Photovoltaic device, photovoltaic module, power generation apparatus and electric apparatus

Abstract

A photovoltaic device, a photovoltaic module, a power generation apparatus and an electric apparatus. The photovoltaic device comprises a perovskite absorption layer, which comprises a perovskite material and a passivation material, wherein the content of the number of solvent molecules in the perovskite absorption layer is less than or equal to 0.004 on the basis of the number of molecules of the perovskite material. The photovoltaic device has improved energy conversion efficiency and device stability.

Description

Photovoltaic devices, photovoltaic modules, power generation devices and power consumption devices

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims priority to Chinese patent application No. 202410404923.7, filed on April 3, 2024, entitled “Photovoltaic devices, photovoltaic modules, power generation devices and power-using devices,” the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] The present application belongs to the technical field of solar cells, and in particular relates to a photovoltaic device, a photovoltaic module, a power generation device and an electricity-consuming device. Background Art

[0004] Solar cells are photovoltaic devices that use perovskite materials as light-absorbing layers. They have excellent photoelectric properties and simple preparation methods, bringing new space and hope for photovoltaic power generation.

[0005] However, the device stability and energy conversion efficiency of photovoltaic devices are still relatively poor and need to be further improved.

[0006] Summary of the Invention

[0007] The embodiments of the present application provide a photovoltaic device, a photovoltaic module, a power generation device and a power consumption device, which can improve the energy conversion efficiency and device stability of the photovoltaic device.

[0008] In a first aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a photovoltaic device, comprising a perovskite absorption layer, the perovskite absorption layer comprising a perovskite material and a passivation material, wherein the molecular number content of solvent molecules in the perovskite absorption layer is less than or equal to 0.004 based on the molecular number of the perovskite material.

[0009] Thus, in the photovoltaic device according to the embodiments of the present application, by adding a passivation material to the perovskite absorber layer, the passivation material can passivate defects in the perovskite absorber layer, thereby improving the crystallinity and optical properties of the perovskite absorber layer. By further controlling the molecular weight of the solvent molecules in the perovskite absorber layer, the relatively small number of solvent molecules can reduce the adverse effects of the solvent molecules on the passivation material, improve the stability of the passivation material in the perovskite absorber layer, and thus improve the passivation performance of the passivation material. Furthermore, when the number of solvent molecules is within the above range, the crystallinity of the perovskite absorber layer can be effectively improved, thereby improving the energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device.

[0010] In some embodiments, the passivation material includes one or more of a metal halide and a phosphonic acid derivative. The passivation material can passivate defects in the perovskite absorber layer and improve the crystallinity and optical properties of the perovskite absorber layer.

[0011] In some embodiments, the metal halide includes one or more of zinc halide and alkaline earth metal halide. These materials can effectively passivate X-site defects in the bulk phase of the perovskite material, effectively alleviate the migration of halide ions in the perovskite material, increase grain size, improve the crystallinity and optical properties of the perovskite absorber layer, and enhance the energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device.

[0012] In some embodiments, the zinc halide includes one or more of zinc chloride and zinc fluoride. The zinc halide can effectively passivate X-site defects in the bulk phase of the perovskite material, effectively alleviate the migration of halide ions in the perovskite material, increase grain size, improve the crystallinity and optical properties of the perovskite absorber layer, and improve the energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device.

[0013] In some embodiments, the alkaline earth metal halide comprises one or more of an alkaline earth metal chloride and an alkaline earth metal fluoride. The alkaline earth metal halide can effectively passivate X-site defects in the bulk phase of the perovskite material, effectively alleviate the migration of halide ions in the perovskite material, increase grain size, improve the crystallinity and optical properties of the perovskite absorber layer, and enhance the energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device.

[0014] In some embodiments, the alkaline earth metal chloride includes one or more of beryllium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, and strontium chloride.

[0015] In some embodiments, the alkaline earth metal fluoride includes one or more of beryllium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, and strontium fluoride.

[0016] In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the passivation material is less than or equal to 0.22, and can be optionally 0.05 to 0.10, based on the molecular weight of the perovskite material. When the molecular weight of the passivation material is within the above range, it can effectively passivate the defects of the perovskite material and improve the energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device.

[0017] In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the metal halide is less than or equal to 0.22 based on the molecular weight of the perovskite material. When the molecular weight of the metal halide is within the above range, it can effectively passivate the defects of the perovskite material and improve the energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device.

[0018] In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the metal halide is 0.05 to 0.10 based on the molecular weight of the perovskite material. When the molecular weight of the metal halide is within the above range, it can effectively passivate the defects of the perovskite material and improve the energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device.

[0019] In some embodiments, the phosphonic acid derivative includes one or more of an alkyl derivative containing a phosphonic acid group or a halogen salt thereof, an aromatic derivative containing a phosphonic acid group or a halogen salt thereof, and an aromatic heterocyclic derivative containing a phosphonic acid group or a halogen salt thereof. Phosphonic acid derivatives have high binding energy with perovskite materials and can anchor the perovskite material's grain interfaces, passivate defects in the perovskite material, enhance the perovskite material's structural stability, improve the crystallinity and optical properties of the perovskite absorber layer, and ultimately improve the energy conversion efficiency of photovoltaic devices.

[0020] In some embodiments, the alkyl derivative containing a phosphonic acid group or a halogen salt thereof includes one or more of octylphosphonic acid and 12-aminododecylphosphonic acid hydrochloride.

[0021] In some embodiments, the aromatic derivative containing a phosphonic acid group or a halogen salt thereof includes one or more of phenylphosphonic acid and 12-pentafluorophenoxydodecylphosphonic acid.

[0022] In some embodiments, the aromatic heterocyclic derivative containing a phosphonic acid group or a halogen salt thereof includes one or more of 2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (2PACz) and poly 2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid.

[0023] In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the phosphonic acid derivative is less than or equal to 0.22 based on the molecular weight of the perovskite material. When the molecular weight of the phosphonic acid derivative is within the above range, it can effectively passivate the defects of the perovskite material and improve the energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device.

[0024] In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the phosphonic acid derivative is 0.05 to 0.10 based on the molecular weight of the perovskite material. When the molecular weight of the phosphonic acid derivative is within the above range, it can effectively passivate the defects of the perovskite material and improve the energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device.

[0025] In some embodiments, the molecular weight of solvent molecules in the perovskite absorber layer is less than or equal to 0.003, based on the molecular weight of the perovskite material. When the molecular weight of solvent molecules is within the above range, the crystallization quality of the perovskite absorber layer can be further improved, and the adverse effects on the stability of the passivation material can be reduced, thereby improving the energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device.

[0026] In some embodiments, the solvent includes one or more of an ester solvent, a carbonate solvent, a ketone solvent, an ether solvent, an alcohol solvent, a halogenated alcohol solvent, an amide solvent, a nitrile solvent, a sulfoxide solvent, and a halogenated hydrocarbon solvent. The perovskite absorber layer prepared using the above solvent system can achieve complete coverage of the substrate, and the perovskite absorber layer is more flat and uniform, with better crystallinity, which is beneficial for improving the energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device.

[0027] In some embodiments, the solvent includes one or more of a carbonate solvent, an amide solvent, and a nitrile solvent. The perovskite absorber layer prepared using the above solvent system can achieve complete coverage of the substrate, and the perovskite absorber layer is more flat and uniform, with better crystallinity, which is beneficial for improving the energy conversion efficiency of photovoltaic devices.

[0028] In some embodiments, the ester solvent includes one or more of 4-hydroxybutyrolactone (GBL) and butyl formate.

[0029] In some embodiments, the carbonate solvent includes one or more of dimethyl carbonate and ethylene carbonate.

[0030] In some embodiments, the ketone solvent includes one or more of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone NMP.

[0031] In some embodiments, the ether solvent includes one or more of 1,2-dimethoxyethane.

[0032] In some embodiments, the alcohol solvent includes one or more of cyclohexanone and methyl butyl ketone.

[0033] In some embodiments, the halogenated alcohol solvent includes one or more of chloropropanol and hexafluoroisopropanol.

[0034] In some embodiments, the amide solvent includes one or more of dimethylacetamide (DMAC) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF).

[0035] In some embodiments, the nitrile solvent includes one or more of acetonitrile and succinonitrile.

[0036] In some embodiments, the sulfoxide solvent includes one or more of dimethyl sulfoxide and phenyl vinyl sulfoxide.

[0037] In some embodiments, the halogenated hydrocarbon solvent includes one or more of dichloromethane and chloroform.

[0038] In some embodiments, the perovskite material comprises one or more compounds having the formula ABX3 or M2CDN6, wherein A and M each independently comprise Li + 、Na + , K + , Rb + 、Cs +, methylamino, ethylamino, propylamino, butylamino, pentylamino, hexylamino, formamidinium or imidazolyl; B comprises a divalent cation of one or more elements selected from lead, tin, zinc, titanium, antimony, bismuth, nickel, iron, cobalt, silver, copper, gallium, germanium, magnesium, calcium, indium, aluminum, manganese, chromium, molybdenum or europium; X and N each independently comprise F - 、Cl - Br - or I - One or more of; C includes Cs + 、Ag + , K + or Ru + One or more of; D includes Bi 3+ 、Ni 3+ 、Fe 3+ 、Sb 3+ 、In 3+ or Cu 3+ One or more of .

[0039] In a second aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a photovoltaic module, comprising a solar cell according to any embodiment of the first aspect of the present application.

[0040] In a third aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a power generation device, comprising a photovoltaic module according to any embodiment of the second aspect of the present application.

[0041] In a fourth aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides an electrical device comprising a photovoltaic module according to any embodiment of the second aspect of the present application. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0042] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application, the following is a brief introduction to the drawings required for use in the embodiments of the present application. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present application. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on the drawings without creative work.

[0043] FIG1 is a schematic structural diagram of a perovskite solar cell provided in some embodiments of the present application;

[0044] FIG2 is a schematic structural diagram of a perovskite solar cell provided in some other embodiments of the present application;

[0045] FIG3 is a schematic structural diagram of a photovoltaic assembly provided in some embodiments of the present application;

[0046] FIG4 is a schematic structural diagram of an electrical device provided in some embodiments of the present application.

[0047] In the accompanying drawings, the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale.

[0048] Among them, the reference numerals in the figures are:

[0049] 100. Perovskite solar cells;

[0050] 10. first electrode 10;

[0051] 20. Electron transport layer;

[0052] 30. Perovskite absorber layer;

[0053] 40. Hole transport layer;

[0054] 50. second electrode;

[0055] 1. Photovoltaic modules;

[0056] 2. Electrical equipment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0057] Below, the embodiments of the photovoltaic devices, photovoltaic modules, power generation devices, and power consumption devices of the present application are described in detail with appropriate reference to the accompanying drawings. However, unnecessary detailed descriptions may be omitted. For example, detailed descriptions of well-known matters and repeated descriptions of actually identical structures may be omitted. This is to avoid the following description from becoming unnecessarily lengthy and to facilitate understanding by those skilled in the art. In addition, the drawings and the following description are provided to enable those skilled in the art to fully understand the present application and are not intended to limit the subject matter described in the claims.

[0058] " range " disclosed in the present application is limited in the form of lower limit and upper limit, and given range is limited by selecting a lower limit and an upper limit, and the selected lower limit and upper limit define the boundary of special range. The scope limited in this way can be to include end value or not include end value, and can be arbitrarily combined, that is, any lower limit can form a range with any upper limit combination. For example, if the scope of 60-120 and 80-110 is listed for specific parameters, it is understood that the scope of 60-110 and 80-120 is also expected. In addition, if the minimum range value 1 and 2 are listed, and if the maximum range value 3,4 and 5 are listed, then the following range can all be expected: 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2-3, 2-4 and 2-5. In this application, unless otherwise specified, the numerical range " ab " represents the abbreviation of any real number combination between a and b, wherein a and b are all real numbers. For example, a numerical range of "0-5" indicates that all real numbers between "0-5" are listed herein, and "0-5" is simply an abbreviation for these numerical combinations. Furthermore, when a parameter is expressed as an integer ≥ 2, this is equivalent to disclosing that the parameter is, for example, an integer of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc.

[0059] Unless otherwise specified, all embodiments and optional embodiments of the present application can be combined with each other to form a new technical solution.

[0060] Unless otherwise specified, all technical features and optional technical features of this application can be combined with each other to form a new technical solution.

[0061] Unless otherwise specified, all steps of the present application may be performed sequentially or randomly, preferably sequentially. For example, a method includes steps (a) and (b), which indicates that the method may include steps (a) and (b) performed sequentially, or may include steps (b) and (a) performed sequentially. For example, a method may further include step (c), which indicates that step (c) may be added to the method in any order, for example, the method may include steps (a), (b), and (c), or may include steps (a), (c), and (b), or may include steps (c), (a), and (b), etc.

[0062] The term "hydrogen" refers to 1H (protium, H), 2H (deuterium, D), or 3H (tritium, T). In various embodiments, "hydrogen" may be 1H (protium, H).

[0063] In various places of this specification, the substituents of compounds are disclosed in groups or ranges. It is clearly expected that this description includes each individual subcombination of the members of these groups and ranges. For example, it is clearly expected that the term "C1 to C8 alkyl" discloses C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C1 to C8, C1 to C7, C1 to C6, C1 to C5, C1 to C4, C1 to C3, C1 to C2, C2 to C8, C2 to C7, C2 to C6, C2 to C5, C2 to C4, C2 to C3, C3 to C8, C3 to C7, C3 to C6, C3 to C5, C3 to C4, C4 to C8, C4 to C7, C4 to C6, C4 to C5, C5 to C8, C5 to C7, C5 to C6, C6 to C8, C6 to C7 and C7 to C8 alkyl.

[0064] As further examples, the integers in the range of 5 to 40 are specifically contemplated as individually disclosing 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, and 40; the integers in the range of 1-20 are specifically contemplated as individually disclosing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20. Additional groups or ranges are expressly contemplated accordingly.

[0065] Solar cells consist of a perovskite absorber layer, a hole transport layer, an electron transport layer, and electrodes. The operating process of a perovskite cell primarily involves the generation and separation of excitons, the transport of free carriers, the collection of carriers, and the generation of current. The detailed process is as follows: In a solar cell, sunlight is absorbed by the perovskite absorber layer, which absorbs photons and generates excitons. Due to the low Coulomb binding force of the perovskite absorber layer, the excitons subsequently separate into free electrons and holes. The separated free carriers are transported within the perovskite absorber layer and then transported out through the transport layer. The electron transport layer transports electrons while blocking holes, while the hole transport layer transports holes while blocking electrons. The electrons and holes transported out through the transport layer are collected by electrodes, forming a current.

[0066] The material properties of solar cells themselves make it easy for the perovskite material in the perovskite absorption layer to be oxidized and converted into ineffective components under light and / or heat conditions, thereby significantly reducing the performance and stability of the device and reducing the energy conversion efficiency of the device.

[0067] Perovskite materials are important components in photovoltaic devices. The production and preparation of perovskite materials inevitably leads to poor crystal quality and crystal defects, particularly intrinsic point defects. These defects can alter the crystal structure and affect the photoelectric performance of the perovskite material. Specifically, the presence of a certain number of intrinsic point defects in photovoltaic devices creates shallow energy levels, which favor the generation of optical transitions and thus more free carriers. Deep energy level defects, on the other hand, form non-radiative recombination centers, shortening the carrier diffusion distance and affecting energy conversion efficiency.

[0068] In view of the above problems, the present application proposes a photovoltaic device. By adding a passivation material to the perovskite absorber layer, the passivation material can passivate the defects of the perovskite absorber layer and improve the crystallinity and optical properties of the perovskite absorber layer. By further controlling the molecular weight of the solvent molecules in the perovskite absorber layer, the number of solvent molecules is relatively small, which can reduce the adverse effects of the solvent molecules on the passivation material, improve the stability of the passivation material in the perovskite absorber layer, and help improve the passivation performance of the passivation material. Moreover, when the number of solvent molecules is within the above range, it can also effectively improve the crystallinity of the perovskite absorber layer, thereby improving the energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device.

[0069] Photovoltaic devices

[0070] In a first aspect, an embodiment of the present application proposes a photovoltaic device, which includes a perovskite absorption layer, the perovskite absorption layer including a perovskite material and a passivation material, wherein the molecular number content of solvent molecules in the perovskite absorption layer is less than or equal to 0.004 based on the molecular number of the perovskite material.

[0071] The photovoltaic device according to the embodiments of the present application, by adding a passivation material to the perovskite absorber layer, can passivate the defects of the perovskite absorber layer, thereby improving the crystallinity and optical properties of the perovskite absorber layer. By further controlling the molecular weight of the solvent molecules in the perovskite absorber layer, the relatively small number of solvent molecules can reduce the adverse effects of the solvent molecules on the passivation material, improve the stability of the passivation material in the perovskite absorber layer, and thus improve the passivation performance of the passivation material. Furthermore, when the number of solvent molecules is within the above range, it can also effectively improve the crystallinity of the perovskite absorber layer, thereby improving the energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device.

[0072] Perovskite absorber layer

[0073] After the perovskite material in the perovskite absorption layer absorbs photons, electron-hole pairs are generated, which are thermalized to form excitons. Then, charge separation occurs, and the photogenerated electrons jump to the LUMO energy level of the perovskite absorption layer, and the photogenerated holes jump to the HOMO energy level of the perovskite absorption layer.

[0074] [Perovskite materials]

[0075] Perovskite materials refer to compounds with a perovskite structure. Perovskite materials include one or more compounds with the molecular formula ABX3 or M2CDN6, where A, B, M, C, and D are cations and X and N are anions.

[0076] Taking ABX3 as an example, in an ideal cubic crystal structure, the B cation has a 6-fold coordination and is surrounded by an anion octahedron, and the A cation has a 12-fold cubic octahedral coordination. The cubic unit cell of this compound consists of A cations located at the corners of the cube, B located at the body center, and X anions occupying the face center. There may be vacancy defects at the X position, forming bulk defects; the X anions corresponding to the X position are uncoordinated and migrate, which may cause defects on the surface or grain boundary of the perovskite crystal. In the embodiment of the present application, a passivation material is also provided in the perovskite absorption layer. The passivation material can effectively passivate the defects of the perovskite material, improve the crystallinity and optical properties of the perovskite absorption layer, and thus improve the energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device.

[0077] In some embodiments, A and M each independently comprise Li + 、Na + , K + , Rb + 、Cs + , methylamino, ethylamino, propylamino, butylamino, pentylamino, hexylamino, formamidinyl or imidazolyl.

[0078] In some embodiments, B comprises a divalent cation of one or more of lead, tin, zinc, titanium, antimony, bismuth, nickel, iron, cobalt, silver, copper, gallium, germanium, magnesium, calcium, indium, aluminum, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, or europium.

[0079] In some embodiments, X and N each independently comprise F - 、Cl - Br - or I - One or more of .

[0080] In some embodiments, C comprises Cs + 、Ag + , K + or Ru + One or more of .

[0081] In some embodiments, D comprises Bi 3+ 、Ni 3+ 、Fe 3+ 、Sb 3+ 、In 3+ or Cu 3+ One or more of .

[0082] For example, perovskite materials include CH8I3N2Pb(FAPbI3), Cs 0.05 (FA 0.83 MA 0.17 ) 0.95 Pb(I 0.83 Br 0.17 )3, one or more of CsPbBr3, CsPbI3, CsFAPbI3, MAFAPbI3, wherein MA + Represents methylamine cation (CH3NH3 + ), FA represents formamidinium cation ((NH2)2CH + ).

[0083] In some embodiments, the thickness of the perovskite absorber layer is between 200 nm and 1000 nm, for example, 200 nm, 250 nm, 300 nm, 400 nm, 500 nm, 600 nm, 700 nm, 800 nm, 900 nm, 1000 nm, or a range consisting of any two of these values. When the thickness of the perovskite absorber layer is within the above range, the photoelectric conversion function of the perovskite absorber layer can be effectively exerted, thereby improving the energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device.

[0084] The passivation material includes one or more of metal halides and phosphonic acid derivatives. The passivation material includes one or more of metal halides and phosphonic acid derivatives. The above passivation materials can passivate the defects of the perovskite absorption layer and improve the crystallinity and optical properties of the perovskite absorption layer.

[0085] In some embodiments, based on the molecular weight of the perovskite material, the molecular weight of the passivation material is less than or equal to 0.22, and may be 0.05 to 0.10, such as 0.002, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.2, 0.21, 0.22, or a range consisting of any two of the foregoing values. When the molecular weight of the passivation material is within the above range, it can effectively passivate defects in the perovskite material and improve the energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device.

[0086] [Metal Halide]

[0087] Metal halides can effectively passivate X-site defects in the bulk phase of perovskite materials, effectively mitigate the migration of halide ions in perovskite materials, increase grain size, enhance the crystallinity and optical properties of the perovskite absorber layer, and improve the energy conversion efficiency of photovoltaic devices. In particular, when the valence of the metal cation in the metal halide is greater than or equal to divalent, such as divalent or trivalent, and in the case of divalent, the inclusion of multiple halide ions in the metal halide can enhance the passivation effect on the perovskite material.

[0088] In some embodiments, the metal halide comprises one or more of zinc halide and alkaline earth metal halide. For example, the alkaline earth metal halide comprises one or more of beryllium halide, magnesium halide, calcium halide, strontium halide, barium halide, and radium halide. Alternatively, the alkaline earth metal halide comprises one or more of beryllium halide, magnesium halide, and calcium halide.

[0089] In some embodiments, the metal halide comprises one or more of metal chloride, metal fluoride, and metal iodide. Alternatively, the metal halide comprises one or more of metal chloride and metal fluoride.

[0090] Illustratively, the metal chloride includes one or more of zinc chloride, beryllium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, strontium chloride, barium chloride, and radium chloride. Alternatively, the metal chloride includes one or more of zinc chloride, beryllium chloride, magnesium chloride, and calcium chloride.

[0091] Illustratively, the metal fluoride includes one or more of zinc fluoride, beryllium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, strontium fluoride, barium fluoride, and radium fluoride. Alternatively, the metal fluoride includes one or more of zinc fluoride, beryllium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, and calcium fluoride.

[0092] In some embodiments, based on the molecular weight of the perovskite material, the molecular weight of the metal halide is less than or equal to 0.22, optionally 0.005 to 0.10, or optionally 0.05 to 0.10. When the molecular weight of the metal halide is within the above range, it can effectively passivate defects in the perovskite material and improve the energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device.

[0093] The molecular weight content of the metal halide refers to the ratio of the number of metal halide molecules to the number of perovskite molecules. For example, the molecular weight content of the metal halide can be 0.002, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.2, 0.21, 0.22, or a range consisting of any two of the foregoing values.

[0094] [Phosphonic acid derivatives]

[0095] Phosphonic acid derivatives have high binding energy with perovskite materials, can anchor the grain interfaces of perovskite materials, passivate the defects of perovskite materials, improve the structural stability of perovskite materials, improve the crystallinity and optical properties of the perovskite absorption layer, and improve the energy conversion efficiency of photovoltaic devices.

[0096] In some embodiments, the phosphonic acid derivatives include one or more of an alkyl derivative containing a phosphonic acid group or a halogen salt thereof, an aromatic derivative containing a phosphonic acid group or a halogen salt thereof, an aromatic heterocyclic derivative containing a phosphonic acid group or a halogen salt thereof. The ring structure of the aromatic heterocyclic derivative includes one or more of a nitrogen atom, a sulfur atom, and an oxygen atom. The phosphonic acid derivative can be a small molecule organic single molecule or a polymer, and can be an organic single molecule. An organic single molecule can be understood as a compound with a relatively small molecular weight and is a non-polymer. The halogen salts of the above compounds can include one or more of a chloride salt, a fluoride salt, and an iodide salt.

[0097] The above-mentioned compounds can enhance the passivation effect on the grain interfaces of perovskite materials, improve the crystallinity and optical properties of the perovskite absorber layer, and enhance the energy conversion efficiency of photovoltaic devices. In particular, when the molecular volume of the phosphonic acid derivative is relatively large, for example, the phosphonic acid derivative includes one or more of an aromatic derivative containing a phosphonic acid group or its halogen salt, or an aromatic heterocyclic derivative containing a phosphonic acid group, the passivation effect on the grain interfaces of the perovskite material can be further enhanced.

[0098] For example, the alkyl derivative containing a phosphonic acid group or a halogen salt thereof includes one or more of octylphosphonic acid and 12-aminododecylphosphonic acid hydrochloride.

[0099] Illustratively, the aromatic derivative containing a phosphonic acid group or a halogen salt thereof includes one or more of phenylphosphonic acid and 12-pentafluorophenoxydodecylphosphonic acid.

[0100] Illustratively, the aromatic heterocyclic derivative containing a phosphonic acid group or a halogen salt thereof includes one or more of 2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (2PACz) and poly 2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid.

[0101] In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the phosphonic acid derivative is less than or equal to 0.22, optionally 0.005 to 0.10, or optionally 0.05 to 0.10, based on the molecular weight of the perovskite material. When the molecular weight of the phosphonic acid derivative is within the above range, it can effectively passivate defects in the perovskite material and improve the energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device.

[0102] The molecular weight content of the phosphonic acid derivative refers to the ratio of the number of molecules of the phosphonic acid derivative to the number of molecules of the perovskite material. For example, the molecular weight content of the phosphonic acid derivative can be 0.002, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.2, 0.21, 0.22, or a range consisting of any two of these values.

[0103] [Solvent]

[0104] When preparing a perovskite absorber layer, the raw materials for preparing the perovskite absorber layer are typically added to a solvent, and the solvent is subsequently evaporated to obtain the perovskite absorber layer. However, some solvent may remain during the evaporation process, resulting in a certain amount of solvent in the perovskite absorber layer. When the solvent content is too high, this solvent may affect crystal formation, resulting in poor crystallization quality of the perovskite absorber layer and may cause dissolution of the passivation material, thereby deteriorating the energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device. However, the embodiments of the present application can effectively improve the crystallization quality and device stability of the perovskite absorber layer by regulating the molecular weight of the solvent molecules, thereby improving the energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device.

[0105] In some embodiments, the molecular weight of solvent molecules in the perovskite absorber layer is less than or equal to 0.004, and optionally less than or equal to 0.003, based on the molecular weight of the perovskite material. During the preparation of the perovskite absorber layer, the molecular weight of the solvent molecules can be adjusted by, for example, controlling the annealing time. When the molecular weight of the solvent molecules is within the above range, the crystallization quality of the perovskite absorber layer can be further improved, and the adverse effects on the stability of the passivation material can be reduced, thereby improving the energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device.

[0106] The molecular weight content of solvent molecules refers to the ratio of the number of solvent molecules to the number of molecules of the perovskite material. For example, the molecular weight content of solvent molecules can be 0, 0.0001, 0.0002, 0.0005, 0.0008, 0.001, 0.0012, 0.0015, 0.0018, 0.002, 0.0025, 0.0028, 0.003, 0.0032, 0.0035, 0.0038, 0.004, or a range consisting of any two of these values. A molecular weight content of 0 solvent molecules indicates that the perovskite absorber layer is substantially free of solvent molecules.

[0107] In some embodiments, the solvent includes one or more of an ester solvent, a carbonate solvent, a ketone solvent, an ether solvent, an alcohol solvent, a halogenated alcohol solvent, an amide solvent, a nitrile solvent, a sulfoxide solvent, and a halogenated hydrocarbon solvent; alternatively, the solvent includes one or more of a carbonate solvent, an amide solvent, and a nitrile solvent. The perovskite absorber layer prepared using the above solvent system can achieve complete coverage of the substrate, and the perovskite absorber layer is more flat and uniform, with better crystallinity, which is beneficial for improving the energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device.

[0108] Illustratively, the ester solvent includes one or more of 4-hydroxybutyrolactone GBL and butyl formate.

[0109] Illustratively, the carbonate solvent includes one or more of dimethyl carbonate and ethylene carbonate.

[0110] Illustratively, the ketone solvent includes one or more of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone NMP.

[0111] Illustratively, the ether solvent includes one or more of 1,2-dimethoxyethane.

[0112] Illustratively, the alcohol solvent includes one or more of cyclohexanone and methyl butyl ketone.

[0113] Illustratively, the halogenated alcohol solvent includes one or more of chloropropanol and hexafluoroisopropanol.

[0114] Illustratively, the amide solvent includes one or more of dimethylacetamide (DMAC) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF).

[0115] Illustratively, the nitrile solvent includes one or more of acetonitrile and succinonitrile.

[0116] Illustratively, the sulfoxide solvent includes one or more of dimethyl sulfoxide and phenyl vinyl sulfoxide.

[0117] Illustratively, the halogenated hydrocarbon solvent includes one or more of dichloromethane and chloroform.

[0118] The above compounds can be purchased commercially or synthesized using conventional methods in the art.

[0119] electron transport layer

[0120] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic device includes an electron transport layer disposed on one side of the perovskite absorber layer.

[0121] As a transport layer, the electron transport layer can effectively transport electrons, reduce carrier recombination at the interface between the perovskite absorption layer and the electron transport layer, and improve the energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device.

[0122] The electron transport layer may include an electron transport material, which may include one or more of doped or undoped tin oxide, doped or undoped titanium oxide, doped or undoped zinc oxide, and doped or undoped organic molecular materials. The doping elements may include one or more of Mg, Zn, Ag, Li, Rb, Ta, and Nb, for example, by using chlorides of the above elements for doping. Specifically, the electron transport material may include [6,6]-phenyl C 61 Methyl butyrate (PC61BM), [6,6]-phenyl C 71 One or more of methyl butyrate (PC71BM), fullerene C60, fullerene C70, tin dioxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), etc.

[0123] hole transport layer

[0124] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic device includes a hole transport layer, which is disposed on the other side of the perovskite absorber layer and on the side of the perovskite absorber layer facing away from the electron transport layer.

[0125] As a transport layer, the hole transport layer can effectively transport holes, reduce carrier recombination at the interface between the perovskite absorption layer and the hole transport layer, and improve the energy conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells.

[0126] The hole transport layer includes a hole transport material, which is one or more of the following materials and their derivatives and materials obtained by doping or passivation: poly [bis (4-phenyl) (2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) amine] (PTAA), poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) -polystyrene sulfonic acid (PEDOT: PSS), 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis [N,N-bis (4-methoxyphenyl) amino] -9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD ), poly-3 hexylthiophene (P3HT), methoxytriphenylamine-fluoroformamidine, triphenylamine with triptycene as the core, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-(4-phenylamino)carbazole-spirobifluorene, polythiophene, phosphonic acid-based monomers, carboxylic acid-based monomers, carbazole-based monomers, sulfonic acid-based monomers, triphenylamine-based monomers, aromatic monomers, metal oxides and cuprous thiocyanate, wherein the metal elements in the metal oxides include one or more of Ni, Mo and Cu.

[0127] First electrode

[0128] In some embodiments, a photovoltaic device includes a first electrode located on a side of the electron transport layer facing away from the perovskite absorber layer.

[0129] The electrode material in the first electrode includes an organic, inorganic, or organic-inorganic hybrid conductive material. The organic conductive material includes a conductive polymer (one or more of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) PEDOT, polythiophene, polyacetylene, etc.); the inorganic conductive material includes one or more of a transparent conductive oxide (FTO, ITO, AZO, BZO, IZO), a metal, a carbon derivative, etc., wherein the metal includes but is not limited to the following materials: one or more of Ag, Cu, C, Au, Al.

[0130] Second electrode

[0131] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic device further comprises a second electrode, the second electrode being located on a side of the hole transport layer facing away from the perovskite absorption layer.

[0132] The electrode material in the second electrode includes an organic, inorganic, or organic-inorganic hybrid conductive material. The organic conductive material includes a conductive polymer (one or more of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) PEDOT, polythiophene, polyacetylene, etc.); the inorganic conductive material includes one or more of a transparent conductive oxide (FTO, ITO, AZO, BZO, IZO), a metal, a carbon derivative, etc., wherein the metal includes but is not limited to the following materials: one or more of Ag, Cu, C, Au, Al.

[0133] The photovoltaic device according to the embodiment of the present application is a cell based on the photovoltaic effect, such as a solar cell, which can efficiently convert solar energy into electrical energy.

[0134] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic device may be a single junction solar cell such as a perovskite solar cell.

[0135] In other embodiments, the photovoltaic device may be a tandem solar cell. By connecting a wide bandgap cell and a narrow bandgap cell in series, the tandem solar cell can more rationally utilize photons in the full spectrum and reduce energy loss. Specifically, the tandem solar cell includes a bottom cell and a top cell, the bandgap of the bottom cell is relatively narrow, and the bandgap of the top cell is relatively wide. The tandem solar cell may include any one of a crystalline silicon perovskite tandem solar cell or a full perovskite solar cell. The crystalline silicon perovskite tandem solar cell includes a silicon cell and a perovskite solar cell. Exemplarily, the crystalline silicon perovskite tandem solar cell may include a crystalline silicon bottom cell, a composite layer, and a perovskite top cell stacked in sequence, wherein the bandgap of the silicon cell is relatively narrow, and the bandgap of the perovskite solar cell is relatively wide. The perovskite solar cell may be used as the perovskite top cell in the crystalline silicon perovskite tandem solar cell. The full perovskite solar cell includes multiple perovskite solar cells, which serve as bottom cells and top cells respectively, and the band gaps of the bottom cells and the top cells are different. Exemplarily, the above-mentioned full perovskite solar cell may include a first perovskite solar cell, a composite layer and a second perovskite solar cell stacked in sequence.

[0136] In the embodiments of the present application, the perovskite solar cells in both single-junction solar cells and tandem solar cells include the aforementioned perovskite absorber layer. A passivation material is added to the perovskite absorber layer to passivate defects in the perovskite absorber layer, thereby improving the crystallinity and optical properties of the perovskite absorber layer. By further controlling the molecular weight of solvent molecules in the perovskite absorber layer to a relatively low number, the crystallinity of the perovskite absorber layer can be effectively improved, thereby improving the energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device.

[0137] Furthermore, the perovskite solar cell also includes the above-mentioned electron transport layer and hole transport layer.

[0138] Perovskite solar cells can be in either a normal (nip) or inverted (pin) configuration.

[0139] As shown in Figure 1, a perovskite solar cell 100 includes a first electrode 10, an electron transport layer 20, a perovskite absorber layer 30, a hole transport layer 40, and a second electrode 50, stacked sequentially along its thickness. Optionally, a buffer layer, a passivation layer, and other functional layer structures may be further included between the transport layer and the perovskite absorber layer. The perovskite solar cell 100 shown in Figure 1 is a formal structure perovskite solar cell; the arrows in Figure 1 indicate the direction of incident light.

[0140] As shown in Figure 2, a perovskite solar cell 100 includes a second electrode 50, a hole transport layer 40, a perovskite absorber layer 30, an electron transport layer 20, and a first electrode 10, stacked sequentially along its thickness. Optionally, a buffer layer, a passivation layer, and other functional layer structures may be further included between the transport layer and the perovskite absorber layer. The perovskite solar cell 100 shown in Figure 2 is an inverted structure perovskite solar cell; the arrows in Figure 2 indicate the direction of incident light.

[0141] In the embodiment of the present application, the molecular number of each substance in the perovskite absorption layer has a meaning well known in the art and can be detected by equipment and methods well known in the art, such as liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Specifically, the perovskite solar cell is disassembled to obtain the perovskite absorption layer, which is dissolved in an organic solvent (a mixed solvent of N,N-dimethylformamide DMF and dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO with a volume ratio of 4:1) as a test sample, and the sample is placed in a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer for quantitative and qualitative detection of the compound. The molecular number of each substance in the perovskite absorption layer can also be measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPS, energy dispersant EDS, etc. to measure the proportion of unique elements in each substance, thereby calculating the molecular number of each substance.

[0142] Specifically, XPS (Shimadzu AxisSupra X-ray photoelectron spectrometer) can be used to qualitatively distinguish the elemental composition in the perovskite absorption layer. During the detection process, a 600W AlKα monochromatic X-ray source is used to irradiate the sample, so that the inner electrons or valence electrons in the atoms or molecules are excited to form photoelectrons. The energy of the photoelectrons is measured, and the photoelectron energy spectrum is plotted with the kinetic energy of the photoelectrons as the horizontal axis and the relative intensity (pulse / s) as the vertical axis.

[0143] Based on the position of the characteristic spectral lines in the photoelectron energy spectrum and the chemical shift measurement of the inner electron binding energy, the chemical bond and charge distribution information is provided to determine the type and valence state of the unique elements in each substance;

[0144] The ratio of the photoelectron line intensity (the area of ​​the peak) in the photoelectron energy spectrum to the relative sensitivity factor of the corresponding element peak is the atomic percentage corresponding to the element. Based on the proportion of the element in the substance, the molecular content of the substance containing the element is obtained.

[0145] Photovoltaic panels

[0146] In a second aspect, an embodiment of the present application further provides a photovoltaic assembly, comprising the photovoltaic device of any embodiment of the first aspect of the present application.

[0147] In some embodiments, a photovoltaic module may include at least one photovoltaic device. For example, the photovoltaic module may include one perovskite solar cell, or may include multiple perovskite solar cells. In the case where the photovoltaic module includes multiple perovskite solar cells, the multiple perovskite solar cells can be connected in series, in parallel, or in a hybrid manner. Hybrid means that the multiple perovskite solar cells are divided into multiple groups of cells, each group of cells is connected in series, and then two adjacent groups of cells are connected in parallel; or each group of cells is connected in parallel, and then two adjacent groups of cells are connected in series. As shown in Figure 3, the photovoltaic module 1 includes at least one perovskite solar cell 100.

[0148] Power generation device

[0149] On the third aspect, the embodiments of the present application also provide a power generation device, including a photovoltaic module of any embodiment of the second aspect of the present application. The use of the above-mentioned photovoltaic module can ensure the transparency of the power generation device and enable the power generation device to have a higher energy conversion efficiency, and can be used in application scenarios that require both transparency and conductivity.

[0150] Electrical devices

[0151] In a fourth aspect, an embodiment of the present application further provides an electrical device comprising a photovoltaic assembly according to any embodiment of the second aspect of the present application.

[0152] Photovoltaic modules can be used as power sources for electrical devices or as energy storage units. These devices include, but are not limited to, mobile devices (e.g., mobile phones, laptops), electric vehicles (e.g., pure electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, electric bicycles, electric scooters, electric golf carts, electric trucks), electric trains, ships, satellites, and energy storage systems.

[0153] 4 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary electric device 2. The electric device 2 is a pure electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, or a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, etc. The electric device 2 includes a photovoltaic module 1.

[0154] As another example, the electric device may be a mobile phone, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, etc.

[0155] Example

[0156] The following examples describe the present disclosure in more detail and are intended to be illustrative only, as various modifications and variations within the scope of the present disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Unless otherwise indicated, all parts, percentages, and ratios reported in the following examples are by weight, and all reagents used in the examples are commercially available or synthesized according to conventional methods and used directly without further processing, and all instruments used in the examples are commercially available.

[0157] Example 1

[0158] Preparation of perovskite solar cells

[0159] (1) FTO conductive glass cleaning

[0160] A 2.0 cm×2.0 cm FTO conductive glass was ultrasonically cleaned with acetone, isopropyl alcohol, and deionized water for 30 minutes respectively, and finally dried with nitrogen gas for later use, and placed in a UV ozone machine for further cleaning.

[0161] (2) Preparation of nickel oxide NiOx hole transport layer

[0162] NiOx was prepared as the hole transport layer material by magnetron sputtering.

[0163] The above-mentioned FTO conductive glass was placed in a vacuum chamber, and a NiOx film with a thickness of 15 nm was prepared as a hole transport layer.

[0164] (3) Preparation of perovskite absorber layer

[0165] A 3 mg / mL ZnCl2, 0.5 mg / mL 2PACz, and 1.5 mol / L FAPbI3 N,N-dimethylformamide DMF solution was coated on the surface of the hole transport layer, and then moved to a constant temperature hot stage and heated at 100°C for 30 minutes. After cooling to room temperature, a perovskite absorption layer with a thickness of 500 nm was formed.

[0166] (4) Preparation of electron transport layer and Ag electrode

[0167] An electron transport layer (2alpha-phenyl-1,2(2alpha)-homo[5,6]fullerene-C60-lh-2alpha-butyric acid methyl ester (PC60BM) (20 mg / mL chlorobenzene solution) was spin-coated on the perovskite absorber layer, annealed at 100°C for 10 min, and cooled to room temperature to obtain an electron transport layer with a thickness of 60 nm.

[0168] Transfer the spin-coated device to the evaporation chamber. The 80nm copper electrode was evaporated at a speed of 100 nm to complete the preparation of the perovskite solar cell.

[0169] Example 2-1 to Example 2-5

[0170] A perovskite solar cell was prepared using a method similar to that of Example 1, except that the material of the metal halide was adjusted.

[0171] Example 3-1 to Example 3-5

[0172] A perovskite solar cell was prepared using a method similar to that of Example 1, except that the molecular amount and content of the metal halide were adjusted.

[0173] Example 4-1 and Example 4-2

[0174] A perovskite solar cell was prepared using a method similar to that of Example 1, except that the material of the phosphonic acid derivative was adjusted.

[0175] Example 5-1 to Example 5-5

[0176] A perovskite solar cell was prepared using a method similar to that of Example 1, except that the molecular weight of the phosphonic acid derivative was adjusted.

[0177] Example 6-1 and Example 6-2

[0178] A perovskite solar cell was prepared using a method similar to that of Example 1, except that the molecular weight of the solvent was adjusted.

[0179] Example 7-1 and Example 7-2

[0180] A perovskite solar cell was prepared using a method similar to that of Example 1, except that the material of the solvent was adjusted.

[0181] Example 8-1 and Example 8-2

[0182] A perovskite solar cell was prepared using a method similar to that of Example 1, except that the material of the perovskite material was adjusted.

[0183] Comparative Example 1

[0184] A perovskite solar cell was prepared using a method similar to that of Example 1. The difference from Example 1 was that the molecular weight of the solvent was adjusted and no passivation material was provided.

[0185] Comparative Example 2

[0186] A perovskite solar cell was prepared using a method similar to that of Example 1, except that the molecular weight of the solvent was adjusted.

[0187] The parameters of the embodiments and comparative examples are shown in Table 1.

[0188] Performance testing:

[0189] The perovskite solar cells prepared in the above embodiments and comparative examples were placed in an atmospheric environment. The AM1.5G standard light source was used as the sunlight simulation light source. A four-channel digital source meter (Keithley2440) was used to measure the volt-ampere characteristic curve of the battery under the light source to obtain the open circuit voltage Voc, short circuit current density Jsc, and fill factor FF (Fill Factor) of the battery, thereby calculating the energy conversion efficiency Eff (Efficiency) of the battery.

[0190] The energy conversion efficiency is calculated as follows:

[0191] Eff=Pout / Pin×100%,where Pout and Pin are the battery output power and incident light power respectively. The incident light power is 100mW / cm 2 .

[0192] Test results

[0193] The test results are shown in Table 1.

[0194] Table 1

[0195] As can be seen from Table 1,

[0196] In Comparative Example 1, no passivation material is provided in the perovskite absorption layer. The perovskite material in the perovskite absorption layer may have crystal defects, resulting in poor energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device.

[0197] Compared with Comparative Example 1, Comparative Example 2 sets a passivation material in the perovskite absorption layer, which improves the energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device; however, due to the high molecular weight content of the solvent in Comparative Example 2 (0.006), the solvent will make the passivation material play a very small role, so that the degree of improvement in the energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device is limited.

[0198] In the embodiment of the present application, on the basis of adding a passivation material to the perovskite absorption layer, the molecular number content of the solvent molecules is also simultaneously regulated to be less than or equal to 0.004, which can reduce the adverse effects of the solvent molecules on the passivation material, improve the stability of the passivation material in the perovskite absorption layer, and help improve the passivation performance of the passivation material; it can also effectively improve the crystallization quality of the perovskite absorption layer, thereby improving the energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device.

[0199] In Examples 1 and 2-1 to 2-4, the material of the metal halide is adjusted, and in Examples 3-1 to 3-5, the molecular weight of the metal halide molecules is adjusted, thereby effectively regulating the energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device.

[0200] The energy conversion efficiency of photovoltaic devices can be effectively regulated by adjusting the material of the phosphonic acid derivatives in Examples 4-1 and 4-2, and by adjusting the molecular weight of the phosphonic acid derivatives in Examples 5-1 to 5-5.

[0201] In Examples 6-1 and 6-2, the energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device can be effectively regulated by adjusting the molecular weight of the solvent molecules. In Examples 7-1 and 7-2, the energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device can be effectively regulated by adjusting the material of the solvent.

[0202] In Example 8-1 and Example 8-2, the energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device can be effectively regulated by adjusting the type of perovskite material.

[0203] The above are only specific embodiments of the present application, but the scope of protection of the present application is not limited thereto. Any person skilled in the art can easily conceive of various equivalent modifications or substitutions within the technical scope disclosed in this application, and such modifications or substitutions should be included in the scope of protection of this application. Therefore, the scope of protection of this application should be based on the scope of protection of the claims.

Claims

1. A photovoltaic device comprising a perovskite absorption layer, wherein the perovskite absorption layer comprises a perovskite material and a passivation material, wherein: Based on the molecular number of the perovskite material, the molecular number content of the solvent molecules in the perovskite absorption layer is less than or equal to 0.

004.

2. The photovoltaic device according to claim 1, wherein The passivation material includes one or more of metal halides and phosphonic acid derivatives.

3. The photovoltaic device according to claim 2, wherein: The metal halide includes one or more of zinc halide and alkaline earth metal halide.

4. The photovoltaic device according to claim 3, wherein: The zinc halide includes one or more of zinc chloride and zinc fluoride.

5. The photovoltaic device according to claim 3 or 4, wherein: The alkaline earth metal halide includes one or more of alkaline earth metal chloride and alkaline earth metal fluoride. The photovoltaic device according to claim 5 , wherein: The alkaline earth metal chloride includes one or more of beryllium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride and strontium chloride; and / or The alkaline earth metal fluoride includes one or more of beryllium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, calcium fluoride and strontium fluoride.

7. The photovoltaic device according to any one of claims 2 to 6, wherein: The phosphonic acid derivatives include one or more of alkyl derivatives containing phosphonic acid groups or their halogen salts, aromatic derivatives containing phosphonic acid groups or their halogen salts, and aromatic heterocyclic derivatives containing phosphonic acid groups or their halogen salts.

8. The photovoltaic device according to claim 7, wherein: The alkyl derivative containing a phosphonic acid group or its halogen salt includes one or more of octylphosphonic acid and 12-aminododecylphosphonic acid hydrochloride; and / or The aromatic derivatives containing phosphonic acid groups or their halogen salts include one or more of phenylphosphonic acid and 12-pentafluorophenoxydodecylphosphonic acid; and / or The aromatic heterocyclic derivative containing a phosphonic acid group or a halogen salt thereof includes one or more of 2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid and poly 2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid.

9. The photovoltaic device according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein Based on the molecular weight of the perovskite material, the molecular weight content of the passivation material is less than or equal to 0.

22.

10. The photovoltaic device according to claim 9, wherein: The molecular amount content of the passivation material is 0.05 to 0.10 based on the molecular amount of the perovskite material.

11. The photovoltaic device according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein: Based on the molecular number of the perovskite material, the molecular number content of the solvent molecules in the perovskite absorption layer is less than or equal to 0.

003.

12. The photovoltaic device according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein The solvent includes one or more of ester solvents, carbonate solvents, ketone solvents, ether solvents, alcohol solvents, halogenated alcohol solvents, amide solvents, nitrile solvents, sulfoxide solvents and halogenated hydrocarbon solvents.

13. The photovoltaic device according to claim 12, wherein: The solvent includes one or more of a carbonate solvent, an amide solvent and a nitrile solvent.

14. The photovoltaic device according to claim 12 or 13, wherein: The ester solvent includes one or more of 4-hydroxybutyrolactone and butyl formate; and / or The carbonate solvent includes one or more of dimethyl carbonate and ethylene carbonate; and / or The ketone solvent includes one or more of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone; and / or The ether solvent includes one or more of 1,2-dimethoxyethane; and / or The alcohol solvent includes one or more of cyclohexanone and methyl butyl ketone; and / or The halogenated alcohol solvent includes one or more of chloropropanol and hexafluoroisopropanol; and / or The amide solvent includes one or more of dimethylacetamide and N,N-dimethylformamide; and / or The nitrile solvent includes one or more of acetonitrile and succinonitrile; and / or The sulfoxide solvent includes one or more of dimethyl sulfoxide and phenyl vinyl sulfoxide; and / or The halogenated hydrocarbon solvent includes one or more of dichloromethane and chloroform.

15. The photovoltaic device according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein The perovskite material includes one or more compounds with the molecular formula ABX3 or M2CDN6, A and M each independently include Li + 、Na + , K + , Rb + 、Cs + , one or more of methylamino, ethylamino, propylamino, butylamino, pentylamino, hexylamino, amidino or imidazolyl; B includes divalent cations of one or more elements selected from the group consisting of lead, tin, zinc, titanium, antimony, bismuth, nickel, iron, cobalt, silver, copper, gallium, germanium, magnesium, calcium, indium, aluminum, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, and europium; X and N each independently include F - 、Cl - Br - or I - One or more of; C includes Cs + 、Ag + , K + or Ru + One or more of; D includes Bi 3+ 、Ni 3+ 、Fe 3+ 、Sb 3+ 、In 3+ or Cu 3+ One or more of .

16. A photovoltaic module comprising the photovoltaic device according to any one of claims 1 to 15.

17. A power generation device comprising the photovoltaic assembly according to claim 16.

18. An electrical device comprising the photovoltaic assembly according to claim 16.

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