilized by the network node QQ300. The memory QQ304 may be used to store any calculations made by the processing circuitry QQ302 and / or any data received via the communication interface QQ306. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry QQ302 and memory QQ304 is integrated.
[0170] The communication interface QQ306 is used in wired or wireless communication of signaling and / or data between a network node, access network, and / or UE. As illustrated, the communication interface QQ306 comprises port (s) / terminal (s) QQ316 to send and receive data, for example to and from a network over a wired connection. The communication interface QQ306 also includes radio front-end circuitry QQ318 that may be coupled to, or in certain embodiments a part of, the antenna QQ310. Radio front-end circuitry QQ318 comprises filters QQ320 and amplifiers QQ322. The radio front-end circuitry QQ318 may be connected to an antenna QQ310 and processing circuitry QQ302. The radio front-end circuitry may be configured to condition signals communicated between antenna QQ310 and processing circuitry QQ302. The radio front-end circuitry QQ318 may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other network nodes or UEs via a wireless connection. The radio front-end circuitry QQ318 may convert the digital data into a radio signal having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters QQ320 and / or amplifiers QQ322. The radio signal may then be transmitted via the antenna QQ310. Similarly, when receiving data, the antenna QQ310 may collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by the radio front-end circuitry QQ318. The digital data may be passed to the processing circuitry QQ302. In other embodiments, the communication interface may comprise different components and / or different combinations of components.
[0171] In certain alternative embodiments, the network node QQ300 does not include separate radio front-end circuitry QQ318, instead, the processing circuitry QQ302 includes radio front-end circuitry and is connected to the antenna QQ310. Similarly, in some embodiments, all or some of the RF transceiver circuitry QQ312 is part of the communication interface QQ306. In still other embodiments, the communication interface QQ306 includes one or more ports or terminals QQ316, the radio front-end circuitry QQ318, and the RF transceiver circuitry QQ312, as part of a radio unit (not shown) , and the communication interface QQ306 communicates with the baseband processing circuitry QQ314, which is part of a digital unit (not shown) .
[0172] The antenna QQ310 may include one or more antennas, or antenna arrays, configured to send and / or receive wireless signals. The antenna QQ310 may be coupled to the radio front-end circuitry QQ318 and may be any type of antenna capable of transmitting and receiving data and / or signals wirelessly. In certain embodiments, the antenna QQ310 is separate from the network node QQ300 and connectable to the network node QQ300 through an interface or port.
[0173] The antenna QQ310, communication interface QQ306, and / or the processing circuitry QQ302 may be configured to perform any receiving operations and / or certain obtaining operations described herein as being performed by the network node. Any information, data and / or signals may be received from a UE, another network node and / or any other network equipment. Similarly, the antenna QQ310, the communication interface QQ306, and / or the processing circuitry QQ302 may be configured to perform any transmitting operations described herein as being performed by the network node. Any information, data and / or signals may be transmitted to a UE, another network node and / or any other network equipment.
[0174] The power source QQ308 provides power to the various components of network node QQ300 in a form suitable for the respective components (e.g., at a voltage and current level needed for each respective component) . The power source QQ308 may further comprise, or be coupled to, power management circuitry to supply the components of the network node QQ300 with power for performing the functionality described herein. For example, the network node QQ300 may be connectable to an external power source (e.g., the power grid, an electricity outlet) via an input circuitry or interface such as an electrical cable, whereby the external power source supplies power to power circuitry of the power source QQ308. As a further example, the power source QQ308 may comprise a source of power in the form of a battery or battery pack which is connected to, or integrated in, power circuitry. The battery may provide backup power should the external power source fail.
[0175] Embodiments of the network node QQ300 may include additional components beyond those shown in Fig. 14 for providing certain aspects of the network node's functionality, including any of the functionality described herein and / or any functionality necessary to support the subject matter described herein. For example, the network node QQ300 may include user interface equipment to allow input of information into the network node QQ300 and to allow output of information from the network node QQ300. This may allow a user to perform diagnostic, maintenance, repair, and other administrative functions for the network node QQ300. In some embodiments providing a core network node, such as core network node 108 of Fig. 12, some components, such as the radio front-end circuitry QQ318 and the RF transceiver circuitry QQ312 may be omitted.
[0176] Fig. 15 is a block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment QQ400 in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized. In the present context, virtualizing means creating virtual versions of apparatuses or devices which may include virtualizing hardware platforms, storage devices and networking resources. As used herein, virtualization can be applied to any device described herein, or components thereof, and relates to an implementation in which at least a portion of the functionality is implemented as one or more virtual components. Some or all of the functions described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines (VMs) implemented in one or more virtual environments QQ400 hosted by one or more of hardware nodes, such as a hardware computing device that operates as a network node, UE, core network node, or host. Further, in embodiments in which the virtual node does not require radio connectivity (e.g., a core network node or host) , then the node may be entirely virtualized. In some embodiments, the virtualization environment QQ400 includes components defined by the O-RAN Alliance, such as an O-Cloud environment orchestrated by a Service Management and Orchestration Framework via an O-2 interface. Virtualization may facilitate distributed implementations of a network node, UE, core network node, or host.
[0177] Applications QQ402 (which may alternatively be called software instances, virtual appliances, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc. ) are run in the virtualization environment Q400 to implement some of the features, functions, and / or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein.
[0178] Hardware QQ404 includes processing circuitry, memory that stores software and / or instructions executable by hardware processing circuitry, and / or other hardware devices as described herein, such as a network interface, input / output interface, and so forth. Software may be executed by the processing circuitry to instantiate one or more virtualization layers QQ406 (also referred to as hypervisors or virtual machine monitors (VMMs) ) , provide VMs QQ408a and QQ408b (one or more of which may be generally referred to as VMs QQ408) , and / or perform any of the functions, features and / or benefits described in relation with some embodiments described herein. The virtualization layer QQ406 may present a virtual operating platform that appears like networking hardware to the VMs QQ408.
[0179] The VMs QQ408 comprise virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual networking or interface and virtual storage, and may be run by a corresponding virtualization layer QQ406. Different embodiments of the instance of a virtual appliance QQ402 may be implemented on one or more of VMs QQ408, and the implementations may be made in different ways. Virtualization of the hardware is in some contexts referred to as network function virtualization (NFV) . NFV may be used to consolidate many network equipment types onto industry standard high volume server hardware, physical switches, and physical storage, which can be located in data centers, and customer premise equipment.
[0180] In the context of NFV, a VM QQ408 may be a software implementation of a physical machine that runs programs as if they were executing on a physical, non-virtualized machine. Each of the VMs QQ408, and that part of hardware QQ404 that executes that VM, be it hardware dedicated to that VM and / or hardware shared by that VM with others of the VMs, forms separate virtual network elements. Still in the context of NFV, a virtual network function is responsible for handling specific network functions that run in one or more VMs QQ408 on top of the hardware QQ404 and corresponds to the application QQ402.
[0181] Hardware QQ404 may be implemented in a standalone network node with generic or specific components. Hardware QQ404 may implement some functions via virtualization. Alternatively, hardware QQ404 may be part of a larger cluster of hardware (e.g. such as in a data center or CPE) where many hardware nodes work together and are managed via management and orchestration QQ410, which, among others, oversees lifecycle management of applications QQ402. In some embodiments, hardware QQ404 is coupled to one or more radio units that each include one or more transmitters and one or more receivers that may be coupled to one or more antennas. Radio units may communicate directly with other hardware nodes via one or more appropriate network interfaces and may be used in combination with the virtual components to provide a virtual node with radio capabilities, such as a radio access node or a base station. In some embodiments, some signaling can be provided with the use of a control system QQ412 which may alternatively be used for communication between hardware nodes and radio units.
[0182] Although the computing devices described herein (e.g., UEs, network nodes) may include the illustrated combination of hardware components, other embodiments may comprise computing devices with different combinations of components. It is to be understood that these computing devices may comprise any suitable combination of hardware and / or software needed to perform the tasks, features, functions and methods disclosed herein. Determining, calculating, obtaining or similar operations described herein may be performed by processing circuitry, which may process information by, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained information or converted information to information stored in the network node, and / or performing one or more operations based on the obtained information or converted information, and as a result of said processing making a determination. Moreover, while components are depicted as single boxes located within a larger box, or nested within multiple boxes, in practice, computing devices may comprise multiple different physical components that make up a single illustrated component, and functionality may be partitioned between separate components. For example, a communication interface may be configured to include any of the components described herein, and / or the functionality of the components may be partitioned between the processing circuitry and the communication interface. In another example, non-computationally intensive functions of any of such components may be implemented in software or firmware and computationally intensive functions may be implemented in hardware.
[0183] In certain embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein may be provided by processing circuitry executing instructions stored on in memory, which in certain embodiments may be a computer program product in the form of a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by the processing circuitry without executing instructions stored on a separate or discrete device-readable storage medium, such as in a hard-wired manner. In any of those particular embodiments, whether executing instructions stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium or not, the processing circuitry can be configured to perform the described functionality. The benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to the processing circuitry alone or to other components of the computing device, but are enjoyed by the computing device as a whole, and / or by end users and a wireless network generally.
[0184] The present disclosure is described above with reference to the embodiments thereof. However, those embodiments are provided just for illustrative purpose, rather than limiting the present disclosure. The scope of the disclosure is defined by the attached claims as well as equivalents thereof. Those skilled in the art can make various alternations and modifications without departing from the scope of the disclosure, which all fall into the scope of the disclosure.
Claims
1.A method (900) for object sensing, the method (900) comprising:selecting (S910) one or more network nodes from a cluster of network nodes associated with a geographic grid; andtriggering (S920) the one or more network nodes to sense one or more objects (400) in the geographic grid.2.The method (900) of claim 1, wherein a geographic grid is a three dimensional (3D) space that has at least one of:- a specific shape;- a specific area; and- a specific altitude range.3.The method (900) of claim 1 or 2, wherein the cluster of network nodes associated with the geographic grid is determined based on one or more criteria comprising at least one of:- a distance between the geographic grid and any network node in the cluster is shorter than a threshold;- a horizontal angle between the geographic grid and any network node in the cluster falls in a first angle range;- a vertical angle between the geographic grid and any network node in the cluster falls in a second angle range; and- there is a Line-of-Sight (LoS) path between any network node in the cluster and at least one other network node in the cluster.4.The method (900) of claim 3, wherein at least one of the first angle range and the second angle range is a network node specific angle range.5.The method (900) of claim 3 or 4, wherein the first angle range falls into an angle range of a beam at a first beam width in the horizontal direction.6.The method (900) of any of claims 3 to 5, wherein the second angle range falls into an angle range of a beam at a second beam width in the vertical direction.7.The method (900) of claim 5 or 6, wherein at least one of the first beam width and the second beam width is one of:- 8 dB beam width;- 10 dB beam width;- 12 dB beam width; and- 16 dB beam width.8.The method (900) of any of claims 3 to 7, wherein at least one of the first angle range and the second angle range is determined based on at least one of:- an antenna tilt associated with a corresponding network node;- a height of the geographic grid;- a position of the geographic grid;- a height of an antenna associated with the corresponding network node; and- a position of an antenna associated with the corresponding network node.9.The method (900) of any of claims 1 to 8, wherein the step of triggering (S920) the one or more network nodes to sense one or more objects in the geographic grid comprises:triggering one of the network nodes to function as a sensing Transmitter (Tx) node and the rest of the network nodes to function as sensing Receiver (Rx) nodes.10.The method (900) of any of claims 1 to 9, wherein each of the network nodes in the cluster has a weight associated therewith,wherein the step of selecting (S910) one or more network nodes from a cluster of network nodes associated with a geographic grid is performed based on at least the weights associated with the network nodes in the cluster.11.The method (900) of claim 10, wherein the step of selecting (S910) one or more network nodes from a cluster of network nodes associated with a geographic grid comprises:selecting, from the cluster of network nodes, one or more network nodes with the top-N weights, where N is a natural number.12.The method (900) of claim 10 or 11, wherein an initial weight assigned to a network node is one of:- a random weight; and- a weight that is determined based on a distance between the geographic grid and the network node.13.The method (900) of claim 12, wherein when the initial weight is assigned based on the distance between the geographic grid and the network node, the shorter the distance is, the higher the initial weight is.14.The method (900) of any of claims 10 to 13, further comprising:adjusting a weight associated with a network node in the cluster based on at least one of:- whether a receiver of the network node experiences a higher or lower Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) than a threshold;- whether the network node has a higher or lower miss detection ratio than those of other network nodes in the cluster by a threshold; and- whether the network node has a higher or lower miss detection ratio than an average miss detection ratio for the network nodes in the cluster by a threshold.15.The method (900) of claim 14, further comprising at least one of:adjusting the weight associated with the network node to be lower in response to determining that the receiver of the network node experiences a lower SINR than a threshold;adjusting the weight associated with the network node to be higher in response to determining that the receiver of the network node experiences a higher SINR than a threshold;adjusting the weight associated with the network node to be lower in response to determining that the network node has a higher miss detection ratio than those of other network nodes in the cluster by a threshold;adjusting the weight associated with the network node to be higher in response to determining that the network node has a lower miss detection ratio than those of other network nodes in the cluster by a threshold;adjusting the weight associated with the network node to be lower in response to determining that the network node has a higher average miss detection ratio than those of other network nodes in the cluster by a threshold; andadjusting the weight associated with the network node to be higher in response to determining that the network node has a lower average miss detection ratio than those of other network nodes in the cluster by a threshold.16.The method (900) of claim 14 or 15, wherein the step of adjusting a weight associated with a network node in the cluster is performed repeatedly and / or periodically.17.The method (900) of any of claims 1 to 16, further comprising:obtaining one or more measurement results for sensing an object in the geographic grid; anddetermining a realistic propagation time of a signal that is transmitted by a sensing Tx node, reflected by the object, and sensed by a sensing Rx node based on at least the one or more measurement results.18.The method (900) of claim 17, wherein the realistic propagation time of the signal is calculated as follows: whereis the realistic propagation time of the signal to be calculated, is a measured propagation time of the signal that is transmitted by the sensing Tx node, reflected by the object, and sensed by the sensing Rx node, is a measured propagation time of the signal via a LoS path from the sensing Tx node to the sensing Rx node directly, andis a realistic propagation time of the signal via the LoS path.19.The method (900) of claim 18, wherein the realistic propagation time of the signal via the LoS path is calculated as follows: where D is a distance between the sensing Tx node and the sensing Rx node, and C is the light speed.20.The method (900) of any of claims 1 to 19, further comprising:compensating one or more phase errors and / or one or more frequency errors in object sensing by using phase information and / or frequency information of a signal that is propagated via a LoS path from the sensing Tx node to the sensing Rx node directly.21.The method (900) of any of claims 1 to 20, wherein whether there is a LoS path between two network nodes in the cluster is determined by at least one of:- whether or not a pathloss for a signal propagated between the two network nodes matches a free space propagation model;- whether or not a propagation delay of a signal propagated between the two network nodes matches a distance between the two network nodes; and- whether or not a Direction of Arrival (DoA) of a signal propagated between the two network nodes matches an angle between the two network nodes.22.The method (900) of any of claims 1 to 21, wherein at least two network nodes are selected from the cluster of network nodes for bi-static and / or multi-static sensing.23.The method (900) of any of claims 1 to 22, wherein the one or more network nodes are Radio Access Network (RAN) nodes, and the object is an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) .24.The method (900) of any of claims 1 to 23, wherein the method (900) is performed by at least one of:- a RAN node (410) ;- a Core Network (CN) node (420) ; and- an Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM) node (430) .25.The method (900) of any of claims 1 to 24, wherein the method (900) is performed by one of the one or more network nodes that are selected for object sensing.26.An electronic device (410, 420, 430, 1000, 1100) , comprising:a processor (1006) ;a memory (1008) storing instructions which, when executed by the processor (1006) , cause the electronic device (410, 420, 430, 1000, 1100) to:select one or more network nodes from a cluster of network nodes associated with a geographic grid; andtrigger the one or more network nodes to sense one or more objects in the geographic grid.27.The electronic device (410, 420, 430, 1000, 1100) of claim 26, wherein the instructions, when executed by the processor (1006) , further cause the electronic device (410, 420, 430, 1000, 1100) to perform the method (900) of any of claims 2 to 25.28.A computer program (1010) comprising instructions which, when executed by at least one processor (1006) , cause the at least one processor (1006) to carry out the method (900) of any of claims 1 to 25.29.A carrier (1008) containing the computer program (1010) of claim 28, wherein the carrier (1008) is one of an electronic signal, optical signal, radio signal, or computer readable storage medium.30.A telecommunication network (40) , comprising:an electronic device (410, 420, 430) ; andone or more network nodes (410) ,wherein the electronic device (410, 420, 430) comprises:a processor;a memory storing instructions which, when executed by the processor, cause the electronic device (410, 420, 430) to:select one or more network nodes from a cluster of network nodes associated with a geographic grid; andtrigger the one or more network nodes to sense one or more objects in the geographic grid.31.The telecommunication network (40) of claim 30, wherein the instructions stored in the memory of the electronic device (410, 420, 430) , when executed by the processor of the electronic device (410, 420, 430) , further cause the electronic device (410, 420, 430) to perform the method (900) of any of claims 2 to 25.
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