Microbiota compositions and methods for treating disorders

Abstract

The present invention relates to compositions for storing microbiota, in particular microbiota compositions comprising inulin and maltodextrin as cryoprotectants / lyoprotectants. The present invention also relates to dosage forms and methods of treating disorders and diseases by administering the composition to a patient in need thereof.

Description

Microbiota Compositions and Methods for Treating Disorders Field

[0001] Several embodiments of the present invention relates to compositions for storing microbiota. invention Several embodiments also relate to dosage forms and methods of treating disorders and diseases by administering the composition to a patient in need thereof. Background

[0002] The following discussion of the background art is intended to facilitate an understanding of the present invention(s) only. The discussion is not an acknowledgement or admission that any of the material referred to is or was part of the common general knowledge as at the priority date of the application.

[0003] Intestinal Microbiota

[0004] The human intestinal microbiota consists of trillions of microorganisms including at least 100 prevalent and at least 1000 less common bacterial species, harboring over 100- fold more genes than those present in the human genome. The intestinal microbiota is composed predominantly of bacteria, yet also contains archaea, fungi, yeast, protozoa, and viruses. The microbiota performs vital functions essential to health maintenance, including food processing, digestion of complex indigestible polysaccharides and synthesis of vitamins, and it secretes bioactive metabolites with diverse functions, ranging from inhibition of pathogens, metabolism of toxic compounds to modulation of host metabolism.

[0005] Cultured microbiome therapies

[0006] Cultured microbiome therapies are composed of one or more microorganisms that may be administered to a patient with the aim of treating or preventing disease or potentiating the effect of another therapy. Cultured microbiome therapies are now being developed as a treatment for many diseases. However, these efforts have been challenged by the loss of viable microbes which limits stability, storage, transport and delivery conditions and thereby limiting the clinical use of these therapies. There is a challenge to sample, store, ship and deliver a viable and effective microbiota sample to the patient. There is also a need in the art for effective treatments of diseases associated with loss of gut microbes or dysbiosis.

[0007] Summary

[0008] Efforts have been made to store microbiota in freeze dried or lyophilized forms. Freeze drying, also known as lyophilization, is a low temperature dehydration process that involves freezing the product and lowering pressure, removing the ice by sublimation. This is in contrast to dehydration by most conventional methods that evaporate water using heat. Freeze drying microbiota is a useful method for long-term preservation. However, one of the major challenges is the loss of cell viability due to freeze-thaw damage and the impact of osmotic pressure changes on the functional and structural integrity of the microorganisms. Attempts have been reported in the prior art to develop suitable cryoprotectants to protect the functional and structural integrity of the microorganisms during the freeze drying and thawing processes; however, many of these attempts have failed. There is a need in the art for an effective cryoprotectant which maintains cell viability during the freeze drying and thawing processes and maintains the functional and structural integrity of the microorganisms. Several embodiments described herein have advantages that overcome many of these shortcomings.

[0009] Several embodiments provided herein relate to compositions and methods for providing stability for viable microbes. In some embodiments, the compositions include inulin and maltodextrin. In some embodiments, the compositions are configured to provide stability for a plurality of microbial species. In some embodiments, the stability comprises at least 80% viability of said plurality of microbial species for a time period of at least two months. In some embodiments, the viability is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% viability. In some embodiments, the time period is at least one month, two months, at least three months, at least four months, at least five months, at least six months, at least seven months, at least eight months, at least nine months, at least 10 months, at least 11 months, at least 12 months, at least one year, or at least 2 years. Stability includes, for example, maintaining the viability, activity and / or survivability of microbes over time (as compared to not using the compositions described herein). Stability may include maintaining viability of most or all of the genera at over 50% or higher and / or may include an average of over 50%. In other words, one or more genera (or species / strains) may be less than 50% viable, but others may be much higher. The co- culturing consortium then, overall, has a viability that can effectively be used, for example, as a therapeutic.

[0010] In some embodiments, there is a composition for providing stability for viable microbes, the composition comprising: inulin; and maltodextrin, wherein the composition is configured to provide stability for a plurality of microbial species, wherein said stability comprises at least 80% viability of said plurality of microbial species for a time period of at least two months, wherein the plurality of microbial species comprises members of at leasttwo of the following genera: Dysosmobacter, Enterocloster, Ruthenibacterium, Vescimonas, Phocaeicola, Pusillimonas, Solibaculum, Christensenella, Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Parabacteroides, and Extibacter.

[0011] In some embodiments, the time period is at least two months, and wherein the genus Enterocloster comprises Enterocloster aldenensis, and / or wherein the genus Bacteroides comprises Bacteroides caccae, and / or wherein the genus Faecalibacterium comprises Faecalibacterium duncaniae and / or faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and / or wherein the genus Parabacteroides comprises Parabacteroides distasonis, and / or wherein the genus Extibacter comprises Extibacter hylemonae.

[0012] In some embodiments, the stability is defined by a viability loss of less than 1 log₁₀ over a time period of at least two months.

[0013] In some embodiments, the stability is measured by at least one method selected from the group consisting of intact cell count, colony-forming units (CFU), flow cytometry, fluorescence-based viability assays, quantitative PCR (qPCR), propidium monoazide-qPCR (PMA-qPCR), RNA-based viability assessment, ATP quantification, or any other suitable microbial viability assay.

[0014] In some embodiments, the stability is defined by a viability loss of less than 1 log₁₀ over a time period of at least two months and the stability is measured by at least one method selected from the group consisting of intact cell count, colony-forming units (CFU), flow cytometry, fluorescence-based viability assays, quantitative PCR (qPCR), propidium monoazide-qPCR (PMA-qPCR), RNA-based viability assessment, ATP quantification, or any other suitable microbial viability assay.

[0015] In some embodiments, the plurality of microbial species comprises members of at least two of the following genera: Dysosmobacter, Enterocloster, Ruthenibacterium, Vescimonas, Phocaeicola, Pusillimonas, Solibaculum, and Christensenella. In some embodiments, the time period is at least three months. In some embodiments, the time period is at least two months, and the genus Ruthenibacterium comprises Ruthenibacterium lactatiformans, and the genus Enterocloster comprises Enterocloster aldenensis.

[0016] In some embodiments, the inulin comprises an alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-[beta-D- fructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranoside having between 5-80 repeating units, such as 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, or 80 repeating units, or an amount within a range defined by any two of the aforementioned values. In some embodiments, the inulin is present in an amount of about 5-10% (w / v), such as 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10% w / v, or an amount within a range defined by any of the two aforementioned values.In some embodiments, the maltodextrin is in an amount of about 5-10% (w / v), such as 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10% w / v, or an amount within a range defined by any of the two aforementioned values.

[0017] In some embodiments, the composition is configured to maintain said at least 80% viability at a temperature ranging from about -80°C to about 25°C, such as -80°C, - 70°C; -50°C; -47°C; -30°C; -20°C; -8°C; -4°C; below zero; 2°C; 4°C; 8°C; between 2 and 8°C; 18°C; 25°C; room temperature; ambient temperature, or any temperature with a range thereof. In some embodiments, the composition is configured to maintain said at least 80% viability at a pH between 6.5 to 7.5, such as 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 7.0, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, or 7.5, or a pH within a range defined by any two of the aforementioned values. In some embodiments, the composition is configured to maintain said at least 80% viability of at least one species in each of said genera. In some embodiments, the composition is configured to maintain at least 90% viability. In some embodiments, the ratio of inulin and maltodextrin to the plurality of microbial species is between 2:1 to 6:1, such as 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, or 6:1, or a ratio between any two of the aforementioned ratios. In some embodiments, the inulin comprises an alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-[beta-D-fructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranoside. In some embodiments, the inulin has between 5-80 repeating units. In some embodiments, the inulin is present in an amount between about 2-20% (w / v), and wherein the maltodextrin is present in an amount between about 2-20% (w / v).

[0018] Some embodiments provided herein relate to use of any of the compositions provided herein to provide a treatment for a disease or disorder. In some embodiments is provided use of any of the compositions provided herein, wherein the plurality of microbial species are co-cultured to provide a treatment for dysbiosis. In some embodiments is provided use of any of the compositions provided herein, wherein the plurality of microbial species are co-cultured to provide a treatment for inflammatory bowel disease.

[0019] Some embodiments provided herein relate to methods of preserving microbes. In some embodiments, the methods include preserving microbes at a viability of at least 50- 95% (e.g., 80%) for a time period of at least two months. In some embodiments, the viability is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% viability. In some embodiments, the time period is at least one month, two months, at least three months, at least four months, at least five months, at least six months, at least seven months, at least eight months, at least nine months, at least 10 months, at least 11 months, at least 12 months, at least one year, or at least 2 years. In some embodiments, the methods include combining a plurality of microbial species with a lyoprotectant formulation. In some embodiments, the lyoprotectant formulation includes inulin and maltodextrin. Insome embodiments, the plurality of microbial species comprises members of at least two of the following genera: Dysosmobacter, Enterocloster, Ruthenibacterium, Vescimonas, Phocaeicola, Pusillimonas, Solibaculum, and Christensenella. In some embodiments, the time period is at least two months, and the genus Ruthenibacterium comprises Ruthenibacterium lactatiformans, and the genus Enterocloster comprises Enterocloster aldenensis. The time period may be 1-6 days or weeks in some embodiments, where for example, the stability of microbes for therapeutic efficacy is important in the shorter term. Microbes may comprises bacterial species, and may also other microbes that are beneficial (fungi, yeast, etc.). In some embodiments, the suppression of undesired microbes is accomplished, which may in turn, helps stabilize the community of beneficial microbes. Some embodiments provided herein relate to a composition for preventing or treating a disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, said composition comprising at least one strain of a microorganism, wherein the microorganism is selected from the group consisting of: bacteria, yeast or archaea; and an excipient.

[0020] In some embodiments, the excipient is a cryoprotectant. In some embodiments, the excipient is inulin or an analog or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the inulin is selected from the group consisting of: alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-[beta-D-fructofuranosyl](n-1)- D-fructofuranosides; beta-D-fructopyranosyl-[D-fructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranosides; fructo-oligosaccharides; fructo-oligosaccharides containing between 2 and 70 fructose units; fructo-oligosaccharides containing between 1 and 500 fructose units; fructo-oligosaccharides containing between 1 and 300 fructose units; fructo-oligosaccharides containing between 1 and 200 fructose units; fructo-oligosaccharides containing between 1 and 100 fructose units; or an analog or variant or combination thereof. In some embodiments, the inulin is an alpha- D-glucopyranosyl-[beta-D-fructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranoside. In some embodiments, the inulin includes a fructofuranosyl-(β-2,1)-fructofuranoside repeating unit. In some embodiments, the fructo-oligosaccharide has between 5-80 repeating units. In some embodiments, the inulin is derived from a natural source. In some embodiments, the natural source is chicory root, Jerusalem artichoke, agave, wheat, onion, banana, garlic, or asparagus. In some embodiments, the inulin is derived from chicory root.

[0021] In some embodiments, the excipient is maltodextrin or an analog or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the maltodextrin is selected from the group consisting of: a maltodextrin having a length selected from the group consisting of: 3 to 17 glucose units; corn syrup with a length of 20 glucose units or more; corn syrup solid; modified corn starch;modified rice starch; modified tapioca starch; modified wheat starch; or an analog or variant or combination thereof. In some embodiments, the maltodextrin is derived from corn or from cassava.

[0022] In some embodiments, the composition comprises inulin or an analog or variant thereof at a concentration selected from the group consisting of: 0.01% w / v to 20% w / v; 0.1% w / v to 20% w / v; 0.1% w / v to 10% w / v; 1% w / v to 10% w / v; 2% w / v to 9% w / v; 3% w / v to 8% w / v; 4% w / v to 7% w / v; 4% w / v to 6% w / v; 1% w / v; 2% w / v; 3% w / v; 4% w / v; 5% w / v; 6% w / v; 7% w / v; 8% w / v; 9% w / v; and 10% w / v.

[0023] In some embodiments, the composition comprises maltodextrin or an analog or variant thereof at a concentration selected from the group consisting of: 0.01% w / v to 20% w / v; 0.01% w / v to 20% w / v; 0.1% w / v to 10% w / v; 1% w / v to 10% w / v; 2% w / v to 9% w / v; 3% w / v to 8% w / v; 4% w / v to 7% w / v; 4% w / v to 6% w / v; 1% w / v; 2% w / v; 3% w / v; 4% w / v; 5% w / v; 6% w / v; 7% w / v; 8% w / v; 9% w / v; and 10% w / v.

[0024] In some embodiments, the composition is in a liquid form and prior to mixing with microbes comprises inulin or an analog or variant thereof at a concentration selected from the group consisting of: 0.01% w / v to 20% w / v; 0.1% w / v to 20% w / v; 0.1% w / v to 10% w / v; 1% w / v to 10% w / v; 2% w / v to 9% w / v; 3% w / v to 8% w / v; 4% w / v to 7% w / v; 4% w / v to 6% w / v; 1% w / v; 2% w / v; 3% w / v; 4% w / v; 5% w / v; 6% w / v; 7% w / v; 8% w / v; 9% w / v; and 10% w / v.

[0025] In some embodiments, the composition is in a liquid form and prior to mixing with microbes comprises maltodextrin or an analog or variant thereof at a concentration selected from the group consisting of: 0.01% w / v to 20% w / v; 0.01% w / v to 20% w / v; 0.1% w / v to 10% w / v; 1% w / v to 10% w / v; 2% w / v to 9% w / v; 3% w / v to 8% w / v; 4% w / v to 7% w / v; 4% w / v to 6% w / v; 1% w / v; 2% w / v; 3% w / v; 4% w / v; 5% w / v; 6% w / v; 7% w / v; 8% w / v; 9% w / v; and 10% w / v.

[0026] In some embodiments, the composition is in a liquid form and after mixing with microbes comprises inulin or an analog or variant thereof at a concentration selected from the group consisting of: 0.01% w / v to 20% w / v; 0.1% w / v to 20% w / v; 0.1% w / v to 10% w / v; 1% w / v to 10% w / v; 2% w / v to 9% w / v; 3% w / v to 8% w / v; 4% w / v to 7% w / v; 4% w / v to 6% w / v; 1% w / v; 2% w / v; 3% w / v; 4% w / v; 5% w / v; 6% w / v; 7% w / v; 8% w / v; 9% w / v; and 10% w / v.

[0027] In some embodiments, the composition is in a liquid form and after mixing with microbes comprises maltodextrin or an analog or variant thereof at a concentration selected from the group consisting of: 0.01% w / v to 20% w / v; 0.01% w / v to 20% w / v; 0.1% w / v to 10%w / v; 1% w / v to 10% w / v; 2% w / v to 9% w / v; 3% w / v to 8% w / v; 4% w / v to 7% w / v; 4% w / v to 6% w / v; 1% w / v; 2% w / v; 3% w / v; 4% w / v; 5% w / v; 6% w / v; 7% w / v; 8% w / v; 9% w / v; and 10% w / v.

[0028] In some embodiments, the composition is in a lyophilized form and comprises inulin or an analog or variant thereof at a concentration selected from the group consisting of: 0.01% w / w to 90% w / w; 0.01% w / w to 20% w / w; 0.1% w / w to 90% w / w; 0.1% w / w to 20% w / w; 0.1% w / w to 10% w / w; 1% w / w to 90% w / w; 1% w / w to 10% w / w; 2% w / w to 9% w / w; 3% w / w to 8% w / w; 4% w / w to 7% w / w; 4% w / w to 6% w / w; 10% w / w to 90% w / w; 20% w / w to 80% w / w; 30% w / w to 70% w / w; 40% w / w to 60% w / w; 1% w / w; 2% w / w; 3% w / w; 4% w / w; 5% w / w; 6% w / w; 7% w / w; 8% w / w; 9% w / w; 10% w / w; 20% w / w; 30% w / w; 40% w / w; 50% w / w; 60% w / w; 70% w / w; 80% w / w; and 90% w / w

[0029] In some embodiments, the composition is in a lyophilized form and after mixing with microbes comprises inulin or an analog or variant thereof at a concentration selected from the group consisting of: 20% w / w to 45% w / w, more preferably 30% w / w to 35% w / w and 35% w / w to 40% w / w. Most preferably, the composition contains inulin or its analog / variant at a concentration of 33% w / w or 36% w / w.

[0030] In some embodiments, the composition is in a lyophilized form and comprises maltodextrin or an analog or variant thereof at a concentration selected from the group consisting of: 0.01% w / w to 90% w / w; 0.01% w / w to 20% w / w; 0.1% w / w to 90% w / w; 0.1% w / w to 20% w / w; 0.1% w / w to 10% w / w; 1% w / w to 90% w / w; 1% w / w to 10% w / w; 2% w / w to 9% w / w; 3% w / w to 8% w / w; 4% w / w to 7% w / w; 4% w / w to 6% w / w; 10% w / w to 90% w / w; 20% w / w to 80% w / w; 30% w / w to 70% w / w; 40% w / w to 60% w / w; 1% w / w; 2% w / w; 3% w / w; 4% w / w; 5% w / w; 6% w / w; 7% w / w; 8% w / w; 9% w / w; 10% w / w; 20% w / w; 30% w / w; 40% w / w; 50% w / w; 60% w / w; 70% w / w; 80% w / w; and 90% w / w.

[0031] In some embodiments, the composition is in a lyophilized form and after mixing with microbes comprises inulin or an analog or variant thereof at a concentration selected from the group consisting of: 20% w / w to 45% w / w, more preferably 30% w / w to 35% w / w and 35% w / w to 40% w / w. Most preferably, the composition contains inulin or its analog / variant at a concentration of 33% w / w or 36% w / w.

[0032] In some embodiments, the composition comprises inulin and maltodextrin.

[0033] In some embodiments, the composition comprises inulin and maltodextrin at a concentration selected from the group consisting of: inulin (1% w / v) and maltodextrin (1% w / v); inulin (2% w / v) and maltodextrin (2% w / v); inulin (3% w / v) and maltodextrin (3% w / v); inulin (4% w / v) and maltodextrin (4% w / v); inulin (5% w / v) and maltodextrin (5% w / v); inulin(6% w / v) and maltodextrin (6% w / v); inulin (7% w / v) and maltodextrin (7% w / v); inulin (8% w / v) and maltodextrin (8% w / v); inulin (9% w / v) and maltodextrin (9% w / v); and inulin (10% w / v) and maltodextrin (10% w / v).

[0034] In some embodiments, the composition comprises inulin and maltodextrin at a concentration selected from the group consisting of: (1) inulin at a concentration selected from the group consisting of: 1% w / v; 2% w / v; 3% w / v; 4% w / v; 5% w / v; 6% w / v; 7% w / v; 8% w / v; 9% w / v; and 10% w / v; and (2) maltodextrin at a concentration selected from the group consisting of: 1% w / v; 2% w / v; 3% w / v; 4% w / v; 5% w / v; 6% w / v; 7% w / v; 8% w / v; 9% w / v; and 10% w / v.

[0035] In some embodiments, the composition comprises inulin and maltodextrin at a concentration selected from the group consisting of: inulin (1% w / v) and maltodextrin (1% w / v); inulin (2% w / v) and maltodextrin (2% w / v); inulin (3% w / v) and maltodextrin (3% w / v); inulin (4% w / v) and maltodextrin (4% w / v); inulin (5% w / v) and maltodextrin (5% w / v); inulin (6% w / v) and maltodextrin (6% w / v); inulin (7% w / v) and maltodextrin (7% w / v); inulin (8% w / v) and maltodextrin (8% w / v); inulin (9% w / v) and maltodextrin (9% w / v); and inulin (10% w / v) and maltodextrin (10% w / v).

[0036] In some embodiments, the composition is in lyophilized form.

[0037] In some embodiments, the composition is in liquid form.

[0038] In some embodiments, the excipient is selected from the group consisting of: inulin; inulin and maltodextrin; inulin and dextran 70k; inulin and pectin; inulin and sucrose; inulin and trehalose; inulin and maltodextrin and sucrose; inulin and maltodextrin and dextran 70k; inulin and maltodextrin and pectin; inulin and maltodextrin and sucrose; and inulin and maltodextrin and pectin.

[0039] In some embodiments, the excipient is selected from the group consisting of: inulin (10% w / v); inulin (5% w / v); inulin (5% w / v) and maltodextrin (5% w / v); inulin (5% w / v) and dextran 70k (5% w / v); inulin (5% w / v) and pectin (5% w / v); inulin (5% w / v) and sucrose (5% w / v); inulin (5% w / v) and trehalose (5% w / v); inulin (5% w / v) and maltodextrin (5% w / v) and sucrose (5% w / v); inulin (5% w / v) and maltodextrin (5% w / v) and dextran 70k(5% w / v); inulin (5% w / v) and maltodextrin (5% w / v) and pectin (5% w / v); inulin (5% w / v) and maltodextrin (5% w / v) and sucrose (5% w / v); and inulin (5% w / v) and maltodextrin (5% w / v) and pectin (5% w / v).

[0040] In some embodiments, the composition has a moisture concentration less than a concentration selected from the group consisting of: 1% w / v; 2% w / v; 3% w / v; 4% w / v; 5% w / v; 6% w / v; 7% w / v; 8% w / v; 9% w / v; and 10% w / v.

[0041] In some embodiments, the composition has a moisture concentration selected from the group consisting of: between 1 and 5% w / v; between 0.5 and 2% w / v; between 0.9 and 1.2% w / v; between 0.99 and 1.09% w / v; and 1.093% w / v.

[0042] In some embodiments, the composition has a Young’s Modulus measure selected from the group consisting of: between 1 and 5; between 2 and 4; between 2.1 and 3.9; between 2.5 and 3.8; 2; 3; 4; 5; 2.98; 2.19; 3.51; 3.23; less than 2; less than 3; less than 4; less than 5; greater than 2; greater than 3; greater than 4; greater than 5.

[0043] In some embodiments , the composition has a Max Stress (kPa) at the fracture point measure selected from the group consisting of: between 20 and 40; between 21 and 39; between 20 and 30; between 20 and 29; between 25 and 30; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 29.36; 29.01; 22.68; less than 20; less than 21; less than 22; less than 23; less than 24; less than 25; less than 26; less than 27; less than 28; less than 29; less than 30; greater than 20; greater than 21; greater than 22; greater than 23 greater than 24; greater than 25; greater than 26; greater than 27; greater than 28; greater than 29; and greater than 30.

[0044] In some embodiments, the composition comprises further excipients and carriers.

[0045] In some embodiments, the microorganism is a faecal or colonic microorganism.

[0046] In some embodiments, the microorganism is non-inflammatory.

[0047] In some embodiments, the microorganism is cultured from a faecal or colonic biopsy sample.

[0048] In some embodiments, the microorganism is a consortia comprising a community of microorganism cells derived from a stool or biopsy of one or more human donors.

[0049] In some embodiments, the community of microorganism cells comprises cultured microorganism cells.

[0050] In some embodiments, the cultured microorganism cells are derived from a multiple of human donors.

[0051] In some embodiments, the community of microorganism cells comprises uncultured microorganism cells.

[0052] In some embodiments , the uncultured microorganism cells are derived from a single human donor.

[0053] In some embodiments, the composition is a faecal transplant microbiota composition.

[0054] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a purified or reconstituted faecal bacterial mixture.

[0055] In some embodiments, the composition is lyophilized.

[0056] In some embodiments, the composition is a liquid.

[0057] In some embodiments, after at least 4 weeks of storage at a storage temperature, the composition is capable of maintaining at least 50% cell viability relative to the initial cell viability immediately prior to storage.

[0058] In some embodiments, after at least 4 weeks of storage at a storage temperature, the composition is capable of maintaining about 60% to about 80% cell viability relative to the initial cell viability immediately prior to the start of said storage.

[0059] In some embodiments, after at least 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, or 20 weeks of storage at a storage temperature, the composition is capable of maintaining at least about 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% cell viability relative to the initial cell viability immediately prior to storage.

[0060] In some embodiments, after at least 8, 12, 16, 20, 50, 75, 100, 150, or 200 weeks of storage at a storage temperature, any of the compositions described herein maintains at least 50% cell viability relative to the initial cell viability immediately prior to storage.

[0061] In some embodiments, after at least 12 weeks of at a storage temperature, any of the compositions described herein maintains between 30% and 90%, between 40% and 90%, between 50% and 90%, between 60% and 90%, between 70% and 90%, between 80% and 90%, between 40% and 80%, between 50% and 70%, between 55% and 65%, between 30% and 40%, between 40% and 50%, between 50% and 60%, between 60% and 70%, or between 70% and 80% cell viability, relative to the initial cell viability immediately prior to storage.

[0062] In some embodiments, the storage temperature is selected from the group consisting of: ambient temperature or below; -70°C; -50°C; -47°C; -30°C; -20°C; -8°C; -4°C; below zero; 2°C; 4°C; 8°C; between 2 and 8°C; 18°C; 25°C; room temperature; and ambient temperature.

[0063] In some embodiments, the cell viability is measured by a method selected from the group consisting of; using imaging assays that measure membrane permeability; using a combination of membrane permeant and impermeant DNA dyes stains; SYTO and propidium iodide are used to stain and differentiate live and dead bacteria; live cell determination is combined with fluorescent Gram staining; a colorimetric method; bacterial cell viability is assessed by using a BactoBox or other impedance flow cytometry tools; bacterial cell viability is assessed by counting the number of colonies on an agar plate; cell viability is evaluated via molecular viability analyses.

[0064] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a prebiotic.

[0065] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a carrier.

[0066] In some embodiments, the composition comprises an insoluble fibre, a buffer, an osmotic agent, an antifoaming agent, and / or a preservative.

[0067] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a chemostat medium.

[0068] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a saline composition.

[0069] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a resistant starch.

[0070] In some embodiments, the composition is lyophilized with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.

[0071] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a further stabiliser and / or further cryoprotectant.

[0072] In some embodiments, the further cryoprotectant is selected from the group consisting of: trehalose; mannitol; sucrose; glycerol; sorbitol; DMSO; propylene glycol; ethylene glycol; saccharose; galactose-lactose; and any combination thereof.

[0073] In some embodiments, the further cryoprotectant further comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of: glycerol; polyethylene glycol (PEG); glycerin; erythritol; arabitol; xylitol; sorbitol; glucose; lactose; ribose; and any combination thereof.

[0074] In some embodiments, the said further cryoprotectant is trehalose at a concentration of 2% to 15% in said lyophilized formulation.

[0075] In some embodiments, the further cryoprotectant is trehalose at a concentration of at least 5% in said lyophilized formulation.

[0076] In some embodiments, the further cryoprotectant is trehalose at a concentration of at least 10% in said lyophilized formulation.

[0077] In some embodiments, the composition is a pharmaceutical composition.

[0078] In some embodiments, the at least one strain of microorganism is diluted with an inert powdered diluent.

[0079] In some embodiments, the composition comprises one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients.

[0080] In some embodiments, the said composition is formulated as a powder, geltab, pill, enema, microcapsule, capsule, or tablet.

[0081] In some embodiments, the capsule or tablet is enteric-coated, pH dependant, slow-release, and / or gastro-resistant.

[0082] In some embodiments, the composition is adapted for administration orally or rectally.

[0083] In some embodiments, the composition comprises one or more, two or more, three or more, four or more, or five or more isolated, purified, or cultured microorganisms.

[0084] In some embodiments, the microorganism is a member of the phylum, family, genus, species taxa selected from those listed in the groups consisting of: Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, Table 5, Table 13, Table 14, Table 15 and any combination thereof.

[0085] For example, the composition comprises one or more microorganisms selected from Table 3.

[0086] In another example, the composition comprises one or more microorganisms selected from the BB265 complex consortium as listed in Table 4.

[0087] For example, the composition comprises one or more microorganisms selected from the 143 isolate BB265 complex consortium listed in Table 5.

[0088] In some embodiments, the composition is further supplemented with at least one microorganism from those listed in the groups consisting of: Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, Table 5, Table 13, Table 14, Table 15 and any combination thereof.

[0089] In some embodiments, the composition lacks one or more of the microorganisms selected from those listed in the groups consisting of: Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, Table 5, Table 13, Table 14, Table 15 and any combination thereof.

[0090] Table 1 - List of taxa by phylum. Actinomycetota (formerly known as Actinobacteria) B B C P T V

[0091] Table 2 - List of taxa by genus. Ab i ll E M h A (f A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A B B B B B B B B C CCaproicibacterium Lachnospiraceae incertae Ruminiclostridiumsedis (unclassified rank, C C C C C C C C C D D D D E

[0092] Table 3 – Broad list of families (bacterial, archaeal, and viral). A c a A A A A e A e A e A A e A A A A A A A a A e A AAerococcaceae Desulfocapsaceae Marinobacteraceae Rickettsiaceaeıĵ Aeromonadaceae Desulfococcaceae Mariprofundaceae Rikenellaceae A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A e A A c A A A a A A A A A A A A A A A A A AAtribacteraceae Eubacteriaceae Microvenatoraceae SphaerolipoviridaeAurantimonadaceae Eubacteriales Family Microviridae Sphaerotilaceae A A A B B B I B B B B e B B B B B B B B B e B B B B B B B B B B B B B B a B B B B B e B B C C CCaldisphaeraceae Granulosicoccaceae Nudiviridae ThalassospiraceaeCalditerrivibrionacea e Gresnaviridae Nyamiviridae Thermaceae C C c C a C a e e C a A e e C B C B C C i e C C C C C C e C D C D C I C M C M a C M C M C N C r N C N e C N C Pa ae ceaeCandidatus S e C U C C C C C C C C c C C C C e C C C C C C C e C C C e C C e C C C e C C C C C X C X. Cohaesibacteraceae Kitaviridae Polymycoviridae WeeksellaceaeColeofasciculaceae Kofleriaceae Polyomaviridae Wenzhouxiangellacea C C C C e C C c C C C C C C C e

[0093] Table 4 - List of taxa by Species / 16S identification including 16S sequences for each species in the BB265 complex consortium or identified as sulphidogens. [ [ [ [ m [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ A A A A Afermentans merdigallinarumAcidaminococcus intestini Campylobacter coli Massilimicrobiota A A A b A A s A A A A A A A A s A A A A A m A A A A A A A s A A A A A A r A laAnaerotignum propionicum Clostridium sporogenes Peptostreptococcus sp.Anaerotignum sp. Clostridium tetani Phascolarctobacterium A A A B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B K B B t B BBacteroides xylanisolvens Faecalibacterium duncaniae Senegalimassilia anaerobiaBacteroides zhangwenhongi Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Slackia exigua B B s B B a B B B B B B p B B B B B

[0094] Table 5 – List of isolates comprising the 143 isolate BB265 complex consortium. I b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b bbb0129 Bacteroides nordiibb0130 Odoribacter splanchnicus b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b bbb0296 Bacteroides salyersiaebb0312 Lachnospira eligens b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b bbb0470 Christensenella sp. Marseille-P3954bb0471 Anaerotruncus rubiinfantis b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b bb0541 Lachnoanaerobaculum umeaense

[0095] In some embodiments, the Enterococcus sp. is selected from the group consisting of: Enterococcus faecalis; Enterococcus faecium; Enterococcus sp. CC00149 deposited under V19 / 018754 on 9 September 2019 at the National Measurement Institute, Australia; Enterococcus sp. CC00259 deposited under V19 / 018755 on 9 September 2019 at the National Measurement Institute, Australia; Enterococcus sp. CC00620 deposited under V21 / 013048 on 29 June 2021 at the National Measurement Institute, Australia;Enterococcus sp. CC00064 deposited under V21 / 013046 on 29 June 2021 at the National Measurement Institute, Australia; Enterococcus sp. CC00619 deposited under V21 / 013047 on 29 June 2021 at the National Measurement Institute, Australia; Enterococcus sp. CC00262 deposited under V20 / 006238 on 18 March 2020 at the National Measurement Institute, Australia; and Enterococcus sp. CC0002 deposited under V21 / 014119 on 20 July 2021 at the National Measurement Institute, Australia.

[0096] In some embodiments, the Lactobacillus sp. is selected from the group consisting of: Lactobacillus rhamnosus (such as strain GG (ATCC 53103), CGMCC 1.3724 or SP1 (DSM 21690)); Lactococcus lactis; Lactococcus cremoris; Lactococcus diacetylactis; Lactobacillus paracasei; Lactobacillus reuteri (such as strain ATCC 55730 or DSM 17938); Lactobacillus acidophilus; Lactobacillus murinus; Lactobacillus helveticus; Lactobacillus bulgaricus; Lactobacillus casei; Lactobacillus salivarius; Lactobacillus plantarum; Lactobacillus fermentum; Lactobacillus taiwanensis; Lactobacillus animalis; Lactobacillus johnsonii (such as strain NCC533; CNCM 1-1225); and Lactobacillus gasseri.

[0097] In some embodiments, the Bifidobacterium sp. is selected from the group consisting of: Bifidobacterium lactis (such as strain BB-12, BI-04 or CNCM 1-3446 (Bb12)); Bifidobacterium longum (such as strain NCC3001, ATCC BAA-999 (BB536)); Bifidobacterium breve (such as strain Bb-03, M-16V or R0070); Bifidobacterium infantis; Bifidobacterium animalis; Bifidobacterium bifidum; and Bifidobacterium adolescentis.

[0098] In some embodiments, the Streptococcus sp. is selected from the group consisting of: Streptococcus thermophilus, Streptococcus thermophilus ST-21 and Streptococcus salivarius.

[0099] In some embodiments, the Clostridium sp. is selected from the group consisting of: Clostridium difficile, Clostridium hylemonae; Clostridium scindens and Flavinofractor plautii.

[0100] In some embodiments, the microorganism is a yeast.

[0101] In some embodiments, the yeast is Saccharomyces boulardii.

[0102] In some embodiments, the microorganism is an archaea.

[0103] In some embodiments, the archaea is selected from the group consisting of: Methanobrevibacter spp; Methanobrevibacter smithii; and Methanosphaera sp; Methanosphaera stadtmaniae.

[0104] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a faecal microbiota comprising a Shannon Diversity Index of greater than or equal to 0.3, greater than or equalto 0.4, greater than or equal to 0.5, greater than or equal to 0.6, greater than or equal to 0.7, greater than or equal to 0.8, greater than or equal to 0.9, 5 greater than or equal to 1.0, greater than or equal to 1.1, greater than or equal to 1.2, greater than or equal to 1.3, greater than or equal to 1.4, greater than or equal to 1.5, greater than or equal to 1.6, greater than or equal to 1.7, greater than or equal to 1.8, greater than or equal to 1.9, greater than or equal to 2.0, greater than or equal to 2.1, greater than or equal to 2.2, greater than or equal to 2.3, greater than or equal to 2.4, greater than or equal to 2.5, greater than or equal to 3.0, greater than or equal to 3.1, greater than or equal to 3.2, greater than or equal to 3.3, greater than or equal to 3.4, greater than or equal to 3.5, greater than or equal to 3.6, greater than or equal to 3.7, greater than or equal to 3.8, greater than or equal to 3.9, greater than or equal to 4.0, greater than or equal to 4.1, greater than or equal to 4.2, greater than or equal to 4.3, greater than or equal to 4.4, greater than or equal to 4.5, or greater than or equal to 5.0.

[0105] In some embodiments, the composition comprises faecal microbiota comprising a Shannon Diversity Index of between 0.1 and 3.0, between 0.1 and 2.5, between 0.1 and 2.4, between 0.1 and 2.3, between 0.1 and 2.2, between 0.1 and 2.1, between 0.1 and 2.0, between 0.4 and 2.5, between 0.4 and 3.0, between 0.5 and 5.0, 20 between 0.7 and 5.0, between 0.9 and 5.0, between 1.1 and 5.0, between 1.3 and 5.0, between 1.5 and 5.0, between 1.7 and 5.0, between 1.9 and 5.0, between 2.1 and 5.0, between 2.3 and 5.0, between 2.5 and 5.0, between 2.7 and 5.0, between 2.9 and 5.0, between 3.1 and 5.0, between 3.3 and 5.0, between 3.5 and 5.0, between 3.7 and 5.0, between 3.9 and 5.0, or between 4.1 and 5.0.

[0106] In some embodiments, the Shannon Diversity Index is calculated at a level selected from the group consisting of: phylum level, family level, genus level, and species level.

[0107] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a preparation of flora in proportional content that resembles a normal healthy human faecal flora.

[0108] In some embodiments, the composition comprises faecal bacteria from at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 different families.

[0109] In some embodiments, the composition comprises faecal microbiota comprising no greater than 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, or 10% weight non-living material / weight biological material.

[0110] In some embodiments, the composition comprises faecal microbiota comprising no greater than 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% weight non-living material / weight biological material.

[0111] In some embodiments, the composition comprises articles of non-living material and / or particles of biological material of a faecal sample that passes through a sieve, a column, or a similar filtering device having a sieve, exclusion, or particle filter size of 2.0 mm, 1.0 mm, 0.5 mm, 100.25 mm, 0.212 mm, 0.101 mm, 0.180 mm, 0.150 mm, 0.125 mm, 0.106 mm, 0.090 mm, 0.075 mm, 0.063 mm, 0.053 mm, 0.045 mm, 0.038 mm, 0.032 mm, 0.025 mm, 0.020 mm, 0.01 mm, or 0.2 mm.

[0112] In some embodiments, the composition comprises substantially isolated or a purified faecal flora or entire (or substantially entire) microbiota that is (or comprises) an isolate of faecal flora that is at least about 90%, 91 %, 92 %, 93 %, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 9 8%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.6 %, 99.7 %, 99.8% or 99.9% isolated or pure, or having no more than about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9% or 1.0% or more non-faecal floral material; or, a substantially isolated, purified, or substantially entire microbiota as described in WO 2012 / 122478, or as described in WO 2012 / 016287.

[0113] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a weight ratio between faecal- derived non-living material and faecal-derived biological material of no greater than about 0.1%, 0. 2%, 0. 3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 2%, 5%, 8%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50%.

[0114] In some embodiments, every 200 mg of the composition comprises a pharmacologically active dose of microorganism cells or spores selected from the group consisting of: 103to 1014; 104to 1014; 105to 1014;106to 1014; 107to 1014; 108to 1014; 104to 1013; 105to 1012; 106to 1011; 107to 1010; 108to 109; 103to 1013; 103to 1012; 103to 1011; 103to 1010; 103to 109; 103to 108; 103to 107; 103to 106; 103to 105, and 103to 104colony forming units (cfu) or total cell count.

[0115] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a pharmacologically active dose of microorganism cells or spores selected from the group consisting of: from 10 million cfu / mL to 100 billion cfu / mL, from 10 million to 50 million cfu / mL, from 50 million to 100 million cfu / mL, from 100 million to 500 million cfu / mL, from 500 million to 1 billion cfu / mL, from 1 billion to 5 billion cfu / mL, from 5 billion to 10 billion cfu / mL, from 10 billion to 15 billion cfu / mL, from 15 billion to 20 billion cfu / mL, from 20 billion to 25 billion cfu / mL, from 25 billion to 30 billion cfu / mL, from 30 billion to 35 billion cfu / mL, from 35 billion to 40 billion cfu / mL, from 40 billion to 45 billion cfu / mL, from 45 billion to 50 billion cfu / mL, from 50 billion to 55billion cfu / mL, from 55 billion to 60 billion cfu / mL, from 60 billion to 65 billion cfu / mL, from 65 billion to 70 billion cfu / mL, from 70 billion to 75 billion cfu / mL, from 75 billion to 80 billion cfu / mL, from 80 billion to 85 billion cfu / mL, from 85 billion to 90 billion cfu / mL, from 90 billion to 95 billion cfu / mL, from 95 billion to 100 billion cfu / mL.

[0116] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a pharmacologically active dose of microorganism cells or spores wherein the concentration of the microorganism cells or spores as a dry microbial body, is selected from the group consisting of: between 5 to 50 w / w %, 1 to 75 w / w %, 0.1 to 100 w / w % and 1 to 100 w / w %.

[0117] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is gastrointestinal tract mucosal inflammation.

[0118] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is characterized by reduced gut microbial diversity.

[0119] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is characterized by reduced gut microbial function.

[0120] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is characterized by loss of gut microbial ecology.

[0121] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is dysbiosis.

[0122] In some embodiments, the dysbiosis is associated with one or more of disorders selected from the group consisting of: inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), pouchitis, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), an enteric bacterial infection, a metabolic disease, a neuropsychiatric disorder, an autoimmune disease, an allergic disorder, hepatic encephalopathy, or a cancer.

[0123] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a malignancy or cancer.

[0124] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a hepatic or liver disease.

[0125] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a gastrointestinal disorder.

[0126] In some embodiments, the gastrointestinal disorder is an inflammatory bowel disease.

[0127] In some embodiments, the inflammatory bowel disease is selected from the group consisting of: ulcerative colitis; Crohn's disease; gastroenteritis; colitis; and pouchitis.

[0128] In some embodiments, the gastrointestinal disorder is selected from the group consisting of: irritable bowel syndrome; an ulcer of the gastrointestinal tract; a cancer of the gastrointestinal tract.

[0129] In some embodiments, the composition reduces endogenous sulphide levels in the colon of a patient in need thereof.

[0130] In some embodiments, the composition reduces sulphide and nitric oxide load on epithelial cells leading to a metabolic lesion via inhibition of cellular respiration.

[0131] In some embodiments, the composition: reduces relative abundance and or metabolic activity of sulphidogenic microbiota; reduce sulphide levels in the colon directly through consumption / assimilation; reduce sulphide levels in the colon via metabolic substrate competition; and or reduce sulphide levels in the colon by consuming hydrogen.

[0132] In some embodiments, the composition reduces the relative abundance and or metabolic activity of sulphidogenic microbiota by reducing metabolizable sulphur substrates; reduce sulphur amino acid release (methionine, cysteine, homocysteine, taurine) into the colon by reducing protein fermentation.

[0133] In some embodiments, the composition induces colonocyte apoptosis in lesions to break an induced stable inflammatory state driven.

[0134] In some embodiments, the composition drives down undesired inflammation.

[0135] In some embodiments, the composition prevents or reduces activation of the mucosa immune system in a natural killer T-cell driven IL-13 and IL-5 dependent, TH2 mediated, immune response.

[0136] In some embodiments, the composition decreases inflammation in the subject when measured by a parameter selected from the group consisting of: TNFɑ signalling via NF-κB; IFNɑ signalling; IFNɣ signalling; IL6 JAK STAT3 signalling; activation of pro-apoptotic pathways; initiation of unfolded protein response.

[0137] In some embodiments, the composition down regulates genes associated with pro-apoptotic pathways and the unfolded protein response, including genes selected from the group consisting of: CHAC1, CEBPB, TRIB3, PPP1R15A, DDIT3, ATF4 and XBP1.

[0138] In some embodiments, the composition does not contain an excipient selected from the group consisting of: inulin HP-Gel (Orafti) (10% w / v); inulin (5% w / v) without maltodextrin; inulin (10% w / v) without maltodextrin; inulin (15% w / v) without maltodextrin; trehalose (2.5% w / v) and inulin (2.5% w / v); trehalose (5% w / v) and inulin (5% w / v); trehalose (7.5% w / v) and inulin (7.5% w / v); inulin (15% w / v) and tocopheral (10 µL / L); inulin (15% w / v) and tocopheral (100 µL / L); inulin (15% w / v) and ascorbic acid (4 mg / L); and inulin (15% w / v) and ascorbic acid (40 mg / L).

[0139] In some embodiments, the micro-organism is not Lactobacillus acidophilus MJLA1.

[0140] In some embodiments, the composition does not contain an excipient selected from the group consisting of: inulin HP-Gel (Orafti) (10% w / v); inulin (5% w / v) without maltodextrin; inulin (10% w / v) without maltodextrin; inulin (15% w / v) without maltodextrin; trehalose (2.5% w / v) and inulin (2.5% w / v); trehalose (5% w / v) and inulin (5% w / v); trehalose (7.5% w / v) and inulin (7.5% w / v); inulin (15% w / v) and tocopheral (10 µL / L); inulin (15% w / v) and tocopheral (100 µL / L); inulin (15% w / v) and ascorbic acid (4 mg / L); and inulin (15% w / v) and ascorbic acid (40 mg / L); and wherein the micro-organism is not Lactobacillus acidophilus MJLA1.

[0141] In some embodiments, the composition contains an excipient selected from the group consisting of: inulin HP-Gel (Orafti) (10% w / v); inulin (5% w / v) without maltodextrin; inulin (10% w / v) without maltodextrin; inulin (15% w / v) without maltodextrin; trehalose (2.5% w / v) and inulin (2.5% w / v); trehalose (5%) and inulin (5% w / v); trehalose (7.5% w / v) and inulin (7.5%); inulin (15% w / v) and tocopheral (10 µL / L); inulin (15% w / v) and tocopheral (100 µL / L); inulin (15% w / v) and ascorbic acid (4 mg / L); and inulin (15% w / v) and ascorbic acid (40 mg / L).

[0142] In some embodiments, the micro-organism is Lactobacillus acidophilus MJLA1.

[0143] In some embodiments, the composition contains an excipient selected from the group consisting of: inulin HP-Gel (Orafti) (10% w / v); inulin (5% w / v) without maltodextrin; inulin (10% w / v) without maltodextrin; inulin (15% w / v) without maltodextrin; trehalose (2.5% w / v) and inulin (2.5% w / v); trehalose (5% w / v) and inulin (5% w / v); trehalose (7.5% w / v) and inulin (7.5% w / v); inulin (15% w / v) and tocopheral (10 µL / L); inulin (15% w / v) and tocopheral (100 µL / L); inulin (15% w / v) and ascorbic acid (4 mg / L); and inulin (15% w / v) and ascorbic acid (40 mg / L); and wherein the micro-organism is Lactobacillus acidophilus MJLA1.

[0144] In some embodiments, the composition does not contain an excipient selected from the group consisting of: inulin (2% w / v); maltodextrin (2% w / v); sucrose (2% w / v).

[0145] In some embodiments, the composition does not contain an excipient selected from the group consisting of: inulin (10% w / v); maltodextrin (10% w / v); and sucrose (10% w / v).

[0146] In some embodiments, the micro-organism is not Lactobacillus plantarum.

[0147] In some embodiments, the composition contains an excipient selected from the group consisting of: inulin (2% w / v); maltodextrin (2% w / v); sucrose (2% w / v).

[0148] In some embodiments, the composition contains an excipient selected from the group consisting of: inulin (10% w / v); maltodextrin (10% w / v); and sucrose (10% w / v).

[0149] In some embodiments, the micro-organism is Lactobacillus plantarum.

[0150] In some embodiments, the invention is a biotherapeutic composition comprising any of the compositions provided herein, together with an acceptable diluent or carrier.

[0151] In some embodiments, the carrier is 0.9% sterile saline.

[0152] In some embodiments, the invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the compositions provided herein, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.

[0153] In some embodiments, the invention is a method of treating and / or preventing a disease or disorder in a patient in need thereof said method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of any of the compositions provided herein.

[0154] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is gastrointestinal tract mucosal inflammation.

[0155] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is characterized by reduced gut microbial diversity.

[0156] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is characterized by reduced gut microbial function.

[0157] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is characterized by loss of gut microbial ecology.

[0158] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is dysbiosis.

[0159] In some embodiments, the dysbiosis is associated with one or more of disorders selected from the group consisting of: inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), pouchitis, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), an enteric bacterial infection, a metabolic disease, a neuropsychiatric disorder, an autoimmune disease, an allergic disorder, hepatic encephalopathy, or a cancer.

[0160] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a malignancy or cancer.

[0161] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a hepatic or liver disease. For example, the disease or disorder is primary sclerosing cholangitis.

[0162] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a gastrointestinal disorder.

[0163] In some embodiments, the gastrointestinal disorder is an inflammatory bowel disease.

[0164] In some embodiments, the inflammatory bowel disease is selected from the group consisting of: ulcerative colitis; Crohn's disease; gastroenteritis; colitis; and pouchitis.

[0165] In some embodiments, the gastrointestinal disorder is selected from the group consisting of: irritable bowel syndrome; an ulcer of the gastrointestinal tract; a cancer of the gastrointestinal tract.

[0166] In some embodiments, the composition is administered orally or rectally.

[0167] In some embodiments, the composition is administered in conjunction with or to support an immunotherapy,

[0168] In some embodiments, the composition is administered to the patient using a dosing regimen selected from the group consisting of: hourly; every 2 hours; every 3 hours; every 4 hours; every 5 hours; every 6 hours; every 12 hours; once daily; twice daily; every 2 days; every 3 days; every 4 days; every 5 days; every 6 days; weekly; twice weekly; every 2 weeks; every 3 weeks; every 4 weeks; every 5 weeks; every 6 weeks; once monthly; twice monthly; every 2 months; every 3 months; every 4 months; every 5 months; every 6 months; yearly; twice yearly; every 2 years; every 3 years; every 4 years; and every 5 years.

[0169] In some embodiments, the composition reduces endogenous sulphide levels in the colon of a patient in need thereof.

[0170] In some embodiments, the composition reduces sulphide and nitric oxide load on epithelial cells leading to a metabolic lesion via inhibition of cellular respiration.

[0171] In some embodiments, the composition reduces nitric oxide production and / or reduces nitric oxide levels in the colon.

[0172] In some embodiments, the composition: reduces relative abundance and or metabolic activity of sulphidogenic microbiota; reduce sulphide levels in the colon directly through consumption / assimilation; reduce sulphide levels, relative abundance and or metabolic activity of sulphidogenic microbiota via metabolic substrate competition; and / or reduce sulphide levels, relative abundance and / or metabolic activity of sulphidogenic microbiota by consuming hydrogen.

[0173] In some embodiments, the composition reduces the relative abundance and / or metabolic activity of sulphidogenic microbiota by reducing metabolizable sulphur substratesin the colon; and / or reduces the relative abundance and / or metabolic activity of sulphidogenic microbiota by reducing sulphur amino acid release (methionine, cysteine, homocysteine, taurine) into the colon by reducing protein fermentation.

[0174] In some embodiments, the composition induces colonocyte apoptosis in lesions to break an induced stable inflammatory state.

[0175] In some embodiments, the method drives down undesired inflammation.

[0176] In some embodiments, the composition prevents or reduces activation of the mucosa immune system in a natural killer T-cell driven IL-13 and IL-5 dependent, TH2 mediated, immune response.

[0177] In some embodiments, the method decreases inflammation in the subject when measured by a parameter selected from the group consisting of: TNFɑ signalling via NF-κB; IFNɑ signalling; IFNɣ signalling; IL6 JAK STAT3 signalling; activation of pro-apoptotic pathways; initiation of unfolded protein response.

[0178] In some embodiments, the method down regulates genes associated with pro- apoptotic pathways and the unfolded protein response, including genes selected from the group consisting of: CHAC1, CEBPB, TRIB3, PPP1R15A, DDIT3, ATF4 and XBP1.

[0179] In some embodiments, the invention is a method of preparing the biotherapeutic composition of the invention, the method comprising mixing any of the compositions provided herein with an acceptable diluent or carrier.

[0180] In some embodiments, the invention is a method of preparing the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, the method comprising mixing any of the compositions provided herein with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent or carrier.

[0181] In some embodiments, the excipient, diluent or carrier is sterilised.

[0182] In some embodiments, the cryoprotectant is sterilised.

[0183] In some embodiments, the invention is the use of any of the compositions provided herein in the manufacture of a medicament for reducing or preventing a disease or disorder in a subject.

[0184] In some embodiments, the invention is a dosage form comprising any of the compositions provided herein.

[0185] Some embodiments provided herein relate to kits comprising the dosage form of the invention together with instructions for its use.

[0186] The invention will also be described in further alternative embodiments as presented below.

[0187] In some embodiments, the cryoprotectant is selected from the group consisting of: sugars and carbohydrates; amino acids and derivatives; polymers and gums; antioxidants and reducing agents; protective sugars and polyols; and miscellaneous excipients.

[0188] In some embodiments, the sugar or carbohydrate is selected from the group consisting of: trehalose; sucrose; cyclodextrins (α; β; γ); glucose; mannitol; sorbitol; lactose; fructose; raffinose; dextran; inulin; maltose; galactose; stachyose; melibiose; isomaltulose; xylose; tagatose; cellobiose; arabinose; rhamnose; fucose; trehalose-O-phosphate; maltodextrin; xylobiose; mannobiose; sialic acid; n-acetylglucosamine; dextrin; and polydextrose.

[0189] In some embodiments, the amino acid or derivative is selected from the group consisting of: glutathione; ascorbic acid; cysteine; glycine; arginine; proline; histidine; n- acetylcysteine; taurine; methionine; glutamine; serine; lysine; alanine; tyrosine; threonine; leucine; isoleucine; valine; phenylalanine; tryptophan; ornithine; beta-alanine; citrulline; and carnitine.

[0190] In some embodiments, the polymer or gum is selected from the group consisting of: polyethylene glycol (peg); hydroxyethyl starch (HES); carboxymethylcellulose (CMC); gelatin; pectin; alginate; guar gum; xanthan gum; agarose; chondroitin sulphate; pullulan; hydroxypropyl cellulose; methylcellulose; hyaluronic acid; tragacanth gum; acacia gum; polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP); locust bean gum; sodium alginate; konjac gum; arabic gum; and carrageenan.

[0191] In some embodiments, the antioxidant or reducing agent is selected from the group consisting of: glutathione (reduced); dithiothreitol (DTT); n-acetylcysteine; alpha- tocopherol (vitamin E); ascorbyl palmitate; sodium ascorbate; coenzyme q10; thiourea; butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA); butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT); ferulic acid; tannic acid; carnosine; sulfhydryl compounds; quercetin; resveratrol; epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG); lipoic acid; beta-carotene; glutathione disulfide (GSSG); and sodium metabisulfite.

[0192] In some embodiments, the protective sugar or polyol is selected from the group consisting of: erythritol; glycerol; xylitol; mannitol; sorbitol; threitol; ribitol; myo-inositol; arabitol; lactitol; maltitol; glycerol-3-phosphate; d-glucitol; isosorbide; and erythritol-o- phosphate.

[0193] In some embodiments, the miscellaneous excipient is selected from the group consisting of: albumin; polysorbates (tween 20; tween 80); sodium citrate; lecithin; chitosan;trehalose-phosphate; pluronic F68; sodium gluconate; phosphatidylcholine; carbohydrazide; citric acid; sodium benzoate; methylcellulose; hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC); ethylcellulose; polyvinyl alcohol (PVA); ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA); sodium phosphate; sodium bicarbonate; ammonium acetate; lactic acid; tartaric acid; sodium polyacrylate; calcium chloride; magnesium sulfate; zinc oxide; magnesium stearate; glyceryl stearate; tween 60; and potassium sorbate.

[0194] Several alternative embodiments are further provided. ed ve ns he ch 0- re456828)Candidatus Micrarchaeota (NCBI taxid: Pseudomonodota (NCBI taxid: 1224) 1 C 1 C 9 C C C C C 2 C D D

[0198] Table 7 - By Phyum

[0199] In some embodiments, the formulations include one or more microbes selected from one or more of the microbial genera as set forth in Table 7. A B B C P T V

[0200] Table 8 – By Phylum. In some embodiments, the composition of the invention includes one or more microbes selected from one or more of the microbial phyla as set forth in T l A B BVerrucomicrobiota (NCBI taxid: 74201)

[0201] BY FAMILY

[0202] Table 9 - By families. In some embodiments, the composition of the invention includes one or more microbes selected from one or more of the microbial families as set forth in Table 9. Acanthopleuribacteraceae (NCBI taxid: Kosmotogaceae (NCBI taxid: 1643948) 5 A A A A A A 1 A A A A A A A A 2 A A A A A A A A A A AAmorphaceae (NCBI taxid: 2685818) Mariprofundaceae (NCBI taxid: 580372)Anaerohalosphaeraceae (NCBI taxid: Marivirgaceae (NCBI taxid: 2762301) 2 A A 1 A A 1 A A A A A A A A A A A B B t B B B B B B B B BBifidobacteriaceae (NCBI taxid: 31953) Microcystaceae (NCBI taxid: 1890449)Blastochloridaceae (NCBI taxid: 2831090) Micromonosporaceae (NCBI taxid: 28056) B B B B B B B B B B B B ) B B B C C ) C C C 2 C C C C t C 2 C 1 C t Ctaxid: 2953756)Candidatus Cloacimonadaceae (NCBI Nocardioidaceae (NCBI taxid: 85015) t C t C 2 C t C t C t C ( C 2 C 1 C 2 C 2 C t C 1 C t C t C 2 C CCarnobacteriaceae (NCBI taxid: 186828) Parvibaculaceae (NCBI taxid: 2813035)Casimicrobiaceae (NCBI taxid: 2705999) Parvicellaceae (NCBI taxid: 2975259) C C C 4 C C C C 1 C C C C C C 2 C C C C C 1 C C 1 C ) C ( C ) ( C CColwelliaceae (NCBI taxid: 267889) Promicromonosporaceae (NCBI taxid:85017) C C C 2 C C 2 C C C C C 1 C C C D D D D D D D D D D D D 2Desulfobaccaceae (NCBI taxid: 3031656) Saccharospirillaceae (NCBI taxid: 255527)Desulfobacteraceae (NCBI taxid: 213119) Salinibacteraceae (NCBI taxid: 1853225) D D D D D D D D D D 2 D D D 5 D D 2 D 3 D D D D D 2 E 7 E E E EElusimicrobiaceae (NCBI taxid: 641876) Sporichthyaceae (NCBI taxid: 85033)Emcibacteraceae (NCBI taxid: 2066491) Sporolactobacillaceae (NCBI taxid: 186821) E E 2 E E E ) E E E E E ( E 5 E F 2 F F F F F F F F F ) F F F F FFulvivirgaceae (NCBI taxid: 2762286) Tepidimicrobiaceae (NCBI taxid: 2992719)Fusobacteriaceae (NCBI taxid: 203492) Tepidisphaeraceae (NCBI taxid: 1771355) G G ) G G G G 3 G G G G G G G G G G H H H H H 1 H HHalobacteriovoraceae (NCBI taxid: Thermosediminibacteraceae (NCBI taxid:1652132) 2770093) H H H H H 3 H H H H H H H H H 2 H H 2 H H H H I I I I I Il I ) 1Intrasporangiaceae (NCBI taxid: 85021) Vulgatibacteraceae (NCBI taxid: 1524213)Isosphaeraceae (NCBI taxid: 1763524) Waddliaceae (NCBI taxid: 92714) J 2 J J K K K K K K K K

[0203] Table 10 – By Families.

[0204] In some embodiments, the composition of the invention includes one or more microbes selected from one or more of the microbial families as set forth in Table 10. A A B B B B C C C C C C D E E EErysipelotrichaceae (NCBI taxid: 128827)Eubacteriaceae (NCBI taxid: 186806) E E L L M M O O P P P R S S S V

[0205] Table 11 – By Families

[0206] In some embodiments, the composition of the invention includes one or more microbes selected from one or more of the microbial families as set forth in Table 11. A B B B B C C C C E E E LLactobacillaceae (NCBI taxid: 33958)Maliibacteriaceae (NCBI taxid: 3047432) O O P P P P R S S T

[0207] BY GENUS

[0208] Table 12 – By Genera.

[0209] In some embodiments, the composition of the invention includes one or more microbes selected from one or more of the microbial genera as set forth in Table 12. A 9 A A A A A A A A A A A A AAnaerostipes (NCBI taxid: 207244) Massilimicrobiota (NCBI taxid: 1924110)Anaerotignum (NCBI taxid: 2039240) Massiliprevotella (NCBI taxid: 1981037) A B B B B B B B B C C C C C C C C C C C C D D D ) D E E E EErysipelatoclostridium (NCBI taxid: Romboutsia (NCBI taxid: 1501226)3025755) E E E F F F F F F F G G G H H H H H I

[0210] Table 13 – By Genera.

[0211] In some embodiments, the composition of the invention includes one or more microbes selected from one or more of the microbial genera as set forth in Table 13. A A A A A A A A ABacillus (NCBI taxid: 1386) Longicatena (NCBI taxid: 1918536)Bacteroides (NCBI taxid: 816) Massilimicrobiota (NCBI taxid: 1924110) B B B B C C C C C C D E E E 3 E F F F F

[0212] BY SPECIES

[0213] Table 14 – By Species.

[0214] In some embodiments, the composition of the invention includes one or more microbes selected from one or more of the microbial species as set forth in Table 14 A A 9 A 9 A 1Adlercreutzia equolifaciens (NCBI taxid: Enorma massiliensis (NCBI taxid: 1472761)446660) A A A A A 2 A A A ) A A A A A A 1 A A A 1 A A 2 A A A 3Anaerocolumna chitinilytica (NCBI taxid: Flavonifractor plautii (NCBI taxid: 292800)1727145) A 2 A A 2 A A ) A 2 A 1 A t A 2 A A A 1 A 1 B 6 B B : B 1 B 2 B 3Bacteroides coprophilus (NCBI taxid: Lachnospira sp003451515387090) B B B B B B 2 B 2 B 3 B 2 B B B 3 B B 6 B 2 B 2 B 2 B 2 B 2 B 2Bacteroides sp900552405 Megasphaera elsdenii (NCBI taxid: 907)Bacteroides stercoris (NCBI taxid: 46506) Megasphaera stantonii (NCBI taxid: B 8 B B B 3 B 2 B 2 B B 4 B B 1 B B B 1 B 2 B t B BBlautia hansenii (NCBI taxid: 1322) Parabacteroides goldsteinii (NCBI taxid:328812) B 5 B B B B B B 1 B B B B 1 B 2 B B B B 4 C C C 2Caproicibacterium amylolyticum (NCBI Prevotella buccae (NCBI taxid: 28126)taxid: 2766537) C 2 C 9 C 1 C 6 C t C ) 3 C C C C 1 C C C C C C C C 8 CClostridium paraputrificum (NCBI taxid: Ruminococcus gnavus (NCBI taxid: 33038)29363) C 1 C C ) 1 C ( C C C 7 C C 1 C C C C C ) t C C C ) C ) 1Coprobacter fastidiosus (NCBI taxid: Streptococcus suis (NCBI taxid: 1307)1099853) C 1 C C C C D D D D

[0215] Table 15 – By Species.

[0216] In some embodiments, the composition of the invention includes one or more microbes selected from one or more of the microbial species as set forth in Table 15. 2 6 : 3 : 1 :328812)Amedibacterium intestinale (NCBI taxid: Parabacteroides johnsonii (NCBI taxid: 2 3 t 1 6 2 1 1 2 3 3 2 4taxid: 818)Bacteroides uniformis (NCBI taxid: 820) Anaerotignum sp001304995 3 4 t 1 2 ( 1 2 5 6 1 2 ) 2 7 t100884)Coprobacter secundus (NCBI taxid: Mediterraneibacter torques (NCBI taxid: 1 1 1 3 5 1 3 F 1 F 7 : 2 1

[0217] Table 16 – By Species.

[0218] In some embodiments, the composition of the invention includes one or more mi b l t d f f th i bi l i t f th i T bl 16 A 2 A Ataxid: 617123)Alistipes finegoldii (NCBI taxid: 214856) Lachnoclostridium phocaeense (NCBI taxid: A A A A 1 A 2 A A A B B 1 B 2 B B B B 2 B 8 B ) B371601)Bifidobacterium longum (NCBI taxid: Roseburia intestinalis (NCBI taxid: 166486) 2 B B B B B B 1 B B B B 4 C 6 C C C 1 C C C D 2 EEnterococcus faecium (NCBI taxid: 1352) Methonobrevibacter sp. (NCBI taxid: 2172)Erysipelatoclostridium ramosum (NCBI Parabacteroides johnsonii (NCBI taxid: t L E 3 E 2 F ) 8 F F 2

[0219] Table 17 – Species of a further embodiment of the invention.

[0220] In some embodiments, the composition of the invention includes one or more microbes selected from one or more of the microbial species as set forth in Table 17. A A A t A A A A A A A A A tAnaerobutyricum hallii (NCBI taxid:39488) Holdemanella porci (NCBI taxid:2652276)Anaerostipes caccae (NCBI taxid:105841) Hungatella effluvii (NCBI taxid:1096246) A A A A t A t B B B B B B B B B t B B t B B t B ) t B B B tBlautia massiliensis (NCBI taxid:1737424) Phocaeicola dorei (NCBI taxid:357276)Blautia stercoris (NCBI taxid:871664) Phocaeicola vulgatus (NCBI taxid:821) B B C C C ) C C C C t C ) C C t C C ) C

[0221] In some embodiments, the formulations include one or more core community microbial strains and one or more keystone microbial strains. For example, the formulations may include 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, or 26 core community microbial strains, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 ,12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, or 22 keystone microbial strains. In some embodiments, the core community microbial strains are selected from the strains as set forth in Table 17. In some embodiments, the keystone microbial strains are selected from the strains as set forth in Table 18.

[0222] Table 18 – Microbial Keystones.

[0223] In some embodiments, the composition of the invention includes one or more m PActinomycetot Bifidobacterium Bifidobacterium longum 216816a B A a B B B B A a B E B B B B B B B B B B B Baceo oa aa aceo es aa aceo es saso s

[0224] Table 19 – Microbial Core Community. In some embodiments, the composition of the invention includes one or more microbes selected from one or more of the microbial species as set forth in Table 19.Phylum Genus Species Strain (NCBI A B B B 2 B B B B B B A B B B B B B 0 B B B BBacteroidota Bacteroides Bacteroides salyersiae 291644Bacillota Pusillimonas / Dysosmobact Pusillimonas 2714358 / B V a B

[0225] As used herein, the terms “core community microbial strains” or “core community microbial species” refers to a foundational group of microbes that function in synergy with one another, and together with keystone microbial strains, to restore, regenerate, improve, enhance, supplement, protect, stabilize, and / or boost a microbiome, such as a gut microbiome. In some embodiments, the core community microbial strains may maintain its communal synergistic function in the absence of any one strain or any few strains as set forth in Table 19. In some embodiments, a greater synergistic function takes place with the combination of the greatest number of strains as set forth in Table 19. In alternative embodiments, any one or more (e.g., 1-5, 5-10, etc.) of the phyla, genera, species or strains identified in Table 19 are expressly excluded from the co-culture, the formulation to be administered, or both. One reason for such exclusion may be that such microbe has a deleterious effect on a particular disease state

[0226] As used herein, the terms “keystone microbial strains” refers to microbes having a synergistic role in survival, integration, and flourishment of other species in the formulations described herein. For example, a keystone microbial strain may play a role in survival of one or more core community microbial strains during culture of the microbial strains, during preparation of the formulations, during administration of the formulations, and / or during uptake of the microbial strains in a subject following administration. In some embodiments, the keystone microbial strains improve microbial growth, activity, survival, and / or proliferation of a microbial consortium in a bioreactor during culture. In some embodiments, the keystone microbial strains improve growth activity, survival, and / or proliferation of a microbial consortium in the gut of a subject. In some embodiments, the keystone microbial strains improve growth activity, survival, and / or proliferation of a microbial consortium both in a bioreactor and in the gut of a subject. In some embodiments, the keystone strains reduce the growth, activity, survival, and / or proliferation of pathogens or microbes that would otherwise negatively impact the core community strains. In some embodiments, the keystone strains perform one or more of the following: provide nutrientsfor the core community strains through for example metabolizing compounds into more digestible components, maintain a desired pH, serve as a prebiotic, serve as postbiotic, etc. In alternative embodiments, any one or more (e.g., 1-5, 5-10, etc.) of the phyla, genera, species or strains identified in Table 13 or 8 are expressly excluded from the co-culture, the formulation to be administered, or both. One reason for such exclusion may be that such microbe has a deleterious effect on a particular disease state.

[0227] In some embodiments, the formulations comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of any 1 or more core community microbial strains as set forth in Table 19 and any 1 or more keystone microbial strains as set forth in Table 18; any 2 or more core community microbial strains as set forth in Table 19 and any 1 or more keystone microbial strains as set forth in Table 18; any 3 or more core community microbial strains as set forth in Table 19 and any 1 or more keystone microbial strains as set forth in Table 18; any 5 or more core community microbial strains as set forth in Table 19 and any 1 or more keystone microbial strains as set forth in Table 18; any 3 or more core community microbial strains as set forth in Table 19 and any 3 or more keystone microbial strains as set forth in Table 18; any 5 or more core community microbial strains as set forth in Table 19 and any 3 or more keystone microbial strains as set forth in Table 18; any 5 or more core community microbial strains as set forth in Table 19 and any 5 or more keystone microbial strains as set forth in Table 18; any 10 or more core community microbial strains as set forth in Table 19 and any 3 or more keystone microbial strains as set forth in Table 18; any 10 or more core community microbial strains as set forth in Table 19 and any 5 or more keystone microbial strains as set forth in Table 18; any 10 or more core community microbial strains as set forth in Table 19 and any 10 or more keystone microbial strains as set forth in Table 18; any 15 or more core community microbial strains as set forth in Table 19 and any 3 or more keystone microbial strains as set forth in Table 18; any 15 or more core community microbial strains as set forth in Table 19 and any 5 or more keystone microbial strains as set forth in Table 18; any 15 or more core community microbial strains as set forth in Table 19 and any 10 or more keystone microbial strains as set forth in Table 18; any 15 or more core community microbial strains as set forth in Table 19 and any 15 or more keystone microbial strains as set forth in Table 18; any 20 or more core community microbial strains as set forth in Table 19 and any 3 or more keystone microbial strains as set forth in Table 18; any 20 or more core community microbial strains as set forth in Table 19 and any 5 or more keystone microbial strains as set forth in Table 18; any 20 or more core community microbial strains as set forth in Table 19 and any 10 or more keystone microbial strains as set forth in Table 18; any 20 or more core community microbial strains as set forth in Table 19 and any 15 or more keystone microbial strains as set forth in Table 18; any 20 or more core community microbial strains as set forth in Table 19 and any 20 or more keystone microbial strains asset forth in Table 18; all core community microbial strains as set forth in Table 19 and any 3 or more keystone microbial strains as set forth in Table 18; all core community microbial strains as set forth in Table 19 and any 5 or more keystone microbial strains as set forth in Table 18; all core community microbial strains as set forth in Table 19 and any 10 or more keystone microbial strains as set forth in Table 18; all core community microbial strains as set forth in Table 19 and any 15 or more keystone microbial strains as set forth in Table 18; all core community microbial strains as set forth in Table 19 and any 20 or more keystone microbial strains as set forth in Table 18; all core community microbial strains as set forth in Table 19 and all keystone microbial strains as set forth in Table 18, or any number of core community microbial strains and any number of keystone microbial strains within a range described herein. In some embodiments, the formulations include any number of the core community microbial strains as set forth in Table 19 in combination with any number of the keystone microbial strains as set forth in Table 18.

[0228] In some embodiments, the formulations include a ratio of core community microbial strains to keystone microbial strains. In some embodiments, the ratio of core community microbial strains to keystone microbial strains is in a ratio of 20:1, 15:1: 10:1, 9:1, 8:1, 7:1, 6:1, 5:1, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:15, or 1:20 or at a ratio between any two of the aforementioned ratios. In some embodiments, the microbial strains in the formulations include a majority of core community microbial strains and a minority of keystone microbial strains. In some embodiments, the formulations include the core community microbial strains at a percentage of total microbial strains in an amount of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100% or an amount within a range defined by any two of the aforementioned values. In some embodiments, the formulations include keystone microbial strains at a percentage of total microbial strains in an amount of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100% or an amount within a range defined by any two of the aforementioned values. In some embodiments, the core community microbial strains are present in the formulation in an amount of 80% and the keystone microbial strains are present in the formulation in an amount of 20%. In some embodiments, the core community microbial strains are present in the formulation in an amount of 70% and the keystone microbial strains are present in the formulation in an amount of 30%. In some embodiments, the core community microbial strains are present in the formulation in an amount of 60% and the keystone microbial strains are present in the formulation in an amount of 40%. In some embodiments, the core community microbial strains are present in the formulation in an amount of 50% and the keystone microbial strains are present in the formulation in an amount of 50%. In some embodiments, the core community microbial strains are present in the formulation in an amount of 40% and the keystone microbial strains are present in the formulation in anamount of 60%. In some embodiments, the core community microbial strains are present in the formulation in an amount of 30% and the keystone microbial strains are present in the formulation in an amount of 70%. In some embodiments, the percentage of core community microbial strains and the percentage of keystone microbial strains are present at amounts within the percentages described herein.

[0229] Table 20 – Microbial Keystones and Core Community currently represented in the 143 isolates comprising BB265.

[0230] In some embodiments, the composition of the invention includes one or more microbes selected from one or more of the microbial species as set forth in Table 20. Ph l G S i St i NCBI V a B B B B B B B B B B B A A A B 0 B BActinomycetota Collinsella Collinsella aerofaciens 74426Bacillota Coprococcus Coprococcus catus 116085 B B B 2 B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B 8er variabile / Gemmigerformicilis B

[0231] Table 21 – Microbial Keystones and Core Community taxa in a further embodiment. Phylum Genus Species Strain (NCBI V a B B B B B B B B B B A A A B 0 B B A B B Beutactus / Coprococcussp000154245 B 2 B B B B B B B B B B B B B 8 B V a

[0232] In some embodiments, the viability of 2-12 or more genera (identified in the tables above) is maintained at 50% or more for at least 1 month (e.g., for at least 80% for atleast 2-3 months). In some embodiments, the viability of 50-100% of more genera (identified in the tables above) is maintained at 50% or more for at least 1 month (e.g., for at least 80% for at least 2-3 months). In some embodiments, the viability of 50-100% of more species (identified in the tables above) is maintained at 50% or more for at least 1 month (e.g., for at least 80% for at least 2-3 months).

[0233] Further features of several embodiment are more fully described in the following description of several non-limiting embodiments thereof. It should not be understood as a restriction on the broad summary, disclosure or description of the embodiments as set out herein. Brief Description of the Drawings

[0234] Below is a brief description of each of the figures and drawings.

[0235] Figure 1 shows the results of MicroPress analysis on triplicate samples of lyophilised FMT cake (analysis 1, 2 and 3) when using a 5% inulin and 5% maltodextrin cryoprotectant formulation. MicroPress analysis was used to quantitatively determine the strength and physical characteristics of the lyophilized cake in situ.

[0236] Figure 2 shows the mean fold loss in CFU / mL of intermediate product when plated anaerobically on non-selective media post lyophilization for FMT prepared with 8 different cryoprotectant formulations. Error bars represent 1 S.D.

[0237] Figure 3 shows the mean CFU / mL of intermediate product when plated anaerobically on non-selective media post lyophilization for FMT prepared with 8 different cryoprotectant formulations. Error bars represent 1 S.D.

[0238] Figure 4 shows a bar plot of intact cell counts (ICCs) per gram of stool for 8 batches of donor faecal material individually, when pooled, and when comparing neat stool to the pooled intermediate product (stool homogenized in the cryoprotectant formulation). ICCs were determined using a BactoBox (SBT Instruments).

[0239] Figure 5 shows a bar plot of intact cell counts (ICCs) per gram of stool for neat stool (8 individual batches pooled), intermediate product (pooled stool homogenized in the cryoprotectant formulation), lyophilized product (post milling), and encapsulated lyophilized product ‘T0’, as determined by BactoBox (SBT Instruments).

[0240] Figure 6 shows a bar plot comparing the change in the intact cell count (ICCs) per gram of stool of the encapsulated lyophilized product as a factor of storage time (1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 2 months, 6 months) and temperature (-80 °C, -20 °C, 4-8 °C, and 20-25 °C). ICCs were determined using a BactoBox (SBT Instruments).

[0241] Figure 7 shows the taxonomic IDs and lineages for the 143 isolates comprising the consortium that were inoculated into bioreactors for use of microbial harvest for lyophilization. A ‘WGS’ sequence type infers that taxonomy was derived using Whole Genome Sequences. Taxonomy was determined by comparison to the Genome Taxonomy Database (release 220).

[0242] Figure 8 shows the CFU / mL (drug substance equivalent) of Drug Substance 1 (DS 1) and Drug Substance Intermediate (DSI) as a factor of time when stored at 4 °C and room temperature for up to two weeks. DSI post thaw refers to DSI that was frozen at – 80 °C and thawed prior to CFU determination; Wk refers to week of storage; RT refers to room temperature. Significance was determined by unpaired t-tests with Welch’s correction. Mean ± SD.

[0243] Figure 9 shows the log(10)-fold change in CFU / mL (drug substance equivalent) of Drug Substance 1 (DS 1) when comparing mean CFU counts from the Drug Substance Intermediate (DSI) and the DSI post thaw (referring to DSI that was frozen at – 80 °C and thawed prior to CFU determination), DSI and DS 1 at week 0 (immediately post lyophilization), DSI and DS 1 after 2 weeks storage at 4 °C, and DSI and DS 1 after 2 weeks storage at room temperature (RT).

[0244] Figure 10 (A and B) shows the relative abundances of isolates comprising the microbial consortium that were inoculated into bioreactors for use of microbial harvest for lyophilization to produce Drug Substances (DS) 3 and 4).

[0245] Figure 11 shows the intact cell counts (ICCs) of Drug Substance 4 (DS 4) and Drug Substance Intermediate (DSI) as a factor of time when stored at –80°C, 4°C and room temperature (RT). ICCs are expressed as ICCs per gram of DS equivalent.

[0246] Figure 12 shows the intact cell counts (ICCs) of Drug Substance 3 (DS 3) and Drug Substance Intermediate (DSI) as a factor of time when stored at –80°C, 4°C and room temperature (RT). ICCs are expressed as ICCs per gram of DS equivalent.

[0247] Figure 13 (A and B) shows the relative abundances of isolates comprising the microbial consortium that was inoculated into bioreactors for use of microbial harvest for lyophilization to produce Drug Substances (DS) 3 and 4. Relative abundance of isolates are shown for DS 3 (1:2) and DS 4 (1:5), comparing the DS at t=0 (baseline) with DS after 2 months storage at –80°C, 4°C and room temperature (RT).Detailed Description of the Invention

[0248] For convenience, the following sections generally outline the various meanings of the terms used herein. Following this discussion, general aspects regarding compositions, use of medicaments and methods are discussed, followed by specific examples demonstrating the properties of various embodiments of the invention and how they can be employed.

[0249] The embodiments described herein include variations and modifications other than those specifically described. Embodiments also include all of the steps, features, formulations and compounds referred to or indicated in the specification, individually or collectively and any and all combinations or any two or more of the steps or features.

[0250] Each document, reference, patent application or patent cited in this text is expressly incorporated herein in their entirety by reference, which means that it should be read and considered by the reader as part of this text. That the document, reference, patent application or patent cited in this text is not repeated in this text is merely for reasons of conciseness. None of the cited material or the information contained in that material should, however, be understood to be common general knowledge.

[0251] Manufacturer’s instructions, descriptions, product specifications, and product sheets for any products mentioned herein or in any document incorporated by reference herein, are hereby incorporated herein by reference, and can be employed in the practice of the invention.

[0252] The present invention is not to be limited in scope by any of the specific embodiments described herein. These embodiments are intended for the purpose of example only. Functionally equivalent products, formulations and methods are clearly within the scope of the embodiments as described herein. 1. DEFINITIONS

[0253] The meaning of certain terms and phrases used in the specification, examples, and appended claims, are provided below. If there is an apparent discrepancy between the usage of a term in the art and its definition provided herein, the definition provided within the specification shall prevail.

[0254] Other than in the operating examples, or where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients or reaction conditions used herein should be understood as modified in all instances by the term "about." The term "about" when used in connection with percentages can mean ±1%.

[0255] Embodiments described herein may include one or more range of values (e.g. size, concentration etc.). A range of values will be understood to include all values within the range, including the values defining the range, and values adjacent to the range which lead to the same or substantially the same outcome as the values immediately adjacent to that value which defines the boundary to the range. For example, a 5-10% variation in upper or lower limits of a range can be totally appropriate and be encompassed by some embodiments.

[0256] In this application, the use of the singular also includes the plural unless specifically stated otherwise. In this application, the use of “or” means “and / or” unless stated otherwise. Furthermore, the use of the term “including”, as well as other forms, such as “includes” and “included”, is not limiting. Also, terms such as “element” or “component” encompass both elements and components comprising one unit and elements and components that comprise more than one subunit unless specifically stated otherwise. Also, the use of the term “portion” can include part of a moiety or the entire moiety.

[0257] Throughout this specification, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise" or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers.

[0258] “Therapeutically effective amount” as used herein with respect to methods of treatment and in particular drug dosage, shall mean that dosage that provides the specific pharmacological response for which the drug is administered in a significant number of subjects in need of such treatment. It is emphasized that “therapeutically effective amount,” administered to a particular subject in a particular instance will not always be effective in treating the diseases described herein. It is to be further understood that drug dosages are, in particular instances, measured as oral dosages, or with reference to drug levels as measured in blood. Amounts effective for such a use will depend on: the desired therapeutic effect; the potency of the biologically active material; the desired duration of treatment; the stage and severity of the disease being treated; the weight and general state of health of the patient; and the judgment of the prescribing physician. Treatment dosages need to be titrated to optimize safety and efficacy. Dosage levels for treatment may vary depending, in part, upon the indication for which the active agent is being used, the route of administration, and the size (body weight, body surface or organ size) and condition (the age and general health) of the patient. Accordingly, the clinician may titre the dosage and modify the route of administration to obtain the optimal therapeutic effect. A typical dosage may range from about 0.1 ^g / kg to up to about 100 mg / kg or more, depending on the factors mentionedabove. In other embodiments, the dosage may range from 0.1 ^g / kg up to about 100 mg / kg; or 1 ^g / kg up to about 100 mg / kg; or 5 ^g / kg up to about 100 mg / kg.

[0259] The frequency of dosing will depend upon the pharmacokinetic parameters of the active agent and the formulation used. Typically, a clinician will administer the composition until a dosage is reached that achieves the desired effect. The composition may therefore be administered as a single dose, or as two or more doses (which may or may not contain the same amount of the desired molecule) over time, or as a continuous infusion via an implantation device or catheter. Appropriate dosages may be ascertained through use of appropriate dose-response data.

[0260] As used herein, a “carrier” can be any solvents, diluents, excipients or other vehicles, dispersion or suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, preservatives, solid binders, lubricants and the like, as suited to the particular dosage form desired.

[0261] As used herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" component can refer to a component that is not biologically or otherwise undesirable, i.e., the component may be incorporated into a composition of the invention and administered to a subject as described herein without causing any significant undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the other components of the formulation in which it is contained. The component has generally met the required standards of toxicological and manufacturing.

[0262] As used herein the term “subject” generally includes mammals such as: humans; farm animals such as sheep, goats, pigs, cows, horses, llamas; companion animals such as dogs and cats; primates; birds, such as chickens, geese and ducks; fish; and reptiles. In some embodiments, the subject is human.

[0263] As used herein, the “gastrointestinal tract” refers to the tract from the mouth to the anus which includes all the organs of the digestive system such as the esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small intestine (including the ileum), caecum, large intestine, colon and rectum. Strains of the invention are at least useful for conditions of the terminal ileum, caecum or rectum.

[0264] As used herein, a “non-inflammatory strain” refers to a strain of the invention which, when present in the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, such as a human, is associated with a non-inflamed state. Non-inflammatory strains of the invention have little or no cytotoxicity against mammalian epithelial cells in culture. In an embodiment, the strainresults in less than 15%, less than 10% or less than 5% of cell death of the mammalian epithelial cells in culture.

[0265] As used herein, an “inflammatory strain” refers to a strain of the invention which, when present in the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, such as a human, is associated with an inflamed state. Inflammatory strains of the invention have cytotoxicity against mammalian epithelial cells in culture, such as Caco2 cells. In an embodiment, the strain results at least 40%, at least 45% or at least 50% of cell death of the mammalian epithelial cells in culture..

[0266] As used herein, the term “bacteriotherapy” refers to the use of a bacterial isolate to treat or prevent a disease or a condition, or provide a health benefit, in a subject.

[0267] As used herein, the term “biotherapeutic” refers to a microorganism, such as bacterial isolate, that is useful for treating or preventing a disease or a condition, or provide a health benefit, in a subject.

[0268] The term "biotherapeutic composition" as used herein, refers to a formulation comprising a biotherapeutic preparation formulated together with one or more additional formulary ingredients to obtain a finished formulation suitable for delivery to a subject.

[0269] As used herein, the terms "treat," "treating," "treatment" and grammatical variations thereof mean subjecting an individual subject to a protocol, regimen, process or remedy, in which it is desired to obtain a physiologic response or outcome in that subject. Since every treated subject may not respond to a particular treatment protocol, regimen, process or remedy, treating does not require that the desired physiologic response or outcome be achieved in each and every subject or subject population. Accordingly, a given subject or subject population may fail to respond or respond inadequately to treatment.

[0270] As used herein, the term “prevent”, “prevented”, or “preventing” when used with respect to the treatment of mucosal inflammation in the gastrointestinal refers to a prophylactic treatment which increases the resistance of a subject to mucosal inflammation in the gastrointestinal, in other words, decreases the likelihood that the subject will develop mucosal inflammation in the gastrointestinal as well as a treatment after mucosal inflammation in the gastrointestinal has begun in order to fight the inflammation, e.g., reduce or eliminate it altogether or prevent it from becoming worse.

[0271] As used herein, the term “reducing”, or variations thereof refer to a reduction but not necessarily a complete abolition of symptoms or a disease (e.g., such as gastrointestinal tract mucosal inflammation in a subject).

[0272] As used herein, the term "sample" refers to a collection of biological material obtained from a subject or a subject's surrounding environment, such as soil or water in the area that the subject inhabits. In some embodiments, the sample is obtained directly from the subject. For example, the sample can be a faecal sample or obtained during a colonoscopy. The sample may be in a form taken directly from the subject or surrounding environment, or it may be at least partially purified to remove at least some non-nucleic acid material. The purification may be slight, for instance amounting to no more than the concentration of the solids, or cells, of the sample into a smaller volume or the separation of cells from some or all of the remainder of the sample. In some embodiments, nucleic acids are isolated from the sample. Such isolated preparations include reverse transcription products and / or PCR amplification products of the nucleic acids in the sample. In some embodiments, the predominant nucleic acid is DNA. The nucleic acid preparations can be pure or partially purified nucleic acid preparations. Techniques for the isolation of nucleic acid from samples, including complex samples, are numerous and well known in the art.

[0273] The unit “cfu” refers to "colony forming unit", which is the number of viable microbial cells as revealed by microbiological counts on agar plates.

[0274] The unit “% w / v” refers to weight / volume percentage concentration. It is also known as mass / volume percentage concentration. Weight / volume percentage concentration is also abbreviated as w / v (%) or w / v% or (w / v)% or %(w / v) or %w / v. Mass / volume percentage concentration is also abbreviated as m / v (%) or m / v% or (m / v)% or %(m / v) or %m / v.

[0275] Other definitions for selected terms used herein may be found within the detailed description of the invention and apply throughout. Unless otherwise defined, all other scientific and technical terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention belongs.

[0276] The terms “composition” and “formulation” can be used interchangeably herein.

[0277] Features of various embodiments will now be discussed with reference to the following non-limiting description and examples. 2. EMBODIMENTS Composition

[0278] Several embodiments herein provide a composition for preventing or treating a disorder in a subject in need thereof, said composition comprising at least one strain of bacteria or archaea or fungi.

[0279] In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group consisting of: a therapeutic composition; a pharmaceutical composition; a cosmetic composition; and a veterinary composition. A therapeutic composition or a therapy may include pharmaceuticals, supplements, cosmetics etc.

[0280] In some embodiments, the compositions are combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent to produce a pharmaceutical composition (which may be for human or animal use). Suitable carriers and diluents include isotonic saline solutions, for example phosphate-buffered saline. As used herein, "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active ingredient, its use in the therapeutic compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active ingredients can also be incorporated into the compositions. See, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 19th Ed. (1995, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.) and Remington's The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 23rdEdition. (2020, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.) which are herein incorporated by reference.

[0281] The composition can contain formulation materials for modifying, maintaining or preserving, for example, the pH, osmolarity, viscosity, clarity, colour, isotonicity, odour, sterility, stability, rate of dissolution or release, adsorption or penetration of the composition. Suitable formulation materials include, but are not limited to, amino acids (such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, arginine or lysine); antimicrobials; antioxidants (such as ascorbic acid, sodium sulphite or sodium hydrogen-sulphite); buffers (such as borate, bicarbonate, Tris-HCl, citrates, phosphates or other organic acids); bulking agents (such as mannitol or glycine); chelating agents (such as ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)); complexing agents (such as caffeine, polyvinylpyrrolidone, beta-cyclodextrin or hydroxypropyl-beta- cyclodextrin), fillers; monosaccharides, disaccharides; and other carbohydrates (such as glucose, mannose, or dextrins); proteins (such as serum albumin, gelatin or immunoglobulins); colouring, flavouring and diluting agents; emulsifying agents; hydrophilic polymers (such as polyvinylpyrrolidone); low molecular weight polypeptides; salt-forming counterions (such as sodium); preservatives (such as benzalkonium chloride, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, thimerosal, phenethyl alcohol, methylparaben, propylparaben, chlorhexidine,sorbic acid or hydrogen peroxide); solvents (such as glycerin, propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol); sugar alcohols (such as mannitol or sorbitol); suspending agents; surfactants or wetting agents (such as pluronics, PEG, sorbitan esters, polysorbates such as polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80, triton, tromethamine, lecithin, cholesterol, tyloxapol); stability enhancing agents (sucrose or sorbitol); tonicity enhancing agents (such as alkali metal halides, including, for example, sodium or potassium chloride), delivery vehicles, diluents, excipients and / or pharmaceutical adjuvants.

[0282] In some embodiments, the composition will be adjusted based on the intended route of administration, delivery format, and desired dosage. Such compositions may influence the physical state, stability, rate of in vivo release, and rate of in vivo clearance of the biotherapeutic actives of the invention.

[0283] The primary vehicle or carrier in a composition is aqueous in nature in some embodiments. For example, a suitable vehicle or carrier may be water for injection, physiological saline solution, possibly supplemented with other materials. Buffers may include, for example, neutral buffered saline or saline mixed with serum albumin. Other pharmaceutical compositions comprise Tris buffer of about pH 7.0-8.5, or acetate buffer of about pH 4.0-5.5, which may further include sorbitol or a suitable substitute therefor. In some embodiments, the compositions are maintained at a neutral pH. In one embodiment of the present invention, pharmaceutical compositions may be prepared for storage by mixing the selected composition having the desired degree of purity with optional formulation agents in the form an aqueous solution.

[0284] The formulation components are present in concentrations that are acceptable to the site of administration. For example, buffers are used to maintain the composition at physiological pH or at a slightly lower pH, typically within a pH range of from about 5 to about 8. In some embodiments, the compositions are maintained at a neutral pH.

[0285] Additional compositions, including formulations of the invention in sustained- or controlled-delivery formulations, are provided herein. Techniques for formulating a variety of other sustained- or controlled-delivery means, such as liposome carriers, bio-erodible microparticles or porous beads and depot injections, may be employed. Additional examples of sustained-sustained-release preparations include semipermeable polymer matrices in the form of shaped articles, for example, films, or microcapsules. Sustained release matrices may include polyesters, hydrogels, polylactides, copolymers of L-glutamic acid and gamma ethyl-L-glutamate, ethylene vinyl acetate or poly-D(-)-3-hydroxybutyric acid. Sustained-release compositions may also include liposomes, which can be prepared by any of several methods known in the art.

[0286] The composition to be used for in vivo administration can be filtered to remove undesirable components. This may be accomplished by filtration through filtration membranes. In addition, the compositions generally are placed into a sealed container to reduce exposure to oxygen. Once the pharmaceutical composition has been formulated, it may be stored in sealed containers.

[0287] The term "% sequence homology ", as used here, may for example be calculated as follows. The query sequence is aligned to the target sequence using the CLUSTAL W algorithm (Thompson et al, Nucleic Acids Research, 22: 4673-4680 (1994)). A comparison is made over the window corresponding to one of the aligned sequences, for example the shortest. The window may in some instances be defined by the target sequence. In other instances, the window may be defined by the query sequence. The amino acid residues at each position are compared, and the percentage of positions in the query sequence that have identical correspondences in the target sequence is reported as % sequence homology.

[0288] In an embodiment, the % identity of a polynucleotide is determined by GAP (Needleman and Wunsch, 1970) analysis (GCG program) with a gap creation penalty=5, and a gap extension penalty=0.3. Preferably, the GAP analysis aligns two sequences over their entire length.

[0289] The bacterial strains for use in the present invention can be cultured using microbiology techniques as detailed in, for instance; Browne et al. Culturing of ‘unculturable’ human microbiota reveals novel taxa and extensive sporulation. Nature (2016) Volume 533, pages 543–546 (2016); Handbook of Microbiological Media, Fourth Edition (2010) Ronald Atlas, CRC Press; Maintaining Cultures for Biotechnology and Industry (1996) Jennie C. Hunter-Cevera, Academic Press. As well as detailed in the Examples using yeast extract, casitone and fatty acid (YCFA) medium.

[0290] In some embodiments, the composition further comprises water.

[0291] In some embodiments, the composition is a liquid, such as an aqueous solution.

[0292] In some embodiments, the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

[0293] In some embodiments, the composition retains its effective biological activity for a period selected from the group consisting of; greater than 24 hours; greater than 36 hours; and greater than 48 hours. In some embodiments, the composition is stable for periods selected from the group consisting of: 6 months, 1 year and 2 years. In one example, thecomposition is stable at temperatures selected from the group consisting of: -4°C, 4°C, 18°C and 25°C.

[0294] The therapeutic composition of several embodiments may comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier, buffer, stabilizer or other materials. Such materials should be non-toxic and should not interfere with the efficacy of the isolated bacteria present in the therapeutic composition. The precise nature of the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or other material will depend on the route of administration, which may be, for example, oral or rectal.

[0295] The therapeutic composition according to several embodiments may comprise a prebiotic, a carrier, insoluble fibre, a buffer, an osmotic agent, an anti-foaming agent and / or a preservative.

[0296] The therapeutic composition may be made or provided in chemostat medium. Alternatively, the therapeutic composition may be made or provided in saline, e.g., 0.9% saline. It will be understood that any carrier or solution which does not impair viability of the bacteria present in the therapeutic composition and is compatible with administration to an individual may be used.

[0297] The therapeutic composition may be made or provided under reduced atmosphere, i.e., in the absence of oxygen. A synthetic stool preparation may be made or provided under N2, CO2, H2, or a mixture thereof, optionally with controlled levels of partial pressure of N2:CO2:H2.

[0298] The therapeutic composition may be made or provided under an oxygen containing atmosphere.

[0299] The therapeutic composition may be for oral or rectal administration to the individual. Where the therapeutic composition is for oral administration, the therapeutic composition may be in the form of a capsule, or a tablet. Where the therapeutic composition is for rectal administration, the therapeutic composition may be in the form of an enema or suppository. The preparation of suitable capsules, tablets, suppository and enema is well- known in the art. The capsule or tablet may comprise a coating to protect the capsule or tablet from stomach acid. For example, the capsule or tablet may be enteric-coated, pH dependent, slow-release, and / or gastro-resistant. Such capsules and tablets are used, for example, to minimize dissolution of the capsule or tablet in the stomach but allow dissolution in the small intestine.

[0300] Orally dosed formulations, for example, can, in addition to the viable microorganisms comprise, inert compression aids, such as microcrystalline cellulose oroligosaccharide, flow aids, such as a silica gel, or a lubricant of, for example magnesium stearate (vegetable source) or stearic acid (vegetable source).

[0301] A composition disclosed herein can be used as, for example, a food supplement, an edible product or pharmaceutical product. When it is a food supplement, the composition can further comprise a conventional food supplement filler and / or an extender. The composition disclosed herein can also be included in any edible products, such as dairy products, including for example, a milk product, milk, yogurt, curd, ice-cream, dressing, and cheese, beverage products, meat products, and baked goods

[0302] Suppository formulations, for example, either for rectal use, can in addition to the compositions, comprise, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, glycerine or gelatine.

[0303] The composition may comprise a disintegrant, a glidant, and / or a lubricant. Disintegrants aid in the breakup of the compacted mass when placed in a fluid environment. The disintegrant may be any suitable disintegrant such as for example, a disintegrant selected from the group consisting of sodium croscarmellose, crospovidone, gellan gum, hydroxypropyl cellulose, starch, and sodium starch glycolate. The glidant may be any suitable glidant such as for example, a glidant selected from the group consisting of silicon dioxide, colloidal silicon dioxide, and talc. Lubricants are generally always used in the manufacture of dosage forms by direct compression in order to prevent the compacted powder mass from sticking to the equipment during the tableting or encapsulation process. The lubricant may be any suitable lubricant such as for example, a lubricant selected from the group consisting of calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, sodium stearyl fumerate, and vegetable based fatty acids. In the composition and method of the present invention, the carrier, may be present in the composition in a range of approximately 30% w / w to approximately 98% w / w; this weight percentage is a cumulative weight percentage taking into consideration all ingredients present in the carrier.

[0304] Coatings can be used to control the solubility of the composition. Examples of coatings include carrageenan, cellulose acetate phthalate, ethylcellulose, gellan gum, maltodextrin, methacrylates, methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, and shellac.

[0305] The composition may comprise one or more preservatives. In some embodiments, preservatives include antioxidants, chelating agents, antifungal preservatives, alcohol preservatives, acidic preservatives, and other preservatives.

[0306] In some embodiments, antioxidants include alpha tocopherol, ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, monothioglycerol,potassium metabisulfite, propionic acid, propyl gallate, sodium ascorbate, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, and sodium sulfite.

[0307] In some embodiments, chelating agents include ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and salts and hydrates thereof (e.g., sodium edetate, disodium edetate, trisodium edetate, calcium disodium edetate, dipotassium edetate, and the like), citric acid and salts and hydrates thereof (e.g., citric acid monohydrate), fumaric acid and salts and hydrates thereof, malic acid and salts and hydrates thereof, phosphoric acid and salts and hydrates thereof, and tartaric acid and salts and hydrates thereof. In some embodiments, antimicrobial preservatives include benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzyl alcohol, bronopol, cetrimide, cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine, chlorobutanol, chlorocresol, chloroxylenol, cresol, ethyl alcohol, glycerin, hexetidine, imidurea, phenol, phenoxyethanol, phenylethyl alcohol, phenylmercuric nitrate, propylene glycol, and thimerosal.

[0308] In some embodiments, antifungal preservatives include butyl paraben, methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, benzoic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, potassium benzoate, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium propionate, and sorbic acid. In some embodiments, alcohol preservatives include ethanol, polyethylene glycol, phenol, phenolic compounds, bisphenol, chlorobutanol, hydroxybenzoate, and phenylethyl alcohol.

[0309] In some embodiments, acidic preservatives include vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, citric acid, acetic acid, dehydroacetic acid, ascorbic acid, sorbic acid, and phytic acid.

[0310] Other preservatives include tocopherol, tocopherol acetate, deteroxime mesylate, cetrimide, butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ethylenediamine, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, potassium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, Glydant Plus, Phenonip, methylparaben, Germall 115, Germaben II, Neolone, Kathon, and Euxyl.

[0311] The therapeutic composition may be lyophilized. The lyophilized therapeutic composition may comprise one or more stabilisers and / or cryoprotectants. The lyophilized therapeutic composition may be reconstituted using a suitable diluent prior to administration to the individual.

[0312] A therapeutic composition according to the present invention may be administered alone or in combination with other treatments, concurrently or sequentially or as a combined preparation with another therapeutic agent or agents, for the treatment of dysbiosis, or a disease associated with dysbiosis as described herein. For example, a strainof the invention may be used in combination with an existing therapeutic agent for inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, a metabolic disease, a neuropsychiatric disorder, an autoimmune disease, an allergic disorder, a cancer, or hepatic encephalopathy.

[0313] For example, where the therapeutic composition is for the treatment of a dysbiosis associated with cancer, the therapeutic composition may optionally be administered in combination with a cancer immunotherapy, such as an immune check-point inhibitor, to the individual. Examples of check-point inhibitors which may be employed in this context include Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors, Programmed death- ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors. Manipulation of the gut microbiota in combination with immune check-point inhibitor treatment has been shown to improve efficacy of immune check-point inhibitors in treating cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer in this context is lung cancer or melanoma.

[0314] In another embodiment, the compositions of the invention further comprise immunomodulating compounds. In other embodiments, the immunomodulating compound is a cytokine, chemokine, or complement component that enhances expression of immune system accessory or adhesion molecules, their receptors, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the immunomodulating compound include interleukins, for example interleukins 1 to 15, interferons alpha, beta or gamma, tumour necrosis factor, granulocyte- macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M- CSF), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), chemokines such as neutrophil activating protein (NAP), macrophage chemoattractant and activating factor (MCAF), RANTES, macrophage inflammatory peptides MIP-1a and MIP-1b, complement components, or combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the immunomodulating compound stimulate expression, or enhanced expression of OX40, OX40L (gp34), lymphotactin, CD40, CD40L, B7.1, B7.2, TRAP, ICAM-1, 2 or 3, cytokine receptors, or combination thereof.

[0315] In another embodiment, the immunomodulatory compound induces or enhances expression of co-stimulatory molecules that participate in the immune response, which include, in some embodiments, CD40 or its ligand, CD28, CTLA-4 or a B7 molecule. In another embodiment, the immunomodulatory compound induces or enhances expression of a heat stable antigen (HSA), chondroitin sulfate-modified MHC invariant chain (Ii-CS), or an intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1).

[0316] The therapeutic compositions described herein may be administered to an individual, such as a human individual. Administration may be in a "therapeutically effectiveamount", this being sufficient to show benefit to the individual. Such benefit may be at least amelioration of at least one symptom. Thus "treatment" of a specified disease refers to amelioration of at least one symptom. The actual amount administered, and rate and time- course of administration, will depend on the nature and severity of what is being treated, the particular patient being treated, the clinical condition of the individual patient, the cause of the dysbiosis, the site of delivery of the composition, the type of therapeutic composition, the method of administration, the scheduling of administration and other factors known to medical practitioners. Prescription of treatment, e.g. decisions on dosage etc., is within the responsibility of general practitioners and other medical doctors and may depend on the severity of the symptoms and / or progression of a disease being treated. A therapeutically effective amount or suitable dose of a therapeutic composition of the invention can be determined by comparing its in vitro activity and in vivo activity in an animal model or phase 0 human study. Methods for extrapolation of effective dosages in mice and other test animals to humans are known. The precise dose will depend upon a number of factors, including whether the therapeutic composition is for prevention or for treatment.

[0317] Formulary ingredients can be contacted with the preparation and mixed or prepared until a formulation is obtained. Formulation conditions may generally be such that viable microorganisms are retained. In particular high temperatures, for example temperatures in excess of 40°C are avoided.

[0318] The amount of viable microorganisms included in a composition can vary and can be adjusted and optimized according to several embodiments.. Such optimization may, for example, be achieved by preparing a series of different doses of a viable microorganism. The bacterial concentration in the composition can be, for example, from 10 million cfu / mL to 100 billion cfu / mL, from 10 million to 50 million cfu / mL, from 50 million to 100 million cfu / mL, from 100 million to 500 million cfu / mL, from 500 million to 1 billion cfu / mL, from 1 billion to 5 billion cfu / mL, from 5 billion to 10 billion cfu / mL, from 10 billion to 15 billion cfu / mL, from 15 billion to 20 billion cfu / mL, from 20 billion to 25 billion cfu / mL, from 25 billion to 30 billion cfu / mL, from 30 billion to 35 billion cfu / mL, from 35 billion to 40 billion cfu / mL, from 40 billion to 45 billion cfu / mL, from 45 billion to 50 billion cfu / mL, from 50 billion to 55 billion cfu / mL, from 55 billion to 60 billion cfu / mL, from 60 billion to 65 billion cfu / mL, from 65 billion to 70 billion cfu / mL, from 70 billion to 75 billion cfu / mL, from 75 billion to 80 billion cfu / mL, from 80 billion to 85 billion cfu / mL, from 85 billion to 90 billion cfu / mL, from 90 billion to 95 billion cfu / mL, from 95 billion to 100 billion cfu / mL.

[0319] In an embodiment, the strain of the invention can be administered at, for example, a dosage of 0.01 to 100 x 1011cells / body, 0.1 to 10 x 1011cells / body or 0.3 to 5 x1011cells / body. Furthermore, for example, the amount ingested per day as the microorganism can be 0.01 to 100 x 1011cells / 60 kg body weight, 0.1 to 10 x 1011cells / 60 kg body weight or 0.3 to 5 x 1011cells / 60 kg body weight.

[0320] The content of the at least one strain of bacteria or archaea or fungi contained in the orally ingested composition of the present invention may be determined as appropriate depending on its application form. As a dry microbial body it can be, for example, 5 to 50 w / w %, 1 to 75 w / w %, 0.1 to 100 w / w % or 1 to 100 w / w %.

[0321] In an embodiment, the composition is a controlled release composition. As used herein, the term "controlled-release" refers to release or administration of a strain of the invention from a given dosage form in a controlled fashion in order to achieve the desired pharmacokinetic profile in vivo. An aspect of "controlled" delivery is the ability to manipulate the formulation and / or dosage form in order to establish the desired kinetics of release.

[0322] Procedures for preparing tablets, caplets, capsules and other forms of compositions in several embodiments include without limitation wet granulation, dry granulation, and direct compression (for tablets and caplets).

[0323] Wet and dry granulation is used to manufacture tablets, caplets, or capsules. With granulation techniques, a chilsonation is used to manufacture the powder for the dosage forms. A chilsonator houses grooved, rotating rollers that are pressed tightly against one another by hydraulic pressure. Raw materials are placed into the hopper of the chilsonator and are fed by a system of horizontal and vertical screws into the rollers. As materials pass through the grooves in the rollers, it is compacted under very high pressure and emerges from the chilsonator as dense sheets. The sheets are milled into a fine granular powder using a Fitz mill and then passed through a screen to produce a uniform free flowing granule. The chilsonation process results in a finished powder that is two to four times denser than the starting material, a feature that permits the ingredients to be fashioned into the desired dosage form.

[0324] With dry granulation, the powder may be incorporated into a gelatin capsule or it may be mixed with gelatin to form a tablet or caplet. With wet granulation, the powder is moistened thus creating large "chunks" of material that are subsequently dried and milled to convert the chunks to particles of a desired size for the manufacturing process. Once the particles of a desired size are obtained, the particles are incorporated into a gelatin capsule or mixed with gelatin to form a tablet or caplet.

[0325] General considerations in formulation and / or manufacture can be found, for example, in Remington's The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 23rdEdition. (2020, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.) which is incorporated by reference. Prebiotics

[0326] A composition according to several embodiments can comprise a prebiotic. Because prebiotics have a chemical structure that resists digestion through the alimentary tract, they reach the colon as intact molecules where they are able to elicit systemic physiological functions and act as fermentable substrates for colonic microflora. Where a prebiotic is combined with a biotherapeutic, the resulting composition is sometimes referred to as a "synbiotic."

[0327] Examples of suitable prebiotics include, but are not limited to, oligosaccharide such as fructooligosaccharides, P95 Nutraflora®, for example, galactooligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharides, isomaltooligosaccharides, human milk oligosaccharides, inulin oligosaccharides, mannan oligosaccharides, pyrodextrin, levan, maltotriose, pectic oligosaccharides, bimuno-galactooligosaccharides, arabinoxylan, fucoidan and resistant starches. Fructooligosaccharides can be extracted from, for example, chicory, artichokes, asparagus, dandelions, dahlias, endive, garlic, leeks, lettuce, and onions.

[0328] In an embodiment, the prebiotic comprises amino acids such as one or more or all of alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, serine, threonine and valine.

[0329] In an embodiment, the prebiotic comprises simple sugars which can be a monosaccharide (such as glucose, galactose or fructose) and / or a disaccharide (such as sucrose maltose or lactose).

[0330] In an embodiment, the prebiotic comprises from about 5% (w / w) to about 50% (w / w), about 7.5% (w / w) to about 30% (w / w) or about 10% (w / w) to about 15% (w / w) of the composition. Other Microorganisms

[0331] In order to obtain the desired health benefit to the subject, it may be advantageous to include one or more additional biotherapeutic microorganisms in the composition. Thus, the composition may comprise more than one species / strain of microorganisms in addition to the strain of the invention, such as two, three, four, five or a higher plurality of species / strains of microorganisms. Non-limiting examples of biotherapeutics are suitable strains of those selected from Table 3. It is to be understood thatthe foregoing list is intended only to be illustrative and not a limiting representation of the biotherapeutics that may be included in the composition of the present invention. In this respect, any additional biotherapeutic species may also be used in the compositions of the present invention.

[0332] In an embodiment, the Enterococcus sp. includes Enterococcus faecalis and / or Enterococcus faecium.

[0333] In an embodiment, the Lactobacillus sp. is selected from the group consisting of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (such as strain GG (ATCC 53103), CGMCC 1.3724 or SP1 (DSM 21690)), Lactococcus lactis, Lactococcus cremoris, Lactococcus diacetylactis, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus reuteri (such as strain ATCC 55730 or DSM 17938), Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus murinus, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus taiwanensis, Lactobacillus animalis, Lactobacillus johnsonii (such as strain NCC533; CNCM 1-1225) and Lactobacillus gasseri.

[0334] In an embodiment, the Bifidobacterium sp. is selected from the group consisting of Bifidobacterium lactis (such as strain BB-12, BI-04 or CNCM 1-3446 (Bb12)), Bifidobacterium longum (such as strain NCC3001, ATCC BAA-999 (BB536)), Bifidobacterium breve (such as strain Bb-03, M-16V or R0070), Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium animalis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium catenulatum, Bifidobacterium dentium, Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum and Bifidobacterium adolescentis.

[0335] In an embodiment, the Streptococcus sp. includes Streptococcus thermophilus such as Streptococcus thermophilus ST-21, Streptococcus pasteurianus and Streptococcus salivarius.

[0336] In an embodiment, the Clostridia includes Clostridium difficile, Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium hylemonae, Clostridium scindens, Clostridium sp. C1, Clostridium spiroforme and Flavinofractor plautii.

[0337] Some yeasts are also useful as biotherapeutics and are sometimes included in the compositions. One non-limiting example of a yeast used in biotherapeutics is Saccharomyces boulardii.

[0338] Some archaea are also useful as biotherapeutics and are sometimes included in the compositions. Non-limiting examples of an archaea used in biotherapeutics is Methanobrevibacter spp, including Methanobrevibacter smithii and Methanosphaera sp, including Methanobrevibacter stadtmanae.Dosage Form Dosage forms are within the scope of the invention. In some embodiments, the invention provides a dosage form comprising the composition as described in the first aspect of this invention. In some embodiments, the dosage form is stored in a sealed and sterile container. Method for treating

[0340] Methods for treating a disease or disorder are within the scope of the invention.

[0341] Methods for treating a gastrointestinal disorder are also within the scope of the invention.

[0342] In some embodiments, the invention provides a method for treating a disorder associated with loss of gut microbiota or dysbiosis, wherein said method comprises the administration to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the composition as described in the first aspect of this invention.

[0343] Faecal Microbiota Transplantation

[0344] Faecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) is the administration of human colonic microbiota into the bowel of a patient and while originally designed to treat Clostridium difficile infection, FMT is now being explored as a treatment for many other disorders, including ulcerative colitis. However, these efforts have been challenged by the loss of viable microbiota samples due to poor sampling, storage, shipping and delivery conditions which results in losses in viable cells. There is a challenge to sample, store, ship and deliver a viable and effective microbiota sample to the patient. There is also a need in the art for effective treatments of diseases associated with loss of gut microbes or dysbiosis.

[0345] Cultured or Second generation microbiome based therapies

[0347] Clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of FMT for a number of diseases including but not limited to C. difficile infection, ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. Thus, there is the need for the identification of microbes for use in defined cultured microbiome based therapies. Cultured therapies have the advantage over FMT of being produced in a bioreactor (not human donor derived) and so can be more consistent in composition, more scalable in production and with a more predictable safety profile. The ideal second generation microbiome based therapies are originally cultured and isolated from human faecal material. Many of these organisms are highly sensitive to an oxygen environment and will not survive in storage without freezing at very low temperatures or lyophilizing (freeze drying). There is a challenge to sample, store, ship and deliver a viableand effective microbiota sample to the patient. There is also a need in the art for effective treatments of diseases associated with loss of gut microbes or dysbiosis.

[0348] In some embodiments, the dosage form is administered at an amount to at least partially treat a gastrointestinal disorder.

[0349] A subject that can be treated with the invention will include humans as well as other mammals and animals.

[0350] The effect of the administered therapeutic composition can be monitored by standard diagnostic procedures.

[0351] Methods of the invention can be used to treat or prevent a dysbiosis of the gastrointestinal tract in a subject. "Dysbiosis" in the context of the present invention refers to a state in which the normal diversity and / or function of the microbiota or microbiome, in particular the human gastrointestinal microbiota, is disrupted. Any disruption from the normal state of the microbiota in a healthy individual can be considered a dysbiosis, even if the dysbiosis does not result in a detectable decrease in health in the individual. In some embodiments, the dysbiosis may be associated with one or more pathological symptoms. For example, "dysbiosis" may refer to a decrease in the microbial diversity of the microbiota. In addition, or alternatively, "dysbiosis" may refer to an increase in the abundance of one or more bacteria, e.g. one or more pathogenic bacteria, in the microbiota of an individual relative to the abundance of said bacterium or bacteria in the microbiota of a healthy individual, i.e. an individual without a dysbiosis. The pathogenic bacteria present during dysbiosis are often Proteobacteria and resistant to one or more antibiotics. Examples of Proteobacteria include Escherichia, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Vibrio, Helicobacter, and Yersinia species.

[0352] The dysbiosis may be a dysbiosis associated with an enteric bacterial infection, such as an infection of the gastrointestinal tract with a pathogenic bacterium. Many bacteria capable of causing infections of the gastrointestinal tract in humans are known and include: gram positive bacteria, and gram-negative bacteria. In some embodiments, the pathogenic bacterium is a pathogenic species of the genus Clostridium, Escherichia, Enterococcus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus, Vibrio, Aeromonas, Campylobacter, Plesiomonas, Bacillus, Helicobacter, Listeria, or Yersinia. Examples of such pathogenic bacteria include Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, Campylobacter fetus, Campylobacter jejuni, Aeromonas hydrophila, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Bacillus cereus, Helicobacter pylori, Listeriamonocytogenes, and Yersinia enterocolitica. In some embodiments, the pathogenic bacterium is a pathogenic species of the genus Clostridium or Escherichia. In some embodiments, the pathogenic bacterium is Clostridioides difficile or Escherichia coli.

[0353] Methods of the invention can be used to reduce or prevent gastrointestinal tract mucosal inflammation in a subject using compositions of the invention.

[0354] In an embodiment, the subject has, or is susceptible to having, an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an increasingly prevalent, currently incurable condition believed to be caused by an abnormal immune response to the resident gut microbiome in genetically susceptible patients. The term IBD encompasses both Ulcerative Colitis (UC), Crohn’s disease (CD) and pouchitis. UC is characterised by chronic non-granulomatous inflammation that is limited to the colonic mucosa, typically involving the rectum and a variable proximal extent of the colon in continuity. CD is characterised by transmural, often granulomatous, inflammation that can involve any part of the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus.

[0355] As used herein, the term "inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)" has its general meaning in the art and refers to a group of inflammatory diseases of the colon and small intestine such as revised in the World Health Organisation Classification K20-K93 (ICD-10) such as Crohn disease (such as granulomatous enteritis; Crohn disease of small intestine; Crohn disease of large intestine; granulomatous and regional Colitis; Crohn disease of colon, large bowel and rectum; Crohn disease of both small and large intestine), Ulcerative colitis (such as Ulcerative (chronic) pancolitis; backwash ileitis; Ulcerative (chronic) proctitis; Ulcerative (chronic) rectosigmoiditis; Inflammatory polyps; Left sided colitis; left hemicolitis) and noninfective gastroenteritis and colitis (Gastroenteritis and colitis due to radiation; Toxic gastroenteritis and colitis; Allergic and dietetic gastroenteritis and colitis; Food hypersensitivity gastroenteritis or colitis; indeterminate colitis; specified noninfective gastroenteritis and colitis such as Collagenous colitis; Eosinophilic gastritis or gastroenteritis; Lymphocytic colitis Microscopic colitis (collagenous colitis or lymphocytic colitis); Noninfective gastroenteritis and colitis such as Diarrhoea; Enteritis; Ileitis; Jejunitis; Sigmoiditis) and postprocedural disorders of digestive system such as pouchitis. In an embodiment, the IBD is paediatric IBD.

[0356] In an embodiment, the subject has, or is susceptible to having, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in all its forms as detailed in the Rome IV criteria. These include but are not limited to diarrhoea predominant irritable bowel syndrome IBS-D, constipation predominant irritable bowel syndrome IBS-C or mixed irritable bowel syndrome IBS-M. This includessubjects whose symptoms respond to the low FODMAP diet or gluten free diet or other dietary restrictions.

[0357] In an embodiment, the subject has, or is susceptible to having, a malignancy or cancer. These include but are not limited to melanoma, lung cancer, bowel cancer, gastric cancer, oesphageal cancer, oral cancer, hepatocellular cancer, haematalogical malignancy, breast cancer, lymphoma, sarcoma, germ cell tumor, carcinoma, renal cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, thyroid cancer, brain malignancy, skin cancer, melanoma, bladder cancer or testicular cancer.

[0358] In an embodiment, the subject has, or is susceptible to having, a hepatic or liver disease. These include but are not limited to cirrhosis, hepatic encephalopathy, alcoholic hepatitis, infective hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, or ascites.

[0359] In an embodiment, the subject has a disease or is susceptible to having a disease associated with dysbiosis or reduced gut microbial diversity or reduced gut microbial ecology.

[0360] In a further aspect, the present invention also relates to a faecal microbiota transplant composition comprising the strain or strains of the invention. The term "faecal microbiota transplant composition" has its general meaning in the art and refers to any composition that can restore the faecal microbiota.

[0361] Administration to humans includes administration by a medical professional and self-administration. In general, in order to achieve a health benefit, multiple doses of the composition are administered, for example daily for a period of at least one week, at least two weeks, at least three weeks, at least six weeks, at least nine weeks, or at least twelve weeks. In one embodiment, the compositions can be administered for the remaining duration of a subject's life. Device

[0362] Devices are within the scope of the invention. In some embodiments, the invention provides a device, wherein the device comprises: (1) the composition as described in the first aspect of this invention; and (2) an applicator, container or material. Use of a composition in the manufacture of a medicament

[0363] Uses are within the scope of this invention. In some embodiments, the invention provides the use of a composition in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a gastrointestinal disorder.Method for stabilising

[0364] stabilizing the compositions of the invention are within the scope of the invention.

[0365] In some embodiments, the said method protects the compositions of the invention against degradation.

[0366] In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention retains its effective biological activity for a period selected from the group consisting of; greater than 24 hours; greater than 36 hours; greater than 48 hours.

[0367] The addition of approved pharmaceutical excipients to stabilise the compositions of the invention solutions is preferred from a safety standpoint, as the simpler methodology is likely to produce a less variable outcome and the choice of excipient can be limited to those with Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS) status. Excipients for the stabilisation of protein solutions can be classified into four broad categories: salts, sugars, polymers or protein / amino acids, based on their chemical properties and mechanism of action. Salts (e.g. chlorides, nitrates) stabilise the tertiary structure of proteins by shielding charges through ionic interactions. Sugars (e.g. glycerol, sorbitol, fructose, trehalose) increase the surface tension and viscosity of the solution to prevent protein aggregation. Similarly, polymers (e.g. polyethylene glycol, cellulose derivatives) stabilise the protein tertiary structure by increasing the viscosity of the solution to prevent protein aggregation and intra- and inter-molecular electrostatic interactions between amino acids in the protein. Proteins (e.g. human serum albumin) are able to stabilise the structure of other proteins through ionic, electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. Similarly, small amino acids with no net charge, such as alanine and glycine, stabilise proteins through the formation of weak electrostatic interactions.

[0368] As discussed above, the medicaments of the present invention may include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. The use of such media and agents for the manufacture of medicaments is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the pharmaceutically acceptable material, use thereof in the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention is contemplated. Pharmaceutical acceptable carriers according to the invention may include one or more of the following examples: a. surfactants and polymers, including, however not limited to polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinylpyrrolidone , polyvinylalcohol, crospovidone, polyvinylpyrrolidone- polyvinylacrylate copolymer, cellulose derivatives, HPMC, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethylethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose phthalate,polyacrylates and polymethacrylates, urea, sugars, polyols, and their polymers, emulsifiers, sugar gum, starch, organic acids and their salts, vinyl pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate; and / or b. binding agents such as various celluloses and cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone, microcrystalline cellulose; and / or (3) filling agents such as lactose monohydrate, lactose anhydrous, microcrystalline cellulose and various starches; and / or c. filling agents such as lactose monohydrate, lactose anhydrous, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose and various starches; and / or d. lubricating agents such as agents that act on the increased ability of the dosage form to be ejected from the packaging cavity, and / or e. sweeteners such as any natural or artificial sweetener including sucrose, xylitol, sodium saccharin, cyclamate, aspartame, and acesulfame K; and / or f. flavouring agents; and / or g. preservatives such as potassium sorbate, methylparaben, propylparaben, benzoic acid and its salts, other esters of parahydroxybenzoic acid such as butylparaben, alcohols such as ethyl or benzyl alcohol, phenolic chemicals such as phenol, or quarternary compounds such as benzalkonium chloride; and / or h. buffers; and / or i. diluents such as pharmaceutically acceptable inert fillers, such as microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, dibasic calcium phosphate, saccharides, and / or mixtures of any of the foregoing; and / or j. absorption enhancer such as glyceryl trinitrate; and / or k. other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.

[0369] Medicaments of the invention suitable for use in animals and in particular in human beings typically must be sterile and stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage. Methods for Detection

[0370] A strain of the invention can be detected using a wide variety of known techniques. Conveniently the strain is detected using a nucleic acid based detection system.

[0371] In an embodiment, nucleic acid sequencing is used. Illustrative non-limiting examples of nucleic acid sequencing techniques include, but are not limited to, chainterminator (Sanger) sequencing and dye terminator sequencing. In some embodiments, the technology provided herein finds use in a Second Generation (a.k.a. Next Generation or Next-Gen), Third Generation (a.k.a. Next-Next-Gen), or Fourth Generation (a.k.a. N3-Gen) sequencing technology including, but not limited to, pyrosequencing, sequencing-by-ligation, single molecule sequencing, sequence-by-synthesis (SBS), massive parallel clonal, massive parallel single molecule SBS, massive parallel single molecule real-time, massive parallel single molecule real-time nanopore technology.

[0372] In some embodiments, hybridization is employed in a detection method of the invention. Illustrative non-limiting examples of nucleic acid hybridization techniques include, but are not limited to, in situ hybridization (ISH), microarray, and Southern or Northern blot. In one embodiment, a FISH assay is used. In other embodiments, nucleic acid amplification is used. Nucleic acids may be amplified prior to or simultaneous with detection. Conducting one or more amplification reactions may comprise one or more PCR-based amplifications, non-PCR based amplifications, or a combination thereof. Illustrative non-limiting examples of nucleic acid amplification techniques include, but are not limited to, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), nested PCR, linear amplification, multiple displacement amplification (MDA), real-time SDA, rolling circle amplification, circle-to-circle amplification transcription-mediated amplification (TMA), ligase chain reaction (LCR), strand displacement amplification (SDA), and nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA). Amplification techniques (e.g., PCR) may require that RNA be reversed transcribed to DNA prior to amplification (e.g., RT-PCR), whereas other amplification techniques directly amplify RNA (e.g., TMA and NASBA).

[0373] Non-amplified or amplified nucleic acids can be detected by any conventional means. For example, the nucleic acids can be detected by hybridization with a detectably labeled probe and measurement of the resulting hybrids. In another example, the nucleic acids are detected by sequencing. Illustrative non-limiting examples of detection methods are described herein.

[0374] Evaluation of an amplification process in "real-time" involves determining the amount of amplicon in the reaction mixture either continuously or periodically during the amplification reaction and using the determined values to calculate the amount of target sequence initially present in the sample. A variety of methods for determining the amount of initial target sequence present in a sample based on real-time amplification are well known in the art. These include methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,303,305 and 6,541,205. Another method for determining the quantity of target sequence initially present in a sample, but which is not based on a real-time amplification, is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.5,710,029.

[0375] Amplification products may be detected in real-time through the use of various self-hybridizing probes, most of which have a stem-loop structure. Such self-hybridizing probes are labeled so that they emit differently detectable signals, depending on whether the probes are in a self-hybridized state or an altered state through hybridization to a target sequence. By way of non-limiting example, "molecular torches" are a type of self-hybridizing probe that includes distinct regions of self-complementarity (referred to as "the target binding domain" and "the target closing domain") which are connected by a joining region (e.g., non- nucleotide linker) and which hybridize to each other under predetermined hybridization assay conditions. In some embodiments, molecular torches contain single-stranded base regions in the target binding domain that are from 1 to about 20 bases in length and are accessible for hybridization to a target sequence present in an amplification reaction under strand displacement conditions. Under strand displacement conditions, hybridization of the two complementary regions, which may be fully or partially complementary, of the molecular torch is favored, except in the presence of the target sequence, which will bind to the single- stranded region present in the target binding domain and displace all or a portion of the target closing domain. The target binding domain and the target closing domain of a molecular torch include a detectable label or a pair of interacting labels (e g., luminescent / quencher) positioned so that a different signal is produced when the molecular torch is self-hybridized than when the molecular torch is hybridized to the target sequence, thereby permitting detection of probe:target duplexes in a test sample in the presence of unhybridized molecular torches. Molecular torches and a variety of types of interacting label pairs are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,534,274, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0376] Another example of a detection probe having self-complementarity is a "molecular beacon." Molecular beacons include nucleic acid molecules having a target complementary sequence, an affinity pair (or nucleic acid arms) holding the probe in a closed conformation in the absence of a target sequence present in an amplification reaction, and a label pair that interacts when the probe is in a closed conformation. Hybridization of the target sequence and the target complementary sequence separates the members of the affinity pair, thereby shifting the probe to an open conformation. The shift to the open conformation is detectable due to reduced interaction of the label pair, which may be, for example, a fluorophore and a quencher (e.g., DABCYL and 25 EDANS). Molecular beacons are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,925,517 and 6,150,097.

[0377] In an embodiment, the method includes quantifying the amount of strain present in the sample

[0378] The present invention will now be described with reference to the following non- limiting Examples. The description of the Examples is in no way limiting on the preceding paragraphs of this specification, however, is provided for exemplification of the methods and compositions of the invention. Examples

[0379] Various enhancements and modifications can be made to the above-described processes without departing from the basic inventive concepts. For example, in some applications the biologically active material may be pretreated and supplied to the process in the pretreated form. All such modifications and enhancements are considered to be within the scope of the present invention, the nature of which is to be determined from the foregoing description and the appended claims. Furthermore, the following Examples are provided for illustrative purposes only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the processes or compositions of the invention. A EXAMPLE 1 – FORMULATION STUDIES A.1 STUDY AIM

[0380] The aim of this experiment was to carry out a development freeze-drying cycle of a fecal suspension sample. Eight formulations of excipients were added to the samples with a negative and a positive control. Specific objectives were: (1) To gather data on the chosen excipients and excipient concentrations in order to achieve an acceptable freeze-dried product that does not kill a majority of the cells; and (2) To achieve a moisture content of below 10% w / w A.2 MATERIALS, METHODS AND RESULTS A.2.1 EQUIPMENT

[0381] The following equipment was used in the preparation of the formulations and freeze-drying steps. Table 27 – Equipment List Equipment ID number (BTL no.) Cross-referencing SOP Freeze dryer – SP Scientific - LAB-QAD-315 VirTis Genesis 25L Pilot Lyophiliser with Encore control system4dp Analytical balance BTL0086 LAB-QAD-314 TA Instruments Q100 mDSC BTL0047 LAB-QAD-305 Freeze-drying microscopy BTL0075 LAB-QAD-302 (FDM) MicroPress Cake Mechanical BTL0192 LAB-QAD-316 Properties Power crimper BTL0041 Solvent / Metrohm Oven Karl BTL0130 LAB-QAD-304 Fischer Titrator Consumables Lot Number Supplier Rubber stoppers #3218003691 Adelphi 50 ml vials #6105794619 Adelphi Crimp caps #20200499 Adelphi 0.101 mm filter LABPEFT -1520A Bio-Strategy A.2.2 EXCIPIENTS AND METHODS

[0382] Excipient solutions were prepared at 2X working concentration, so that when the 2X excipient mixture was added to the FMT sample the correct final concentration is achieved. Excipient stock solution was added w / v to the FMT solution to make up the final volume of 3ml per vial.17 vials per formulation (formulations no.1 to 8) were prepared with the fill volume of 3ml.4 vials per mix were prepared for positive and negative controls. Table 28: List of Raw Excipients MaterialBatch / lot no Inulin Sigma SLCJ4642 Dextran 70K Sigma #BCCF0270 Maltodextrin Sigma 00444837 Skim Milk (Powdered) N / A EST570KB22103 Pectin Sigma SLCK5577 Sucrose Sigma 19I1256989 Table 29. Final Excipient Concentration Excipient Formulation No.w / v) 1 (To be probed) 10.0% 2 5.0% 5.0% 3 5.0% 5.0% 4 5.0% 5.0% 5 10.0% 6 5.0% 5.0% 7 5.0% 5.0%8 (To be probed) 5.0% 5.0% 9 – Negative Control (To be probed) 10 – Positive Control 10%

[0383] The material was filtered using a 0.101 mm filter. During processing of samples and after cryoprotectants and saline are added, the stool was homogenized and filtered. Effectively filtering out large plant matter.

[0384] 0.9% sterile saline was used as a carrier for the cryoprotectant samples.

[0385] A research batch record (BB374) was created to document the production of excipients and the 10 different formulations that were produced. There were 16 vials of each cryoprotectant formulation and 4 each of the positive and negative controls was required. 1 vial of each formulation including controls was kept by the inventors for testing purposes. (126 vials to be sent to BioPharma Process Systems Ltd, Biopharma House, Winnall Valley Road, Winchester SO230LD, United Kingdom.

[0386] The team reported the following outcomes for the different cryoprotectants being trialed. Inulin on its own dissolved well when mixed by hand and was a very fine powder. Sucrose has larger crystals than inulin and required a smaller volume to reach the same weight. Dissolved under vortex but not by hand. Maltodextrin and Dextran 70K were similar to inulin in texture but these clumped together when trying to dissolve by hand and required vortex to dissolve. Pectin is a very fine powder and was difficult to weigh out within the chamber. When used in a formulation, it resulted in coagulation to a gel-like state which was impossible to filter sterilize A.3 ANALYSES

[0387] Analysis included:

[0388] Lyostat analysis: Two 2µl samples were analysed using Lyostat analysis positive control skim milk powder and 10% inulin. Lyostat analysis is microscopy looking at the freezing line of the product. This is an indication of what temperatures the lyophilizer can run at.

[0389] Appearance: The appearance of freeze-dried product was assessed visually on a scale of 1-5 (1= worst 5= best) with photographs taken.

[0390] Moisture Content: Moisture content from 3 vials of 2 formulations was analysed by Karl Fischer titration.

[0391] Mechanical Properties: Two formulations were selected for mechanical property analysis using MicroPress. Micro Press comprises of a load cell with an actuator indenter. This indenter comes down breaching surface of cake. As it presses down the pressure applied shows on the corresponding graph. The lower the max stress (kPa) the more brittle the lyophilized cake is.

[0392] mDSC: Two formulations were selected for analysis by solid state mDSC.

[0393] Plating CFU: Plate CFU analysis was performed by comparing non-lyophilized samples with lyophilized samples of all formulations. Frozen non-lyophilized samples were allowed to thaw for 1.5 to 2 hours at room temperature outside the anaerobic chamber. Lyophilized samples were re-hydrated with the same amount of liquid that was removed during the lyophilization process and allowed to rest for 1 hour. Lyophilized samples were vortexed for 2 minutes to dissolve lyophilized product into solution.1 ml was then aliquoted into a 1.5 mL epi tube and vortexed for 5 min. A serial dilution into PBS (100 µL FMT into 900 mL PBS) ranging from 10-3 to 10-8.50 µL of dilutions were then spread plated on WCA in triplicate and allowed to soak into the agar. The plates are then inverted and incubated anaerobically at 37°C for 48 hours. After 48 hours of incubation the plates are inspected for “best” set of triplicates for colony counting 30-300 non confluent colonies. Pictures were taken of plates and colony counts performed. A.4 RESULTS A.4.1 LYOSTAT ANALYSIS

[0394] Good freezing structure was observed at -50.0°C for both skim milk powder (a) and 10% inulin (C). Collapse set in at -47.0°C for skim milk powder (B) while 10% inulin (D) started to collapse at -30.5°C. This indicates that a temperature below -30.5°C will be suitable for sublimation of water while using inulin as one of the cryoprotectants. A.4.2 APPEARANCE

[0395] All formulations that used perspective cryoprotectants visually were deemed 5 / 5 for drying except for 10 negative control water. Partial drying was observed. Pectin was not included for analysis based on the difficulty to work with and lack of consistency. A.4.3 MOISTURE CONTENT

[0396] Moisture content was performed on 5% inulin / 5% maltodextrin resulting in an average of 1.093% moisture indicating that using a combination of 5% inulin and 5%maltodextrin can achieve an appropriate moisture content for storage of microbes (<5%). The results are presented in Table 30. Table 30: Moisture Content. Sample Number RMC (%) Average (%) S S SA.4.4 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

[0397] MicroPress showed samples to be brittle. Results were compared to the negative control sample (Highly brittle). See Table 31. See also Figure 1. Table 31 – Max Stress at fractur point. ’ ’A.4.5 MDSC

[0398] mDSC results showed a Tg onset at 51.13°C. Some studies show samples should be stable ~50°C below Tg onset, suggesting 2-8°C storage conditions may be suitable for the samples. Table 32 – mDSCflow indicative of small melt with a peak at 192.96 CA.4.6 PLATING CFU

[0399] Pectin additions showed the smallest drop in CFU. Pectin samples also were the lowest in CFU prior to lyophilisation and are similar to most others post lyophilisation. 10% sucrose showed the second lowest reduction in CFU and the highest CFU both pre and post lyophilisation. This may be due to the sucrose acting as a nutrient that increases CFU prior to plating. 5% inulin / 5% maltodextrin showed the next smallest reduction and the second highest CFU post lyophilisation. See also Figures 2 and 3. A.5 DISCUSSION

[0400] Inulin and maltodextrin combination was chosen as an optimal cryoprotectant for lyophilization. Inulin is a rapid to moderately fermentable fiber. The inventors achieved material with less than 5% residual moisture, the lyophilized cake that is produced is brittle and can be milled for further processing, and minimal cell loss was observed via CFU plating. From the experiments presented above, inulin and maltodextrin were used based on the benefits that both inulin and maltodextrin had on the lyophilization process. Inulin and maltodextrin also showed the smallest log fold change in CFU when comparing lyophilized material to non-lyophilized material. Inulin showed the ability to maintain a freezing structure without collapse up to -30.5°C allowing for the increase of temperature when sublimating water from the frozen lyophilized cake. When compared to trehalose, this is relatively close to the same cake collapse temperature around -30°C. In some embodiments, the composition of the invention can be lyophilized faster than sucrose and create a shorter run time while still maintaining viability within the sample. Maltodextrin also aids in the stability over time in storage of lyophilized samples. It leads to the stabilization of microbes within the lyophilized matrix and aids in the control of moisture ingress into the lyophilized product. B EXAMPLE 2 - STABILITY STUDIES B.1 STUDY AIM

[0401] The aim of this study was to: (1) determine if the inulin / maltodextrin cryoprotectant formulation maintained intact cell counts (ICCs) during short-term storage of the intermediate (liquid) product; (2) to determine the impact of lyophilization on ICCs; (3) to evaluate the impact of the inulin / maltodextrin cryoprotectant formulation on the ICCs of an encapsulated, lyophilized FMT product over a 6-month period; and (4) to determine optimal storage temperature of lyophilized, encapsulated FMT. The principal focus was to ascertainthe efficacy of the cryoprotectant formulation in preserving ICCs across time different storage conditions as a factor of time, specifically -80°C, -20°C, 4-8°C, and 20-25°C. B.2 MATERIALS, METHODS AND RESULTS B.2.1 EXCIPIENT ADDITION AND LYOPHILIZATION

[0402] Intermediate product (liquid) was processed from 8 stool donations from a single, healthy donor over a 1-month period. These intermediate products consisted of donor stool homogenized in an excipient solution containing 5% inulin and 5% maltodextrin dissolved in 0.9% saline (NaCl) in a 1:2.6 w / v ratio. Intermediate products were pooled, and the resulting material was homogenized and filtered. Homogenized material was then stored and frozen at -80°C until lyophilization. Samples were then lyophilized following protocols and procedures as presented in Example 1. Post lyophilization, samples were milled, encapsulated, and stored in induction sealed bottles at respective testing temperatures.

[0403] Table 33 – List of raw excipients Material Supplier Batch / lot no Inulin Sigma SLCJ4642 Maltodextrin Sigma 00444837 B.2.2 SAMPLING AND INTACT CELL COUNTS

[0404] Intact cell counts (ICCs) were determined via BactoBox (SBT Instruments) from the following samples: (1) neat stool from each batch, combined in ratios as per the intermediate product (pooled); (2) pooled intermediate product (immediately pre- lyophilization); (3) post-lyophilization at multiple timepoints (milled powder, encapsulated product (‘T0’)), week 1, 2, 4, and months 2, and 6, at the respective temperatures. All results were normalized to ICCs per gram of stool. B.3 RESULTS

[0405] Eight batches of intermediate product were compared to neat stool to determine whether the inulin / maltodextrin cryoprotectant formulation was sufficient as a short-term cryoprotectant for intermediate product (Figure 4). Overall, there were no statistically significant differences between the ICCs in the neat stool samples compared to the intermediate product when tested, except for Batch 23, which had significantly lower ICCs than neat stool from the same donation. When pooled neat stool was compared to pooled intermediate product, the results were comparable (neat stool 1.97 x 109ICCs / g (SD 1.17 x 108) vs intermediate product 1.91 x 109ICCs / g (SD 2.14 x 108, p = 0.729)).

[0406] To determine loss of viability due to the lyophilization process, the ICCs / g of stool in the pre-lyophilized neat stool and intermediate product were compared to post lyophilization samples post-milling and following lyophilized powder encapsulation (Figure 5). As above, there was no difference between the pre-lyophilization neat stool and intermediate product; however, there was a significant difference between both the neat stool (pooled) and intermediate product, with the milled powder and encapsulated product. The intermediate product was determined to have an average 1.91 x 109ICCs / g (SD 2.14 x 108), and the milled powder 9.7 x 108ICCs / g (SD 6.99 x 107) (p = <0.0001); when compared to the intermediate product, the encapsulated product had an average 2.81 x 108ICCs / g stool (SD 1.33 x 108) (p = 0.0007).

[0407] The encapsulated product served as ‘T0’ for follow-up viability studies for comparison of effects of storage time and temperature (Figure 6). There was no significant reduction in ICCs observed between T0 and any follow-up timepoints. Furthermore, storage temperature did not impact ICCs overtime B.4 DISCUSSION

[0408] The 5% w / v inulin and 5% w / v maltodextrin cryoprotectant formulation was tested for the ability to act as a cryoprotectant for intermediate product, as well as a lyprotectant through the lyophilization of intermediate product for FMT. Inulin and maltodextrin were suitable as cryoprotectants for the timeframe tested, with comparable ICCs to neat stool. There was a significant reduction in cell viability through the lyophilization process, which was expected. This approximately 0.78-log drop in ICCs, was within the acceptable and expected range of approximately 1-log reduction in ICCs. Furthermore, ICCs were determined to be consistent throughout the 28-week period tested, regardless of storage temperature, indicating that the inulin / maltodextrin cryoprotectant formulation maintained microbial stability regardless of storage times and temperatures tested herein.

[0409] In conclusion, inulin and maltodextrin have demonstrated efficacy as cryoprotectants / lyoprotectants for FMT. C EXAMPLE 3 - FORMULATION STUDIES FOR BB265, A COMPLEX COMMUNITY LIVE BIOTHERAPEUTIC PRODUCTC.1 STUDY AIM

[0410] The aim of the study was to carry out a development freeze-drying cycle for BB265, a complex community biotherapeutic product. Specific objectives were: (1) to gather data on the optimal excipients and excipient concentrations as determined in Example 1 in order to achieve an acceptable freeze-dried product that does not kill a majority of the cells; and (2) to achieve a moisture content of below 10% w / w. C.2 MATERIALS, METHODS AND RESULTS C.2.1 COMPOSITION OF BB265

[0411] Table 34 – List of taxa in BB265 by Phylum A B B V

[0412] Table 35 – List of taxa in BB265 by Genus A A A A A A A A A B B B B B B C C C CCoprobacter Longicatena Vescimonas

[0413]

[0414] Table 36 – List of taxa in BB265 by Species Asp003481705Akkermansia muciniphila Butyricimonas faecalis Ligilactobacillus ruminis A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A B B B B B B B B B B B B t B B B B a B B B p BBlautia stercoris Lactococcus lactisC.2.2 EQUIPMENT

[0415] The following equipment was used in the preparation of the formulations and freeze-drying steps.

[0416] Table 37 – Equipment list Equipment ID number (BTL no.) Cross-referencing SOP Freeze dryer – Genesis 25.0 EL BTL0127 LAB-QAD-315 4dp Analytical balance BTL0086 LAB-QAD-314 TA Instruments Q100 mDSC BTL0047 LAB-QAD-305 Freeze-drying microscopy (FDM) BTL0075 LAB-QAD-302 MicroPress Cake Mechanical Properties BTL0192 LAB-QAD-316 Power crimper BTL0041 Solvent / Metrohm Oven Karl Fischer TitratorLAB-QAD-304 Consumables Lot Number Supplier Rubber stoppers TBC TBC 10 ml vials N / A N / A Crimp caps #20200499 Adelphi C.2.3 EXIPIENTS AND METHODS

[0417] An excipient solution containing 5.0% w / v inulin and 5.0% w / v maltodextrin dissolved in 0.9% saline (NaCl) was prepared and added to microbial pellet of a pelletized harvest of the BB265 complex consortium in a 2.6:1 v / w ratio. The mixture was then homogenized. Samples were immediately frozen at −80°C and sent frozen to BioPharma Process Systems Ltd, Biopharma House, Winnall Valley Road, Winchester SO23 0LD, United Kingdom for analysis.

[0418] Table 38 – List of raw excipients Material Supplier Batch / lot no Inulin (Orafiti® GR) Beneo B2027469 Maltodextrin Satoria Agro 2305050018 (T) C.2.4 ANALYSES

[0419] Analysis included:

[0420] Lyostat analysis: A 2 µL sample was analysed using Lyostat analysis. Lyostat analysis is microscopy looking at the freezing line of the product. This is an indication of what temperatures the lyophilizer can run at.

[0421] Appearance: The appearance of freeze-dried product was assessed visually on a scale of 1-5 (1= worst 5= best) with photographs taken.

[0422] Moisture Content: Moisture content from 3 vials was analysed by Karl Fischer titration.

[0423] Mechanical Properties: Mechanical property analysis was performed using MicroPress. MicroPress comprises of a load cell with an actuator indenter. This indenter comes down breaching surface of cake. As it presses down the pressure applied shows on the corresponding graph. The lower the max stress (kPa) the more brittle the lyophilized cake is.

[0424] mDSC: Modulated differential scanning calorimetry (mDSC) was used to determine the thermal properties of the formulation during lyophilization C.3 RESULTS

[0425] Lyostat analysis. Good freezing structure was observed at -50.0°C. Collapse set in at -38.5°C, indicating that a temperature below -38.5°C will be suitable for sublimation of water while using inulin and maltodextrin as cryoprotectants for BB265.

[0426] Appearance. All vials scored 5 / 5 for visual appearance of drying and structure post-lyophilization.

[0427] Moisture content. The average residual moisture content was determined to be 2.13% w / w, indicating that using a combination of 5% inulin and 5% maltodextrin can achieve an appropriate moisture content for storage of microbes (<5%).

[0428] Table 39 – Residual moisture content Vial no RMC (% w / w) Average (%) 1 2.26 2 2.07 2.13 3 2.06

[0429] Mechanical properties. MicroPress analysis indicated robustness of the samples, with the max stress at the moment of fracture point demonstrated to be 296.544 kPa, and a Young’s Modulus of 4.80 E.

[0430] Modulated differential scanning calorimetery (mDSC). mDSC results showed a Tg onset at 53.89°C. Some studies show samples should be stable ~ 50°C below Tg onset, suggesting 2-8°C storage conditions may be suitable for the samples

[0431] Table 40– mDSC Formulation temperature Description of events / General commentsStep change in reversible heat flow baseline 5% inulin + 5% 53.89 to 63.95 indicative of glass transition with a midpoint at maltodextrin + 58.31°C(H) 0.9% saline (NaCl) 185.47 Onset of major endothermic event in heat flow indicative of melt with a peak at 186.68°C C.4 DISCUSSION

[0432] Inulin and maltodextrin combination was chosen as an optimal cryoprotectant for lyophilization of FMT material and used here for assessment of cryoprotection of a complex community biotherapeutic product, BB265. The inventors achieved material with less than 5% residual moisture, the lyophilized cake that is produced is robust and can be milled for further processing. From the experiments presented above, the inulin and maltodextrin combination paralleled those results shown for FMT, indicating optimal cryoprotection parameters when used for lyophilization of BB265. The mixture demonstrated the ability to maintain a freezing structure without collapse up to -38.5°C, allowing for the increase of temperature when sublimating water from the frozen lyophilized cake. When compared to trehalose, this is relatively close to the same cake collapse temperature around -30°C. D EXAMPLE 4 - STABILITY AND VIABILITY OF A MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM USING A NOVEL LYOPROTECTANT FORMULATION D.1 STUDY AIM

[0433] The aim of this study was to assess the survivability and stability of microbial co- cultures following lyophilization using formulations containing inulin and maltodextrin at varying concentrations of lyoprotectant. The goal was to determine how the lyophilization process influenced microbial viability and stability under these conditions. D.2 MATERIALS, METHODS

[0434] Bioreactor setup and inoculation

[0435] Three separate bioreactors were inoculated with bacterial consortia selected from the isolates identified in Figure 7. Each bioreactor was monitored and maintained under controlled conditions to ensure optimal growth and stability of the microbial community. Upon reaching the desired growth phase, the cultures were harvested for subsequent lyophilization studies.

[0436] Harvest and Preparation of Drug Substance Intermediates (DSI)

[0437] The harvested bacterial biomass from each bioreactor was spun down to obtain a bacterial pellet. The pellets were homogenized in a lyoprotectant solution consisting of 5- 10% (w / v) inulin and 5-10% (w / v) maltodextrin, dissolved in 0.9% saline (NaCl). These lyoprotectant solutions were used to protect the bacterial cells during the lyophilization process.

[0438] DSI 1 Preparation

[0439] For the first bioreactor harvest, bacterial cells were homogenized in a 5% (w / v) inulin and 5% (w / v) maltodextrin lyoprotectant solution at a ratio of 2.6 mL of lyoprotectant solution to 1 g of wet bacterial pellet to create Drug Substance Intermediate 1 (DSI 1).

[0440] DSI 2 Preparation

[0441] For the second bioreactor harvest, bacterial cells were homogenized in a 5% (w / v) inulin and 5% (w / v) maltodextrin lyoprotectant solution at a ratio of 2.6 g dry weight lyoprotectant to 1 g dry mass bacterial pellet to create Drug Substance Intermediate 2 (DSI 2).

[0442] DSI 3 Preparation

[0443] For the third bioreactor harvest, bacterial cells were homogenized in a 10% (w / v) inulin and 10% (w / v) maltodextrin lyoprotectant solution at a ratio or 2.0 g dry weight lyoprotectant to 1 g dry mass bacterial pellet to create Drug Substance Intermediate 2 (DSI 2).

[0444] DSI 4 Preparation

[0445] For the fourth bioreactor harvest, bacterial cells were homogenized in a 10% (w / v) inulin and 10% (w / v) maltodextrin lyoprotectant solution at a ratio of 5.0 g dry weight lyoprotectant to 1 g dry mass bacterial pellet to create Drug Substance Intermediate 2 (DSI 2).

[0446] Lyophilization Process

[0447] Following homogenization, DSI were subjected to lyophilization to produce the corresponding Drug Substances, DS 1, DS 2, DS 3, and DS 4. The lyophilization process involved freezing the intermediates and then sublimating the water content under vacuum, resulting in a dry, stable powder.

[0448] Viability Assessment

[0449] CFU Plating

[0450] For DS 1, colony-forming unit (CFU) plating was performed on the DSI prior to lyophilization, after freezing at -80°C and thawing, and immediately after lyophilization (Week 0). This was done to evaluate both the cryoprotective and lyoprotective properties of the inulin and maltodextrin formulation (Figures 8 and 9).

[0451] Stability Testing

[0452] Lyophilized DS 1 powder was stored at 4°C and room temperature for 2 weeks post-lyophilization. At the end of the storage period, CFU plating was again conducted to assess the stability and viability of the bacterial cells under different storage conditions (Figures 8 and 9). For the remaining DS, stability was assessed via intact cell count (ICC) enumeration up to 3 months post storage at various temperatures. DS 2 was stored at – 20°C for a 3-month period, whereas DS 3 and DS 4 were stored at room temperature (RT) (20°C to 25°C), 4°C, and –80°C.

[0453] Metagenomic Analysis

[0454] Live metagenomic sequencing was performed on the DS at multiple time points and storage temperatures to assess microbial community stability and viability. This approach enabled the identification of changes in community composition, detection of viability-linked shifts in microbial abundance, and assessment of the persistence of key taxa under various storage conditions.

[0455] Physico-Chemical Analyses

[0456] A range of physico-chemical analyses were performed on DS 2 to assess product quality and stability over the course of 3 months. Moisture content was determined using Karl Fischer titration, while water activity was measured to evaluate the potential for a powder supportive of microbial viability and stability under different storage conditions. Visual inspection was conducted to assess physical characteristics. D.3 RESULTS

[0457] DS 1 Viability and Stability

[0458] CFU data for DS 1 revealed a significant drop in viable CFU counts during the freeze / thaw cycle (p < 0.0001) (Figure 8). Despite the significant reduction, the observed decrease was less than a log-fold, which is consistent with trends commonly reported for cryoprotectant formulations undergoing freeze / thaw cycles (Figure 9). A more substantial reduction in CFU was observed following the lyophilization process, where a 2.2 log-fold decrease was noted when comparing pre-lyophilization DSI to post-lyophilization DS 1 (Figure 9).

[0459] Despite this reduction in viable CFU due to lyophilization, the stability of CFU counts was maintained over the two-week period tested. Mean CFU counts were 2.04E+08 (± 9.09E+06 SD) at Week 0, 4.26E+08 (± 9.22E+07 SD) at Week 2 when stored at 4°C, and 6.47E+08 (± 4.62E+07 SD) at Week 2 when stored at room temperature. These results demonstrate that the formulation provided effective lyoprotection, maintaining microbial viability over short-term storage at both temperatures.

[0460] Additionally, metagenomic analysis indicated that the microbial community structure remained stable from the DSI stage through to 4 weeks post-lyophilization (Figure 10A and 10B), suggesting that the composition of the bacterial consortium was not significantly altered during the lyophilization and storage processes.

[0461] DS 2 Viability and Stability

[0462] For DS 2, moisture content (KF %) demonstrated stability over the course of 12 weeks, with values ranging from 3.25% at T0 to 3.57% at T12 weeks (Table 41). Water activity (Aw) similarly remained stable, with readings of 0.076 at T0 and 0.084 at T12 weeks (Table 41). These measurements indicate excellent stability of the lyophilized DS 2 formulation over the 3-month storage period.

[0463] Table 41. Physico-chemical and microbiological stability results for DS 2. Tests T0 T4 weeks T8 weeks T12 weeks Physico-chemical analysis Moisture content (KF%) 3.25 3.51 3.42 3.57 Water activity Aw) 0.076 0.070 0.081 0.084 Microbiological analyses Viable cell counts (CFU / g DS) 8.89E+09 1.18E+10 1.03E+10 8.88E+09 Total cell count (TCC / g DS) 4.01E+11 4.94E+11 4.15E+11 3.95E+11 Intact cell count (ICC / g DS) 3.12E+11 3.50E+11 3.30E+11 3.13E+11

[0464] Furthermore, intact cell counts remained consistent throughout the 12-week storage period, with no significant differences observed. This suggests that DS 2 provided exceptional lyoprotection, maintaining microbial viability and overall cell integrity during long- term storage at –20°C. The results underscore the effectiveness of the lyoprotectant formulation in preserving both physical and biological stability of the bacterial co-culture.

[0465] DS 3 and DS 4 Viability and Stability

[0466] Both DS 3 (1:2 lyoprotectant-to-bacteria ratio) and DS 4 (1:5 lyoprotectant-to- bacteria ratio) demonstrated exceptional and unexpected stability across all tested storage temperatures (room temperature (RT), 4°C, and -80°C) over three months (Table 42). At baseline, DS 3 exhibited an ICCs / g of 1.36 × 10¹¹ (SD ± 1.80 × 10¹⁰), while DS 4 had 4.89 × 10¹⁰ (SD ± 1.82 × 10¹⁰), consistent with the expected differences due to lyoprotectant ratios (Table 42).

[0467] Over the first month, DS 4 unexpectedly maintained viability across all storage conditions, with ICCs remaining within 0.16 log₁₀ variation (Table 42; Figure 11). Data for DS 3 at this time point were unavailable. By two months, DS 3 surprisingly retained viability across all temperatures (RT: 1.41 × 10¹¹, 4°C: 1.79 × 10¹¹, -80°C: 1.40 × 10¹¹ ICCs / g) (Table 42; Figure 12), while DS 4 similarly unexpectedly exhibited stability with minor reductions in ICCs (RT: 5.58 × 10¹⁰, 4°C: 5.58 × 10¹⁰, -80°C: 5.70 × 10¹⁰ ICCs / g) (Table 42; Figure 11). The observed log₁₀ variation remained low over this period (DS 3: -0.02 to -0.12; DS 4: -0.06 to -0.07) (Table 42).

[0468] After three months, DS 3 unexpectedly continued to demonstrate strong stability, with ICCs remaining above 1.3 × 10¹¹ at RT and 1.65 × 10¹¹ at -80°C. DS 4 also surprisingly exhibited minimal losses, maintaining ICCs above 6.68 × 10¹⁰ at RT and 1.04 × 10¹¹ at - 80°C. Both formulations surprisingly exhibited high viability retention with variations ≤ 0.33 log₁₀ ICCs across all conditions, confirming that the lyophilization process effectively preserved microbial viability over extended storage.

[0469] Additionally, live metagenomic sequencing indicated that the microbial community structure unexpectedly remained stable over time and across storage conditions, with no significant shifts in relative strain abundance (Figures 13A and 13B). The heatmap analysis of strain-level metagenomic data showed consistent community composition between DS 3 and DS 4, with no evidence of dominant taxa loss or overgrowth (Figures 13A and 13B). A minimum correlation coefficient of 0.926 among samples confirmed significant community similarity, further demonstrating the robustness of the lyophilization formulation in maintaining microbial diversity and stability.

[0470] Table 42. Viability and stability of DS 3 and DS 4 over time and across storage conditions Parameter Value R D D D D D D D D D D D V a V a V a V s V s V sVariation after 3 months 0.02 -0.13storage at RT (Δ log10 ICCs) V s V s [D.4 DISCUSSION

[0472] The results from this study demonstrate that a lyoprotectant comprising inulin and maltodextrin is unexpectedly superior in preserving both the viability and stability of microbial co-cultures for short- to long-term storage across multiple temperatures. The stability of ICCs post-lyophilization indicates that this formulation provides strong protection against the stresses typically associated with these processes. Furthermore, the stability of both ICCs and the microbial community structure over time, across different storage temperatures, reinforces the efficacy of this formulation in maintaining both microbial viability and composition.

[0473] Additionally, the extended stability of moisture content and water activity in the lyophilized product highlights the physical robustness of the formulation, ensuring long-term preservation without degradation. These findings demonstrate the formulation as an effective lyoprotectant for microbial co-cultures.

[0474] The inclusion of DS 3 and DS 4 further supports the versatility of this formulation, demonstrating unexpectedly superior stability across a range of lyoprotectant concentrations and ratios. The preservation of microbial ICCs and community composition across all tested conditions confirms the effectiveness of this approach for stabilizing complex microbial consortia over extended periods.

Claims

CLAIMS 1. A composition for providing stability for viable microbes, the composition comprising: inulin; and maltodextrin, wherein the composition is configured to provide stability for a plurality of microbial species, wherein said stability comprises at least 80% viability of said plurality of microbial species for a time period of at least two months, wherein the plurality of microbial species comprises members of at least two of the following genera: Dysosmobacter, Enterocloster, Ruthenibacterium, Vescimonas, Phocaeicola, Pusillimonas, Solibaculum, Christensenella, Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Parabacteroides, and Extibacter.

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the time period is at least three months.

3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the time period is at least two months, and wherein the genus Enterocloster comprises Enterocloster aldenensis, and / or wherein the genus Bacteroides comprises Bacteroides caccae, and / or wherein the genus Faecalibacterium comprises Faecalibacterium duncaniae and faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and / or wherein the genus Parabacteroides comprises Parabacteroides distasonis, and / or wherein the genus Extibacter comprises Extibacter hylemonae.

4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the inulin comprises an alpha-D- glucopyranosyl-[beta-D-fructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranoside having between 5-80 repeating units, and in an amount of about 5-10% (w / v); and wherein the maltodextrin is in an amount of about 5-10% (w / v).

5. The composition of any of claims 1-3, wherein the composition is configured to maintain said at least 80% viability at a temperature ranging from about -80°C to about 25°C.

6. The composition of any of claims 1-3, wherein the composition is configured to maintain said at least 80% viability at a pH between 6.5 to 7.5.

7. The composition of any of claims 1-3, wherein the composition is configured to maintain said at least 80% viability of at least one species in each of said genera.

8. The composition of any of claims 1-3, wherein the composition is configured to maintain at least 90% viability.

9. The composition of any of claims 1-3, wherein the ratio of inulin and maltodextrin to the plurality of microbial species is between 2:1 to 6:

1.

10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the inulin comprises an alpha-D- glucopyranosyl-[beta-D-fructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranoside.

11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the inulin has between 5-80 repeating units.

12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the inulin is present in an amount between about 2-20% (w / v), and wherein the maltodextrin is present in an amount between about 2-20% (w / v).

13. The use of the composition any of claims 1-3, wherein the plurality of microbial species are co-cultured to provide a treatment for dysbiosis.

14. The use of the composition any of claims 1-3, wherein the plurality of microbial species are co-cultured to provide a treatment for inflammatory bowel disease.

15. A method of preserving microbes at a viability of at least 80% for a time period of at least two months, the method comprising: combining a plurality of microbial species with a lyoprotectant formulation, the lyoprotectant formulation comprising inulin and maltodextrin.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the plurality of microbial species comprises members of at least two of the following genera: Dysosmobacter, Enterocloster, Ruthenibacterium, Vescimonas, Phocaeicola, Pusillimonas, Solibaculum, and Christensenella.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the time period is at least two months, and wherein the genus Ruthenibacterium comprises Ruthenibacterium lactatiformans, and wherein the genus Enterocloster comprises Enterocloster aldenensis.

18. The method of claim 15, further comprising lyophilizing the plurality of microbes in the presence of the lyoprotectant formulation.

19. The method of claim 15, wherein the time period is at least three months.

20. The method of claim 15, wherein the inulin comprises alpha-D- glucopyranosyl-[beta-D-fructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranoside having between 5-80 repeating units.

21. The method of claim 15, wherein the inulin is present in the formulation in an amount of about 5-10% (w / v), and wherein the maltodextrin is present in the formulation in an amount of about 5-10% (w / v).

22. The method of claim 15, further comprising maintaining said at least 80% viability at a temperature ranging from about -80°C to about 25°C.

23. The method of claim 15, further comprising maintaining said at least 80% viability at a pH between 6.5 to 7.

5.

24. The method of claim 15, further comprising maintaining said at least 80% viability of at least one species in each of said genera.

25. The method of claim 15, further comprising maintaining at least 90% viability.

26. The method of claim 15, wherein the ratio of inulin and maltodextrin to the plurality of microbial species is between 2:1 to 6:

1.

27. A composition for preventing or treating a disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, said composition comprising at least one strain of a microorganism, wherein the microorganism is selected from the group consisting of: bacteria, yeast or archaea; and an excipient.

28. The composition of claim 27, wherein the excipient is a cryoprotectant.

29. The composition of any one of claims 27-28, wherein the excipient is inulin or an analog or variant thereof.

30. The composition of claim 29, wherein the inulin is selected from the group consisting of: alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-[beta-D-fructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranosides; beta-D-fructopyranosyl-[D-fructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranosides; fructo-oligosaccharides; fructo-oligosaccharides containing between 2 and 70 fructose units; fructo-oligosaccharides containing between 1 and 500 fructose units; fructo-oligosaccharides containing between 1 and 300 fructose units; fructo-oligosaccharides containing between 1 and 200 fructose units; fructo-oligosaccharides containing between 1 and 100 fructose units; or an analog or variant or combination thereof.

31. The composition of any one of claims 27-30, wherein the excipient is maltodextrin or an analog or variant thereof.

32. The composition of claim 31, wherein the maltodextrin is selected from the group consisting of: a maltodextrin having a length selected from the group consisting of: 3 to 17 glucose units; corn syrup with a length of 20 glucose units or more; corn syrup solid; modified corn starch; modified rice starch; modified tapioca starch; modified wheat starch; or an analog or variant or combination thereof.

33. The composition of any one of claims 27-32, wherein the composition comprises inulin or an analog or variant thereof at a concentration selected from the group consisting of: 0.01% w / v to 20% w / v; 0.1% w / v to 20% w / v; 0.1% w / v to 10% w / v; 1% w / v to 10% w / v; 2% w / v to 9% w / v; 3% w / v to 8% w / v; 4% w / v to 7% w / v; 4% w / v to 6% w / v; 1% w / v; 2% w / v; 3% w / v; 4% w / v; 5% w / v; 6% w / v; 7% w / v; 8% w / v; 9% w / v; and 10% w / v.

34. The composition of any one of claims 27-33, wherein the composition comprises maltodextrin or an analog or variant thereof at a concentration selected from the group consisting of: 0.01% w / v to 20% w / v; 0.01% w / v to 20% w / v; 0.1% w / v to 10% w / v; 1% w / v to 10% w / v; 2% w / v to 9% w / v; 3% w / v to 8% w / v; 4% w / v to 7% w / v; 4% w / v to 6% w / v; 1% w / v; 2% w / v; 3% w / v; 4% w / v; 5% w / v; 6% w / v; 7% w / v; 8% w / v; 9% w / v; and 10% w / v.

35. The composition of any one of claims 27-34, wherein the composition comprises inulin and maltodextrin.

36. The composition of any one of claims 27-35, wherein the composition comprises inulin and maltodextrin at a concentration selected from the group consisting of: inulin (1% w / v) and maltodextrin (1% w / v); inulin (2% w / v) and maltodextrin (2% w / v); inulin (3% w / v) and maltodextrin (3% w / v); inulin (4% w / v) and maltodextrin (4% w / v); inulin (5% w / v) and maltodextrin (5% w / v); inulin (6% w / v) and maltodextrin (6% w / v); inulin (7% w / v) and maltodextrin (7% w / v); inulin (8% w / v) and maltodextrin (8% w / v); inulin (9% w / v) and maltodextrin (9% w / v); and inulin (10% w / v) and maltodextrin (10% w / v).

37. The composition of any one of claims 27-36, wherein the composition comprises inulin and maltodextrin at a concentration selected from the group consisting of: (1) inulin at a concentration selected from the group consisting of: 1% w / v; 2% w / v; 3% w / v; 4% w / v; 5% w / v; 6% w / v; 7% w / v; 8% w / v; 9% w / v; and 10% w / v; and (2) maltodextrin at a concentration selected from the group consisting of: 1% w / v; 2% w / v; 3% w / v; 4% w / v; 5% w / v; 6% w / v; 7% w / v; 8% w / v; 9% w / v; and 10% w / v.

38. A biotherapeutic composition comprising the composition of any one of claims 27-37, together with an acceptable diluent or carrier.

39. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the composition of any one of claims 27-37, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.

40. A method of treating and / or preventing a disease or disorder in a patient in need thereof said method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition according to any one of claims 27-37.

41. A method of preparing the biotherapeutic composition according claim 38, the method comprising mixing the composition according to any one of claims 27-37 with an acceptable diluent or carrier.

42. A method of preparing the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 38, the method comprising mixing the composition according to any one of claims 27-37 with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent or carrier.

43. Use of the composition according to any one of claims 27-37 in the manufacture of a medicament for reducing or preventing a disease or disorder in a subject.

44. A dosage form comprising the composition according to any one of claims 27-37.

45. A kit comprising the dosage form of claim 44 together with instructions for its use.

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