Roaming control based on cost information

Abstract

Various aspects of the present disclosure relate to a User Equipment (UE) for wireless communication. The UE may be configured to, capable of, or operable to obtain cost information associated with at least one service supported by a visited public land mobile network (VPLMN) based at least in part on the UE being connected to the VPLMN, and adjust at least one setting for roaming based at least in part on the cost information associated with the at least one service supported by the VPLMN and a UE-configured cost threshold associated with the at least one service.

Description

ROAMING CONTROL BASED ON COST INFORMATIONTECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present disclosure relates to wireless communications, and more specifically to managing (e.g., controlling, handling, processing, transmitting, receiving, obtaining, outputting) wireless communications (e.g., services, applications) and associated costs during roaming.BACKGROUND

[0002] A wireless communications system may include one or multiple network communication devices, which may be otherwise knowns as network equipment (NE), supporting wireless communications for one or multiple user communication devices, which may be otherwise known as user equipment (UE), or other suitable terminology. The wireless communications system may support wireless communications with one or multiple user communication devices by utilizing resources of the wireless communication system (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers, or the like). Additionally, the wireless communications system may support wireless communications across various radio access technologies including third generation (3G) radio access technology, fourth generation (4G) radio access technology, fifth generation (5G) radio access technology, among other suitable radio access technologies beyond 5G (e.g., sixth generation (6G)).SUMMARY

[0003] An article “a” before an element is unrestricted and understood to refer to “at least one” of those elements or “one or more” of those elements. The terms “a,” “at least one,” “one or more,” and “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable. As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of’ or “one or more of’ or “one or both of’) indicates an inclusive listsuch that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C). Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall be constmed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on”. Further, as used herein, including in the claims, a “set” may include one or more elements.

[0004] A UE for wireless communication is described. The UE may be configured to, be capable of, or be operable to perform one or more operations as described herein. For example, the UE may include at least one memory and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the UE to obtain cost information associated with at least one service supported by a visited public land mobile network (VPLMN) based at least in part on the UE being connected to the VPLMN; and adjust at least one setting for roaming based at least in part on the cost information associated with the at least one service supported by the VPLMN and a UE-configured cost threshold associated with the at least one service.

[0005] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein the processor is configured to cause the UE to establish a connection with the VPLMN based at least in part on a network event, wherein the network event comprises roaming, wherein the at least one service comprises a roaming service supported by the VPLMN, and wherein the VPLMN is associated with a home public land mobile network (HPLMN) of the UE.

[0006] Some implementations of the UE, method, and processor described herein may further include operations, means, or instructions for storing a plurality of UE-configured cost thresholds, each UE-configured cost threshold associated with a corresponding service or services supported by the UE.

[0007] Some implementations of the UE, method, and processor described herein may further include operations, means, or instructions for receiving a message from the VPLMN. In some implementations of the UE, method, and processor described herein, the message comprises a short message service (SMS) message, a multimedia message service (MMS) message, a real-time communication (RTC) message, or an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS)message. Some implementations of the UE, method, and processor described herein may further include operations, means, or instructions for processing the message to identify the cost information associated with the at least one service supported by the VPLMN, based at least in part on one or more natural language processing (NLP) models. In some implementations of the UE, method, and processor described herein, the one or more NLP models support one or more languages and message formats. In some implementations of the UE, method, and processor described herein, the cost information is obtained based at least in part on the processed message.

[0008] In some implementations of the UE, method, and processor described herein, the message is processed according to a Large Language Model (LLM). In some implementations of the UE, method, and processor described herein, an input to the LLM comprises one or more elements of the messages. In some implementations of the UE, method, and processor described herein, an output of the LLM indicates one or more of a cost for the at least one service, a charge rate associated with the at least on service, a currency of the cost for the at least one service.

[0009] In some implementations of the UE, method, and processor described herein, the cost information associated with the at least one service comprises default cost information based at least in part on an absence of a message that comprises the cost information from the VPLMN within a threshold duration.

[0010] Some implementations of the UE, method, and processor described herein may further include operations, means, or instructions for outputting, via a user interface of the UE, a notification that indicates one or more of the cost information for at least one service supported by the VPLMN or a request for an input to adjust the at least one setting for roaming. In some implementations of the UE, method, and processor described herein, the cost information comprises an estimated cost value or an actual cost value associated with the at least one service. In some implementations of the UE, method, and processor described herein, the at least one input comprises enabling or disabling the at least one service supported by the VPLMN while roaming within the VPLMN.

[0011] In some implementations of the UE, method, and processor described herein, adjusting at least one setting for roaming may include operations, means, or instructions for automatically enabling or disabling the at least one service based at least in part on the costinformation associated with the at least one service supported by the VPLMN and the UE- configured cost threshold associated with the at least one service. In some implementations of the UE, method, and processor described herein, the at least one service is automatically enabled based at least in part on the cost information being less than the UE-configured cost threshold associated with the at least one service. In some implementations of the UE, method, and processor described herein, the at least one service is automatically disabled based at least in part on the cost information being greater than or equal to the UE-configured cost threshold associated with the at least one service.

[0012] Some implementations of the UE, method, and processor described herein may further include operations, means, or instructions for automatically maintaining at least one other service irrespective of or based at least in part on the cost information associated with the at least one other service supported by the VPLMN and the UE-configured cost threshold associated with the at least one other service.

[0013] Some implementations of the UE, method, and processor described herein may further include operations, means, or instructions for outputting, via a user interface of the UE, a notification of the adjusted at least one setting for roaming. In some implementations of the UE, method, and processor described herein, the notification provides for an override of the adjusted at least one setting for roaming responsive to an input via the user interface of the UE.

[0014] Some implementations of the UE, method, and processor described herein may further include operations, means, or instructions for obtaining from a HPLMN updated cost information. In some implementations of the UE, method, and processor described herein, the cost information comprises the updated cost information. In some implementations of the UE, method, and processor described herein, the at least one setting for roaming is adjusted based at least in part on the updated cost information obtained from the HPLMN.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015] Figure 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0016] Figure 2 illustrates an example of a UE in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0017] Figure 3 illustrates an example of a processor in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0018] Figure 4 illustrate a flowchart of method performed by a UE in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0019] Figure 5 illustrates exemplary signaling between a UE and a network entity or entities.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0020] One or more of NEs (e.g., base stations, network entities of core networks, etc.) and UEs (e.g., mobile devices) may support roaming functionality to maintain seamless connectivity (e.g., uninterrupted service) for the UEs when the UEs move beyond a coverage area of a home network (e.g., HPLMN) and transition (e.g., switches, changes, moves) to a foreign network (e.g., VPLMN). This functionality allows continuous access to voice, data, and other services across geographic regions or network domains even when operated by different service providers. Although roaming enables a UE to maintain connectivity across geographic regions and between different network operators, ensuring consistent service coverage, whether domestically or internationally, roaming may yield roaming charges that can be significantly higher than standard rates, particularly when connecting to premium networks (e.g., satellite access).

[0021] In some cases users may be unaware of costs associated with roaming on certain networks until monthly billing statements are issued. Although, in some cases, network operators may provide (e.g., send) a notification, such as an SMS message detailing roaming charges when a UE (e.g., mobile device) connects to a network (e.g., a VPLMN), this notification may be overlooked, delayed, or misunderstood due to various factors, including language barriers or message formatting. Some solutions to decrease or mitigate unexpected charges in monthly billing statements include:

[0022] Manual Roaming Control: A user can manually disable roaming services through one or more settings (e.g., UE settings) of a UE (e.g., mobile device) associated with the user.However, this solution has limitations as it requires user awareness and proactive management. Additionally, this solution is susceptible to human error.

[0023] Operator-Provided Spending Caps: A network entity (e.g., network operator) may provide spending limits or alerts when a user reaches a certain charge threshold. However, this solution also has limitations at it is reactive rather than proactive and might not prevent initial high charges before the cap is enforced.

[0024] Roaming Alerts and Notifications: A UE (e.g., mobile device) or network entity (e.g., network operators) may provide (e.g., send) alerts when entering a roaming network, (i.e., a VPLMN). Again, this solution has limitations as it is only informative and does not automate any control over roaming settings.

[0025] Data Management Applications: An application may monitor data usage and provide alerts (e.g., warnings) or terminate (e.g., block) data usage after reaching a threshold (e.g., data volume limit), which may be defined by a user or network entity (e.g., network operator). Again, this solution has limitations, as it is directed to monitoring data volume rather than cost per unit and may lack permissions to adjust settings.

[0026] National and Regional Roaming Regulations: By way of example, European Union (EU) regulations may cap roaming charges and require network operators to alert (e.g., notify) users. This approach is region-specific and does not address automatic control at a UE level. Additionally, this solution might not be applicable to satellite networks or outside the EU.

[0027] Predefined Network Blacklists: A device may maintain a blacklist of networks known for high charges and automatically avoid these networks. As this solution requires frequent updates of the blacklist it might not account for new or rebranded networks. Additionally, this solution may lack user-specific cost considerations.

[0028] Location-Based Roaming Controls: A device may be configured with, or be capable of using, Global Positioning System (GPS) to restrict roaming based on geographical areas known for high charges. However, GPS may be unreliable in certain environments (e.g., indoors) or in certain geographic regions, and does not account for cost variations within a same geolocation.

[0029] Accordingly, it may be desirable to improve on roaming functionality, particularly related to mitigating and securing users from incurring unexpected roamingcharges by intelligently managing connections in roaming cases based on cost information provided (e.g., received) by network operators.

[0030] One or more aspects of the present disclosure relate to managing roaming charges, while addressing the above shortcomings. For example, a UE may be configured to, capable of, or operable to process (e.g., extract, inspect) and analyze cost information from incoming messages provided by network operators of a roaming network. The UE may be configured with one or more modules (e.g., code) for detecting a roaming status, monitoring incoming messages, parsing and extracting cost data, comparing the extracted costs with thresholds (e.g., user / UE-defmed thresholds), and adjusting roaming settings accordingly. The UE may be configured to, capable of, or operable to perform these one or more operations automatically (e.g., autonomously). Additionally or alternatively the UE may be configured to, capable of, or operable to manage one or more settings (e.g., customizable, selectable) that allow a user of the UE to define cost thresholds for various services such as data usage, voice calls, and SMS messaging.

[0031] Enabling the UE in accordance with the one or more aspects of the present disclosure may result in improved user experience (e.g., reduced unexpected high charges, improve convenience, provide multi-language and message format support). Additionally, enabling the UE in accordance with the one or more aspects of the present disclosure may provide for improved privacy and security, reduced impact on UE performance and battery life, and higher flexibility for overriding automatic or default controls and settings.

[0032] Aspects of the present disclosure are described in the context of a wireless communications system.

[0033] Figure 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system 100 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more NEs 102, one or more UEs 104, and a core network (CN) 106. The wireless communications system 100 may support various radio access technologies. In some implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a 4G network, such as an LTE network or an LIE- Advanced (LIE- A) network. In some other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a NR network, such as a 5G network, a 5G- Advanced (5G-A) network, or a 5G ultrawideband (5G-UWB) network. In other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a combination of a 4Gnetwork and a 5G network, or other suitable radio access technology including Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20. The wireless communications system 100 may support radio access technologies beyond 5G, for example 6G. Additionally, the wireless communications system 100 may support technologies, such as time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), or code division multiple access (CDMA), etc.

[0034] The one or more NEs 102 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region to form the wireless communications system 100. One or more of the NEs 102 described herein may be or may include or may be referred to as a network node, a base station, a network element, a network function, a network entity, a radio access network (RAN), a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB), a next-generation NodeB (gNB), or other suitable terminology. An NE 102 and a UE 104 may communicate via a communication link, which may be a wireless or wired connection. For example, an NE 102 and a UE 104 may perform wireless communication (e.g., receive signaling, transmit signaling) over a Uu interface.

[0035] An NE 102 may provide a geographic coverage area for which the NE 102 may support services for one or more UEs 104 within the geographic coverage area. For example, an NE 102 and a UE 104 may support wireless communication of signals related to services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc.) according to one or multiple radio access technologies. In some implementations, an NE 102 may be moveable, for example, a satellite associated with a non-terrestrial network (NTN). In some implementations, different geographic coverage areas 112 associated with the same or different radio access technologies may overlap, but the different geographic coverage areas may be associated with different NEs 102.

[0036] The one or more UEs 104 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region of the wireless communications system 100. A UE 104 may include or may be referred to as a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a subscriber device, a transmitter device, a receiver device, or some other suitable terminology. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE 104 may be referred to as an Internet-of- Things (loT) device, an Internet-of-Everything (loE) device, or machine-type communication (MTC) device, among other examples.

[0037] A UE 104 may be able to support wireless communication directly with other UEs104 over a communication link. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a device-to-device (D2D) communication link. In some implementations, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) deployments, vehicle-to- everything (V2X) deployments, or cellular-V2X deployments, the communication link 114 may be referred to as a sidelink. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a PC5 interface.

[0038] An NE 102 may support communications with the CN 106, or with another NE 102, or both. For example, an NE 102 may interface with another NE 102 or the CN 106 through one or more backhaul links (e.g., SI, N2, N2, or network interface). In some implementations, the NEs 102 may communicate with each other directly. In some other implementations, the NE 102 may communicate with each other or indirectly (e.g., via the CN 106. In some implementations, one or more NEs 102 may include subcomponents, such as an access network entity, which may be an example of an access node controller (ANC). An ANC may communicate with the one or more UEs 104 through one or more other access network transmission entities, which may be referred to as radio heads, smart radio heads, or transmission-reception points (TRPs).

[0039] The CN 106 may support user authentication, access authorization, tracking, connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The CN 106 may be an evolved packet core (EPC), or a 5G core (5GC), which may include a control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME), an access and mobility management functions (AMF)) and a user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW), a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW), or a user plane function (UPF)). In some implementations, the control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions, such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management (e.g., data bearers, signal bearers, etc.) for the one or more UEs 104 served by the one or more NEs 102 associated with the CN 106.

[0040] The CN 106 may communicate with a packet data network over one or more backhaul links (e.g., via an SI, N2, N2, or another network interface). The packet data network may include an application server. In some implementations, one or more UEs 104 may communicate with the application server. A UE 104 may establish a session (e.g., aprotocol data unit (PDU) session, or the like) with the CN 106 via an NE 102. The CN 106 may route traffic (e.g., control information, data, and the like) between the UE 104 and the application server using the established session (e.g., the established PDU session). The PDU session may be an example of a logical connection between the UE 104 and the CN 106 (e.g., one or more network functions of the CN 106).

[0041] In the wireless communications system 100, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may use resources of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers)) to perform various operations (e.g., wireless communications). In some implementations, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support different resource structures. For example, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support different frame structures. In some implementations, such as in 4G, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support a single frame structure. In some other implementations, such as in 5G and among other suitable radio access technologies, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures (i.e., multiple frame structures). The NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures based on one or more numerologies.

[0042] One or more numerologies may be supported in the wireless communications system 100, and a numerology may include a subcarrier spacing and a cyclic prefix. A first numerology (e.g., / r=0) may be associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. In some implementations, the first numerology (e.g., / r=0) associated with the first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may utilize one slot per subframe. A second numerology (e.g., / r=l) may be associated with a second subcarrier spacing (e.g., 30 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A third numerology (e.g., / r=2) may be associated with a third subcarrier spacing (e.g., 60 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix or an extended cyclic prefix. A fourth numerology (e.g., / r=3) may be associated with a fourth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 120 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A fifth numerology (e.g., / r=4) may be associated with a fifth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 240 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix.

[0043] A time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to frames (also referred to as radio frames). Each frame may have a duration, for example, a 10 millisecond (ms) duration. In some implementations, each frame may include multiple subframes. For example, each frame may include 10 subframes, and each subframemay have a duration, for example a 1 ms duration. In some implementations, each frame may have the same duration. In some implementations, each subframe of a frame may have the same duration.

[0044] Additionally or alternatively, a time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to slots. For example, a subframe may include a number (e.g., quantity) of slots. The number of slots in each subframe may also depend on the one or more numerologies supported in the wireless communications system 100. For instance, the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth numerologies (i.e., / r=0, jU=l, / r=2, jU=3, / r=4) associated with respective subcarrier spacings of 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, and 240 kHz may utilize a single slot per subframe, two slots per subframe, four slots per subframe, eight slots per subframe, and 16 slots per subframe, respectively. Each slot may include a number (e.g., quantity) of symbols (e.g., OFDM symbols). In some implementations, the number (e.g., quantity) of slots for a subframe may depend on a numerology. For a normal cyclic prefix, a slot may include 14 symbols. For an extended cyclic prefix (e.g., applicable for 60 kHz subcarrier spacing), a slot may include 12 symbols. The relationship between the number of symbols per slot, the number of slots per subframe, and the number of slots per frame for a normal cyclic prefix and an extended cyclic prefix, may depend on a numerology. It should be understood that reference to a first numerology (e.g., / i =0) associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may be used interchangeably between subframes and slots.

[0045] In the wireless communications system 100, an electromagnetic (EM) spectrum may be split, based on frequency or wavelength, into various classes, frequency bands, frequency channels, etc. By way of example, the wireless communications system 100 may support one or multiple operating frequency bands, such as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz - 7.125 GHz), FR2 (24.25 GHz - 52.6 GHz), FR3 (7.125 GHz - 24.25 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz - 114.25 GHz), FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz - 71 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz - 300 GHz). In some implementations, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may perform wireless communications over one or more of the operating frequency bands. In some implementations, FR1 may be used by the NEs 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for cellular communications traffic (e.g., control information, data). In someimplementations, FR2 may be used by the NEs 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for short-range, high data rate capabilities.

[0046] FR1 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least three numerologies). For example, FR1 may be associated with a first numerology (e.g., / r=0), which includes 15 kHz subcarrier spacing; a second numerology (e.g., / r=l), which includes 30 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a third numerology (e.g., / r=2), which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing. FR2 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least 2 numerologies). For example, FR2 may be associated with a third numerology (e.g., / r=2), which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a fourth numerology (e.g., / r=3), which includes 120 kHz subcarrier spacing.

[0047] The wireless communication system 100 may support roaming functionality. In some examples, the wireless communication system 100 may be a HPLMN. In some other examples, the wireless communication system 100 may be a VPLMN. In other examples, the wireless communication system 100 may be a combination of an HPLMN and a VPLMN, for example based on a subscription of UEs 104. 3 GPP Release 16 provides an example of a roaming architecture which facilitates inter-network charging so that subscribers can be charged appropriately by home networks for services used while roaming. To facilitate improved control over charges incurred during roaming, one or more UEs 104 may be configured to, be capable of, or be operable to store a set (e.g., a list or other data structure) of UE-configured cost thresholds (which may also be referred to as “user-configured” cost thresholds).

[0048] UE-configured cost thresholds may be in addition to stored roaming settings that may correspond to existing settings such as: roaming data enabled / disabled; roaming voice or video calls enabled / disabled; roaming SMS or MMS enabled / disabled, etc. These settings and the list of UE-configured cost thresholds may initially be set to certain default settings by, for example a home network operator (e.g., via NE 102). The UE-configured cost thresholds may include costs associated with services, for example: roaming data cost (e.g., cents per MB); roaming voice or video call cost (e.g., cents per minute); roaming SMS or MMS cost (e.g., cents per message), etc. The UE-configured cost thresholds may each be associated with one or more roaming settings and function as triggers to change one or more roaming settings as described in more detail below.

[0049] One or more roaming settings may be adjusted via an interface associated with a UE 104. For example, a user may via a user interface of a UE 104 access and adjust the one or more roaming settings. By way of example, a user may via a graphical user interface (GUI) of a UE 104 access a list of roaming settings within a UE settings application of the UE 104 and edit (e.g., adjust, update, enable, disable) one or more roaming settings in the list. In some examples, a corresponding cost threshold may be indicated for each of the one or more roaming settings in the list. In these examples, the user may edit (e.g., adjust, update, enable, disable) one or more corresponding cost thresholds. In other examples, one or more corresponding cost thresholds may be protected (e.g., locked) by a home network operate. In other words, the user may be unable to edit these corresponding cost thresholds. In some examples, a pay-as-you-go subscription associated with a UE may have roaming settings permanently disabled to prevent roaming usage.

[0050] In some cases, a user associated with a UE 104 may be prompted with a message in response to connecting to a VPLMN (i.e., a roaming network, foreign network). This message may include certain content, such as “Welcome to Network X”. In some cases, this message may be an SMS message, although it should be understood that other types of message are possible, and other content may be provided, including cost information (e.g., voice call cost per minute, SMS / MMS cost per message, etc.). In the example of Figure 1, a UE 104 may be configured to, be capable of, or be operable to determine when the UE 104 connects to a roaming network and, based at least in part on the determination, identify and parse received messages to detect relevant cost information associated with roaming services.

[0051] The UE 104 may be configured to, be capable of, or be operable to query each received message using a natural language procedure including a locally installed LLM. For example, the UE 104 may be configured to, be capable of, or be operable to query contents of a message by asking “What is the cost per minute for voice calls?” and or “What is the cost for each MB of data?”. While one or more procedures and / or operations might be configured in an operating system of the UE 104 (e.g., Apple OS™ or Android™), the procedures and / or operations may be implemented in an application executable by the UE 104 (e.g., an installed application). In some examples, the procedures and / or operations may involve use of network or cloud services, for example message text and queries may beforwarded to a network or cloud server (e.g., of CN 106) and query results may be provided (e.g., transmitted) to the UE 104.

[0052] One or more of code or logic executable by the UE 104 (e.g., a processor of the UE 104) may inspect the query results and compare them against one or more of the UE- configured cost thresholds. For example, the UE 104 may compare a voice call cost per minute against a UE-configured voice call cost per minute threshold. If the former is less than the threshold, the UE 104 may refrain from further action (e.g., a voice call roaming setting remains enabled). However, if the voice call cost per minute satisfies (e.g., is equal to or greater than) the threshold, the UE 104 may adjust the voice call roaming setting by toggling (e.g., setting) it to disabled, to prevent voice calls being initiated or received by the UE 104 while connected to the roaming network. It should be understood that the UE 104 (e.g., including one or more of code or logic executable by the UE 104) may be managed similarly for other roaming costs and roaming settings.

[0053] A user associated with a UE 104 may be notified of an adjusted roaming setting and / or a cost threshold. For example, when the UE 104 toggles (e.g., enables, disables) a roaming setting, the UE 104 may alert the user of the change, for example by way of displaying a notification on a GUI of the UE 104. The user may then be prompted to select whether to confirm the adjusted roaming setting or revert to the previous setting. For example, the user may determine that roaming voice calls are necessary despite a relatively high cost. Reverting to a previous setting may be achieved via the settings menu or some other user interface.

[0054] In some cases, one or more UE-configured cost thresholds may be defined in a default currency associated with a user or a home network. For example, a default current may be euros. To facilitate a comparison of received roaming cost information with the UE- configured cost thresholds when these are in different currencies, a currency conversion may be performed by the UE 104. For example, one or more of code or logic executable by the UE 104 (e.g., a processor of the UE 104) may obtain, from the home network, a current conversion rate and perform the currency conversion.

[0055] In some cases one or more of code or logic executable by the UE 104 (e.g., a processor of the UE 104) may cause the UE 104 to periodically contact the home network to query for roaming costs. The home network may, in response, provide (e.g., transmit)updated or changed costs to the UE 104, for example, via one or more messages, such as SMS messages etc. As such, one or more of code or logic executable by the UE 104 may parse these messages and toggle or change the roaming settings accordingly.

[0056] In some cases, after connecting (e.g., attaching) to a roaming network, no message containing charge information may be automatically provided (e.g., transmitted) to the UE 104. This may result in the UE 104 continuing to use roaming services, incurring excessive costs. To avoid this problem, one or more of code or logic executable by the UE 104 may initiate a timer which, upon expiry without a message containing cost information having been received, causes the UE 104 to transmit a roaming cost query to the HPLMN. The response to this query can then be parsed by the UE 104 and the roaming settings toggled or changed appropriately.

[0057] Figure 2 illustrates an example of a UE 200 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The UE 200 may include a processor 202, a memory 204, a controller 206, and a transceiver 208. The processor 202, the memory 204, the controller 206, or the transceiver 208, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. These components may be coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces.

[0058] The processor 202, the memory 204, the controller 206, or the transceiver 208, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., circuitry). The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or other programmable logic device, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure.

[0059] The processor 202 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general- purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, or any combination thereof). In some implementations, the processor 202 may be configured to operate the memory 204. In some other implementations, the memory 204 may be integrated into the processor 202. The processor 202 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 204 to cause the UE 200 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.

[0060] The memory 204 may include volatile or non-volatile memory. The memory 204 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions which, when executed by the processor 202, cause the UE 200 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as the memory 204 or another type of memory. Computer-readable media includes both non- transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or specialpurpose computer.

[0061] In some implementations the processor 202 and the memory 204 coupled with the processor 202 may be configured to cause the UE 200 to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 202, instructions stored in the memory 204). For example, the processor 202 may support wireless communication at the UE 200 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein.

[0062] The UE 200 may be configured to support a means for obtaining cost information associated with at least one service supported by a VPLMN based at least in part on the UE 200 being connected to the VPLMN, and adjusting at least one setting for roaming based at least in part on the cost information associated with the at least one service supported by the VPLMN and a UE-configured cost threshold associated with the at least one service.

[0063] The UE 200 may be configured to support a means for establishing a connection with the VPLMN based at least in part on a network event. The network event may comprise roaming. The at least one service may comprise a roaming service supported by the VPLMN, and the VPLMN may be associated with a HPLMN of the UE 200.

[0064] The UE 200 may be configured to support a means for storing a plurality of UE- configured cost thresholds, each UE-configured cost threshold may be associated with a corresponding service or services supported by the UE 200.

[0065] The UE 200 may be configured to support a means for receiving a message from the VPLMN. The message may comprise an SMS message, an MMS message, an RTC message, or an IMS message. The UE 200 may be configured to support a means for processing the message to identify the cost information associated with the at least one service supported by the VPLMN, based at least in part on one or more NLP models. Theone or more NLP models may support one or more languages and message formats. The cost information may be obtained based at least in part on the processed message.

[0066] The UE 200 may be configured to support a means for processing the message according to a LLM. An input to the LLM may comprise one or more elements of the messages. An output of the LLM may indicate one or more of a cost for the at least one service, a charge rate associated with the at least on service, and a currency of the cost for the at least one service.

[0067] The cost information associated with the at least one service may comprise default cost information based at least in part on an absence of a message that comprises the cost information from the VPLMN within a threshold duration.

[0068] The UE 200 may be configured to support a means for outputting, via a user interface of the UE 200, a notification that indicates one or more of the cost information for at least one service supported by the VPLMN or a request for an input to adjust the at least one setting for roaming. The cost information may comprise an estimated cost value or an actual cost value associated with the at least one service. The at least one input may comprise enabling or disabling the at least one service supported by the VPLMN while roaming within the VPLMN.

[0069] The UE 200 may be configured to support a means for adjusting at least one setting for roaming by automatically enabling or disabling the at least one service based at least in part on the cost information associated with the at least one service supported by the VPLMN and the UE-configured cost threshold associated with the at least one service. The at least one service may be automatically enabled based at least in part on the cost information being less than the UE-configured cost threshold associated with the at least one service. Alternatively, the at least one service may be automatically disabled based at least in part on the cost information being greater than or equal to the UE-configured cost threshold associated with the at least one service.

[0070] The UE 200 may be configured to support a means for automatically maintaining at least one other service irrespective of or based at least in part on the cost information associated with the at least one other service supported by the VPLMN and the UE- configured cost threshold associated with the at least one other service.

[0071] The UE 200 may be configured to support a means for outputting, via a user interface of the UE 200, a notification of the adjusted at least one setting for roaming. The notification may provide for an override of the adjusted at least one setting for roaming responsive to an input via the user interface of the UE 200.

[0072] The UE 200 may be configured to support a means for obtaining from an HPLMN updated cost information. The cost information may comprise the updated cost information, and the at least one setting for roaming may be adjusted based at least in part on the updated cost information obtained from the HPLMN.

[0073] The controller 206 may manage input and output signals for the UE 200. The controller 206 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the UE 200. In some implementations the controller 206 may utilize an operating system such as iOS®, ANDROID®, WINDOWS®, or other operating systems. In some implementations, the controller 206 may be implemented as part of the processor 202.

[0074] In some implementations the UE 200 may include at least one transceiver 208. In some other implementations, the UE 200 may have more than one transceiver 208. The transceiver 208 may represent a wireless transceiver. The transceiver 208 may include one or more receiver chains 210, one or more transmitter chains 212, or a combination thereof.

[0075] A receiver chain 210 may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receiver chain 210 may include one or more antennas for receive the signal over the air or wireless medium. The receiver chain 210 may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LN A)) configured to amplify the received signal. The receiver chain 210 may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal. The receiver chain 210 may include at least one decoder for decoding the processing the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.

[0076] A transmitter chain 212 may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets). The transmitter chain 212 may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), or digitalmodulation schemes like phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The transmitter chain 212 may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmitter chain 212 may also include one or more antennas for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.

[0077] Figure 3 illustrates an example of a processor 300 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The processor 300 may be an example of a processor configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 300 may include a controller 302 configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 300 may optionally include at least one memory 304, which may be, for example, an L1 / L2 / L3 cache. Additionally, or alternatively, the processor 300 may optionally include one or more arithmetic-logic units (ALUs) 306. One or more of these components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses).

[0078] The processor 300 may be a processor chipset and include a protocol stack (e.g., a software stack) executed by the processor chipset to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor chipset may include one or more cores, one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 300) or other memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), static RAM (SRAM), ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM), magnetic RAM (MRAM), resistive RAM (RRAM), flash memory, phase change memory (PCM), and others).

[0079] The controller 302 may be configured to manage and coordinate various operations (e.g., signaling, receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) of the processor 300 to cause the processor 300 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. For example, the controller 302 may operate as a control unit of the processor 300, generating control signals that manage the operation of various componentsof the processor 300. These control signals include enabling or disabling functional units, selecting data paths, initiating memory access, and coordinating timing of operations.

[0080] The controller 302 may be configured to fetch (e.g., obtain, retrieve, receive) instructions from the memory 304 and determine subsequent instruction(s) to be executed to cause the processor 300 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The controller 302 may be configured to track memory address of instructions associated with the memory 304. The controller 302 may be configured to decode instructions to determine the operation to be performed and the operands involved. For example, the controller 302 may be configured to interpret the instruction and determine control signals to be output to other components of the processor 300 to cause the processor 300 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. Additionally, or alternatively, the controller 302 may be configured to manage flow of data within the processor 300. The controller 302 may be configured to control transfer of data between registers, arithmetic logic units (ALUs), and other functional units of the processor 300.

[0081] The memory 304 may include one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor 300 or other memory, such RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, flash memory, etc. In some implementations, the memory 304 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., local to the processor 300). In some other implementations, the memory 304 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., remote to the processor 300).

[0082] The memory 304 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 300, cause the processor 300 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. The controller 302 and / or the processor 300 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 304 to cause the processor 300 to perform various functions. For example, the processor 300 and / or the controller 302 may be coupled with or to the memory 304, the processor 300, the controller 302, and the memory 304 may be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the processor 300 may include multiple processors and the memory 304 may include multiple memories.One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein.

[0083] The one or more ALUs 306 may be configured to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, the one or more ALUs 306 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., the processor 300). In some other implementations, the one or more ALUs 306 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 300). One or more ALUs 306 may perform one or more computations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on data. For example, one or more ALUs 306 may receive input operands and an operation code, which determines an operation to be executed. One or more ALUs 306 be configured with a variety of logical and arithmetic circuits, including adders, subtractors, shifters, and logic gates, to process and manipulate the data according to the operation. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more ALUs 306 may support logical operations such as AND, OR, exclusive-OR (XOR), not-OR (NOR), and not-AND (NAND), enabling the one or more ALUs 306 to handle conditional operations, comparisons, and bitwise operations.

[0084] The processor 300 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The processor 300 may be configured to or be operable to support a means for causing the processor 300 to obtain cost information associated with at least one service supported by a VPLMN based at least in part on a UE (e.g., such as UE 104 or UE 200 as described herein) being connected to the VPLMN, and adjust at least one setting for roaming based at least in part on the cost information associated with the at least one service supported by the VPLMN and a UE-configured cost threshold associated with the at least one service.

[0085] The processor 300 may be configured to support a means for establishing a connection with the VPLMN based at least in part on a network event. The network event may comprise roaming. The at least one service may comprise a roaming service supported by the VPLMN, and the VPLMN may be associated with a HPLMN of the UE (e.g., such as UE 104 or UE 200 as described herein).

[0086] The processor 300 may be configured to support a means for storing a plurality of processor-configured cost thresholds, each processor-configured cost threshold associated with a corresponding service or services supported by the processor 300.

[0087] The processor 300 may be configured to support a means for receiving a message from the VPLMN. The message may comprise an SMS message, an MMS message, an RTC message, or an IMS message. The processor 300 may be configured to support a means for processing the message to identify the cost information associated with the at least one service supported by the VPLMN, based at least in part on one or more NLP models. The one or more NLP models may support one or more languages and message formats. The cost information may be obtained based at least in part on the processed message.

[0088] The processor 300 may be configured to support a means for processing the message according to a LLM. An input to the LLM may comprise one or more elements of the messages, and an output of the LLM may indicate one or more of a cost for the at least one service, a charge rate associated with the at least on service, and a currency of the cost for the at least one service.

[0089] The cost information associated with the at least one service may comprise default cost information based at least in part on an absence of a message that comprises the cost information from the VPLMN within a threshold duration.

[0090] The processor 300 may be configured to support a means for outputting, via a user interface of the UE (e.g., such as UE 104 or UE 200 as described herein), a notification that indicates one or more of the cost information for at least one service supported by the VPLMN or a request for an input to adjust the at least one setting for roaming. The cost information may comprise an estimated cost value or an actual cost value associated with the at least one service, and the at least one input may comprise enabling or disabling the at least one service supported by the VPLMN while roaming within the VPLMN.

[0091] The processor 300 may be configured to support a means for adjusting at least one setting for roaming. The processor 300 may be configured to support means for automatically enabling or disabling the at least one service based at least in part on the cost information associated with the at least one service supported by the VPLMN and the processor-configured cost threshold associated with the at least one service. The at least one service may be automatically enabled based at least in part on the cost information being lessthan the processor-configured cost threshold associated with the at least one service. Alternatively, the at least one service may be automatically disabled based at least in part on the cost information being greater than or equal to the processor-configured cost threshold associated with the at least one service.

[0092] Figure 4 is a flowchart of a method in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method may be implemented by a UE as described herein. In some implementations, the UE may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the UE to perform the described functions.

[0093] At 402, the method may include obtaining cost information associated with at least one service supported by a VPLMN based at least in part on the UE being connected to the VPLMN. The operations of 402 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 402 may be performed by a UE as described with reference to Figure 2.

[0094] At 404, the method may include adjusting at least one setting for roaming based at least in part on the cost information associated with the at least one service supported by the VPLMN and a UE-configured cost threshold associated with the at least one service. The operations of 404 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 404 may be performed by a UE as described with reference to Figure 2.

[0095] Figure 5 is an exemplary signaling flow for the method described. Following establishment of a connection 502 between the UE 504 and the HPLMN 506 via the VPLMN 508, cost information 510 is provided to the UE by the VPLMN, e.g. in an SMS message or other message. The UE detects this cost information at 512 and adjusts one or more roaming settings at 514.

[0096] Some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein may further include a UE for wireless communication, comprising at least one memory and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the UE to maintain one or more roaming settings for a user, each roaming setting being associated with a service, maintain a list of user-defined cost thresholds, each user-defined cost threshold being associated with a service, and identify when the UE connects to a roaming network. The processor is further configured to, in response to identifying that the UE has connectedto a roaming network, monitor received messages including parsing the messages to identify cost information related to using a service or service on the roaming network, use the cost information to determine if a user-defined cost threshold is exceeded, and in the event of a determination that a user-defined cost threshold is exceeded, change a roaming setting or settings to prevent the user-defined cost threshold being exceeded.

[0097] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein the processor is configured to change a roaming setting or settings to prevent a user-defined cost threshold being exceeded by changing the setting or settings to disable or enable a service.

[0098] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein the processor is configured to parse the messages using natural language processing supporting one or more languages and or one or more message formats.

[0099] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein the processor is configured to parse the messages using natural language processing by submitting message text and queries to a Large Language Model, LLM, and receiving responses from the LLM.

[0100] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein the processor is configured to permit a user to override the or each changed setting via a user interface of the UE.

[0101] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein the processor is configured to alert a user, via a user interface of the UE, to a changed setting.

[0102] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein the processor is configured to utilize a currency conversion when using the cost information to determine if a user-defined cost threshold is exceeded.

[0103] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein the processor is configured to send a request to a home network for updated or new cost information and, when updated or new cost information is received, to use the updated or new cost information to determine if a user-defined cost threshold is exceeded, and use the result to adjust the roaming settings if necessary.

[0104] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein the processor is configured to, in response to determining that no messages containing costinformation have been received within a predefined time of connecting to the roaming network, changing a roaming setting or settings to a default setting or settings.

[0105] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein said messages are SMS, MMS, RTC or IMS messages.

[0106] Some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein may further include a processor for wireless communication, comprising at least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to maintain one or more roaming settings for a user, each setting associated with a service, maintain a list of user-defined cost thresholds, each threshold associated with a service, and identify when a UE connects to a roaming network. The processor is further configured, in response to identifying that the UE has connected to a roaming network, monitor received messages including parsing the messages to identify cost information related to using a service or service on the roaming network, use the cost information to determine if a user-defined cost threshold is exceeded, and, in the event of a determination that a user-defined cost threshold is exceeded, change a roaming setting or settings to prevent the user-defined cost threshold being exceeded.

[0107] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein the processor is configured to parse the messages using natural language processing supporting one or more languages and or one or more message formats.

[0108] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein the processor is configured to parse the messages using natural language processing by submitting message text and queries to a Large Language Model, LLM, and receiving responses from the LLM.

[0109] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein the processor is configured to permit a user to override the or each changed setting via a user interface of a UE.

[0110] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein the processor is configured to alert a user, via a user interface of a UE, to a changed setting.

[0111] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein the processor is configured to utilize a currency conversion when using the cost information to determine if a user-defined cost threshold is exceeded.

[0112] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein the processor is configured to send, after changing a roaming setting or settings to prevent a user- defined cost threshold being exceeded, a request to a home network for updated or new cost information and, when updated or new cost information is received, to use the updated or new cost information to determine if a user-defined cost threshold is exceeded and use the result to adjust the roaming settings if necessary.

[0113] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein the processor is configured to, in response to determining that no messages containing cost information have been received within a predefined time of connecting to the roaming network, change a roaming setting or settings to a default setting or settings.

[0114] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, wherein said messages are SMS, MMS, RTC or IMS messages.

[0115] Some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein may further include a method performed by a user equipment (UE), the method comprising maintaining one or more roaming settings for a user, each roaming setting being associated with a service, maintaining a list of user-defined cost thresholds, each user-defined threshold being associated with a service, and identifying when the UE connects to a roaming network. The method further comprises, in response to identifying that the UE has connected to a roaming network, monitoring received messages including parsing the messages to identify cost information related to using a service or service on the roaming network, using the cost information to determine if a user-defined cost threshold exceeded, and in the event of a determination that a user-defined cost threshold is exceeded, changing a roaming setting or settings to prevent the user-defined cost threshold being exceeded.

[0116] Roaming settings may, for example, indicate whether a particular service (e.g. voice, messaging, data) is allowed when the UE is connected to the roaming network.

[0117] It should be noted that the method described herein describes A possible implementation, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible.

[0118] The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may beapplied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A User Equipment, UE, for wireless communication, comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the UE to: obtain cost information associated with at least one service supported by a visited public land mobile network, VPLMN, based at least in part on the UE being connected to the VPLMN; and adjust at least one setting for roaming based at least in part on the cost information associated with the at least one service supported by the VPLMN and a UE-configured cost threshold associated with the at least one service.

2. The UE of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to: establish a connection with the VPLMN based at least in part on a network event, wherein the network event comprises roaming, wherein the at least one service comprises a roaming service supported by the VPLMN, and wherein the VPLMN is associated with a home public land mobile network, HPLMN, of the UE.

3. The UE of claim 1 or 2, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to: store a plurality of UE-configured cost thresholds, each UE-configured cost threshold associated with a corresponding service or services supported by the UE.

4. The UE of any preceding claim, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to:receive a message from the VPLMN, wherein the message comprises a short message service, SMS, message, a multimedia message service, MMS, message, a real-time communication, RTC, message, or an IP multimedia subsystem, IMS, message; and process the message to identify the cost information associated with the at least one service supported by the VPLMN, based at least in part on one or more natural language processing, NLP, models, wherein the one or more NLP models support one or more languages and message formats, wherein the cost information is obtained based at least in part on the processed message.

5. The UE of claim 4, wherein the message is processed according to a Large Language Model, LLM, wherein an input to the LLM comprises one or more elements of the messages, and wherein an output of the LLM indicates one or more of a cost for the at least one service, a charge rate associated with the at least on service, a currency of the cost for the at least one service.

6. The UE of any preceding claim, wherein the cost information associated with the at least one service comprises default cost information based at least in part on an absence of a message that comprises the cost information from the VPLMN within a threshold duration.

7. The UE of any preceding claim, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to: output, via a user interface of the UE, a notification that indicates one or more of the cost information for at least one service supported by the VPLMN or a request for an input to adjust the at least one setting for roaming, wherein the cost information comprises an estimated cost value or an actual cost value associated with the at least one service, and wherein the at least one input comprises enabling or disabling the at least one service supported by the VPLMN while roaming within the VPLMN.

8. The UE of any preceding claim, wherein, to adjust at least one setting for roaming, the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to: automatically enable or disable the at least one service based at least in part on the cost information associated with the at least one service supported by the VPLMN and the UE-configured cost threshold associated with the at least one service, wherein the at least one service is automatically enabled based at least in part on the cost information being less than the UE-configured cost threshold associated with the at least one service, and wherein the at least one service is automatically disabled based at least in part on the cost information being greater than or equal to the UE-configured cost threshold associated with the at least one service.

9. The UE of any preceding claim, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the UE to: automatically maintain at least one other service irrespective of or based at least in part on the cost information associated with the at least one other service supported by the VPLMN and the UE-configured cost threshold associated with the at least one other service.

10. The UE of any preceding claim, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to: output, via a user interface of the UE, a notification of the adjusted at least one setting for roaming, wherein the notification provides for an override of the adjusted at least one setting for roaming responsive to an input via the user interface of the UE.

11. The UE of any preceding claim, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to: obtain from a home public land mobile network, HPLMN, updated cost information, wherein the cost information comprises the updated cost information, and wherein the at least one setting for roaming is adjusted based at least in part on the updated cost information obtained from the HPLMN.

12. A processor for wireless communication, the processor comprising: at least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to: obtain cost information associated with at least one service supported by a visited public land mobile network, VPLMN, based at least in part on a user equipment, UE, being connected to the VPLMN; and adjust at least one setting for roaming based at least in part on the cost information associated with the at least one service supported by the VPLMN and a UE-configured cost threshold associated with the at least one service.

13. The processor of claim 12, wherein the at least one controller is further configured to cause the processor to: establish a connection with the VPLMN based at least in part on a network event, wherein the network event comprises roaming, wherein the at least one service comprises a roaming service supported by the VPLMN, and wherein the VPLMN is associated with a home public land mobile network, HPLMN, of the UE.

14. The processor of claim 12 or 13, wherein the at least one controller is further configured to cause the processor to: store a plurality of processor-configured cost thresholds, each processor-configured cost threshold associated with a corresponding service or services supported by the processor.

15. The processor of any of claims 12 to 14, wherein the at least one controller is further configured to cause the processor to: receive a message from the VPLMN, wherein the message comprises a short message service, SMS, message, a multimedia message service, MMS, message, a real-time communication, RTC, message, or an IP multimedia subsystem, IMS, message; and process the message to identify the cost information associated with the at least one service supported by the VPLMN, based at least in part on one or more natural languageprocessing, NLP, models, wherein the one or more NLP models support one or more languages and message formats, wherein the cost information is obtained based at least in part on the processed message.

16. The processor of claim 15, wherein the message is processed according to a Large Language Model, LLM, wherein an input to the LLM comprises one or more elements of the messages, and wherein an output of the LLM indicates one or more of a cost for the at least one service, a charge rate associated with the at least on service, a currency of the cost for the at least one service.

17. The processor of any of claims 12 to 16, wherein the cost information associated with the at least one service comprises default cost information based at least in part on an absence of a message that comprises the cost information from the VPLMN within a threshold duration.

18. The processor of any of claims 12 to 17, wherein the at least one controller is further configured to cause the processor to: output, via a user interface of the UE, a notification that indicates one or more of the cost information for at least one service supported by the VPLMN or a request for an input to adjust the at least one setting for roaming, wherein the cost information comprises an estimated cost value or an actual cost value associated with the at least one service, and wherein the at least one input comprises enabling or disabling the at least one service supported by the VPLMN while roaming within the VPLMN.

19. The processor of any of claims 12 to 18, wherein, to adjust at least one setting for roaming, the at least one controller is configured to cause the processor to: automatically enable or disable the at least one service based at least in part on the cost information associated with the at least one service supported by the VPLMN and the processor-configured cost threshold associated with the at least one service,wherein the at least one service is automatically enabled based at least in part on the cost information being less than the processor-configured cost threshold associated with the at least one service, and wherein the at least one service is automatically disabled based at least in part on the cost information being greater than or equal to the processor-configured cost threshold associated with the at least one service.

20. A method performed by a user equipment, UE, the method comprising: obtaining cost information associated with at least one service supported by a visited public land mobile network, VPLMN, based at least in part on the UE being connected to the VPLMN; and adjusting at least one setting for roaming based at least in part on the cost information associated with the at least one service supported by the VPLMN and a UE-configured cost threshold associated with the at least one service.

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