Methods and apparatus for internet-of-things signal transmission in mobile communications
Power control methods and coordinated resource allocation for IoT devices using pathloss information and backscattering techniques address interference issues in A-IoT systems, enhancing signal transmission efficiency and reducing interference with legacy cellular systems.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/085325
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-04-03
- Filing Date
- 2025-03-27
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-09
AI Technical Summary
The coexistence of ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) systems with legacy cellular systems in wireless communication environments like 5G NR poses interference issues that need to be addressed, particularly in terms of spectrum allocation and channel design, necessitating improved communication methods.
Implementing power control methods based on pathloss information to determine transmission power for IoT devices, along with reader-to-device and device-to-reader transmissions, utilizing backscattering of carrier waves, and coordinated resource allocation to minimize interference.
Enhances IoT signal transmission by reducing interference between A-IoT and cellular systems, optimizing power usage, and ensuring effective communication protocols across various wireless technologies.
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Figure CN2025085325_09102025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR INTERNET-OF-THINGS SIGNAL TRANSMISSION IN MOBILE COMMUNICATIONSCROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATION (S)
[0001] The present disclosure is part of a non-provisional application claiming the priority benefit of PCT Application No. PCT / CN2024 / 086010, filed 03 April 2024, the content of which herein being incorporated by reference in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present disclosure is generally related to mobile communications and, more particularly, to internet of things (IoT) signal transmission with respect to apparatus and IoT device in mobile communications.BACKGROUND
[0003] Unless otherwise indicated herein, approaches described in this section are not prior art to the claims listed below and are not admitted as prior art by inclusion in this section.
[0004] Wireless communication systems may be widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may use multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of such multiple-access technologies may include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.
[0005] These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, and even global level. An example telecommunication standard is 5G New Radio (NR) . 5G NR is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to meet new requirements associated with latency, reliability, security, scalability (e.g., with Internet of Things (IoT) ) , and other requirements. Some aspects of 5G NR may be based on the 4G long term evolution (LTE) standard. There exists a need for further improvements in 5G NR technology. These improvements may also be applicable to other multi-access technologies and the telecommunication standards that employ these technologies.
[0006] Particularly, the spectrum deployment of ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) may comprise in-band, in guard band, and standalone with the legacy cellular system. It means that the coexistence between the A-IoT and legacy cellular system need to be considered and the corresponding interference issue should be solved. Therefore, based on different spectrum allocation assumption (e.g., frequency division duplexing (FDD) downlink (DL) or uplink (UL) spectrum used for A-IoT transmissions) , the interference between the A-IoT and the cellular systems need to be avoided or reduced. In addition, as a new radio access technology (RAT) , the design for the A-IoT channel and signals should also be considered.
[0007] Accordingly, how to perform the A-IoT communication in the wireless communication environments such as 5G NR becomes an important issue for the newly developed wireless communication network.SUMMARY
[0008] The following summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be limiting in any way. That is, the following summary is provided to introduce concepts, highlights, benefits and advantages of the novel and non-obvious techniques described herein. Select implementations are further described below in the detailed description. Thus, the following summary is not intended to identify essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended for use in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.
[0009] One objective of the present disclosure is to propose schemes, concepts, designs, systems, methods and apparatus pertaining to Internet of Things (IoT) signal transmission with respect to apparatus (e.g., a reader and / or an emitter) , network node and IoT device in mobile communications. It is believed that the above-described issue would be avoided or otherwise alleviated by implementing one or more of the proposed schemes described herein.
[0010] In one aspect, a method may involve an apparatus obtaining pathloss information. The pathloss information may be associated with the apparatus. The method may also involve the apparatus determining a transmission power of a transmission associated with an IoT device according to a maximum transmission power and a power related to the pathloss information. The method may further involve the apparatus performing the transmission according to the transmission power.
[0011] In another aspect, a method may involve a reader performing a reader-to-device (R2D) transmission with an IoT device. The method may also involve the reader receiving a reply associated with the R2D transmission from the IoT device. The reply may comprise at least one of a preamble, a midamble, a postamble, an identification (ID) of the IoT device, feedback information, an identifier of R2D control channel (CCH) decoding, an identifier of processing status of the IoT device, a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) , a synchronization sequence, a response information, and a channel condition information.
[0012] In another aspect, a method may involve an IoT device receiving an R2D transmission from a reader. The method may also involve the IoT device transmit a reply associated with the R2D transmission to the reader. The reply may comprise at least one of a preamble, a midamble, a postamble, an ID of the IoT device, feedback information, an identifier of R2D CCH decoding, an identifier of processing status of the IoT device, an CRC, a synchronization sequence, a response information, and a channel condition information.
[0013] It is noteworthy that, although description provided herein may be in the context of certain radio access technologies, networks and network topologies such as 5th Generation System (5GS) and 4G EPS mobile networking, the proposed concepts, schemes and any variation (s) / derivative (s) thereof may be implemented in, for and by other types of wireless and wired communication technologies, networks and network topologies such as, for example and without limitation, Ethernet, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) , E-UTRAN, Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) , General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) / Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) Radio Access Network (GERAN) , Long-Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced, LTE-Advanced Pro, IoT, Industrial IoT (IIoT) , Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) , 6th Generation (6G) , and any future-developed networking technologies. Thus, the scope of the present disclosure is not limited to the examples described herein.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the disclosure and are incorporated in and constitute a part of the present disclosure. The drawings illustrate implementations of the disclosure and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the disclosure. It is appreciable that the drawings are not necessarily in scale as some components may be shown to be out of proportion than the size in actual implementation in order to clearly illustrate the concept of the present disclosure.
[0015] FIG. 1 is a diagram depicting an example scenario of a communication environment in which various solutions and schemes in accordance with the present disclosure may be implemented.
[0016] FIG. 2 is a diagram depicting an example scenario for an A-IoT topology in accordance with implementations of the present disclosure.
[0017] FIG. 3 is a diagram depicting another example scenario for an A-IoT topology in accordance with implementations of the present disclosure.
[0018] FIG. 4 is a diagram depicting another example scenario for an A-IoT topology in accordance with implementations of the present disclosure.
[0019] FIG. 5 is a diagram depicting another example scenario for an A-IoT topology in accordance with implementations of the present disclosure.
[0020] FIG. 6 is a diagram depicting an example scenario for a device-to-reader (D2R) channel structure in accordance with implementations of the present disclosure.
[0021] FIG. 7 is a diagram depicting another example scenario for a D2R channel structure in accordance with implementations of the present disclosure.
[0022] FIG. 8 is a diagram depicting another example scenario for a D2R channel structure in accordance with implementations of the present disclosure.
[0023] FIG. 9 is a diagram depicting another example scenario for a D2R channel structure in accordance with implementations of the present disclosure.
[0024] FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an example communication system in accordance with an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0025] FIG. 11 is a flowchart of an example process in accordance with an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0026] FIG. 12 is a flowchart of an example process in accordance with another implementation of the present disclosure.
[0027] FIG. 13 is a flowchart of an example process in accordance with another implementation of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED IMPLEMENTATIONS
[0028] Detailed embodiments and implementations of the claimed subject matters are disclosed herein. However, it shall be understood that the disclosed embodiments and implementations are merely illustrative of the claimed subject matters which may be embodied in various forms. The present disclosure may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the exemplary embodiments and implementations set forth herein. Rather, these exemplary embodiments and implementations are provided so that description of the present disclosure is thorough and complete and will fully convey the scope of the present disclosure to those skilled in the art. In the description below, details of well-known features and techniques may be omitted to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the presented embodiments and implementations. Overview
[0029] Implementations in accordance with the present disclosure relate to various techniques, methods, schemes and / or solutions pertaining to Internet of Things (IoT) signal transmission with respect to user equipment and network apparatus in mobile communications. According to the present disclosure, a number of possible solutions may be implemented separately or jointly. That is, although these possible solutions may be described below separately, two or more of these possible solutions may be implemented in one combination or another.
[0030] FIG. 1 illustrates an example scenario 100 of a communication environment in which various solutions and schemes in accordance with the present disclosure may be implemented. Scenario 100 involves a UE 110 in wireless communication with a network 120 (e.g., a wireless network including an NTN and a TN) via a terrestrial network node 125 (e.g., an evolved Node-B (eNB) , a Next Generation Node-B (gNB) , or a transmission / reception point (TRP) ) and / or a non-terrestrial network node 128 (e.g., a satellite) . For example, the terrestrial network node 125 and / or the non-terrestrial network node 128 may form a non-terrestrial network (NTN) serving cell for wireless communication with the UE 110. In some implementations, the UE 110 may be an IoT device such as an NB-IoT UE or an enhanced machine-type communication (eMTC) UE (e.g., a bandwidth reduced low complexity (BL) UE or a coverage enhancement (CE) UE) . In such communication environment, the UE 110, the network 120, the terrestrial network node 125, and the non-terrestrial network node 128 may implement various schemes pertaining to improved IoT signal transmission procedure in accordance with the present disclosure, as described below. It is noteworthy that, while the various proposed schemes may be individually or separately described below, in actual implementations some or all of the proposed schemes may be utilized or otherwise implemented jointly. Of course, each of the proposed schemes may be utilized or otherwise implemented individually or separately.
[0031] According to the implementations of the present disclosure, an IoT system (e.g., an ambient IoT (A-IoT) system) may be deployed in-band, in guard band, and / or standalone with legacy cellular system. According to the implementations of the present disclosure, the interference issue between A-IoT system and cellular system can be handled. Specifically, an A-IoT system may at least comprise a reader-to-device (R2D) transmission (i.e., the transmission from the reader to the IoT device) and a device-to-reader (D2R) transmission (i.e., the transmission from the IoT device to the reader) . In addition, if the D2R transmission is based on the backscattering of a carrier wave (CW) , there may be a CW emitter-to-Device (CW2R) transmission. In some implementations, the CW emitter may be the reader (e.g., reader of FIG. 3 and reader of FIG. 5) . In some implementations, the CW emitter may be another device different from the reader (e.g., the emitter of FIG. 2 and the emitter of FIG. 4) . According to the implementations of the present disclosure, a power control method is designed to determine the transmission power of the CW2D transmission and / or R2D transmission.
[0032] FIG. 2 illustrates an example scenario 200 for an A-IoT topology in accordance with implementations of the present disclosure. Scenario 200 involves an emitter, an A-IoT device (e.g., a tag) and a network node (e.g., a (macro / micro) base station) which may be a part of a wireless network (e.g., an LTE network, a 5G / NR network, an IoT network or a 6G network) . Referring to FIG. 2, the A-IoT topology may comprise a network node (i.e., a reader of IoT communication) and an A-IoT device. In addition, there may be an emitter (or carrier wave (CW) emitter) to provide a CW to the A-IoT device.
[0033] The network node may transmit an A-IoT downlink (DL) (or forward link) signal to the A-IoT device. The A-IoT device may transmit an A-IoT uplink (UL) (or backward link) signal to the network node via the backscattering. The backscattering may be performed based on the CW provided by the emitter. The A-IoT DL signal transmitted to the A-IoT device may be used to communicate with the A-IoT device or to provide scheduling to the A-IoT device. The A-IoT device may use the CW for backscattering. Specifically, the A-IoT device may modulate the CW with its data.
[0034] As shown in FIG. 2, there may be a communication link between the network node and the emitter. The communication link may be wired link or wireless link for delivering signaling between the network node and the emitter. The network node may transmit the scheduling or control information for the CW provision through the communication link. For example, the network node may transmit the signaling (e.g., scheduling or control information) to the emitter through the Uu interface (i.e., the communication link) for scheduling the resource and power for the CW transmission.
[0035] FIG. 3 illustrates another example scenario 300 for an A-IoT topology in accordance with implementations of the present disclosure. Scenario 300 involves an A-IoT device (e.g., a tag) and a network node (e.g., a (macro / micro) base station) which may be a part of a wireless network (e.g., an LTE network, a 5G / NR network, an IoT network or a 6G network) . Referring to FIG. 3, the A-IoT topology may comprise a network node (i.e., a reader of IoT communication) and an A-IoT device. In addition, in this A-IoT topology, the network node may provide a CW to the A-IoT device (i.e., the network node comprises the emitter function) .
[0036] As shown in FIG. 3, the network node may transmit an A-IoT DL signal to the A-IoT device, and the A-IoT device may transmit an A-IoT UL signal to the network node via backscattering. The backscattering may be performed based on the incoming CW provided by the network node. The A-IoT DL signal transmitted to the A-IoT device may comprise the information or commands for the A-IoT device. The network node may transmit the CW to the A-IoT device. The A-IoT device may reflect the incident CW from the network node. Specifically, the A-IoT device may add its own information (e.g., varying the reflection properties of its antenna / circuity, effectively modulating the signal) or data onto the CW, and transmit the CW to the network node by backscattering. The network node may receive the backscattered signal from the A-IoT device, i.e., the A-IoT UL signal which may contain the data from the A-IoT device.
[0037] FIG. 4 illustrates another example scenario 400 for an A-IoT topology in accordance with implementations of the present disclosure. Scenario 400 involves a reader (e.g., a UE or a UE reader) , an A-IoT device (e.g., a tag) , an emitter (e.g., a CW emitter or a UE emitter) and a network node (e.g., a (macro / micro) base station) which may be a part of a wireless network (e.g., an LTE network, a 5G / NR network, an IoT network or a 6G network) . Referring to FIG. 4, the A-IoT topology may comprise a network node, a UE reader, and an A-IoT device. In addition, a UE emitter may be configured to provide the CW to the A-IoT device.
[0038] Referring to FIG. 4, the network node may transmit a signal to the UE reader via the Uu interface. The signal may comprise the scheduling information for the behavior of the UE reader. For example, the network node may schedule the resource for the UE reader to transmit an A-IoT DL signal to the A-IoT device. The scheduling may be performed via higher-layer signaling (e.g., radio resource control (RRC) , medium access control-control element (MAC-CE) ) or layer 1 (L1) signaling (e.g., downlink control information (DCI) ) . In an example, the network node may transmit a configuration to the UE reader to indicate a resource for the UE reader to transmit an A-IoT DL signal to the IoT device and receive an A-IoT UL signal from the A-IoT device via a higher-layer signaling or an L1 signaling.
[0039] The A-IoT device may modulate the CW with its own data by reflecting the CW and adjusting (or altering) its properties to encode the information of the A-IoT device. The A-IoT device may transmit an A-IoT UL signal back to the UE reader via the backscattering of the modulated CW. The UE reader may receive the A-IoT UL signal which contains the data from the A-IoT device.
[0040] The link between the network node and the UE emitter (e.g., wired or wireless) may be used for delivering the signaling between the network node and the UE emitter. The signaling between the network node and the UE emitter may comprise coordination for the provision of the CW to the A-IoT device, e.g., the resource allocation. The link between the UE reader and the UE emitter may be used for delivering the signaling between the UE reader and the UE emitter. The signaling between the UE reader and the UE emitter may coordinate the provision of the CW to the A-IoT device, e.g., the resource allocation.
[0041] FIG. 5 illustrates another example scenario 500 for an A-IoT topology in accordance with implementations of the present disclosure. Scenario 500 involves a reader (e.g., a UE or a UE reader) , an A-IoT device (e.g., a tag) and a network node (e.g., a (macro / micro) base station) which may be a part of a wireless network (e.g., an LTE network, a 5G / NR network, an IoT network or a 6G network) . Referring to FIG. 5, the A-IoT topology may comprise a network node, a UE reader, and an A-IoT device. In addition, in the A-IoT topology, the UE reader may provide a CW to the A-IoT device (i.e., the UE reader may comprise the emitter function) .
[0042] The network node may transmit a signal to the UE reader via the Uu interface to schedule the behavior of the UE reader. The scheduling signal may comprise the information about when the UE reader should transmit CW to the A-IoT device, when the UE reader should listen for the A-IoT UL signal from the A-IoT device, and when the UE reader should transmit the A-IoT DL signal to the A-IoT device. The UE reader may transmit an A-IoT DL signal to the A-IoT device. The transmission of the A-IoT DL signal can be based on the scheduling determined by the network node or based on a determination made by the UE reader itself. The A-IoT DL signal may comprise data or commands for the A-IoT device. Upon receiving the A-IoT DL signal, the A-IoT device may transmit an A-IoT UL signal back to the UE reader via backscattering of the CW which is provided by the UE reader. In backscattering communication, the A-IoT device may modulate the incident CW with its own data and reflects the modulated CW back towards the UE reader.
[0043] According to the implementations of the present disclosure, an apparatus (e.g., a CW emitter or a reader (e.g., the UE 110, the network 120, or the terrestrial network node 125) for different IoT topologies) may obtain the pathloss information. Then, the apparatus may determine a transmission power of a transmission associated with an IoT device according to a maximum transmission power (e.g., PMAX) and a power (e.g., PPL) related to the pathloss information. In addition, the apparatus may perform the transmission according to the transmission power.
[0044] In some implementations of the present disclosure, the apparatus may determine the transmission power according to a minimum one of the maximum transmission power and the power related to the pathloss information (e.g., P=min (PMAX, PPL) ) .
[0045] In some implementations of the present disclosure, the pathloss information may comprise at least one of a first pathloss between the apparatus and the IoT device, a second pathloss between the apparatus and a reader, and a third pathloss between the apparatus and a UE (e.g., a neighbor UE or a legacy UE) . The apparatus may determine the power related to the pathloss information according to a minimum one of a first power (e.g., PCW2D) related to the first pathloss, a second power (e.g., PR2CW) related to the second pathloss, and a third power (e.g., PCW2UE) related to the third pathloss.
[0046] According to some implementations of the present disclosure, the apparatus may perform the power control at least based on the following factors. The factors may comprise a max transmission power based on the apparatus (e.g., CW emitter) capability (e.g., factor 1) and at least one power (e.g., factor 2) related to the at least one pathloss (i.e., pathloss information) . In an example, the power related to the pathloss may comprise the first power (factor 2-1, i.e., PCW2D) related to the pathloss between the transmitter (e.g., CW emitter) of the CW2D transmission to the receiver (e.g., IoT device) of the CW2D transmission. In another example, the power related to the pathloss may comprise the second power (factor 2-2, i.e., PR2CW) related to the pathloss between the transmitter (e.g., CW emitter) of the CW2D transmission to the reader if the transmitter of the CW2D transmission is different from the reader. In another example, the power related to the pathloss may comprise the third power (factor 2-3, i.e., PCW2UE) related to the pathloss between transmitter (e.g., CW emitter) of the CW2D transmission to at least on legacy UE. In some implementations, the final transmission power (e.g., P) of the CW2D transmission may be determined as the minimum one of the factors (e.g., factor 1 and factor 2) described above, i.e. P = min (PMAX, PPL) dBm. In an example, the factor 2 may be the minimum of the factor 2-1, factor 2-2 and factor 2-3, i.e., PPL = min (PCW2D, PR2CW, PCW2UE) . The factor 2-1, factor 2-2 and factor 2-3 may be configured (or preconfigured) to be totally or partially involved in the calculation of factor 2. Further, each one of factor 2-1, factor 2-2 and factor 2-3 may comprise at least three items, e.g., item-1, item-2 and item-3. Item-1 may be a preconfigured power value and dedicated for a specific pathloss. Item-2 may be related to the occupied resource and common for all pathloss. Item-3 may be a value after a scaling of the pathloss, and the scaling factor is dedicated for a specific pathloss. For example, factor 2-1 (PCW2D) can be expressed as dB. PO, CW2D may be the item-1 which is (pre-) configured through a radio resource control (RRC) . may be the item-2, where μ is a parameter related to a numerology (e.g., μ = 0, 1, 2 for 15, 30, 60 kHz sub-carrier spacing (SCS) ) , and may be a number of resource block (RB) for the CW2D transmission. αCW2D×PLCW2D may be the item-3, where αCW2D may be configured (or preconfigured) by RRC for the corresponding pathloss involved in the power control calculation, and PLCW2D may be the pathloss between the transmitter of CW2D transmission (e.g., CW emitter) to the receiver of the CW2D transmission (e.g., IoT device) .
[0047] According to some implementations of the present disclosure, different pathloss information may be obtained by the apparatus. In an example, the CW2D transmitter (e.g., CW emitter) , and / or the reader (e.g., network node or UE) may perform the power control. In addition, the CW2D transmitter (e.g., CW emitter) , and / or the reader (e.g., network node or UE) may obtain the pathloss information. Different combinations of the power control performer and pathloss information obtaining apparatus can be applied in the implementations of the present disclosure. For example, for factor 2-1 (i.e., the power related to the pathloss between the transmitter (e.g., CW emitter) of CW2D transmission to the receiver (e.g., IoT device) of the CW2D transmission) , the CW emitter may obtain the pathloss information based on the energy strength of the backscattered signal from the IoT device. Then, the CW emitter may perform the power control. In another example, the CW emitter may report the pathloss information through an indication in the transmission from the CW emitter (e.g., legacy UE) to the reader (e.g., network node) . In another example, the reader may obtain the pathloss information based on the backscattered signal from the IoT device and based on the transmission power information of the CW emitter. Then, the network node may perform the power control, and then deliver the power control configuration to the CW emitter. In another example, the reader may transmit the pathloss information to the CW emitter, and then the CW emitter may perform the power control according to the pathloss information.
[0048] According to the implementations of the present disclosure, a reader (e.g., the UE 110, the network 120, or the terrestrial network node 125 for different IoT topologies) may perform an R2D transmission with an IoT device. Then, the reader may receive a reply associated with the R2D transmission from the IoT device. The reply may comprise at least one of a preamble (e.g., an D2R preamble) , one or more midambles, a postamble, an identification (ID) of the IoT device, feedback information, an identifier of R2D control channel (CCH) decoding, an identifier of processing status of the IoT device, a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) , a synchronization sequence, a response information, and a channel condition information.
[0049] In some implementations of the present disclosure, the preamble may be used for a timing acquisition.
[0050] In some implementations of the present disclosure, the ID (e.g., a random sequence or a temporary sequence) of the IoT device may be included in a handle field (e.g., handle field of FIG. 6, FIG. 7. FIG. 8 or FIG. 9) .
[0051] In some implementations of the present disclosure, the feedback information may comprise at least one of a header field (e.g., header field of FIG. 7. FIG. 8 or FIG. 9) and an error code (e.g., error code of FIG. 9) . In an implementation, the header field may indicate a decoding status for a command from the reader.
[0052] In some implementations of the present disclosure, the R2D transmission may comprise at least one of a preamble, a device reply type, a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) for an R2D data channel (DCH) , an MCS for an D2R DCH, a resource assignment, and a device task. In an implementation, the device reply type may comprise an immediate reply, a delayed reply and an in-process reply. In an implementation, the resource assignment may comprise at least one of a time domain resource and a frequency domain resource.
[0053] According to some implementations of the present disclosure, the resource for CW2D transmission, R2D transmission, and D2R transmission may be controlled by the network node. For example, the resource used for CW2D transmission and the resource used for Uu DL may be scheduled in different time occasions (i.e., time division multiplexing (TDM) or time division multiple access (TDMA) between CW2D transmission and Uu DL transmission) . In another example, the resource used for CW2D transmission and the resource used for Uu DL may be scheduled in different frequency occasions (i.e., frequency division multiplexing (FDM) or frequency division multiple access (FDMA) between CW2D transmission and Uu DL transmission) . In another example, the power for CW2D transmission and the power for Uu DL transmission can be scheduled in different level (i.e., non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) between CW2D transmission and Uu DL transmission) .
[0054] According to some implementations of the present disclosure, for R2D transmission, a CCH or a DCH may be used for transmission. In an example, the contents of R2D transmission may be transmitted via the R2D CCH if it is available. In another example, if the CCH is not transmitted, the contents of R2D transmission may be transmitted via the R2D DCH. The content of the R2D CCH / DCH may comprise at least one of a preamble, a device reply type (e.g., immediate reply, delayed reply, and in-process reply) , an MCS for the R2D DCH, an MCS for D2R DCH, and resource assignment.
[0055] According to some implementations of the present disclosure, for D2R transmission, a CCH or a DCH may be used for transmission. In an example, the contents of D2R transmission may be transmitted via the D2R CCH if it is available. In another example, if the CCH is not transmitted, the contents of D2R transmission may be transmitted via the D2R DCH. The content of the D2R CCH / DCH may comprise at least one of a preamble, at least one mid-amble, a post-amble, an identifier of tag, an identifier of R2D CCH decoding, an identifier of processing status at the device side, a CRC, an additional synchronization sequence, response information and channel condition information.
[0056] FIG. 6 illustrates an example scenario 600 for an D2R channel structure in accordance with implementations of the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 6, the CCH of R2D transmission may indicate an immediate reply for the IoT device. Then, the IoT device may transmit a reply with the channel structure showing in FIG. 6 to the reader. As shown FIG. 6, in the D2R channel structure of the reply of the IoT device, a preamble may be configured at the beginning of the D2R channel structure for the synchronization. In addition, a handle field may be configured for indicating the (temporary) IoT device identification.
[0057] FIG. 7 illustrates another example scenario 700 for an D2R channel structure in accordance with implementations of the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 7, the CCH of R2D transmission may indicate a delayed reply for the IoT device. Then, the IoT device may transmit a reply with the channel structure shown in FIG. 7 to the reader. As shown FIG. 7, in the D2R channel structure of the reply of the IoT device, a preamble may be at the beginning of the D2R channel structure for the synchronization. In addition, a header field may be configured in the D2R channel structure to identify the decoding status. For example, in an event that the value of the header field is 0, it may indicate that the IoT device successfully execute the command from the reader. In an event that the value of the header field is 1, it may indicate that the IoT device encounters an error. In addition, a handle field may be configured in the D2R channel structure for indicating the (temporary) IoT device identification. In addition, a CRC (field) may be configured in the D2R channel structure. The value of CRC may be calculated based on the values of the header field and the handle field.
[0058] FIG. 8 illustrates another example scenario 800 for an D2R channel structure in accordance with implementations of the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 8, the CCH of R2D transmission may indicate an in-process reply for the IoT device. Then, the IoT device may transmit multiple replies per one CCH of R2D transmission to the reader. As shown FIG. 8, in the D2R channel structure of each reply of the IoT device, a preamble may be at the beginning of the D2R channel structure for the synchronization. In addition, a sequence for the synchronization may be also configured in the D2R channel structure. For example, there may be a sequence (e.g., maximum length sequence (M-sequence) , Gold sequence, Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence, and / or Barker sequence) followed by the preamble, e.g., D2R preamble only. In another example, the sequence may also be at the end of each D2R transmission (i.e., postamble) , e.g., D2R preamble +postamble. In another example, the sequence may also be at the beginning of a transmission starts from the second one in a R2D transmission burst (i.e., midamble) , e.g., D2R preamble + mid-amble. In another example, the sequence may also be at the end of each D2R transmission (i.e., postamble) and at the beginning of a transmission starts from the second one in a R2D transmission burst (i.e., midamble) , e.g., D2R preamble + mid-amble + post-amble. In addition, a done filed may be configured in the D2R channel structure to identify the processing status of the IoT device. For example, in an event that the value of the done field is 0, it may indicate that the corresponding D2R reply is an intermediate reply (e.g., the IoT device may be still processing a command from the reader) . In an event that the value of the done field is 1, it may indicate that the corresponding D2R reply is a final reply (e.g., the IoT device has finished processing a command from the reader) . In addition, a header field may be configured in the D2R channel structure to identify the decoding status. For example, in an event that the value of header field is 0, it may indicate that the IoT device successfully execute the command from the reader. In an event that the value of the header field is 1, it may indicate that the IoT device encounters an error. In an example, in an event that the value of the header field is 1, the value of the done field may be 1 as well. In addition, a response field may be configured to indicate the results obtained by the IoT device. For example, in an event that the value of the done field is 0 (i.e., the IoT device may be still in processing) , the value of the response filed may be set to Null. In an event that the value of the done field is 0 (i.e., the IoT device may finish the processing) , the value of the response field may indicate the results obtained by the IoT device. In addition, a handle field may be configured in the D2R channel structure for indicating the (temporary) IoT device identification. In addition, a CRC (field) may be configured in the D2R channel structure. The value of CRC may be calculated based on the header field and the handle field. In addition, referring to FIG. 8, if the reader receives a final reply (from the IoT device) with header field whose value is 0 from the IoT device, the reader may determine that the command has been completed. If the reader receives a final reply with the header field whose value is 1, the reader determines that the IoT device may be encountered an error.
[0059] According to some implementations of the present disclosure, in an event that the IoT device fails to execute the command from the reader, e.g., the IoT device fails to execute the preamble at the beginning, and therefore, no reply is transmitted from the IoT device. If the reader does not receive an IoT device reply within a specific duration T1, the reader may transmit another command with an adjustment on the preamble (e.g., a longer preamble) to the IoT device. If the reader receives an IoT device reply with the header field whose value is 1, the reader may adjust some schemes based on the error code in the reply from the IoT device. For example, the reader may wait for a certain duration of T2 to keep transmitting CW if the error code indicates an insufficient power. In another example, the reader may use a lower MCS if the error code indicates a filed decoding on the command. If the reader receives an IoT device reply with the header field whose value is 0, the reader may maintain the MCS. If the reader contiguously receive an IoT device reply with the header field whose value is 1 for M times, the reader may adjust the MCS to a higher value.
[0060] FIG. 9 illustrates another example scenario 900 for an D2R channel structure in accordance with implementations of the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 9, in an event that the value of the header field is 1, the IoT device may transmit an error code in the D2R transmission. In an example, the error code may be an individual field in the D2R channel structure as shown in FIG. 9. In another example, the error code may be carried in the response filed of the D2R channel structure. In addition, in an example, the error code may be a binary sequency with a length of N to indicate a specific error (e.g., memory overrun, memory locked, command not encapsulated, action not supported, crypto suite error, response buffer overflow, security timeout, insufficient power, etc. ) . In another example, the error code may only indicate a non-specific error with a specific binary code with length of N.
[0061] According to some implementations of the present disclosure, for each kind of IoT device reply, a field configured to indicate channel condition may be transmitted. Different channel condition levels may be indicated based on some factors. The factors may comprise the reference signal received power (RSRP) and / or the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) measurement from the IoT device. The channel conditional indicated in the D2R channel structure of the D2R transmission may also be used to assist the transmission parameter of the following R2D transmission. For example, a lower or higher RSRP indicated in the D2R channel structure of the D2R transmission may result in a lower or higher MCS for the following R2D transmission, respectively. In addition, a field of length can be configured in the D2R channel structure of the D2R transmission to indicate the length of the corresponding D2R transmission. Illustrative Implementations
[0062] FIG. 10 illustrates an example communication system 1000 having at least an example communication apparatus 1010 and an example network apparatus 1020 in accordance with an implementation of the present disclosure. Each of communication apparatus 1010 and network apparatus 1020 may perform various functions to implement schemes, techniques, processes and methods described herein pertaining to IoT signal transmission, including the various schemes described above with respect to various proposed designs, concepts, schemes and methods described above and with respect to user equipment and network apparatus in mobile communications, including scenarios / schemes described above as well as process 1100, process 1200 and process 1300 described below.
[0063] Communication apparatus 1010 may be a part of an electronic apparatus, which may be a UE such as a portable or mobile apparatus, a wearable apparatus, a wireless communication apparatus or a computing apparatus. For instance, communication apparatus 1010 may be implemented in a smartphone, a smartwatch, a personal digital assistant, an electronic control unit (ECU) in a vehicle, a digital camera, or a computing equipment such as a tablet computer, a laptop computer or a notebook computer. Communication apparatus 1010 may also be a part of a machine type apparatus, which may be an IoT, NB-IoT, eMTC, IIoT UE such as an immobile or a stationary apparatus, a home apparatus, a roadside unit (RSU) , a wire communication apparatus or a computing apparatus. For instance, communication apparatus 1010 may be implemented in a smart thermostat, a smart fridge, a smart door lock, a wireless speaker or a home control center. Alternatively, communication apparatus 1010 may be implemented in the form of one or more integrated-circuit (IC) chips such as, for example and without limitation, one or more single-core processors, one or more multi-core processors, one or more reduced-instruction set computing (RISC) processors, or one or more complex-instruction-set-computing (CISC) processors. Communication apparatus 1010 may include at least some of those components shown in FIG. 10 such as a processor 1012, for example. Communication apparatus 1010 may further include one or more other components not pertinent to the proposed schemes of the present disclosure (e.g., internal power supply, display device and / or user interface device) , and, thus, such component (s) of communication apparatus 1010 are neither shown in FIG. 10 nor described below in the interest of simplicity and brevity.
[0064] Network apparatus 1020 may be a part of an electronic apparatus, which may be a network node such as a satellite, a BS, a small cell, a router or a gateway of an IoT network. For instance, network apparatus 1020 may be implemented in a satellite or an eNB / gNB / TRP in a 4G / 5G / B5G / 6G, NR, IoT, NB-IoT or IIoT network. Alternatively, network apparatus 1020 may be implemented in the form of one or more IC chips such as, for example and without limitation, one or more single-core processors, one or more multi-core processors, or one or more RISC or CISC processors. Network apparatus 1020 may include at least some of those components shown in FIG. 10 such as a processor 1022, for example. Network apparatus 1020 may further include one or more other components not pertinent to the proposed scheme of the present disclosure (e.g., internal power supply, display device and / or user interface device) , and, thus, such component (s) of network apparatus 1020 are neither shown in FIG. 10 nor described below in the interest of simplicity and brevity.
[0065] In one aspect, each of processor 1012 and processor 1022 may be implemented in the form of one or more single-core processors, one or more multi-core processors, or one or more CISC processors. That is, even though a singular term “aprocessor” is used herein to refer to processor 1012 and processor 1022, each of processor 1012 and processor 1022 may include multiple processors in some implementations and a single processor in other implementations in accordance with the present disclosure. In another aspect, each of processor 1012 and processor 1022 may be implemented in the form of hardware (and, optionally, firmware) with electronic components including, for example and without limitation, one or more transistors, one or more diodes, one or more capacitors, one or more resistors, one or more inductors, one or more memristors and / or one or more varactors that are configured and arranged to achieve specific purposes in accordance with the present disclosure. In other words, in at least some implementations, each of processor 1012 and processor 1022 is a special-purpose machine specifically designed, arranged and configured to perform specific tasks, including IoT signal transmission, in a device (e.g., as represented by communication apparatus 1010) and a network node (e.g., as represented by network apparatus 1020) in accordance with various implementations of the present disclosure.
[0066] In some implementations, communication apparatus 1010 may also include a transceiver 1016 coupled to processor 1012 and capable of wirelessly transmitting and receiving data. In some implementations, transceiver 1016 may be capable of wirelessly communicating with different types of UEs and / or wireless networks of different radio access technologies (RATs) . In some implementations, transceiver 1016 may be equipped with a plurality of antenna ports (not shown) such as, for example, four antenna ports. That is, transceiver 1016 may be equipped with multiple transmit antennas and multiple receive antennas for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communications. In some implementations, network apparatus 1020 may also include a transceiver 1026 coupled to processor 1022. Transceiver 1026 may include a transceiver capable of wirelessly transmitting and receiving data. In some implementations, transceiver 1026 may be capable of wirelessly communicating with different types of UEs of different RATs. In some implementations, transceiver 1026 may be equipped with a plurality of antenna ports (not shown) such as, for example, four antenna ports. That is, transceiver 1026 may be equipped with multiple transmit antennas and multiple receive antennas for MIMO wireless communications.
[0067] In some implementations, communication apparatus 1010 may further include a memory 1014 coupled to processor 1012 and capable of being accessed by processor 1012 and storing data therein. In some implementations, network apparatus 1020 may further include a memory 1024 coupled to processor 1022 and capable of being accessed by processor 1022 and storing data therein. Each of memory 1014 and memory 1024 may include a type of random-access memory (RAM) such as dynamic RAM (DRAM) , static RAM (SRAM) , thyristor RAM (T-RAM) and / or zero-capacitor RAM (Z-RAM) . Alternatively, or additionally, each of memory 1014 and memory 1024 may include a type of read-only memory (ROM) such as mask ROM, programmable ROM (PROM) , erasable programmable ROM (EPROM) and / or electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) . Alternatively, or additionally, each of memory 1014 and memory 1024 may include a type of non-volatile random-access memory (NVRAM) such as flash memory, solid-state memory, ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM) , magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM) and / or phase-change memory.
[0068] Each of communication apparatus 1010 and network apparatus 1020 may be a communication entity capable of communicating with each other using various proposed schemes in accordance with the present disclosure. For illustrative purposes and without limitation, descriptions of capabilities of communication apparatus 1010, as a UE, and network apparatus 1020, as a network node (e.g., TRP) , are provided below with process 1100, process 1200 and process 1300. Illustrative Processes
[0069] FIG. 11 illustrates an example process 1100 in accordance with an implementation of the present disclosure. Process 1100 may be an example implementation of above scenarios / schemes, whether partially or completely, with respect to IoT signal transmission with the present disclosure. Process 1100 may represent an aspect of implementation of features of communication apparatus 1010. Process 1100 may include one or more operations, actions, or functions as illustrated by one or more of blocks 1110, 1120 and 1130. Although illustrated as discrete blocks, various blocks of process 1100 may be divided into additional blocks, combined into fewer blocks, or eliminated, depending on the desired implementation. Moreover, the blocks of process 1100 may be executed in the order shown in FIG. 11 or, alternatively, in a different order. Process 1100 may be implemented by CW emitter or any suitable reader apparatus (e.g., communication apparatus 1010 or network apparatus 1020) . Solely for illustrative purposes and without limitation, process 1100 is described below in the context of communication apparatus 1010. Process 1100 may begin at block 1110.
[0070] At block 1110, process 1100 may involve processor 1012 of communication apparatus 1010 obtaining pathloss information. The pathloss information may be associated with the communication apparatus 1010. Process 1100 may proceed from block 1110 to block 1120.
[0071] At block 1120, process 1100 may involve processor 1012 determining a transmission power of a transmission associated with an IoT device according to a maximum transmission power and a power related to the pathloss information. Process 1100 may proceed from block 1120 to block 1130.
[0072] At block 1130, process 1100 may involve processor 1012 performing the transmission according to the transmission power.
[0073] In some implementations, process 1100 may involve processor 1012 determining the transmission power according to a minimum one of the maximum transmission power and the power related to the pathloss information.
[0074] In some implementations, the pathloss information may comprise at least one of a first pathloss between the apparatus and the IoT device, a second pathloss between the apparatus and a reader, and a third pathloss between the apparatus and a UE.
[0075] In some implementations, process 1100 may involve processor 1012 determining the power related to the pathloss information according to a minimum one of a first power related to the first pathloss, a second power related to the second pathloss, and a third power related to the third pathloss.
[0076] FIG. 12 illustrates an example process 1200 in accordance with another implementation of the present disclosure. Process 1200 may be an example implementation of above scenarios / schemes, whether partially or completely, with respect to IoT signal transmission with the present disclosure. Process 1200 may represent an aspect of implementation of features of communication apparatus 1010. Process 1200 may include one or more operations, actions, or functions as illustrated by one or more of blocks 1210 and 1220. Although illustrated as discrete blocks, various blocks of process 1200 may be divided into additional blocks, combined into fewer blocks, or eliminated, depending on the desired implementation. Moreover, the blocks of process 1200 may be executed in the order shown in FIG. 12 or, alternatively, in a different order. Process 1200 may be implemented by any suitable reader apparatus (e.g., communication apparatus 1010 and or network apparatus 1020) . Solely for illustrative purposes and without limitation, process 1200 is described below in the context of communication apparatus 1010. Process 1200 may begin at block 1210.
[0077] At block 1210, process 1200 may involve processor 1012 of communication apparatus 1010 performing an R2D transmission with an IoT device. Process 1200 may proceed from block 1210 to block 1220.
[0078] At block 1220, process 1200 may involve processor 1012 receiving, via transceiver 1016, a reply associated with the R2D transmission from the IoT device. The reply may comprise at least one of a preamble, one or more midambles, a postamble, an ID of the IoT device, feedback information, an identifier of R2D CCH decoding, an identifier of processing status of the IoT device, a CRC, a synchronization sequence, a response information, and a channel condition information.
[0079] In some implementations, the preamble may be used for a timing acquisition.
[0080] In some implementations, the ID of the IoT device may comprise a temporary sequence or a random sequence.
[0081] In some implementations, the feedback information may comprise at least one of a header field and an error code.
[0082] In some implementations, the header field may indicate a decoding status for a command from the reader.
[0083] In some implementations, the R2D transmission may comprise at least one of a preamble, a device reply type, an MCS for an R2D DCH, an MCS for a D2R DCH, a resource assignment, and a device task.
[0084] In some implementations, the device reply type may comprise an immediate reply, a delayed reply and an in-process reply.
[0085] In some implementations, the resource assignment may comprise at least one of a time domain resource and a frequency domain resource.
[0086] FIG. 13 illustrates an example process 1300 in accordance with another implementation of the present disclosure. Process 1300 may be an example implementation of above scenarios / schemes, whether partially or completely, with respect to IoT signal transmission with the present disclosure. Process 1300 may represent an aspect of implementation of features of communication apparatus 1010. Process 1300 may include one or more operations, actions, or functions as illustrated by one or more of blocks 1310 and 1320. Although illustrated as discrete blocks, various blocks of process 1300 may be divided into additional blocks, combined into fewer blocks, or eliminated, depending on the desired implementation. Moreover, the blocks of process 1300 may be executed in the order shown in FIG. 13 or, alternatively, in a different order. Process 1300 may be implemented by communication apparatus 1010 or any suitable IoT device. Solely for illustrative purposes and without limitation, process 1300 is described below in the context of communication apparatus 1010. Process 1300 may begin at block 1310.
[0087] At block 1310, process 1300 may involve processor 1012 of communication apparatus 1010 receiving, via transceiver 1016, an R2D transmission from a reader. Process 1300 may proceed from block 1310 to block 1320.
[0088] At block 1320, process 1300 may involve processor 1012 transmitting, via transceiver 1016, a reply associated with the R2D transmission to the reader. The reply may comprise at least one of a preamble, one or more midambles, a postamble, an ID of the IoT device, feedback information, an identifier of R2D CCH decoding, an identifier of processing status of the IoT device, an CRC, a synchronization sequence, a response information, and a channel condition information.
[0089] In some implementations, the preamble may be used for a timing acquisition.
[0090] In some implementations, the ID of the IoT device may comprise a temporary sequence or a random sequence.
[0091] In some implementations, the feedback information may comprise at least one of a header field and an error code.
[0092] In some implementations, the header field may indicate a decoding status for a command from the reader.
[0093] In some implementations, the R2D transmission may comprise at least one of a preamble, a device reply type, an MCS for an R2D DCH, an MCS for a D2R DCH, a resource assignment, and a device task.
[0094] In some implementations, the resource assignment may comprise at least one of a time domain resource and a frequency domain resource. Additional Notes
[0095] The herein-described subject matter sometimes illustrates different components contained within, or connected with, different other components. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely examples, and that in fact many other architectures can be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively "associated" such that the desired functionality is achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality can be seen as "associated with" each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components so associated can also be viewed as being "operably connected" , or "operably coupled" , to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewed as being "operably couplable" , to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and / or physically interacting components and / or wirelessly interactable and / or wirelessly interacting components and / or logically interacting and / or logically interactable components.
[0096] Further, with respect to the use of substantially any plural and / or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and / or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and / or application. The various singular / plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity.
[0097] Moreover, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims, e.g., bodies of the appended claims, are generally intended as “open” terms, e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to, ” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least, ” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to, ” etc. It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one or more" to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles "a" or "an" limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to implementations containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least one" and indefinite articles such as "a" or "an, " e.g., “a” and / or “an” should be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more; ” the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should be interpreted to mean at least the recited number, e.g., the bare recitation of "two recitations, " without other modifiers, means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations. Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc. ” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention, e.g., “asystem having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together, etc. In those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc. ” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention, e.g., “asystem having at least one of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together, etc. It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and / or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B. ”
[0098] From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that various implementations of the present disclosure have been described herein for purposes of illustration, and that various modifications may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the various implementations disclosed herein are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims.
Claims
1.A method, comprising:obtaining, by a processor of an apparatus, pathloss information, wherein the pathloss information is associated with the apparatus; anddetermining, by the processor, a transmission power of a transmission associated with an Internet of Things (IoT) device according to a maximum transmission power and a power related to the pathloss information; andperforming, by the processor, the transmission according to the transmission power.2.The method of Claim 1, wherein the determining of the transmission power comprises:determining, by the processor, the transmission power according to a minimum one of the maximum transmission power and the power related to the pathloss information.3.The method of Claim 1, wherein the pathloss information comprises at least one of a first pathloss between the apparatus and the IoT device, a second pathloss between the apparatus and a reader, and a third pathloss between the apparatus and a user equipment (UE) .4.The method of Claim 3, further comprising:determining, by the processor, the power related to the pathloss information according to a minimum one of a first power related to the first pathloss, a second power related to the second pathloss, and a third power related to the third pathloss.5.The method of Claim 1, wherein the apparatus comprises a carrier wave (CW) emitter or a reader.6.A method, comprising:performing, by a processor of a reader, a reader-to-device (R2D) transmission with an Internet of Things (IoT) device; andreceiving, by the processor, a reply associated with the R2D transmission from the IoT device, wherein the reply comprises at least one of a preamble, one or more midambles, a postamble, an identification (ID) of the IoT device, feedback information, an identifier of R2D control channel (CCH) decoding, an identifier of processing status of the IoT device, a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) , a synchronization sequence, a response information, and a channel condition information.7.The method of Claim 6, wherein the preamble is used for a timing acquisition.8.The method of Claim 6, wherein the ID of the IoT device comprises a temporary sequence or a random sequence.9.The method of Claim 6, wherein the feedback information comprises at least one of a header field and an error code.10.The method of Claim 9, wherein the header field indicates a decoding status for a command from the reader.11.The method of Claim 6, wherein the R2D transmission comprises at least one of a preamble, a device reply type, a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) for an R2D data channel (DCH) , an MCS for a device-to-reader (D2R) DCH, a resource assignment, and a device task.12.The method of Claim 11, wherein the device reply type comprises an immediate reply, a delayed reply or an in-process reply.13.The method of Claim 11, wherein the resource assignment comprises at least one of a time domain resource and a frequency domain resource.14.A method, comprising:receiving, by a processor of an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a reader-to-device (R2D) transmission from a reader; andtransmitting, by the processor, a reply associated with the R2D transmission to the reader, wherein the reply comprises at least one of a preamble, one or more midambles, a postamble, an identification (ID) of the IoT device, feedback information, an identifier of R2D control channel (CCH) decoding, an identifier of processing status of the IoT device, a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) , a synchronization sequence, a response information, and a channel condition information.15.The method of Claim 14, wherein the preamble is used for a timing acquisition.16.The method of Claim 14, wherein the ID of the IoT device comprises a temporary sequence or a random sequence.17.The method of Claim 14, wherein the feedback information comprises at least one of a header field and an error code.18.The method of Claim 17, wherein the header field indicates a decoding status for a command from the reader.19.The method of Claim 14, wherein the R2D transmission comprises at least one of a preamble, a device reply type, a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) for an R2D data channel (DCH) , an MCS for a D2R DCH, a resource assignment, and a device task.20.The method of Claim 19, wherein the resource assignment comprises at least one of a time domain resource and a frequency domain resource.
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