Management of synchronization signal transmission
The on-demand reference signal transmission method via RRC messages addresses the inefficiency of always-on SSBs in 5G NR networks by enabling network-controlled SSB-less operation based on UE evaluation, enhancing energy efficiency and activation speed.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/082828
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-03-20
- Publication Date
- 2025-09-25
AI Technical Summary
Existing 5G NR networks face challenges in network energy saving due to the always-on periodic nature of synchronization signal blocks (SSBs), which is inefficient and sub-optimal for UE synchronization and cell search procedures, especially in scenarios where side conditions for SSB-less SCell operation are not met.
A method for on-demand reference signal transmission is triggered via a secondary cell configuration message (RRC), allowing the network to decide whether SSB-less operation is feasible by evaluating predefined conditions such as RTD, enabling efficient SSB transmission management.
This approach reduces network energy consumption and facilitates faster SCell activation by optimizing SSB transmission based on UE evaluation and reporting, ensuring efficient synchronization and cell search without unnecessary SSB transmission.
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Figure CN2024082828_25092025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
MANAGEMENT OF SYNCHRONIZATION SIGNAL TRANSMISSION
[0001] FIELDS
[0002] Various example embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the field of telecommunication and in particular, to methods, devices, apparatuses and computer readable storage medium for management of synchronization signal transmission.BACKGROUND
[0003] The Synchronization signal and Physical downlink broadcast channel block (SSB) is an essential part of the 5G New Radio (NR) standard used for wireless communication. It plays an important role in synchronizing user equipment (UE) with the 5G network and enabling efficient cell search and initial access procedures. The SSB may be an always-on periodical signal. However, this is not desired for network energy saving for NR.SUMMARY
[0004] In a first aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a first apparatus. The first apparatus comprises at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first apparatus at least to: receive, from a second apparatus and on a first cell, configuration information for a reference signal, wherein the reference signal is used for evaluating a predefined condition, the configuration information is comprised in a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message, and the RRC message comprises a secondary cell configuration message; receive the reference signal on a second cell different from the first cell; and determine an evaluation result of the reference signal based on the configuration information.
[0005] In a second aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a second apparatus. The second apparatus comprises at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second apparatus at least to: transmit, to a first apparatus and on a first cell, configuration information for a reference signal, wherein the reference signal is used for evaluating a predefined condition, the configuration information is comprised in a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message, and the RRC message comprises a secondary cell configuration message; and cause the reference signal to be transmitted on a second cell different from the first cell.
[0006] In a third aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method. The method comprises: receiving, from a second apparatus and on a first cell, configuration information for a reference signal, wherein the reference signal is used for evaluating a predefined condition, the configuration information is comprised in a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message, and the RRC message comprises a secondary cell configuration message; receiving the reference signal on a second cell different from the first cell; and determining an evaluation result of the reference signal based on the configuration information.
[0007] In a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method. The method comprises: transmitting, to a first apparatus and on a first cell, configuration information for a reference signal, wherein the reference signal is used for evaluating a predefined condition, the configuration information is comprised in a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message, and the RRC message comprises a secondary cell configuration message; and causing the reference signal to be transmitted on a second cell different from the first cell.
[0008] In a fifth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a first apparatus. The first apparatus comprises means for receiving, from a second apparatus and on a first cell, configuration information for a reference signal, wherein the reference signal is used for evaluating a predefined condition, the configuration information is comprised in a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message, and the RRC message comprises a secondary cell configuration message; means for receiving the reference signal on a second cell different from the first cell; and means for determining an evaluation result of the reference signal based on the configuration information.
[0009] In a sixth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a second apparatus. The second apparatus comprises means for transmitting, to a first apparatus and on a first cell, configuration information for a reference signal, wherein the reference signal is used for evaluating a predefined condition, the configuration information is comprised in a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message, and the RRC message comprises a secondary cell configuration message; and means for causing the reference signal to be transmitted on a second cell different from the first cell.
[0010] In a seventh aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a computer readable medium. The computer readable medium comprises instructions stored thereon for causing an apparatus to perform at least the method according to the third aspect.
[0011] In an eighth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a computer readable medium. The computer readable medium comprises instructions stored thereon for causing an apparatus to perform at least the method according to the fourth aspect.
[0012] It is to be understood that the Summary section is not intended to identify key or essential features of embodiments of the present disclosure, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Other features of the present disclosure will become easily comprehensible through the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0013] Some example embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, where:
[0014] FIG. 1 illustrates an example communication environment in which example embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented;
[0015] FIG. 2 illustrates a signaling flow for management of SSB transmission according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0016] FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic diagram of SSB transmission management according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0017] FIG. 4A illustrates a signaling flow for SSB transmission management on a secondary cell (SCell) according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0018] FIG. 4B illustrates a signaling flow for SCell activation according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0019] FIG. 4C illustrates another signaling flow for SCell activation according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0020] FIG. 5 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at a first apparatus according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0021] FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at a second apparatus according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0022] FIG. 7 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a device that is suitable for implementing example embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0023] FIG. 8 illustrates a block diagram of an example computer readable medium in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0024] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar element.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0025] Principle of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some example embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. Embodiments described herein can be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0026] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0027] References in the present disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0028] It shall be understood that although the terms “first, ” “second, ” …, etc. in front of noun (s) and the like may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another and they do not limit the order of the noun (s) . For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.
[0029] As used herein, “at least one of the following: <a list of two or more elements>” and “at least one of <a list of two or more elements>” and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements are joined by “and” or “or” , mean at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all the elements.
[0030] As used herein, unless stated explicitly, performing a step “in response to A” does not indicate that the step is performed immediately after “A” occurs and one or more intervening steps may be included.
[0031] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.
[0032] As used in this application, the term “circuitry” may refer to one or more or all of the following:
[0033] (a) hardware-only circuit implementations (such as implementations in only analog and / or digital circuitry) and
[0034] (b) combinations of hardware circuits and software, such as (as applicable) :
[0035] (i) a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuit (s) with software / firmware and
[0036] (ii) any portions of hardware processor (s) with software (including digital signal processor (s) ) , software, and memory (ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a mobile phone or server, to perform various functions) and
[0037] (c) hardware circuit (s) and or processor (s) , such as a microprocessor (s) or a portion of a microprocessor (s) , that requires software (e.g., firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation.
[0038] This definition of circuitry applies to all uses of this term in this application, including in any claims. As a further example, as used in this application, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors) or portion of a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware. The term circuitry also covers, for example and if applicable to the particular claim element, a baseband integrated circuit or processor integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in server, a cellular network device, or other computing or network device.
[0039] As used herein, the term “communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as New Radio (NR) , Long Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) , Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) and so on. Furthermore, the communications between a terminal device and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including, but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the fifth generation (5G) , the sixth generation (6G) communication protocols, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will of course also be future type communication technologies and systems with which the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned system.
[0040] As used herein, the term “network device” refers to a node in a communication network via which a terminal device accesses the network and receives services therefrom. The network device may refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP) , for example, a node B (NodeB or NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , an NR NB (also referred to as a gNB) , a Remote Radio Unit (RRU) , a radio header (RH) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a relay, an Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) node, a low power node such as a femto, a pico, a non-terrestrial network (NTN) or non-ground network device such as a satellite network device, a low earth orbit (LEO) satellite and a geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) satellite, an aircraft network device, and so forth, depending on the applied terminology and technology. In some example embodiments, radio access network (RAN) split architecture comprises a Centralized Unit (CU) and a Distributed Unit (DU) at an IAB donor node. An IAB node comprises a Mobile Terminal (IAB-MT) part that behaves like a UE toward the parent node, and a DU part of an IAB node behaves like a base station toward the next-hop IAB node.
[0041] The term “terminal device” refers to any end device that may be capable of wireless communication. By way of example rather than limitation, a terminal device may also be referred to as a communication device, user equipment (UE) , a Subscriber Station (SS) , a Portable Subscriber Station, a Mobile Station (MS) , or an Access Terminal (AT) . The terminal device may include, but not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop phones, a tablet, a wearable terminal device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , portable computers, desktop computer, image capture terminal devices such as digital cameras, gaming terminal devices, music storage and playback appliances, vehicle-mounted wireless terminal devices, wireless endpoints, mobile stations, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , USB dongles, smart devices, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE) , an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD) , a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery) , an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts) , a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. The terminal device may also correspond to a Mobile Termination (MT) part of an IAB node (e.g., a relay node) . In the following description, the terms “terminal device” , “communication device” , “terminal” , “user equipment” and “UE” may be used interchangeably.
[0042] As used herein, the term “resource, ” “transmission resource, ” “resource block, ” “physical resource block” (PRB) , “uplink resource, ” or “downlink resource” may refer to any resource for performing a communication, for example, a communication between a terminal device and a network device, such as a resource in time domain, a resource in frequency domain, a resource in space domain, a resource in code domain, or any other combination of the time, frequency, space and / or code domain resource enabling a communication, and the like. In the following, unless explicitly stated, a resource in both frequency domain and time domain will be used as an example of a transmission resource for describing some example embodiments of the present disclosure. It is noted that example embodiments of the present disclosure are equally applicable to other resources in other domains.
[0043] FIG. 1 illustrates example communication environment 100 in which example embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented. In the communication environment 100, a plurality of communication devices, including a first apparatus 110 and a second apparatus 120 can communicate with each other.
[0044] The first apparatus 110 may be located in one or more cells managed by the second apparatus 120 and / or other apparatuses. In the communication environment 100, the second apparatus 120 may communicate data and control information with the first apparatus 110 in one or more cells, such as a cell 101 (also referred to as the first cell 101) and a cell 102 (also referred to as the second cell 102) .
[0045] As shown in FIG. 1, the first apparatus 110 has carrier aggregation (CA) capability and may transmit to and receive from the cell 101 and the cell 102. One of the cells 101 and 102 may be a primary cell (PCell) and the other may be a SCell. In this example environment 100, it is assumed that the cell 101 is the PCell and the cell 102 is the SCell. It is to be understood that this is just an example, rather than suggesting any limitation. The cell 101 may be also a reference cell or PScell. There may be more SCells and the cell may be a PCell in some other embodiments.
[0046] Still referring to the example environment 100, the PCell 101 is a cell that operates on the primary frequency band. A terminal device, for example, the first apparatus 110, may conduct an initial connection establishment process or begin the connection re-establishment process in the PCell. Once the terminal device is in a Radio Resource Control (RRC) connected state, it may be configured with one or more SCells. The SCell 102 operates on the secondary frequency band and is configured to provide additional wireless resources.
[0047] In some example embodiments, if the first apparatus 110 is a terminal device and the second apparatus 120 is a network device, a link from the second apparatus 120 to the first apparatus 110 is referred to as a downlink (DL) , while a link from the first apparatus 110 to the second apparatus 120 is referred to as an uplink (UL) . In DL, the second apparatus 120 is a transmitting (TX) device (or a transmitter) and the first apparatus 110 is a receiving (RX) device (or a receiver) . In UL, the first apparatus 110 is a TX device (or a transmitter) and the second apparatus 120 is a RX device (or a receiver) .
[0048] It is to be understood that the number of apparatuses and their connections shown in FIG. 1 are only for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any limitation. The communication environment 100 may include any suitable number of apparatuses configured to implementing example embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0049] In the following, for purpose of illustration, some example embodiments are described with the first apparatus 110 operating as a terminal device and the second apparatus 120 operating as a network device. However, in some example embodiments, operations described in connection with a terminal device may be implemented at a network device or other device, and operations described in connection with a network device may be implemented at a terminal device or other device.
[0050] Communications in the communication environment 100 may be implemented according to any proper communication protocol (s) , comprising, but not limited to, cellular communication protocols of the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , the fifth generation (5G) , the sixth generation (6G) , and the like, wireless local network communication protocols such as Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 and the like, and / or any other protocols currently known or to be developed in the future. Moreover, the communication may utilize any proper wireless communication technology, comprising but not limited to: Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) , Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) , Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) , Time Division Duplex (TDD) , Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) , Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple (OFDM) , Discrete Fourier Transform spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) and / or any other technologies currently known or to be developed in the future.
[0051] As briefly mentioned above, study and research are made on the topic of network energy savings for new radio (NR) . The synchronization signal block (SSB) -less secondary cell (SCell) activation delay requirement for Frequency Range 1 (FR 1) inter-band collocated scenario was studied. In brief, the UE is expected to acquire coarse timing and coarse automatic gain control (AGC) from a reference cell and would need additionally to monitor the tracking reference signals (TRSs) on the SSB-less SCell for acquiring fine time tracking and fine AGC. Such SSB-less SCell operation is feasible under a set of side conditions, e.g., receive time difference (RTD) within a cyclic prefix (CP) , receive power level / energy per resource element (EPRE) difference between the SCell and the reference cell (for example, PCell) within a threshold, etc.
[0052] Study and research are made on the inter-band CA with synchronization signal block (SSB) -less SCell operation. However, the focused scenario is only limited to the Frequency Range (FR) 1 and co-located inter-band CA, where the inter-band CA with non-co-located or band combination of FR1-FR2 scenarios was not being studied.
[0053] As briefly mentioned above, the inter-band CA with non-co-located or band combination of FR1-FR2 scenarios is to be further developed with the following objectives.
[0054] First, it is desired to specify procedures and signaling method (s) to support on-demand SSB SCell operation for UEs in connected mode configured with CA, for both intra- / inter-band CA. For example, specify triggering method (s) (select from UE uplink wake-up-signal using an existing signal / channel, cell on / off indication via backhaul, SCell activation / deactivation signaling) . It should be noted that on-demand SSB transmission can be used by UE for at least SCell time / frequency synchronization, (layer 1) L1 / (layer 3) L3 measurements and SCell activation, and is supported for FR1 and FR2 in non-shared spectrum.
[0055] Second, it is desired to study procedures and signaling method (s) to support on-demand System Information Block 1 (SIB1) for UEs in idle / inactive mode, including: triggering method by uplink wake-up-signal using an existing signal / channel; wake-up-signal configuration provisioning to UE; information exchange between gNBs at least for the configuration of wake-up signal, if necessary.
[0056] Third, it is desired to specify adaptation of common signal / channel transmissions, for example, adaptation of SSB in time domain, e.g., adapting periodicity; adaptation of Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) in time domain; adaptation of PRACH in spatial domain, e.g. non-uniform PRACH resources per SSB, and specify if found beneficial; adaptation of paging occasions including confining the paging occasions in the time domain.
[0057] Fourth, it is desired to specify the corresponding core requirements, for the above features.
[0058] Generally, it is understood that the above-mentioned first objective covers not only on-demand SSB operation for SSB-less SCell scenario but also on-demand SSB operation for the SCell where SSB-less operation is not feasible. Moreover, with the “on-demand SSB” SCell operation, technically the “on-demand SSB” transmission can be based on either network (NW) triggered manner or UE triggered approach. And with the on-demand SSB transmission in SCell operation, further adaptation of time-domain SSB patterns may be considered as stated in the above-mentioned third objective, which can help to further reduce the network energy consumption by enabling more chances for gNB to use deeper sleep mode, and in the meanwhile, it enables faster SCell activation for the SCell with on-demand SSB transmission if the SCell is in rather deep sleep mode.
[0059] In Release 18 (R18) , the periodic reference signals (P-TRS) and aperiodic reference signals (A-TRS) based solutions are standardized for activating an FR1 inter-band SSB-less SCell. If configured with inter-band SSB-less operation, the UE will reuse the coarse timing from reference cell and monitor P-TRS / A-TRS for fine time tracking. The SSB-less SCell can be activated within the activation delay under certain side conditions.
[0060] Although the UE has indicated capability for of SSB-less operation in inter-band and the activation delay has been specified by RAN4, the UE may not be able to obtain time / frequency synchronization based on TRS from SCell because the RTD conditions may not be met. And the RTD condition may not even be known by the UE e.g. if RTD has not been measured before. Since neither the network nor the UE has prior knowledge of the RTD during SCell configuration or activation, this leads to a sub-optimal performance.
[0061] A better alternative is required for the network to decide whether the SCell can be operated in SSB-less mode or requires SSB transmission for one or more UEs before cell activation. There is a possibility to be explored where the UE may trigger an on-demand SSB transmission based on the evaluation of side conditions e.g. RTD. In the present disclosure, a solution is discussed in which a SSB transmission is triggered by the UE, with the network then making decision for the SSB transmission.
[0062] Although the RTD condition being discussed above is under SSB-less operation, RTD has been widely used as side condition for many other scenarios e.g. multi-Rx, MIMO etc. According to solutions proposed by embodiments of the present disclosure, the UE may measure, evaluate and report the RTD in order to help with various network decision. These solutions may be applied to other scenarios as well.
[0063] According to some example embodiments of the present disclosure, there is provided a solution for on-demand reference signal transmission triggered based on a secondary cell configuration message, which is a RRC message. Specifically, the on-demand reference signal transmission may be triggered via the secondary cell configuration message, e.g., RRC reconfiguration or ScellConfig message. This may help the network to decide if an SSB-less operation can be configured on the SCell. Solution (s) for triggering such on-demand reference signal transmission based on the secondary cell configuration message will be descried in details below.
[0064] FIG. 2 illustrates a signaling flow for management of SSB transmission on a SCell according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purposes of discussion, the signaling flow 200 will be discussed with reference to FIG. 1. The signaling flow 200 involves a first apparatus 110 and a second apparatus 120. For the purpose of illustration, some example embodiments may be described with the first apparatus 110 operating as a terminal device (for example, a UE) and the second apparatus 120 operating as a network device (for example, a gNB) .
[0065] In the signaling flow 200, the second apparatus 120 transmits (205) , to the first apparatus 110, configuration information for a reference signal on the first cell 101. The reference signal is used for evaluating a predefined condition, for example a side condition, and may be referred to as “verification signal” for purpose of discussion. When transmitting the configuration information, the configuration information is comprised in a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message, which is thus a message including secondary cell configuration (SCellConfig) . This message may be also referred to as a secondary cell configuration message or a ScellConfig message in example embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0066] Via the ScellConfig message, the second apparatus 120 configures the first apparatus 110 (e.g., UE) in a RRC Connected state (e.g., via a RRC Reconfiguration message) with the verification signal, including a type, a pattern and / or other information of the verification signal.
[0067] In addition, the second apparatus 120 may further configure the candidate cells to be measured for evaluation of the side condition. For instance, the network may configure a RTD between a candidate cell (e.g. the first cell which may be a PCell) and the cell configured with the verification signal is to be measured. The second apparatus 120 may also indicate for which purpose the RTD is to be evaluated e.g. for SSB-less operation, for multi-TRP operation etc. so that UE knows by when the RTD condition is considered as met. Alternatively, the second apparatus 120 may indicate the target threshold for evaluating the RTD. If the evaluated RTD is within the target threshold e.g. cyclic prefix (CP) , the RTD condition is considered as met.
[0068] Thus, the configuration information may include, for example, but not limited to an indication of one or more candidate cells on which the reference signal is to be measured, an indication of a cause for evaluating the reference signal, an indication of a threshold for evaluating the RTD, and / or the like.
[0069] In addition to the above, the configuration information may include a configuration of the reference signal for the purpose of evaluating and reporting predefined condition (s) . The configuration of the reference signal may indicate one of more of the following items: a pattern of the reference signal, a type of the reference signal, a time offset of the reference signal (e.g. from the transmission of the configuration information) , an activation period of the reference signal, a periodicity of the reference signal, a time duration for providing the reference signal, and / or other information related to the reference signal. In some embodiments, the configuration of the reference signal may directly include the values of one or more of the above items. Alternatively, the configuration of the reference signal may include an index or an identifier of any of the above items, which may correspond to one of a list of entries previously provided to the first apparatus 110. The list of entries may be included in system information or a RRC message, which will be further discussed below.
[0070] The predefined condition (s) may be also referred to as side condition (s) and may include, for example but not limited to, whether a RTD of signals between PCell and SCell is within a cyclic prefix (CP) , whether a received power level per resource element (EPRE) difference between the SCell and a reference cell (for example the PCell) is within a threshold, and / or the like. In some example embodiments, a predefined condition may indicate a RTD between a reference cell and the second cell 102 is below a configured threshold, for example, the CP.
[0071] As another alternative, the ScellConfig message may also indicate one of entries configured in system information or in an earlier RRC message, where a list of entries with above configurations may be contained in the system information received by the first apparatus 110. The ScellConfig message may indicate one of the list of entries to be applied to the UE.
[0072] In an implementation, the second apparatus 120 may transmit system information (or RRC message) to the first apparatus 110 to indicate the list of entries. The system information (or RRC message) may include at least one of a list of patterns of the reference signal, a list of types of the reference signal, a list of time offsets of the reference signal, a list of activation periods of the reference signal, a list of periodicities of the reference signal, a list of time durations for providing the reference signal, a list of candidate cells on which the reference signal is to be measured, a list of causes for evaluating the reference signal, a list of thresholds for evaluating the RTD, and / or other suitable list (s) .
[0073] As a further alternative, the configuration information may reuse existing reference signal configuration, for instance, the information element (IE) configuring the SSB, CSI-RS for the second cell 102. In this case, the second apparatus 120 may just indicate the index or identification (ID) corresponding to the configuration of the reference signal in the existing IE (normally a list) , thus no need to provide additional full configuration for the reference signal. Specifically, in some example implementations, the configuration information may include a configuration index among a plurality of configurations for the reference signal. These plurality of configurations may have been provided to the first apparatus earlier e.g. as entries in the system information or in another RRC message, as explained above.
[0074] As shown in FIG. 2, the second apparatus 120 causes (215) the reference signal to be transmitted on a second cell 102 different from the first cell 101. In some cases, the first cell 101 and the second cell 102 are both managed by the second apparatus 120, and thus the second apparatus 120 may transmit (215) the reference signal on the second cell 102. Alternatively, in some cases, the first cell 101 and the second cell 102 may be managed by different network devices, for example, different gNBs or Transmission and Receiving Points (TRPs) . In an example, the first cell 101 is managed by the second apparatus 120 and the second cell 102 is managed by a further apparatus different from the second apparatus 120, the second apparatus 120 may inform or trigger (215) the further apparatus to transmit the reference signal on the second cell 102. It is to be understood that the first cell 101 may be a cell associated with a first TRP and the second cell 102 may be a cell associated with a second TRP. That is, example embodiments of the present disclosure may be also applied to multi-TRP operations. It is also to be noted that in the multi-TRP scenario, the first cell 101 and the second cell 102 may be different or the same. In the case where the first cell 101 and the second cell 102 are the same, the multiple TRPs, e.g., the first TRP and the second TRP, may be located in the same cell.
[0075] The first apparatus 110 receives (220) the reference signal on the second cell 102. The reference signal may be for example SSB or simplified SSB e.g. PSS / SSS or P / SP / A-CSI-RS. The reference signal may be implemented in a variety of forms. For example, the reference signal received on the second cell 102 may include, but not limited to, a Channel State Information -Reference Signal (CSI-RS) , a SSB or a simplified SSB, for example, a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) , a Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) . In some example embodiments, the reference signal may include various types of CSI-RS, such as, aperiodic CSI-RS (A-CSI-RS) , periodic CSI-RS (P-CSI-RS) , and Semi-Persistent (SP) CSI-RS. In addition, in some example embodiments, the reference signal may include various types of SSB, such as, aperiodic SSB (A-SSB) , periodic SSB (P-SSB) , and SP-SSB.
[0076] In some example embodiments, the reference signal (verification signal) may start at a time offset (also referred to as an activation period) after receiving the configuration information, e.g., after receiving a RRC Reconfiguration message comprising SCellConfig adding the SCell into CA operation. This time offset or activation period may be predefined (e.g., specified in specification) or configured as part of the reference signal configuration explicitly or implicitly indicated in the secondary configuration message (ScellConfig message) .
[0077] In an example implementation, the verification signal may start no later than a time offset after the first apparatus 110 receives the RRCReconfiguration message. In another example implementation, the verification signal may start a first occasion according to the default pattern after the first apparatus 110 successfully decodes the RRCReconfiguration message.
[0078] Accordingly, the first apparatus 110 receives (220) the reference signal at the configured or predefined time offset. Based on the configuration information received (210) from the second apparatus 120, the first apparatus 110 determines (225) an evaluation result of the received reference signal (e.g. whether the predetermined side condition (s) is / are met) .
[0079] In some example embodiments, a measurement time period may be used to ensure the first apparatus 110 is able to evaluate a valid side condition. For example, the evaluation result of the reference signal may be determined within a measurement time period, The measurement time period may be determined based on one or more of the following factors: a periodicity of the reference signal, a type of the reference signal, a number of cells to be measured, co-location information between cells to be measured, and / or the like.
[0080] The evaluation result may indicate various information, for example, but not limited to, whether a result of measurement on the reference signal meets the predefined condition, a RTD determined based on the result of the measurement on the reference signal, the result of measurement on the reference signal, and / or the like.
[0081] In addition, if the predefined condition is fulfilled, the reference signal may also be used by the UE for cell detection measurements. In some example embodiments, the evaluation result may include a result of cell detection measurement, which may be obtained based on the reference signal. Specifically, if the evaluation is successful at the first apparatus 110 (e.g., UE) , the first apparatus 110 may also additionally send the cell detection measurement, for example, in a Layer 3 (L3) report (implicitly, i.e. if the side-condition evaluation is succeeded or based on a request from the second apparatus 120) together with evaluation results of side conditions. The first apparatus 110 may indicate to the second apparatus 120 about this additional information sending on top of side condition measurement in the L3 report.
[0082] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus 110 may transmit the evaluation result to the second apparatus. In this case, the transmission of the evaluation result does not need to be triggered based on any condition.
[0083] Alternatively, in some example embodiments, the transmission of the evaluation result is condition based. For example, the first apparatus 110 may transmit the evaluation result to the second apparatus 120 based on a determination whether a result of measurement on the reference signal meets the predefined condition. In an example, the first apparatus 110 may transmit the evaluation result to the second apparatus 120 if the result of the measurement on the reference signal meets the predefined condition, or the first apparatus 110 may transmit the evaluation result to the second apparatus 120 if the result of the measurement on the reference signal does not meet the predefined condition.
[0084] The evaluation result may be transmitted in various messages. For instance, the evaluation result may be transmitted via a message of RRC, a message of Medium Access Control (MAC) control element (CE) , a message of Layer-1 signal or a message carried in a Layer-1 uplink control channel or uplink data channel. In some implementations where a message of Layer-1 signal is adopted, an indication whether a result of measurement on the reference signal meets the predefined condition may be transmitted via the Layer-1 message. The indication may indicate “Yes” or “No” , e.g., by using only one bit or a few bits. Alternatively, in some implementations, the evaluation result may be transmitted via a MAC CE or RRC message. In this case, in addition to the indication whether a result of measurement on the reference signal meets the predefined condition, such message may include more information, such as, the RTD determined based on the result of the measurement on the reference signal, the result of measurement on the reference signal, and so on.
[0085] More specifically, in some example implementations, if the evaluation is successful, the first apparatus 110 may trigger a Layer 3 (L3) report to indicate that a predefined condition (side condition) for the SCell is met. The predefined condition may indicate, for example, the RTD between the reference signal (verification signal) and PCell / Reference Cell’s SSB is less than a threshold, where the threshold may be configured or specified.
[0086] If evaluation is unsuccessful, the first apparatus 110 may indicate explicitly the side condition is not met. Alternatively, the first apparatus 110 may not report. Network may be able to know the side condition is not met if it has not received the L3 report or MAC CE or Layer-1 signal indicating the evaluation result within a certain time period. Alternative to the L3 report, the first apparatus 110 may directly send a Layer-1 signal (for example, UL WUS) or a MAC CE to ask for the on-demand SSB transmission when the side condition is not met.
[0087] In some example embodiments, if a result of measurement on the reference signal meets the predefined condition, the first apparatus 110 may determine that the second cell 102 can be operated in a SSB-less mode. As to the second apparatus 120, it may configure or activate the second cell in the SSB-less mode. On the other hand, if the result of measurement on the reference signal does not meet the predefined condition, the first apparatus 110 may determine that the second cell 102 requires to be operated with an SSB-based operation. Since the predefined condition is not met, the second apparatus 120 may transmit a configuration of SSB to the first apparatus and activate the second cell with the SSB. Correspondingly, the first apparatus 110 may receive the configuration of SSB from the second apparatus 120 and active or operate with the second cell based on the received configuration of SSB.
[0088] In some cases where the result of measurement on the reference signal does not meet the predefined condition, the second apparatus 120 may transmit a release message to the first apparatus to indicate that the second cell is released from or not configured to the first apparatus 110. In response to receiving the release message from the second apparatus 102, the first apparatus 110 may determine that the second cell 102 is released from or not configured to the first apparatus 110.
[0089] That is, the network (e.g., the second apparatus 120) may use indications (indicating whether predefined condition (s) are met or not) from the first apparatus 110 and possible other UEs to make a decision to turn on P / SP / AP-SSB transmission within the second cell 102. Or the network may also decide to transmit only fewer SSB beams within the burst. As an alternative, the network may decide to not configure the second cell 102 to the first apparatus 110 by sending a RRC-release message.
[0090] In view of the above, the proposed solutions enable a more energy-efficient cell activation process while control the SSB transmission via the SCell configuration message. Thereby, the power consumption of the network device may be reduced.
[0091] The solutions discussed with respect to FIG. 2 will be described in more details below with reference to FIGS. 3-6. FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic diagram 300 of management of SSB transmission on a SCell according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purposes of discussion, the schematic diagram 300 will be discussed with reference to FIG. 1. For the purpose of illustration, example embodiments of FIG. 3 may be described with the first apparatus 110 operating as a terminal device (for example, a UE) and the second apparatus 120 operating as a network device (for example, a gNB) .
[0092] In example embodiments of FIG. 3, on-demand SSB transmission is triggered via a ScellConfig message at 301. As shown, the second apparatus 120 transmits, to the first apparatus 110, the configuration information of the on-demand SSB transmission as part of the ScellConfig message. The second apparatus 120 then cause reference signals, e.g., tracking reference signal (TRS) and / or SSB bursts used as the verification signals, to be transmitted on the second cell 102 at 302. Thus, Tx burst of reference signals may be transmitted as verification signals on the second cell 102 at 302. The first apparatus 110 (e.g., UE) measures the verification signals triggered by the ScellConfig message.
[0093] Then, at 303, the first apparatus 110 (e.g., UE) transmits a corresponding feedback / measurement report to the second apparatus 120 based on the ScellConfig message. The second apparatus 120 may determine whether to activate the second cell 102 with SSB or in a SSB-less mode based on a determination whether the result of measurement on the reference signal meets the predefined condition. If the predefined condition is met, the second apparatus 120 may activate the second cell 102 in the SSB-less mode. If the predefined condition is not met, the second apparatus 120 may activate the second cell 102 with the SSB. As an alternative, the second apparatus 120 may decide to not configure the second cell 102 to the first apparatus 110. In this case, as shown in FIG. 3, the second apparatus 120 may transmit a cell release message, at 304, to the first apparatus 110 to indicate that the second cell 102 is released from or not configured to the first apparatus 110.
[0094] FIG. 4A illustrates a signaling flow for SSB transmission management on a SCell according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure. In FIGS. 4A-4C, a primary cell is denoted by PCell 402 (this may be the “first cell” ) , and a cell different from the primary cell is denoted by SCell 403 (this may be the “second cell” . In one example embodiment, both the PCell 402 and the SCell 403 may be provided by a same network device. Alternatively, the PCell 402 and the SCell 403 may be provided by different network devices.
[0095] For ease of discussion, the signaling chart 400A will be described based on the assumption that the PCell 402 and the SCell 403 are provided by the same network device, which may be sometimes referred to as “network” for short. In FIG. 4A, the UE 401 may be an example implementation of the first apparatus 110 in FIG. 1 or FIG. 2, and the network device providing the PCell 402 and the SCell 403 may be an example implementation of the second apparatus 120 in FIG. 1 or FIG. 2. The reference signal may be referred to as “verification signal” for purpose of discussion.
[0096] As shown in FIG. 4A, at 405, a connection is established for data transfer. In a procedure 410, a configuration of reference signal (s) (verification signal (s) ) for determination of side-conditions (RTD) is transmitted. In the procedure 410, at 412, the network configures the UE 401 in RRC Connected state, e.g. via a RRC Reconfiguration message (e.g. ScellConfig) with the verification signals, including the information i.e. type of verification signal. The RRC Reconfiguration message may be transmitted on the PCell 402. The verification signals may be for example SSB or PSS / SSS or P / SP / A-CSI-RS. At 414, the UE 401 may transmit an acknowledge to the RRC Reconfiguration message on the PCell 402.
[0097] Additionally, the network may configure the time / frequency resources of the verification signal, including duration, periodicity and start offset. The configuration may apply for a given cell for example a reference cell (e.g. indicated with PCI) or more cells.
[0098] The network may configure the RRC_CONNECTED UE (e.g. via RRC Reconfiguration ) with the measurement criteria for side-condition evaluation, each including parameters to be used by the UE for measurement to determine the side-conditions (e.g. the number of samples to derive RTD, a measurement period, etc. ) . These values may also be specified for different band combinations.
[0099] The network may indicate the index or ID (e.g., ResourceId) of the verification signal (s) in the RRC Reconfiguration signaling, to inform the RRC_CONNECTED UE which of the verification signal (s) shall be used for evaluating the side condition.
[0100] The configuration information for the verification signal (s) may reuse existing configuration, i.e. the IE configuring the SSB, CSI-RS for the cell. In this case, the network may just indicate the index or ID corresponding to the configuration of the verification signal (s) in the existing IE (normally a list) , thus no need to provide additional full configuration for the verification signal (s) .
[0101] The network may indicate the index or ID to inform UE which measurement configuration shall be used for evaluating side conditions.
[0102] The signaling chart 400A then goes to a procedure 420 which is an activation procedure of the verification signal (s) . At 422, the verification signal (s) may start at a configured or predefined time offset (or an activation period) after receiving the RRC Reconfiguration message adding the SCell into CA operation. The time offset or the activation period may be written in specification or configured as part of the verification signal configuration.
[0103] At 424, the network may trigger the UE 401 to measure the verification signals, and then the transmission of the verification signal (s) may be initiated on the SCell 403. This measurement may thus be triggered by the reception of the configuration information that provides details of the refence signals to be measured (such as time offset and type of the reference signal to be measured) , without a need for other signaling to trigger the measurement.
[0104] The verification signals may be deactivated implicitly (e.g., based on timer expiry) or when network has received corresponding measurement reporting via L3 report (or via Layer 2 (L2) indication or via Layer 1 indication) .
[0105] Next, the signaling chart 400A goes to an evaluation procedure 430, where the UE 401 may evaluate the RTD based on verification signal (s) . In the procedure 430, at 432, the UE 401 may measure the verification signal (s) and evaluate if side conditions are met based on the measurement result of the verification signal (s) .
[0106] If the RTD between the verification signal (s) and PCell / Reference Cell’s SSB is less than a configured or predefined threshold, the UE 401 may indicate, at 434, that the side conditions for the SCell are met (e.g., RTD _met) . Otherwise, the UE 401 may transmit, at 436, the L3 report (or optionally via MAC-CE or via Layer 1 signal) .
[0107] FIG. 4B illustrates a signaling flow 400B for SCell activation according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 4C illustrates another signaling flow 400C for SCell activation according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The signaling flow 400B and the signaling flow 400C correspond to different options for the SCell activation.
[0108] For ease of discussion, the signaling charts 400B and 400C will be described based on the assumption that the PCell 402 and the SCell 403 are provided by the same network device, which may be sometimes referred to as “network” for short. In FIGS. 4B and 4C, the UE 401 may be an example implementation of the first apparatus 110 in FIG. 1 or FIG. 2, and the network device providing the PCell 402 and the SCell 403 may be an example implementation of the second apparatus 120 in FIG. 1 or FIG. 2.
[0109] As shown in FIG. 4B, a procedure 440 of SCell activation is illustrated. In the procedure 440, the network may activate the SCell in the SSB-less mode. Specifically, the network may use the RTD_not_met indications from one or more UEs to make a decision to turn on SSB transmission with the cell. Network may also decide to transmit only fewer SSB beams within the burst.
[0110] At 442, the network transmits a cell activation command to the UE 401 on the PCell 402. When the UE 401 receives the cell activation command, it may perform a Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) process at 444. If the UE 401 has reported a L3 report, the UE 401 may assume an SSB-less SCell activation and may proceed to measure TRS and apply the activation period accordingly at 446.
[0111] In the example embodiments, at 447, the verification signal (e.g., TRS bursts) may be transmitted on the SCell 403 to the UE 401. At 448, the UE 401 may transmit a CSI report to the network on the PCell 402.
[0112] In contrast, FIG. 4C shows a different procedure 450 of SCell activation. In the example embodiments of FIG. 4C, the network may configure the UE 401 with the SSB parameter via RRC reconfiguration before activating the SCell. The UE 401 then uses the SSB for the SCell activation.
[0113] In the procedure 450, at 452, the network sends a RRC reconfiguration message with SSB parameters of SCell 403 on the PCell 402 to the UE 401. At 453, the UE 402 may transmit a complete message to the network on the PCell 402. At 454, the network transmits a cell activation command to the UE 401 on the PCell 402. When the UE 401 receives the cell activation command, it may perform a HARQ process at 455.
[0114] At 447, the SSB may be transmitted on the SCell 403 to the UE 401. At 457, the verification signal (e.g., TRS bursts) may be transmitted on the SCell 403 to the UE 401. At 458, the UE 401 may transmit a CSI report to the network via the PCell 402.
[0115] FIG. 5 shows a flowchart of an example method 500 implemented at a first apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 500 will be described from the perspective of the first apparatus 110 in FIG. 1.
[0116] At block 510, the first apparatus 110 receives, from a second apparatus and on a first cell, configuration information for a reference signal. The reference signal is used for evaluating a predefined condition, the configuration information is comprised in a RRC message, and the RRC message comprises a secondary cell configuration message.
[0117] At block 520, the first apparatus 110 receives the reference signal on a second cell different from the first cell.
[0118] At block 530, the first apparatus 110 determines an evaluation result of the reference signal based on the configuration information.
[0119] In some example embodiments, the configuration information comprises at least one of: an indication of a pattern of the reference signal, an indication of a type of the reference signal, an indication of a time offset of the reference signal, an indication of an activation period of the reference signal, an indication of a periodicity of the reference signal, an indication of a time duration for providing the reference signal, an indication of one or more candidate cells on which the reference signal is to be measured, an indication of a cause for evaluating the reference signal, an indication of a threshold for evaluating a receive time difference (RTD) , or an indication of a configuration index among a plurality of configurations for the reference signal.
[0120] In some example embodiments, the method 500 may further comprise: receiving, from the second apparatus, system information indicating at least one of: a list of patterns of the reference signal, a list of types of the reference signal, a list of time offsets of the reference signal, a list of activation periods of the reference signal, a list of periodicities of the reference signal, a list of time durations for providing the reference signal, a list of candidate cells on which the reference signal is to be measured, a list of causes for evaluating the reference signal, or a list of thresholds for evaluating the RTD.
[0121] In some example embodiments, the reference signal comprises at least one of: a Synchronization signal and Physical downlink broadcast channel block (SSB) , a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) , a Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) , or a Channel State Information -Reference Signal (CSI-RS) .
[0122] In some example embodiments, the reference signal is received at a configured or predefined time offset after receiving the configuration information.
[0123] In some example embodiments, the evaluation result of the reference signal is determined within a measurement time period, the measurement time period being determined based on at least one of: a periodicity of the reference signal, a type of the reference signal, a number of cells to be measured, or co-location information between cells to be measured.
[0124] In some example embodiments, the method 500 may further comprise: transmitting the evaluation result to the second apparatus.
[0125] In some example embodiments, the method 500 may further comprise: transmitting the evaluation result to the second apparatus based on a determination whether a result of measurement on the reference signal meets the predefined condition.
[0126] In some example embodiments, the evaluation result indicates at least one of: whether a result of measurement on the reference signal meets the predefined condition, a receive time difference (RTD) determined based on the result of the measurement on the reference signal, the result of measurement on the reference signal, or a result of cell detection measurement.
[0127] In some example embodiments, the method 500 may further comprise: in accordance with a determination that a result of measurement on the reference signal meets the predefined condition, determining that the second cell can be operated in a Synchronization signal and Physical downlink broadcast channel block (SSB) -less mode; or in accordance with a determination that the result of measurement on the reference signal does not meet the predefined condition, determining that the second cell requires to be operated with an SSB-based operation, or receiving a configuration of SSB from the second apparatus; or in response to receiving a release message from the second apparatus, determining that the second cell is released from or not configured to the first apparatus.
[0128] In some example embodiments, the predefined condition indicates a receive time difference (RTD) between a reference cell and the second cell is below a configured threshold.
[0129] In some example embodiments, the evaluation result is transmitted in at least one of: a message of RRC, a message of Medium Access Control (MAC) control element (CE) , a message of Layer-1 signal or a message carried in a Layer-1 uplink control channel or uplink data channel.
[0130] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus comprises a terminal device, and the second apparatus comprises a network device.
[0131] FIG. 6 shows a flowchart of an example method 600 implemented at a second apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 600 will be described from the perspective of the second apparatus 120 in FIG. 1.
[0132] At block 610, the second apparatus 120 transmits, to a first apparatus and on a first cell, configuration information for a reference signal, wherein the reference signal is used for evaluating a predefined condition, the configuration information is comprised in a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message, and the RRC message comprises a secondary cell configuration message.
[0133] At block 620, the second apparatus 120 causes the reference signal to be transmitted on a second cell different from the first cell.
[0134] In some example embodiments, the configuration information comprises at least one of: an indication of a pattern of the reference signal, an indication of a type of the reference signal, an indication of a time offset of the reference signal, an indication of an activation period of the reference signal, an indication of a periodicity of the reference signal, an indication of a time duration for providing the reference signal, an indication of one or more candidate cells on which the reference signal is to be measured, an indication of a cause for evaluating the reference signal, an indication of a threshold for evaluating a receive time difference (RTD) , or an indication of a configuration index among a plurality of configurations for the reference signal.
[0135] In some example embodiments, the method 600 may further comprise: transmitting, to the first apparatus, system information indicating at least one of: a list of patterns of the reference signal, a list of types of the reference signal, a list of time offsets of the reference signal, a list of activation periods of the reference signal, a list of periodicities of the reference signal, a list of time durations for providing the reference signal, a list of candidate cells on which the reference signal is to be measured, a list of causes for evaluating the reference signal, or a list of thresholds for evaluating the RTD.
[0136] In some example embodiments, the reference signal comprises at least one of: a Synchronization signal and Physical downlink broadcast channel block (SSB) , a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) , a Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) , or a Channel State Information -Reference Signal (CSI-RS) .
[0137] In some example embodiments, the reference signal is transmitted at a configured or predefined time offset after receiving the configuration information.
[0138] In some example embodiments, the method 600 may further comprise: receiving an evaluation result of the reference signal from the first apparatus, wherein the evaluation result is determined based on the configuration information.
[0139] In some example embodiments, the method 600 may further comprise: receiving an evaluation result of the reference signal from the first apparatus, wherein the evaluation result is determined based on the configuration information and a determination whether a result of measurement on the reference signal meets the predefined condition.
[0140] In some example embodiments, the evaluation result is determined within a measurement time period, the measurement time period being determined based on at least one of: a periodicity of the reference signal, a type of the reference signal, a number of cells to be measured, or co-location information between cells to be measured.
[0141] In some example embodiments, the evaluation result indicates at least one of: whether a result of measurement on the reference signal meets the predefined condition, a receive time difference (RTD) determined based on the result of the measurement on the reference signal, the result of measurement on the reference signal, or a result of cell detection measurement.
[0142] In some example embodiments, the method 600 further comprises: in accordance with a determination that the evaluation result indicates that a result of measurement on the reference signal meets the predefined condition, activating the second cell in a Synchronization signal and Physical downlink broadcast channel block (SSB) -less mode; or in accordance with a determination that the result of measurement on the reference signal does not meet the predefined condition, transmitting a configuration of SSB to the first apparatus and activate the second cell with the SSB, or transmitting a release message to the first apparatus to indicate that the second cell is released from or not configured to the first apparatus.
[0143] In some example embodiments, the predefined condition indicates a receive time difference (RTD) between a reference cell and the second cell is below a configured threshold.
[0144] In some example embodiments, the evaluation result is received in at least one of: a message of RRC, a message of Medium Access Control (MAC) control element (CE) , a message of Layer-1 signal or a message carried in a Layer-1 uplink control channel or uplink data channel.
[0145] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus comprises a terminal device, and the second apparatus comprises a network device.
[0146] In some example embodiments, a first apparatus capable of performing any of the method 500 (for example, the first apparatus 110 in FIG. 1) may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 500. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module. The first apparatus may be implemented as or included in the first apparatus 110 in FIG. 1.
[0147] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus comprises means for receiving, from a second apparatus and on a first cell, configuration information for a reference signal, wherein the reference signal is used for evaluating a predefined condition, the configuration information is comprised in a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message, and the RRC message comprises a secondary cell configuration message; means for receiving the reference signal on a second cell different from the first cell; and means for determining an evaluation result of the reference signal based on the configuration information.
[0148] In some example embodiments, the configuration information comprises at least one of: an indication of a pattern of the reference signal, an indication of a type of the reference signal, an indication of a time offset of the reference signal, an indication of an activation period of the reference signal, an indication of a periodicity of the reference signal, an indication of a time duration for providing the reference signal, an indication of one or more candidate cells on which the reference signal is to be measured, an indication of a cause for evaluating the reference signal, an indication of a threshold for evaluating a receive time difference (RTD) , or an indication of a configuration index among a plurality of configurations for the reference signal.
[0149] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus further comprises: means for receiving, from the second apparatus, system information indicating at least one of: a list of patterns of the reference signal, a list of types of the reference signal, a list of time offsets of the reference signal, a list of activation periods of the reference signal, a list of periodicities of the reference signal, a list of time durations for providing the reference signal, a list of candidate cells on which the reference signal is to be measured, a list of causes for evaluating the reference signal, or a list of thresholds for evaluating the RTD.
[0150] In some example embodiments, the reference signal comprises at least one of: a Synchronization signal and Physical downlink broadcast channel block (SSB) , a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) , a Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) , or a Channel State Information -Reference Signal (CSI-RS) .
[0151] In some example embodiments, the reference signal is received at a configured or predefined time offset after receiving the configuration information.
[0152] In some example embodiments, the evaluation result of the reference signal is determined within a measurement time period, the measurement time period being determined based on at least one of: a periodicity of the reference signal, a type of the reference signal, a number of cells to be measured, or means for co-location information between cells to be measured.
[0153] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus further comprises: means for transmitting the evaluation result to the second apparatus.
[0154] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus further comprises: means for transmitting the evaluation result to the second apparatus based on a determination whether a result of measurement on the reference signal meets the predefined condition.
[0155] In some example embodiments, the evaluation result indicates at least one of: whether a result of measurement on the reference signal meets the predefined condition, a receive time difference (RTD) determined based on the result of the measurement on the reference signal, the result of measurement on the reference signal, or a result of cell detection measurement.
[0156] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus further comprises: means for in accordance with a determination that a result of measurement on the reference signal meets the predefined condition, determining that the second cell can be operated in a Synchronization signal and Physical downlink broadcast channel block (SSB) -less mode; or in accordance with a determination that the result of measurement on the reference signal does not meet the predefined condition, means for determining that the second cell requires to be operated with an SSB-based operation, or means for receiving a configuration of SSB from the second apparatus; or means for in response to receiving a release message from the second apparatus, determining that the second cell is released from or not configured to the first apparatus.
[0157] In some example embodiments, the predefined condition indicates a receive time difference (RTD) between a reference cell and the second cell is below a configured threshold.
[0158] In some example embodiments, the evaluation result is transmitted in at least one of: a message of RRC, a message of Medium Access Control (MAC) control element (CE) , a message of Layer-1 signal or a message carried in a Layer-1 uplink control channel or uplink data channel.
[0159] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus comprises a terminal device, and the second apparatus comprises a network device.
[0160] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus further comprises means for performing other operations in some example embodiments of the method 500 or the first apparatus 110. In some example embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the performance of the first apparatus.
[0161] In some example embodiments, a second apparatus capable of performing any of the method 600 (for example, the second apparatus 120 in FIG. 1) may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 600. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module. The second apparatus may be implemented as or included in the second apparatus 120 in FIG. 1.
[0162] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus comprises means for transmitting, to a first apparatus and on a first cell, configuration information for a reference signal, wherein the reference signal is used for evaluating a predefined condition, the configuration information is comprised in a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message, and the RRC message comprises a secondary cell configuration message; and means for causing the reference signal to be transmitted on a second cell different from the first cell.
[0163] In some example embodiments, the configuration information comprises at least one of: an indication of a pattern of the reference signal, an indication of a type of the reference signal, an indication of a time offset of the reference signal, an indication of an activation period of the reference signal, an indication of a periodicity of the reference signal, an indication of a time duration for providing the reference signal, an indication of one or more candidate cells on which the reference signal is to be measured, an indication of a cause for evaluating the reference signal, an indication of a threshold for evaluating a receive time difference (RTD) , or an indication of a configuration index among a plurality of configurations for the reference signal.
[0164] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus further comprises: means for transmitting, to the first apparatus, system information indicating at least one of: a list of patterns of the reference signal, a list of types of the reference signal, a list of time offsets of the reference signal, a list of activation periods of the reference signal, a list of periodicities of the reference signal, a list of time durations for providing the reference signal, a list of candidate cells on which the reference signal is to be measured, a list of causes for evaluating the reference signal, or a list of thresholds for evaluating the RTD.
[0165] In some example embodiments, the reference signal comprises at least one of: a Synchronization signal and Physical downlink broadcast channel block (SSB) , a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) , a Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) , or a Channel State Information -Reference Signal (CSI-RS) .
[0166] In some example embodiments, the reference signal is transmitted at a configured or predefined time offset after receiving the configuration information.
[0167] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus further comprises: means for receiving an evaluation result of the reference signal from the first apparatus, wherein the evaluation result is determined based on the configuration information.
[0168] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus further comprises: means for receiving an evaluation result of the reference signal from the first apparatus, wherein the evaluation result is determined based on the configuration information and a determination whether a result of measurement on the reference signal meets the predefined condition.
[0169] In some example embodiments, the evaluation result is determined within a measurement time period, the measurement time period being determined based on at least one of: a periodicity of the reference signal, a type of the reference signal, a number of cells to be measured, or means for co-location information between cells to be measured.
[0170] In some example embodiments, the evaluation result indicates at least one of: whether a result of measurement on the reference signal meets the predefined condition, a receive time difference (RTD) determined based on the result of the measurement on the reference signal, the result of measurement on the reference signal, or a result of cell detection measurement.
[0171] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus further comprises: means for in accordance with a determination that the evaluation result indicates that a result of measurement on the reference signal meets the predefined condition, activating the second cell in a Synchronization signal and Physical downlink broadcast channel block (SSB) -less mode; or in accordance with a determination that the result of measurement on the reference signal does not meet the predefined condition, means for transmitting a configuration of SSB to the first apparatus and activate the second cell with the SSB, or means for transmitting a release message to the first apparatus to indicate that the second cell is released from or not configured to the first apparatus.
[0172] In some example embodiments, the predefined condition indicates a receive time difference (RTD) between a reference cell and the second cell is below a configured threshold.
[0173] In some example embodiments, the evaluation result is received in at least one of: a message of RRC, a message of Medium Access Control (MAC) control element (CE) , a message of Layer-1 signal or a message carried in a Layer-1 uplink control channel or uplink data channel.
[0174] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus comprises a terminal device, and the second apparatus comprises a network device.
[0175] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus further comprises means for performing other operations in some example embodiments of the method 600 or the second apparatus 120. In some example embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the performance of the second apparatus.
[0176] FIG. 7 is a simplified block diagram of a device 700 that is suitable for implementing example embodiments of the present disclosure. The device 700 may be provided to implement a communication device, for example, the first apparatus 110 or the second apparatus 120 as shown in FIG. 1. As shown, the device 700 includes one or more processors 710, one or more memories 720 coupled to the processor 710, and one or more communication modules 740 coupled to the processor 710.
[0177] The communication module 740 is for bidirectional communications. The communication module 740 has one or more communication interfaces to facilitate communication with one or more other modules or devices. The communication interfaces may represent any interface that is necessary for communication with other network elements. In some example embodiments, the communication module 740 may include at least one antenna.
[0178] The processor 710 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network and may include one or more of the following: general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. The device 700 may have multiple processors, such as an application specific integrated circuit chip that is slaved in time to a clock which synchronizes the main processor.
[0179] The memory 720 may include one or more non-volatile memories and one or more volatile memories. Examples of the non-volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a Read Only Memory (ROM) 724, an electrically programmable read only memory (EPROM) , a flash memory, a hard disk, a compact disc (CD) , a digital video disk (DVD) , an optical disk, a laser disk, and other magnetic storage and / or optical storage. Examples of the volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a random access memory (RAM) 722 and other volatile memories that will not last in the power-down duration.
[0180] A computer program 730 includes computer executable instructions that are executed by the associated processor 710. The instructions of the program 730 may include instructions for performing operations / acts of some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The program 730 may be stored in the memory, e.g., the ROM 724. The processor 710 may perform any suitable actions and processing by loading the program 730 into the RAM 722.
[0181] The example embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented by means of the program 730 so that the device 700 may perform any process of the disclosure as discussed with reference to FIG. 2 to FIG. 6. The example embodiments of the present disclosure may also be implemented by hardware or by a combination of software and hardware.
[0182] In some example embodiments, the program 730 may be tangibly contained in a computer readable medium which may be included in the device 700 (such as in the memory 720) or other storage devices that are accessible by the device 700. The device 700 may load the program 730 from the computer readable medium to the RAM 722 for execution. In some example embodiments, the computer readable medium may include any types of non-transitory storage medium, such as ROM, EPROM, a flash memory, a hard disk, CD, DVD, and the like. The term “non-transitory, ” as used herein, is a limitation of the medium itself (i.e., tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (e.g., RAM vs. ROM) .
[0183] FIG. 8 shows an example of the computer readable medium 800 which may be in form of CD, DVD or other optical storage disk. The computer readable medium 800 has the program 730 stored thereon.
[0184] Generally, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects may be implemented in hardware, and other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device. Although various aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other pictorial representations, it is to be understood that the block, apparatus, system, technique or method described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
[0185] Some example embodiments of the present disclosure also provide at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a computer readable medium, such as a non-transitory computer readable medium. The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions, such as those included in program modules, being executed in a device on a target physical or virtual processor, to carry out any of the methods as described above. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, or the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or split between program modules as desired in various embodiments. Machine-executable instructions for program modules may be executed within a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, program modules may be located in both local and remote storage media.
[0186] Program code for carrying out methods of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. The program code may be provided to a processor or controller of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that the program code, when executed by the processor or controller, cause the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may execute entirely on a machine, partly on the machine, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the machine and partly on a remote machine or entirely on the remote machine or server.
[0187] In the context of the present disclosure, the computer program code or related data may be carried by any suitable carrier to enable the device, apparatus or processor to perform various processes and operations as described above. Examples of the carrier include a signal, computer readable medium, and the like.
[0188] The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable medium may include but not limited to an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of the computer readable storage medium would include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory) , an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing.
[0189] Further, although operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, although several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the present disclosure, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Unless explicitly stated, certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, unless explicitly stated, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in a plurality of embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
[0190] Although the present disclosure has been described in languages specific to structural features and / or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the present disclosure defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
Claims
1.A first apparatus comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first apparatus at least to:receive, from a second apparatus and on a first cell, configuration information for a reference signal, wherein the reference signal is used for evaluating a predefined condition, the configuration information is comprised in a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message, and the RRC message comprises a secondary cell configuration message;receive the reference signal on a second cell different from the first cell; anddetermine an evaluation result of the reference signal based on the configuration information.2.The first apparatus of claim 1, wherein the configuration information comprises at least one of:an indication of a pattern of the reference signal,an indication of a type of the reference signal,an indication of a time offset of the reference signal,an indication of an activation period of the reference signal,an indication of a periodicity of the reference signal,an indication of a time duration for providing the reference signal,an indication of one or more candidate cells on which the reference signal is to be measured,an indication of a cause for evaluating the reference signal,an indication of a threshold for evaluating a receive time difference (RTD) , oran indication of a configuration index among a plurality of configurations for the reference signal.3.The first apparatus of claim 2, wherein the first apparatus is caused to:receive, from the second apparatus, system information indicating at least one of:a list of patterns of the reference signal,a list of types of the reference signal,a list of time offsets of the reference signal,a list of activation periods of the reference signal,a list of periodicities of the reference signal,a list of time durations for providing the reference signal,a list of candidate cells on which the reference signal is to be measured,a list of causes for evaluating the reference signal, ora list of thresholds for evaluating the RTD.4.The first apparatus of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the reference signal comprises at least one of:a Synchronization signal and Physical downlink broadcast channel block (SSB) ,a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) ,a Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) , ora Channel State Information -Reference Signal (CSI-RS) .5.The first apparatus of any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the reference signal is received at a configured or predefined time offset after receiving the configuration information.6.The first apparatus of claim 1, wherein the evaluation result of the reference signal is determined within a measurement time period, the measurement time period being determined based on at least one of:a periodicity of the reference signal,a type of the reference signal,a number of cells to be measured, orco-location information between cells to be measured.7.The first apparatus of any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the first apparatus is caused to:transmit the evaluation result to the second apparatus.8.The first apparatus of any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the first apparatus is caused to:transmit the evaluation result to the second apparatus based on a determination whether a result of measurement on the reference signal meets the predefined condition.9.The first apparatus of any of claims 1 to 8, wherein the evaluation result indicates at least one of:whether a result of measurement on the reference signal meets the predefined condition,a receive time difference (RTD) determined based on the result of the measurement on the reference signal,the result of measurement on the reference signal, ora result of cell detection measurement.10.The first apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first apparatus is caused to:in accordance with a determination that a result of measurement on the reference signal meets the predefined condition, determine that the second cell can be operated in a Synchronization signal and Physical downlink broadcast channel block (SSB) -less mode; orin accordance with a determination that the result of measurement on the reference signal does not meet the predefined condition,determine that the second cell requires to be operated with an SSB-based operation, orreceive a configuration of SSB from the second apparatus; orin response to receiving a release message from the second apparatus, determine that the second cell is released from or not configured to the first apparatus.11.The first apparatus of any of claims 1 to 10, wherein the predefined condition indicates a receive time difference (RTD) between a reference cell and the second cell is below a configured threshold.12.The first apparatus of any of claims 1 to 11, wherein the evaluation result is transmitted in at least one of:a message of RRC,a message of Medium Access Control (MAC) control element (CE) ,a message of Layer-1 signal or a message carried in a Layer-1 uplink control channel or uplink data channel.13.The first apparatus of any of claims 1 to 12, wherein the first apparatus comprises a terminal device, and the second apparatus comprises a network device.14.A second apparatus comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second apparatus at least to:transmit, to a first apparatus and on a first cell, configuration information for a reference signal, wherein the reference signal is used for evaluating a predefined condition, the configuration information is comprised in a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message, and the RRC message comprises a secondary cell configuration message; andcause the reference signal to be transmitted on a second cell different from the first cell.15.The second apparatus of claim 14, wherein the configuration information comprises at least one of:an indication of a pattern of the reference signal,an indication of a type of the reference signal,an indication of a time offset of the reference signal,an indication of an activation period of the reference signal,an indication of a periodicity of the reference signal,an indication of a time duration for providing the reference signal,an indication of one or more candidate cells on which the reference signal is to be measured,an indication of a cause for evaluating the reference signal,an indication of a threshold for evaluating a receive time difference (RTD) , oran indication of a configuration index among a plurality of configurations for the reference signal.16.The second apparatus of claim 15, wherein the second apparatus is caused to:transmit, to the first apparatus, system information indicating at least one of:a list of patterns of the reference signal,a list of types of the reference signal,a list of time offsets of the reference signal,a list of activation periods of the reference signal,a list of periodicities of the reference signal,a list of time durations for providing the reference signal,a list of candidate cells on which the reference signal is to be measured,a list of causes for evaluating the reference signal, ora list of thresholds for evaluating the RTD.17.The second apparatus of any of claims 14 to 16, wherein the reference signal comprises at least one of:a Synchronization signal and Physical downlink broadcast channel block (SSB) ,a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) ,a Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) , ora Channel State Information -Reference Signal (CSI-RS) .18.The second apparatus of any of claims 14 to 17, wherein the reference signal is transmitted at a configured or predefined time offset after receiving the configuration information.19.The second apparatus of any of claims 14 to 18, wherein the second apparatus is caused to:receive an evaluation result of the reference signal from the first apparatus, wherein the evaluation result is determined based on the configuration information.20.The second apparatus of any of claims 14 to 18, wherein the second apparatus is caused to:receive an evaluation result of the reference signal from the first apparatus, wherein the evaluation result is determined based on the configuration information and a determination whether a result of measurement on the reference signal meets the predefined condition.21.The second apparatus of claim 19 or 20, wherein the evaluation result is determined within a measurement time period, the measurement time period being determined based on at least one of:a periodicity of the reference signal,a type of the reference signal,a number of cells to be measured, orco-location information between cells to be measured.22.The second apparatus of any of claims 19 to 21, wherein the evaluation result indicates at least one of:whether a result of measurement on the reference signal meets the predefined condition,a receive time difference (RTD) determined based on the result of the measurement on the reference signal,the result of measurement on the reference signal, ora result of cell detection measurement.23.The second apparatus of any of claims 19 to 22, wherein the second apparatus is caused to:in accordance with a determination that the evaluation result indicates that a result of measurement on the reference signal meets the predefined condition, activate the second cell in a Synchronization signal and Physical downlink broadcast channel block (SSB) -less mode; orin accordance with a determination that the result of measurement on the reference signal does not meet the predefined condition,transmit a configuration of SSB to the first apparatus and activate the second cell with the SSB, ortransmit a release message to the first apparatus to indicate that the second cell is released from or not configured to the first apparatus.24.The second apparatus of any of claims 14 to 23, wherein the predefined condition indicates a receive time difference (RTD) between a reference cell and the second cell is below a configured threshold.25.The second apparatus of any of claims 19 to 24, wherein the evaluation result is received in at least one of:a message of RRC,a message of Medium Access Control (MAC) control element (CE) ,a message of Layer-1 signal or a message carried in a Layer-1 uplink control channel or uplink data channel.26.The second apparatus of any of claims 14 to 25, wherein the first apparatus comprises a terminal device, and the second apparatus comprises a network device.27.A method comprising:receiving, from a second apparatus and on a first cell, configuration information for a reference signal, wherein the reference signal is used for evaluating a predefined condition, the configuration information is comprised in a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message, and the RRC message comprises a secondary cell configuration message;receiving the reference signal on a second cell different from the first cell; anddetermining an evaluation result of the reference signal based on the configuration information.28.A method comprising:transmitting, to a first apparatus and on a first cell, configuration information for a reference signal, wherein the reference signal is used for evaluating a predefined condition, the configuration information is comprised in a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message, and the RRC message comprises a secondary cell configuration message; andcausing the reference signal to be transmitted on a second cell different from the first cell.29.A first apparatus comprising:means for receiving, from a second apparatus and on a first cell, configuration information for a reference signal, wherein the reference signal is used for evaluating a predefined condition, the configuration information is comprised in a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message, and the RRC message comprises a secondary cell configuration message;means for receiving the reference signal on a second cell different from the first cell; andmeans for determining an evaluation result of the reference signal based on the configuration information.30.A second apparatus comprising:means for transmitting, to a first apparatus and on a first cell, configuration information for a reference signal, wherein the reference signal is used for evaluating a predefined condition, the configuration information is comprised in a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message, and the RRC message comprises a secondary cell configuration message; andmeans for causing the reference signal to be transmitted on a second cell different from the first cell.31.A computer readable medium comprising instructions stored thereon for causing an apparatus at least to perform the method of claim 27 or the method of claim 28.
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