N-oleoylethanolamide and eubacterium rectale for use in treating diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome
OEA and E. rectale modulate serotonin levels to treat IBS-D by prolonging gastrointestinal transit time and reducing fecal water content, addressing the limitations of conventional IBS-D treatments.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- CENT FOR CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINE DRUG DEV LTD
- Filing Date
- 2025-03-07
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-21
AI Technical Summary
Conventional medications for diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) fail to effectively treat symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal pain, as they do not adequately regulate peripheral serotonin signaling, which is crucial for gut motility and visceral sensitivity.
Administration of N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA) or the gut bacteria Eubacterium rectale, which produces OEA, to modulate serotonin levels and improve symptoms by prolonging gastrointestinal transit time, reducing fecal water content, and decreasing defecation frequency.
OEA and E. rectale treatment significantly reduce serotonin levels, alleviate diarrhea and abdominal pain, and improve gastrointestinal health by prolonging transit time and reducing fecal water content, providing therapeutic benefits for IBS-D.
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Figure PCTCN2025081356-APPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
[Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]N-OLEOYLETHANOLAMIDE AND EUBACTERIUM RECTALE FOR USE IN TREATING DIARRHEA-PREDOMINANT IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME[Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]The present application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 562,293, filed on March 7, 2024, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING
[0002] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]The Sequence Listing identified as Sequence_Listing_P25963PCT. xml; Size: 15, 122 bytes; and Date of Creation: February 26, 2025, filed herewith, is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.[Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]TECHNICAL FIELD
[0003] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]The present disclosure relates to the use of N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA) or a microbiota OEA producer, such as Eubacterium rectale, for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) .[Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]BACKGROUND
[0004] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is a gastrointestinal disorder characterized by frequent diarrhea, abdominal pain, and bloating. Conventional medications for IBS-D are used to alleviate diarrhea and abdominal pain symptoms but cannot effectively treat IBS-D. One of the physiological factors that have gained attention for the treatment of IBS-D is the regulation of peripheral serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) as peripheral 5-HT is involved in regulating bowel movements, fluid secretion, and visceral sensitivity. Disturbances of peripheral 5-HT signaling can lead to dysfunction of gut motility and visceral sensitivity. Developing novel therapeutics to regulate 5-HT signaling such as modulation of peripheral 5-HT levels herein is of great importance for the treatment of IBS-D.
[0005] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]About 90%of the peripheral serotonin is produced by enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the gut. One of the factors that regulate peripheral serotonin production by EC cells is gut microbiota. Recent findings and our previous studies showed gut microbiota is involved in the pathogenesis of IBS-D by inducing diarrhea and abdominal pain-like phenotypes through stimulating serotonin production, suggesting modulation of gut microbiota is of great potential to regulate serotonin levels and treat IBS-D. Despite our previous study identifying a series of gut-microbial metabolites that induce diarrhea-like phenotypes by stimulating peripheral serotonin biosynthesis, it remains unclear whether there are gut-microbial metabolites inhibit serotonin production and improve diarrhea and abdominal pain phenotypes by inhibiting peripheral serotonin signaling.[Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]SUMMARY
[0006] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]In a first aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of treating irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising: administering a therapeutically effective amount of N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA) to the subject.
[0007] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]In certain embodiments, the IBS is a diarrhea-predominant subtype (IBS-D) .
[0008] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]In certain embodiments, the OEA is isolated and substantially pure.
[0009] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]In certain embodiments, OEA is administered in an amount sufficient to prolong gastro-intestinal transit time, reduce fecal water content, decrease defecation frequency, reduce serotonin serum concentration, or a combination thereof in the subject.
[0010] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]In certain embodiments, the subject has a lower serum OEA concentration relative to an average OEA serum concentration of healthy subjects that do not suffer from IBS.
[0011] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]In certain embodiments, the method further comprises providing a sample obtained from the subject, wherein the sample is fecal sample or a serum sample; determining the amount of one or more markers selected from the group consisting of OEA or serotonin in the sample; and determining based on the amount of the one or more markers in the sample that the subject has IBS prior to the step of administering the OEA to the subject.
[0012] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]In certain embodiments, the subject is a human, a non-human primate, a rodent, a canine, a feline, a bovine, or an equine.
[0013] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]In certain embodiments, the subject is a human.
[0014] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]In certain embodiments, the OEA is administered orally.
[0015] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]In a second aspect, provided herein is a method of treating irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising: administering a therapeutically effective amount of a bacteria that produces N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA) to the subject.
[0016] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]In certain embodiments, the IBS is a diarrhea-predominant subtype (IBS-D) .
[0017] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]In certain embodiments, the bacteria is Eubacterium rectale.
[0018] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]In certain embodiments, gut bacteria is administered in an amount sufficient to prolong gastro-intestinal transit time, reduce fecal water content, decrease defecation frequency, reduce serotonin serum concentration, or a combination thereof in the subject.
[0019] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]In certain embodiments, the subject has a lower serum OEA concentration relative to an average OEA serum concentration of healthy subjects that do not suffer from IBS.
[0020] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]In certain embodiments, the method further comprises providing a sample obtained from the subject, wherein the sample is fecal sample or a serum sample; determining the amount of one or more markers selected from the group consisting of OEA or serotonin in the sample; and determining based on the amount of the one or more markers in the sample that the subject has IBS prior to the step of administering the bacteria to the subject.
[0021] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]In certain embodiments, the bacteria is administered orally or by fecal microbiota transplant.
[0022] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]In certain embodiments, the subject is a human, a non-human primate, a rodent, a canine, a feline, a bovine, or an equine.
[0023] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]In certain embodiments, the subject is a human.[Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0024] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]The above and other objects and features of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following description of the disclosure, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
[0025] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Figure 1 shows OEA levels are significantly reduced in serum and fecal samples from germ-free mice and normal mice. Data (wild-type mice n=3 and germ-free mice n=6) are expressed as the mean±SEM. The significant differences were analyzed by t-test.
[0026] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Figure 2 shows serotonin level is significantly reduced in fecal samples from germ-free mice and normal mice. Data (wild-type mice n=3 and germ-free mice n=6) are expressed as the mean±SEM. The significant differences were analyzed by T-test. Significance p-values comparisons between wild-type group and germ-free group.
[0027] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Figure 3 shows serum OEA level is reduced and negatively associated with serum serotonin, diarrhea and abdominal pain in IBS-D patients. (A) OEA is reduced in the serum of IBS-D patients. (B-D) Nonparametric Spearman correlation analysis between serotonin, abdominal pain, Bristol score and OEA level in healthy control and IBS-D patients. (n=94) . HC:healthy control; r: correlation coefficient; p: p-value.
[0028] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Figure 4 shows treatment of OEA in physiological dosage improved diarrhea-like phenotypes in TNBS-treated mice. (A-C) Fecal water, GI transit time, and stool frequency in mice, with or without OEA treatment. Data (n=6) are expressed as the mean+SEM. The significant differences were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Significance p-values comparisons between the control group, model group and OEA treatment group in different concentrations.
[0029] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Figure 5 shows treatment of OEA in physiological dosage alleviated abdominal pain-like phenotype in TNBS-treated mice. (A-E) Visceromotor responses and electromyographic responses to colorectal distention with or without OEA treatment. Data (n=6) are expressed as the mean±SEM. The significant differences were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Significance p-values comparisons between the control group, model group and OEA treatment group in different concentrations.
[0030] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Figure 6 shows treatment of OEA in physiological dosage inhibited serotonin levels in serum and ileum of TNBS-treated mice. (A-B) Serum and ileum concentration of serotonin in TNBS-treated mice. Data (n=6) are expressed as the mean±SEM. The significant differences were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Significant p-values comparisons between the control group, model group and OEA treatment group in different concentrations.
[0031] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Figure 7 shows treatment of OEA in physiological dosage inhibited serotonin levels in QGP1 cells in a dosage-dependent manner. (A-B) QGP1 cells were treated with OEA at the concentration of 1, 5 and 10 μM for 4h and 24h. Data (n=3) are expressed as the mean+SEM. The significant differences were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Significant p-values comparisons between the control group, model group and OEA treatment group in different concentrations.
[0032] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Figure 8 shows treatment of OEA regulated the mRNA expressions of serotonin biosynthesis serotonin and reuptake genes including Tph1 and Sert in TNBS-treated mice. Data (n=6) are expressed as the mean±SEM. The significant differences were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Significant p-values comparisons between the control group, model group and OEA treatment group in different concentrations.
[0033] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Figure 9 shows treatment of OEA regulated the mRNA expressions of serotonin biosynthesis serotonin and reuptake genes including TPH1 and SERT in QGP1 cells. Data (n=3) are expressed as the mean±SEM. The significant differences were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Significance p-values comparisons between the control group and OEA treatment group in different concentrations.
[0034] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Figure 10 colonization of E. rectale improved diarrhea-like phenotypes in TNBS-treated mice. (A-C) Fecal water content, GI transit time, and Stool frequency in TNBS-treated mice, with or without colonization of E. rectale. Data (n=6) are expressed as the mean±SEM. The significant differences were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Significance p-values comparisons between the control group, model group and E. rectale colonization group.
[0035] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Figure 11 shows colonization of E. rectale improved abdominal pain-like phenotype in TNBS-treated mice. (A-E) Visceromotor responses and electromyographic responses to colorectal distention with or without colonization of E. rectale. Data (n=6) are expressed as the mean+SEM. The significant differences were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Significance p-values comparisons between the control group, model group and E. rectale colonization group.
[0036] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Figure 12 shows colonization of E. rectale increased OEA levels in TNBS-treated mice. (A-C) OEA levels in fecal samples and colonic tissues in TNBS-treated mice. Data (n=6) are expressed as the mean±SEM. The significant differences were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Significance p-values comparisons between the control group, model group and E. rectale colonization group.
[0037] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Figure 13 shows E. rectale inhibited serum serotonin levels in the TNBS mice model. Data (n=6) are expressed as the mean±SEM. The significant differences were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Significance p-values comparisons between the control group, model group and E. rectale colonization group.
[0038] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Figure 14 shows concentrations of OEA produced by E. coli ereT+ and E. coli vector. (A-B) OEA levels in vitro with or without induction of IPTG. Data are expressed as mean±SEM. The significant differences were analyzed by T-test. Significance p-values comparisons between E. coli ereT+ colonization group and E. coli vector colonization group.
[0039] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Figure 15 shows colonization of E. coli ereT+ increased OEA levels in TNBS-treated mice. Data (n=8) are expressed as the mean±SEM. The significant differences were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Significance p-values comparisons between the control group, model group and E.coli ereT+ and E. coli vector colonization group.
[0040] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Figure 16 shows colonization of E. coli ereT+ improved diarrhea-like phenotypes in TNBS-treated mice. (A-C) Fecal water content, GI transit time, and Stool frequency in TNBS-treated mice, with or without colonization of E. coli ereT+. Data (n=8) are expressed as the mean+SEM. The significant differences were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Significance p-values comparisons between the control group, model group and and E. coli ereT+ and E. coli vector colonization group.[Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0041] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Definitions
[0042] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Throughout the present specification, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise" or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising" , will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers. It is also noted that in this disclosure and particularly in the claims and / or paragraphs, terms such as “comprises” , “comprised” , “comprising” and the like can have the meaning attributed to it in U. S. Patent law; e.g., they can mean “includes” , “included” , “including” , and the like; and that terms such as “consisting essentially of” and “consists essentially of” have the meaning ascribed to them in U. S. Patent law, e.g., they allow for elements not explicitly recited, but exclude elements that are found in the prior art or that affect a basic or novel characteristic of the present invention.
[0043] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Furthermore, throughout the present specification and claims, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “include” or variations such as “includes” or “including” , will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers.
[0044] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]As used herein, the terms “treat” , "treating" , "treatment" , and the like refer to reducing or ameliorating a disorder / disease and / or symptoms associated therewith. It will be appreciated, although not precluded, treating a disorder or condition does not require that the disorder, condition, or symptoms associated therewith be completely eliminated. In certain embodiments, treatment includes prevention of a disorder or condition, and / or symptoms associated therewith. The term “prevention” or “prevent” as used herein refers to any action that inhibits or at least delays the development of a disorder, condition, or symptoms associated therewith. Prevention can include primary, secondary and tertiary prevention levels, wherein: a) primary prevention avoids the development of a disease; b) secondary prevention activities are aimed at early disease treatment, thereby increasing opportunities for interventions to prevent progression of the disease and emergence of symptoms; and c) tertiary prevention reduces the negative impact of an already established disease by restoring function and reducing disease-related complications.
[0045] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]The term "subject" as used herein, refers to an animal, typically a mammal or a human, that will be or has been the object of treatment, observation, and / or experiment. When the term is used in conjunction with administration of a compound described herein, then the subject has been the object of treatment, observation, and / or administration of the compound described herein.
[0046] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]The term "therapeutically effective amount" as used herein, means that amount of the compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits a biological and / or medicinal response in a cell culture, tissue system, subject, animal, or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, clinician, or physician, which includes alleviation of the symptoms of the disease, condition, or disorder being treated.
[0047] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]As used herein, the term “isolated” in connection with a compound described herein means the compound is separated from other components of either a natural source, such as a plant or cell; or a synthetic organic reaction mixture, such as by conventional techniques.
[0048] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]As used herein, the term “substantially pure” in connection with a sample of a compound described herein means the sample contains at least 60%by weight of the compound. In certain embodiments, the sample contains at least 70%by weight of the compound; at least 75%by weight of the compound; at least 80%by weight of the compound; at least 85%by weight of the compound; at least 90%by weight of the compound; at least 95%by weight of the compound; or at least 98%by weight of the compound.
[0049] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]The use of the singular herein includes the plural (and vice versa) unless specifically stated otherwise. In addition, where the use of the term "about" is before a quantitative value, the present teachings also include the specific quantitative value itself, unless specifically stated otherwise. As used herein, the term "about" refers to a ±10%, ±7%, ±5%, ±3%, ±1%, or ±0%variation from the nominal value unless otherwise indicated or inferred.
[0050] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Provided herein is a method of treating IBS in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising: administering a therapeutically effective amount of OEA or bacteria that produces OEA to the subject.
[0051] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]IBS can be categorized into four basic subtypes: diarrhea-predominant subtype (IBS-D) , constipation-predominant subtype (IBS-C) , mixed bowel subtype (IBS-M) , and unclassified subtype (IBS-U) . The IBS can be any subtype. In certain embodiments, the IBS is a diarrhea-predominant subtype (IBS-D) .
[0052] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]In instances in which OEA is administered to the subject, the OEA can be isolated and / or substantially pure.
[0053] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]The bacteria that produces OEA can be a naturally occurring bacteria or a recombinant bacteria. In certain embodiments, the bacteria that produces OEA is Eubacterium rectale. In certain embodiments, the recombinant bacteria that produces OEA comprises recombinant ereS, ereT, ereA and ereC genes.
[0054] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]The OEA or bacteria that produces OEA can be administered in an amount sufficient to prolong gastro-intestinal transit time, reduce fecal water content, decrease defecation frequency, reduce serotonin serum concentration, or a combination thereof in the subject.
[0055] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Gastro-intestinal transit time of the subject can be prolonged by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 100%after administration of OEA or the bacteria that produces OEA. Gastro-intestinal transit time of the subject can be prolonged by 5-100%, 5-95%, 5-90%, 5-85%, 5-80%, 5-75%, 5-70%, 5-65%, 5-60%, 5-55%, 5-50%, 5-45%, 5-40%, 5-35%, 5-30%, 5-25%, 5-20%, 5-15%, or 5-10%after administration of OEA or the bacteria that produces OEA to the subject. In certain embodiments, gastro-intestinal transit time of the subject is prolonged by 36.6%and 53.2%after administration of OEA at the dose of 50mg / kg and 100mg / kg, 79.5%after administration of the bacteria that produces OEA to the subject.
[0056] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Fecal water content of the subject can be reduced by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 100%after administration of OEA or the bacteria that produces OEA to the subject. Fecal water content of the subject can be reduced by 5-100%, 5-95%, 5-90%, 5-85%, 5-80%, 5-75%, 5-70%, 5-65%, 5-60%, 5-55%, 5-50%, 5-45%, 5-40%, 5-35%, 5-30%, 5-25%, 5-20%, 5-15%, or 5-10%after administration of OEA or the bacteria that produces OEA. In certain embodiments, fecal water content of the subject is reduced by 3.2%and 2.3%after administration of OEA at the dose of 50mg / kg and 100mg / kg, 6.4%after administration of the bacteria that produces OEA to the subject.
[0057] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Stool frequency of the subject can be reduced by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 100%after administration of OEA or the bacteria that produces OEA to the subject. Stool frequency of the subject can be reduced by 5-100%, 5-95%, 5-90%, 5-85%, 5-80%, 5-75%, 5-70%, 5-65%, 5-60%, 5-55%, 5-50%, 5-45%, 5-40%, 5-35%, 5-30%, 5-25%, 5-20%, 5-15%, or 5-10%after administration of OEA or the bacteria that produces OEA to the subject. In certain embodiments, stool frequency of the subject is reduced by 27.7%and 26.1%after administration of OEA at the dose of 50mg / kg and 100mg / kg, 30.0%after administration of the bacteria that produces OEA to the subject the subject.
[0058] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]The serotonin serum concentration of the subject can be reduced by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 100%after administration of OEA or the bacteria that produces OEA to the subject. The serotonin serum concentration of the subject can be reduced by 5-100%, 5-95%, 5-90%, 5-85%, 5-80%, 5-75%, 5-70%, 5-65%, 5-60%, 5-55%, 5-50%, 5-45%, 5-40%, 5-35%, 5-30%, 5-25%, 5-20%, 5-15%, or 5-10%after administration of OEA or the bacteria that produces OEA to the subject. In certain embodiments, serotonin serum concentration of the subject can be reduced by 17.6%and 13.4%after administration of OEA at the dose of 50mg / kg and 100mg / kg, 11.1%after administration of the bacteria that produces OEA to the subject the subject.
[0059] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]In certain embodiments, the subject has a lower serum OEA concentration relative to an average OEA serum concentration of healthy subjects that do not suffer from IBS.
[0060] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]In certain embodiments, a serum sample or fecal sample obtained from the subject comprises a lower amount of one or more markers selected from the group consisting of OEA and serotonin than an average of amount of the one or more markers in fecal samples and / or serum samples obtained from healthy controls (e.g., subjects not suffering from IBS) .
[0061] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]In certain embodiments, the method further comprises providing a sample obtained from the subject, wherein the sample is a fecal sample or a serum sample; determining the amount of one or more markers selected from the group consisting of OEA and serotonin in the sample; and determining based on the amount of the one or more markers in the fecal sample that the subject has IBS prior to the step of administering the OEA or bacteria that produce OEA to the subject.
[0062] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]The step of determining based on the amount of the one or more markers in the sample that the subject has IBS can comprise comparing the measured amount of the one or more markers in the sample with the average amount of the one or more markers in samples obtained from healthy controls (e.g., subjects not suffering from IBS) .
[0063] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]The one or more markers can be measured using any method known to those skilled in the art. In certain embodiments, the step of measuring the one or more markers can involve the use of one or more analytical tools, such as high performance liquid chromatography (LC) , ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) , liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) , liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS / MS) , microscopy, gram staining, examining the morphology of bacteria, nucleic acid analysis, e.g., using restriction enzymes, hybridization, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and / or sequencing, culture-based screening for nutrient requirements and / or antimicrobial sensitivity, analyzing fatty acid distribution, and / or test antigens, or combinations thereof.
[0064] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]The mode of administration for therapeutic use of the OEA or bacteria that produces OEA may be any suitable route that delivers the agent to the host, such as parenteral administration, e.g., intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous or subcutaneous, pulmonary; transmucosal (oral, intranasal, intravaginal, rectal) ; using a formulation in a tablet, capsule, solution, suspension, powder, gel, particle; and contained in a syringe, an implanted device, osmotic pump, cartridge, micropump; or other means appreciated by the skilled artisan, as well known in the art. Site specific administration may be achieved by for example intrarticular, intrabronchial, intraabdominal, intracapsular, intracartilaginous, intracavitary, intracelial, intracerebellar, intracerebroventricular, intracolic, intracervical, intragastric, intrahepatic, intracardial, intraosteal, intrapelvic, intrapericardiac, intraperitoneal, intrapleural, intraprostatic, intrapulmonary, intrarectal, intrarenal, intraretinal, intraspinal, intrasynovial, intrathoracic, intrauterine, intravascular, intravesical, intralesional, vaginal, rectal, fecal microbiota transplant, buccal, sublingual, intranasal, or transdermal delivery. In certain embodiments, the OEA is administered orally. In certain embodiments, the bacteria that produces OEA is administered orally or by fecal microbiota transplant.
[0065] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]The subject typically refers to humans, but also to other animals, including, e.g., non-human primates, canines, equines, felines, ovines, porcines, rodents, and the like. In certain embodiments, the subject is a human.
[0066] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Materials and Methods
[0067] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]1. Reagents
[0068] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS, Sigma, Cat. p2297) , Ethanol (Honeywell, Cat. 32221-2.5L) , Isoflurane (Piramal, Lot. N0791K11) , N-Oleoylethanolamide (OEA, CHENGDU MUST BIO-TECHNOLOGY, CAS. 111-58-0) , Eubacterium rectale (Cat No. 33656) were purchased from ATCC. Carmine (Macklin, Cat. C805213, CAS. 1390-65-4) , Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Chem Scene, Cat. CS-0015715, CAS. 9004-32-4) , PrimeScript RT Master Mix (Takara, Cat. RR036A) , SYBR Premix Ex Taq II (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Cat. A46109) , RPMI Medium 1640 powder (gibco, Cat. 31800-022) , pET-22b (miaoling, P0017) , pET28a (miaoling, P0023) , BL21 (DE3) (miaoling, T0041) , pCDFDuet-1 (miaoling, P0052) , pCOLADuet-1 (miaoling, P0430) , M9 Minimal Salts (Sigma, M6030) , MgSO4 (Sigma, 230391-25g) , TransTaq DNA Polymerase High Fidelity (HiFi) (Transgene, AP131-02) , NdeI (NEB, R0111S) , XhoI (NEB, R0146M) , EcoRI (NEB, R0101S) , SacI-HF (NEB, R3156S) , LB Broth Base (Invitrogen, 12795-027) , LB agar (Invitrogen, 22700-025) , ampicillin (MCE, HY-B0522) , streptomycin (Beyotime, ST2717-25g) , Kanamycin (MCE, HY-16566) , E. coli BAP1 (Biobw, Bio-114617) , isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (Sigma, I6758) , sodium oleate (MCE, HY-N1446B) , DH5α competent cells (TIANGEN, CB101-01) , 2X Phusion Master Mix (NEB, M0531L) .
[0069] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]2. Methods
[0070] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]2.1 Animals
[0071] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Male C57 / 6J mice (6-8 weeks) were purchased from Gem Pharmatech Company (Jiangsu province, China) . Mice were housed in the Animal Unit at room temperature and maintained on a 12-hour-light / 12-hour dark cycle with free access to a standard rodent diet and water. For the induction of the PI-IBS model, C57BL / 6J mice were fasted overnight and with access to drink water in 5%glucose. After weighing and anesthetizing the mice, 100μL of TNBS solution in 30%EtOH was slowly injected into the lumen of the mice colon using a 1-mL syringe and 3.5-F catheter then removed the catheter and positioned the mouse head down for 5 minutes. Following that, the catheter was removed gently from the mouse colon and the mouse was kept head down in a vertical position for 5 minutes. The control group is treated with saline. Mice were weighed at day 1-5, day 14 and day 21 after giving TNBS solution.
[0072] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]For OEA treatment All PI-IBS mice were randomly divided into four groups for 19 days: 1) Control group: mice (n=6) were administered 300μL control vehicle, 0.5%CMC-Na solution; 2) Model group: mice (n=6) were administered 300μL control vehicle, 0.5%CMC-Na solution; 3) OEA low dosage group: mice (n=6) were administered 300μL OEA (50mg / kg) dissolved in 0.5%CMC-Na solution; 4) OEA high dosage group: mice (n=6) were administered 300μL 100mg / kg OEA dissolved in 0.5%CMC-Na solution;
[0073] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Gastrointestinal (GI) transit, fecal water content, and defecation frequency will be measured on day 21 after administrating with TNBS solution and day 7 and day 14 after treatment to determine whether OEA administration affects diarrhea-like symptoms in IBS-D-like mouse models.
[0074] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Gastrointestinal (GI) transit
[0075] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Mice will be separately located in a sterile cage and observed using a 6%carmine red solution (in 0.5%methylcellulose, w / v) . Individual mice without fasting beforehand will be gavaged with 300μL carmine solution at 9: 00 a. m. when the experiment starts. The time from gavage to the initial appearance of carmine in the feces will be recorded as the GI transit time for that mouse.
[0076] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Evaluation of defecation frequency and fecal water content
[0077] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Mice will be separately located in a sterile cage, and the cumulative fecal pellets of each mouse within 120 min will be recorded as corresponding defecation numbers. The fresh fecal pellets of each mouse will be collected immediately after defecation. The wet and dry weights of each fecal pellet before and after drying in the oven (at 105℃ for 24h) will be recorded. Fecal water contents (%) is calculated by the following formula:
[0078] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]fecal water contents (%) = (Wwet-Wdry) / Wwet ×100.
[0079] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Colorectal distensions (visceral sensitivity)
[0080] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]The score of visceral hypersensitivity will be measured on day 8 to study the analgesic effects of OEA on the IBS-D mice model. Mice were anesthetized (1%isoflurane) , transmitters were inserted into the abdominal cavity and electrodes were tunneled through the abdominal wall. Colorectal distensions will be measured as abdominal cramping that is evoked through a distension catheter (volumes from 30 to 90μL, Fogarty catheter for arterial embolectomy, 4F) . The electromyographic (EMG) response to rectal distention was assessed by the area under the curve (AUC) of the EMG during the 20s distention divided by the AUC of EMG during the 20s baseline recording before each distention and expanded 100 times and the formula showed as bellowing:
[0081] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]AUC=AUC20s after / AUC20s before×100
[0082] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Data will be calculated at 30, 60, and 90μL distention pressures.
[0083] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]2.2 In vitro studies
[0084] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]QGP-1 cells (human species) were grown in RPMI-1640, supplemented with 10%fetal bovine serum (FBS) and antibiotics (100 U / mL penicillin and 100μg / mL streptomycin) . Cells were incubated in a humidified atmosphere 95%air and 5%CO2 at 37 ℃. When reached 80%confluence, the cells were seeded to 12-well plate at a density of 5x105 / well. After 24h, the cells were incubated with different concentrations (1, 5, and 10μM) of OEA with 4-h and 24-h treatment for determination of serotonin production in the culture medium.
[0085] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]2.3 Bacteria study
[0086] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]The ere bacterial gene cluster from Eubacterium rectale containing the four biosynthetic genes ereS, ereT, ereA and ereC was selected for the heterologous production of OEA. The enzymes encoded in the gene cluster were annotated as follows: ereS: sterol carrier protein-2 sterol transfer family protein; ereT: acyl carrier protein; ereA: long-chain acyl-CoA synthethases (AMP-forming) ; and ereC: non-ribosomal peptide synthetase.
[0087] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]The ereC gene was PCR amplified by the primer pair 5’ -GGCGAATTCGATGAAAACCCGCAAAGGCCA-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 17) and 5’ -CGAGCTCTTACACCAGTTTGATAATTT-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 18) . The PCR product was purified by DNA gel purification kit and digested using EcoRI and SacI (EcoRI and SacI restriction sites were underlined) . The digestion product was purified by DNA gel purification kit and ligated into the cloning sites of pCDFduet-1 by T4 DNA ligation to generate pCDFduet-ereC at 16℃ overnight. Added the ligation product into DH5α Competent Cells and then put the mixture on ice for 30 mins. Heated shock at 42℃ for 90 seconds and place the mixture on ice for 2 minutes. Added 900 μl LB medium to the tube. Placed tube at 37℃ for 60 minutes. Shaked vigorously (240 rpm) . Warmed selection plates (Streptomycin, 50ng / ml) to 37℃. Centrifuged the DH5α Competent Cells and spread the DH5α Competent Cells onto the selection plates and incubate overnight at 37℃. Picked up the colony into LB medium with 50ng / ml streptomycin. Extracted pCDFduet-ereC plasmids using TIANprep Mini Plasmid Kit (TIANGEN) . After the confirmation by double digestion, the plasmids were validated by Sanger Sequencing.
[0088] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]The ereA gene was PCR amplified by the primer pair 5’ -GGAATTCCATATGCTGTTTCATACCATTCC-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 19) and 5’ -CCGCTCGAGTTAGCTGCGTTTGATTTTAC-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 20) . The PCR product was digested using NdeI and XhoI (NdeI and XhoI restriction sites are underlined) and cloned into pCDFDuet-ereC by T4 DNA ligation to generate pCDFDuet-ereC-ereA at 16℃ overnight. The ligation product was added into DH5α Competent Cells to generate pCDFDuet-ereC-ereA plasmid and validated by Sanger Sequencing.
[0089] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]The ereS gene was PCR amplified by the primer pair 5’ -GGCGAATTCGATGACCTATGCCGATATGTT-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 21) and 5’ -CGAGCTCTTAGGCTTTTTTGCTATCGA-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 22) . The PCR product was digested using EcoRI and SacI (EcoRI and SacI restriction sites are underlined) at 37℃ overnight. The digestion product was purified by DNA gel purification kit and ligated into the cloning sites of pETDuet-1 by T4 DNA ligation to generate pETDuet -ereS at 16℃ overnight. The ligation product was added into DH5α Competent Cells to generate pETDuet -ereS plasmids and validated by Sanger Sequencing.
[0090] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]The ereT gene was PCR amplified by the primer pair 5’ -GGAATTCCATATGTTCGATGAACTGGTGGA-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 23) and 5’ -CCGCTCGAGTTAGGCATCTTTCAGGGTTT-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 24) . The PCR product was digested using NdeI and XhoI (NdeI and XhoI restriction sites are underlined) and cloned into pETDuet -ereS by T4 DNA ligation to generate pETDuet-ereS-ereT at 16℃ overnight. The ligation product was added into DH5α Competent Cells to generate pETDuet -ereS -ereT plasmid and validated by Sanger Sequencing.
[0091] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Inoculated 10ml of LB with a single E. coli BAP1 colony. Incubated culture overnight at 37℃ while shaking at 240 rpm. The following morning, inoculated 20ml of LB with 0.2ml of saturated overnight culture. Incubated culture at 37℃ while shaking at 240 rpm until OD600 reached 0.6 (approximately 3 h) . Pelleted bacteria cells with a 5000 rpm spin for 10 mins at 4℃and discarded the supernatant. Placed pellets on ice and resuspended cells with 5mL cold 0.1 M CaCl2 solution. Pelleted cells by spinning at 5000 rpm for 10 minutes at 4℃. Discarded the supernatant and resuspended cells with 5mL cold 0.1M CaCl2 solution. Set the solution on ice for 30 mins. Pelleted cells by spinning at 5000 rpm for 10 minutes at 4℃. Discarded the supernatant and resuspended cells with 1mL cold 0.1M CaCl2 solution. An aliquot (100 μl) of competent cells was ready for use.
[0092] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Added pCDFduet-ereC-ereA (1μg) and pETDuet-ereS-ereT (1μg) into E. coli BAP1 Competent Cells. Placed the mixture on ice for 30 mins. Heated shock at 42℃ for 90 seconds. Placed the mixture on ice for 2 mins. Added 900 μL of room temperature LB media to the tube. Placed tube at 37℃ for 60 mins. Shaked vigorously (240 rpm) . Warmed selection plates (streptomycin, 50 ng / ml and ampicillin, 100 ng / ml) to 37℃. Centrifuged the E. coli BAP1 and spreaded the E. coli BAP1 onto the plates. After incubation at 37℃ overnight, picked the colony into LB medium supplemented with 50 ng / ml streptomycin and 100 ng / ml ampicillin.
[0093] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]2.4 In vitro study of engineered bacteria of OEA
[0094] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Cultured the E. coli ereT+ and E. coli vector in the shaker under 37℃, 240 rpm overnight. Added 2 mM isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) and 5 mM sodium oleate into the LB medium and cultured the mixture in the shaker under 25℃, 240 rpm for 48 h. Centrifuged the medium after the incubation and collected 100 μL supernatant to detect the concentration of OEA by using LC-MS / MS.
[0095] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]2.5 In vivo study of engineered bacteria of OEA
[0096] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]For E. coli ereT+ and E. coli vector colonization All PI-IBS mice were randomly divided into four groups for 19 days: 1) Control group: mice (n=8) were administered 200μL control vehicle, sterile PBS; 2) Model group: mice (n=8) were administered 200μL control vehicle, sterile PBS; 3) E. coli ereT+ colonization group: mice (n=8) were administered 200μL E. coli ereT+ (1×109CFU) dissolved in sterile PBS; 4) E. coli vector colonization group: mice (n=8) were administered 200μL E. coli vector (1×109CFU) dissolved in sterile PBS; E. coli ereT+ and E. coli vector colonization groups were given 10 mM IPTG in the drinking water.
[0097] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Gastrointestinal (GI) transit, fecal water content, and defecation frequency will be measured on day 21 after administrating with TNBS solution and day 7 and day 14 after the intervention to determine whether the colonization with engineered bacteria of OEA affects diarrhea-like symptoms in IBS-D-like mouse models.
[0098] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]2.6 RNA Extraction and Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
[0099] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]The total RNA of ileum and distal colon of the PI-IBS mice model was isolated using Trizol reagent (TAKARA) and purified by a total RNA extraction kit (Solarbio, Cat. R1200) . QGP1 cells were treated with different concentrations of the OEA for 4h and 24h, At the end of the experiment, cells were washed by cold PBS and total RNA was extracted by total RNA extraction kit (Solarbio, Cat. R1200) . The concentration of total RNA was measured by NanoDrop-ONEc. Total RNA was reversed by PrimeScript RT Master Mix (Perfect Real Time) (TAKARA, Cat. rr036a) . The quantitative real-time PCR reaction was conducted with SYBR Green Master Mix and the reaction was accomplished by QuantStudio 7 Flex Real-Time System (Applied Biosystems, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) . The values of the target gene TPH1, AADC, ALDH, MAO, and SERT were normalized to beta-actin and the relative expression was shown as relative fold changes to the control group.
[0100] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Table 1. Primers Information
[0101] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]2.7 Metabolites quantification
[0102] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]An Agilent 1290 Infinity II UPLC system coupled to a triple quadrupole (QQQ) 6470 mass spectrometer was used for targeted metabolomics profiling. A Waters BEH 2.1 3 50mm C18 1.7 mm column with a pre-column was used. The mobile phase in the detection of serotonin used in LC-MS-QQQ was solution A (water with 0.1%formic acid) and solution B (acetonitrile with 0.1%formic acid) . The gradients were set as 2%B (0–0.5 min) , 2%–30%B (0.5–4 min) , 30%–100%B (4–6 min) , 100%B (6–8 min) , 100%–2%B (8–8.5 min) and maintain in 2%B (8.5–10 min) . The mobile phase in the detection of OEA used in LC-MS-QQQ was solution A (water with 0.1%formic acid) and solution B (acetonitrile with 0.1%formic acid) . The gradients were set as 70%B (0 min) , 70-75%B (0-6 min) , 75%–80%B (6-9 min) , 100%B (9–11 min) , 100%–70%B (11 min) and maintain in 70%B (11-14 min) . The MS data were collected and processed using Agilent software. The standard list, MRM transition, fragmentor, and collision energy are listed in (Table 2)
[0103] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Table 2. MRM transition and parameters used for metabolites quantification, Related to STAR
[0104] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]2.8 Statistics
[0105] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Data are analyzed using GraphPad Prism 9.0, and the results were expressed as the mean±SEM. Significance p-values were calculated from either t-test or one-way ANOVA, the p-value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
[0106] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Results
[0107] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]OEA is majorly produced by microbiota in the gut
[0108] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]It remains unclear whether OEA is a gut-microbial metabolite. We then determined the changes in gut microbial metabolites in germ-free mice. As shown in Figure 1, serum and fecal levels of OEA are significantly reduced in germ-free mice. We further determined the serotonin level in germ-free mice. As Figure 2 shows, the fecal level of OEA significantly decreased in germ-free mice, indicating that OEA in the gut is majorly produced by gut microbiota.
[0109] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]OEA reduced in patients with IBS-D
[0110] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]We then found that OEA is significantly reduced in the serum of IBS-D patients and negatively associated with the serotonin levels as well as indexes of diarrhea and abdominal pain symptoms in IBS-D patients (Figure 3) .
[0111] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]OEA improved diarrhea and abdominal pain-like phenotypes in TNBS-treated mice
[0112] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]We employed an animal model of IBS-D induced by TNBS to investigate the effects of OEA on diarrhea and abdominal pain. Notably, we showed OEA significantly improved the diarrhea-like and abdominal pain-like phenotypes in TNBS-treated mice (n=6) as shown by improved GI transit, defecation frequency, fecal water content, and abdominal electromyography (EMG) . OEA prolonged GI transit time, reduced fecal water content, and decreased defecation frequency in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 4) .
[0113] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]We also showed that OEA improved abdominal pain-like phenotypes in TNBS-treated mice (n=6) . As Figure 5 shows, OEA treatment improved the severity level of abdominal pain as measured by colorectal distensions using EMG.
[0114] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]OEA inhibited serotonin levels in TNBS-treated mice
[0115] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Targeting serotonin signaling for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D) has been a focus of research and drug development. Based on the improvement of OEA on the IBS-D mice model, we further detect the peripheral serotonin levels in TNBS-treated mice. As shown in Figure 6, peripheral serotonin is increased in TNBS-treated mice and OEA treatment inhibited serum and ileum levels of serotonin in TNBS-treated mice, showing that OEA inhibited peripheral serotonin levels in vivo.
[0116] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]OEA inhibited serotonin production in vitro
[0117] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]To investigate whether OEA, as a gut-microbial metabolite, regulates serotonin levels, we first determined the effects of OEA on serotonin production in QGP-1 cells, which is an in vitro cell model that produces serotonin. We showed that OEA in a physiological range inhibited serotonin production in a dose-dependent manner in vitro (Figure 7) .
[0118] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]OEA suppressed serotonin biosynthesis and reuptake in vivo and in vitro
[0119] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Based on our finding that OEA inhibited peripheral serotonin in vivo and in vitro, we further determined the mRNA expression levels of serotonin biosynthesis and reuptake including tryptophan hydroxylase-1 (Tph1) , serotonin reuptake transporter (Sert) , monoamine oxidase (Mao) , aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (Aadc) . As shown in Figure 8, OEA inhibited the gene expression of Tph1 and Aadc and upregulated the gene expression of Mao and Sert in ileum and distal colon tissues of TNBS-treated mice. In line with q-PCR results in vivo, we showed OEA could downregulate the gene expression of TPH1 and upregulate the gene expression of SERT in QGP1 cell line (Figure 9) , indicating OEA could regulate serotonin levels by suppressing serotonin biosynthesis and reuptake.
[0120] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]OEA-producing bacteria improved diarrhea and abdominal pain-like phenotypes in TNBS-treated mice
[0121] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]We then employed an OEA-producing bacterium named Eubacteria rectale to further study the effects on alleviating IBS-D-related symptoms. Transplantation with E. rectale 19 days significantly improved diarrhea-like phenotypes in TNBS-treated mice (n=6) , including GI transit time, defecation frequency and fecal water content. As shown in Figure 10, E. rectale significantly reduced defecation frequency, prolonged GI transit time and reduced fecal water content.
[0122] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]To investigate the effects of E. rectale on abdominal pain in TNBS-treated mice, colorectal distention in mice was measured as mentioned before. Our results showed E. rectale significantly improved visceral hypersensitivity in TNBS-treated mice (Figure 11) .
[0123] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]OEA-producing bacteria inhibited serotonin levels in TNBS-treated mice
[0124] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]We transplanted E. rectale into the colon of TNBS-treated mice by oral gavage daily and we showed OEA levels in distal colon and ileum significantly increased (Figure 12) , indicating E. rectale successfully colonized in mice gut and could produce OEA. We also showed E. rectale could inhibit peripheral serotonin in TNBS-treated mice (Figure 13) .
[0125] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Engineered E. coli ereT+ produced OEA in vitro
[0126] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]To investigate whether engineered E. coli ereT+ could produce OEA in vitro, we incubated the engineered E. coli ereT+ and E. coli vector with or without 2 mM IPTG and 5 mM sodium oleate at 25℃ for 48 h. We showed that engineered E. coli ereT+ could significantly increase OEA production under the induction of IPTG in vitro (Figure 14) .
[0127] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Engineered E. coli ereT+ increased OEA concentration in TNBS-treated mice
[0128] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]We transplanted E. coli ereT+ and E. coli vector into the colon of TNBS-treated mice by oral gavage daily and we showed OEA levels in feces significantly increased (Figure 15) , suggesting engineered E. coli ereT+ successfully colonized in the gut of mice and could successfully produce OEA.
[0129] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]Engineered E. coli ereT+ improved diarrhea-like phenotypes in TNBS-treated mice
[0130] [Rectified under Rule 91, 18.03.2026]We then used the engineered E. coli ereT+ to further investigate the effects on improving diarrhea and visceral hypersensitivity in TNBS-treated mice. Colonization with E. coli ereT+ 18 days significantly attenuate diarrhea-like phenotypes in TNBS-treated mice (n=8) , including GI transit time, defecation frequency and fecal water content. As shown in Figure 16, E. coli ereT+ significantly decreased defecation frequency, prolonged GI transit time and reduced fecal water content.
Claims
1.A method of treating irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising: administering a therapeutically effective amount of N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA) to the subject.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the IBS is a diarrhea-predominant subtype (IBS-D) .3.The method of claim 1, wherein the OEA is isolated and substantially pure.4.The method of claim 1, wherein OEA is administered in an amount sufficient to prolong gastro-intestinal transit time, reduce fecal water content, decrease defecation frequency, reduce serotonin serum concentration, or a combination thereof in the subject.5.The method of claim 1, wherein the subject has a lower serum OEA concentration relative to an average OEA serum concentration of healthy subjects that do not suffer from IBS.6.The method of claim 1 further comprising providing a sample obtained from the subject, wherein the sample is fecal sample or a serum sample; determining the amount of one or more markers selected from the group consisting of OEA or serotonin in the sample; and determining based on the amount of the one or more markers in the sample that the subject has IBS prior to the step of administering the OEA to the subject.7.The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is a human, a non-human primate, a rodent, a canine, a feline, a bovine, or an equine.8.The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is a human.9.The method of claim 1, wherein the OEA is administered orally.10.A method of treating irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising: administering a therapeutically effective amount of a bacteria that produces N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA) to the subject.11.The method of claim 10, wherein the IBS is a diarrhea-predominant subtype (IBS-D) .12.The method of claim 10, wherein the bacteria is Eubacterium rectale.13.The method of claim 10, wherein gut bacteria is administered in an amount sufficient to prolong gastro-intestinal transit time, reduce fecal water content, decrease defecation frequency, reduce serotonin serum concentration, or a combination thereof in the subject.14.The method of claim 10, wherein the subject has a lower serum OEA concentration relative to an average OEA serum concentration of healthy subjects that do not suffer from IBS.15.The method of claim 10 further comprising providing a sample obtained from the subject, wherein the sample is fecal sample or a serum sample; determining the amount of one or more markers selected from the group consisting of OEA or serotonin in the sample; and determining based on the amount of the one or more markers in the sample that the subject has IBS prior to the step of administering the bacteria to the subject.16.The method of claim 10, wherein the bacteria is administered orally or by fecal microbiota transplant.17.The method of claim 10, wherein the subject is a human, a non-human primate, a rodent, a canine, a feline, a bovine, or an equine.18.The method of claim 10, wherein the subject is a human.