Method and apparatus for resource allocation
The method and apparatus for resource allocation in wireless IoT networks address the challenge of efficient resource allocation for ZE devices by enabling an intermediate UE to obtain and assign resources to ZE-IoT devices, improving utilization and reducing interference.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/086159
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-04-03
- Filing Date
- 2025-03-31
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-09
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless IoT devices, particularly zero-energy (ZE) devices, face challenges in efficiently obtaining communication resources for uplink transmissions due to their ultra-low power consumption and reliance on ambient energy harvesting, which complicates resource allocation and can lead to resource waste and interference.
A method and apparatus for resource allocation, where a first terminal device, such as an intermediate UE, obtains resources from a network node and assigns them to second terminal devices like ZE-IoT devices, enabling efficient communication by configuring and informing them of available resources through messages.
This approach enhances resource utilization efficiency, reduces interference, and optimizes resource allocation by isolating assignments between different functional devices, thereby supporting effective communication for ultra-low power devices.
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Figure CN2025086159_09102025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR RESOURCE ALLOCATIONFIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to communication networks, and more specifically, to a method and apparatus for resource allocation.BACKGROUND
[0002] This section introduces aspects that may facilitate a better understanding of the disclosure. Accordingly, the statements of this section are to be read in this light and are not to be understood as admissions about what is in the prior art or what is not in the prior art.
[0003] Wireless Internet of things (IoT) devices are often battery powered and both the need to change battery and the battery lifetime may be concerns for many potential applications such as asset tracking or environmental / industrial sensors. For this reason, the wireless communications industry has been interested in so-called zero-energy (ZE) devices. ZE devices may refer to wireless IoT devices that do not require battery replacement, and often harvest energy from the environment. In some use cases, such as monitoring the temperature of foodstuffs, the ZE devices may have small batteries that are disposable (e.g., organic, compostable batteries, etc. ) , rechargeable or have very limited capacity.
[0004] The ZE-IoT devices can in addition be of very small form factor and could even be printable and they target ultra-low power consumption to enable operation based on either energy-harvesting from an ambient sources or back-scattering communication (e.g., radio frequency identification (RFID) , etc. ) . That is, instead of relying on energy for communication being provided by a battery it is instead harvested from an ambient source, such as vibrations, solar power, radio frequency (RF) , etc. (in the harvesting case) , or a charge carrier wave (CW) is provided to the device which is modulated and reflected back to a reader (in the back-scattering communication case) . This enables energy autonomous operation during the lifetime of the devices without need for either manual replacement or charging of the batteries. Compared to existing radio access technologies, this may put new requirements on the radio interface and the protocols.SUMMARY
[0005] This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.
[0006] An ambient IoT (A-IoT) user equipment (UE) may connect to a network node in various network (NW) topologies. For example, the A-IoT UE may communicate with the network node via an intermediate UE. In this case, a Uu interface may support communications between the network node and the intermediate UE while a new interface may be used to support communications between the intermediate UE and the A-IoT UE. When an inventory / query procedure towards A-IoT UEs is initiated by an associated intermediate UE, e.g., in response to an inventory request from a core network (CN) , some resources may be needed by the A-IoT UEs to perform uplink (UL) communications. Therefore, it may be desirable to obtain communication resources for A-IoT use cases in an efficient way.
[0007] Various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure propose a solution for resource allocation, which may enable a first terminal device (e.g., an intermediate UE, an assisting device, a slave node, etc. ) serving one or more second terminal devices (e.g., ultra-low power devices, ZE-IoT devices, A-IoT devices, etc. ) to obtain resources from a network node and assign the resources to the one or more second terminal devices, so as to support communications of the one or more second terminal devices with the first terminal device and / or the network node.
[0008] According to a first aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method performed by a first terminal device. The method comprises: receiving configuration information from a network node. The configuration information may indicate resource allocation for communications of one or more second terminal devices with the first terminal device. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the method may optionally further comprise: transmitting a first message to the one or more second terminal devices according to the configuration information. The first message may indicate resource configuration for the communications of the one or more second terminal devices with the first terminal device.
[0009] According to a second aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an apparatus which may be implemented as a first terminal device. The apparatus may comprise one or more processors and one or more memories storing computer program codes. The one or more memories and the computer program codes may be configured to, with the one or more processors, cause the apparatus at least to perform any step of the method according to the first aspect of the present disclosure.
[0010] According to a third aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a computer-readable medium having computer program codes embodied thereon which, when executed on a computer, cause the computer to perform any step of the method according to the first aspect of the present disclosure.
[0011] According to a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an apparatus which may be implemented as a first terminal device. The apparatus may comprise a receiving unit and optionally a transmitting unit. In accordance with some exemplary embodiments, the receiving unit may be operable to carry out at least the receiving step of the method according to the first aspect of the present disclosure. The transmitting unit may be operable to carry out at least the transmitting step of the method according to the first aspect of the present disclosure.
[0012] According to a fifth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method performed by a second terminal device. The method comprises: receiving a first message from a first terminal device. The first message may indicate resource configuration for a communication of the second terminal device with the first terminal device. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the method may optionally further comprise: transmitting data to the first terminal device, according to the resource configuration for the communication of the second terminal device.
[0013] According to a sixth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an apparatus which may be implemented as a second terminal device. The apparatus may comprise one or more processors and one or more memories storing computer program codes. The one or more memories and the computer program codes may be configured to, with the one or more processors, cause the apparatus at least to perform any step of the method according to the fifth aspect of the present disclosure.
[0014] According to a seventh aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a computer-readable medium having computer program codes embodied thereon which, when executed on a computer, cause the computer to perform any step of the method according to the fifth aspect of the present disclosure.
[0015] According to an eighth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an apparatus which may be implemented as a second terminal device. The apparatus may comprise a receiving unit and optionally a transmitting unit. In accordance with some exemplary embodiments, the receiving unit may be operable to carry out at least the receiving step of the method according to the fifth aspect of the present disclosure. The transmitting unit may be operable to carry out at least the transmitting step of the method according to the fifth aspect of the present disclosure.
[0016] According to a ninth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method performed by a network node. The method comprises: determining configuration information which indicates resource allocation for communications of one or more second terminal devices with a first terminal device. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the method further comprises: transmitting the configuration information to the first terminal device.
[0017] According to a tenth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an apparatus which may be implemented as a network node. The apparatus may comprise one or more processors and one or more memories storing computer program codes. The one or more memories and the computer program codes may be configured to, with the one or more processors, cause the apparatus at least to perform any step of the method according to the ninth aspect of the present disclosure.
[0018] According to an eleventh aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a computer-readable medium having computer program codes embodied thereon which, when executed on a computer, cause the computer to perform any step of the method according to the ninth aspect of the present disclosure.
[0019] According to a twelfth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an apparatus which may be implemented as a network node. The apparatus may comprise a determining unit and a transmitting unit. In accordance with some exemplary embodiments, the determining unit may be operable to carry out at least the determining step of the method according to the ninth aspect of the present disclosure. The transmitting unit may be operable to carry out at least the transmitting step of the method according to the ninth aspect of the present disclosure.
[0020] According to various exemplary embodiments, a first terminal device (e.g., an intermediate UE, etc. ) can obtain one or more resources for one or more second terminal devices (e.g., A-IoT devices, etc. ) from a network node (e.g., a base station, etc. ) , so that the one or more second terminal devices can use at least part of the one or more resources to perform communications with the first terminal device and / or the network node. The network node may allocate the one or more resources for the one or more second terminal devices, e.g., in response to a request for the one or more resources by the first terminal device, and / or a command for the one or more resources from a CN, and / or the first terminal device being selected as an intermediate device, and / or other possible communication requirements. This can avoid resource waste and potential interference and improve resource utilization while isolating resource assignments between different functional devices.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0021] The disclosure itself, the preferable mode of use and further objectives are best understood by reference to the following detailed description of the embodiments when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0022] Figs. 1A-1E are diagrams illustrating exemplary connectivity topologies for A-IoT networks and devices according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0023] Figs. 2A-2C are diagrams illustrating exemplary resource allocation procedures according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0024] Fig. 3 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary inventory command according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0025] Figs. 4A-4C are flowcharts illustrating various methods according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0026] Fig. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0027] Figs. 6A-6C are block diagrams illustrating various apparatuses according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0028] Fig. 7 shows an example of a communication system in accordance with some embodiments;
[0029] Fig. 8 shows a UE in accordance with some embodiments;
[0030] Fig. 9 shows a network node in accordance with some embodiments; and
[0031] Fig. 10 is a block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0032] As used herein, the term “communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as new radio (NR) , long term evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced, wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) , high-speed packet access (HSPA) , and so on. Furthermore, the communications between a terminal device and a network node in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including, but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , 4G, 4.5G, 5G communication protocols, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future.
[0033] The term “network node” refers to a network device in a communication network via which a terminal device accesses to the network and receives services therefrom. The network node may refer to a base station (BS) , an access point (AP) , a multi-cell / multicast coordination entity (MCE) , a controller or any other suitable device in a wireless communication network. The BS may be, for example, a node B (NodeB or NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a next generation NodeB (gNodeB or gNB) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , a radio header (RH) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a relay, a low power node such as a femto, a pico, and so forth.
[0034] Yet further examples of the network node comprise multi-standard radio (MSR) radio equipment such as MSR BSs, network controllers such as radio network controllers (RNCs) or base station controllers (BSCs) , base transceiver stations (BTSs) , transmission points, transmission nodes, positioning nodes and / or the like. More generally, however, the network node may represent any suitable device (or group of devices) capable, configured, arranged, and / or operable to enable and / or provide a terminal device access to a wireless communication network or to provide some service to a terminal device that has accessed to the wireless communication network.
[0035] The term “terminal device” refers to any end device that can access a communication network and receive services therefrom. By way of example and not limitation, the terminal device may refer to a mobile terminal, a user equipment (UE) , or other suitable devices. The UE may be, for example, a subscriber station, a portable subscriber station, a mobile station (MS) or an access terminal (AT) . The terminal device may include, but not limited to, portable computers, image capture terminal devices such as digital cameras, gaming terminal devices, music storage and playback appliances, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, a tablet, a wearable device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a vehicle, and the like.
[0036] As yet another specific example, in an Internet of things (IoT) scenario, a terminal device may also be called an IoT device and represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring, sensing and / or measurements etc., and transmits the results of such monitoring, sensing and / or measurements etc. to another terminal device and / or a network equipment. The terminal device may in this case be a machine-to-machine (M2M) device, which may in a 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) context be referred to as a machine-type communication (MTC) device.
[0037] As one particular example, the terminal device may be a UE implementing the 3GPP narrow band Internet of things (NB-IoT) standard. Particular examples of such machines or devices are sensors, metering devices such as power meters, industrial machinery, or home or personal appliances, e.g., refrigerators, televisions, personal wearables such as watches etc. In other scenarios, a terminal device may represent a vehicle or other equipment, for example, a medical instrument that is capable of monitoring, sensing and / or reporting etc. on its operational status or other functions associated with its operation.
[0038] As used herein, the terms “first” , “second” and so forth refer to different elements. The singular forms “a” and “an” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” as used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components and the like, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof. The term “based on” is to be read as “based at least in part on” . The term “one embodiment” and “an embodiment” are to be read as “at least one embodiment” . The term “another embodiment” is to be read as “at least one other embodiment” . Other definitions, explicit and implicit, may be included below.
[0039] Recently work on ZE-IoT / A-IoT devices has started in 3GPP, referred to as “Ambient-IoT” . 3GPP technical report (TR) 22.840 V19.0.0 is being developed by SA1 to capture potential use cases, traffic scenarios, device constraints of A-IoT and to identify new potential service requirements as well as new key performance indicators (KPIs) .
[0040] Meanwhile, a study item at radio access network (RAN) plenary level RP-222685, “Study on Ambient IoT” is being carried out with a focus on the feasibility of meeting design targets for relevant use cases of A-IoT. The outcome is being reported in 3GPP TR 38.848 V18.0.0. Based on the outcome of the RAN study item, and the discussion during Release 19 (Rel-19) workshop during RAN#100 (RWS-230488) , a WG-level study item is expected to continue in Rel-19. In addition, depending on the progress and outcome of the WG-level study, a work item may be started during Rel-19 as well. It may be needed to have focused scope on issues such as device type (s) , deployment scenario (s) , topology option (s) , etc., and to address cross-TSG-dependencies, as well as a discussion about whether there is a strong need or it is feasible to convert the study and hence specify ambient IoT in Rel-19.
[0041] Deployment scenarios, use cases, services for A-IoT are described in clause 4 of 3GPP TR 38.848 V18.0.0. Two sets or levels of grouping are defined for use cases. The first, Grouping A, is on the basis of the deployment environment (s) described for a use case in 3GPP TR 22.840 V19.0.0, and the second, Grouping B, is on the basis of functionality / application described in 3GPP TR 22.840 V19.0.0.
[0042] These two groupings are then used to form representative use cases (rUCs) as follows, which are used in clause 4.2 “Deployment scenarios and connectivity topologies” of 3GPP TR 38.848 V18.0.0.
[0043] This results in the following mapping from SA1 use cases and traffic scenarios onto RAN rUCs as shown in Table 4.1.1-1 “Mapping between RAN representative use cases and SA1 use cases” in 3GPP TR 38.848 V18.0.0.
[0044] Figs. 1A-1E are diagrams illustrating exemplary connectivity topologies for A-IoT networks and devices according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The exemplary connectivity topologies for A-IoT networks and devices are defined for the purposes of the study as described in 3GPP TR 38.848 V18.0.0. In all these topologies, the A-IoT device may be provided with a carrier wave (CW) from other node (s) either inside or outside the topology. The links in each topology may be bidirectional or unidirectional.
[0045] The topology in any of Figs. 1A-1E is described with respect to a single BS / UE / assisting node / intermediate node, but it can be appreciated that the BS / UE / assisting node / intermediate node as shown in Figs. 1A-1E may also be multiple BSs / UEs / assisting nodes / intermediate nodes, respectively. The mixture of indoor and outdoor placement of such nodes is regarded as a network implementation choice. Account may need to be taken of potential impact on device or node complexity. In the connectivity topologies, this does not imply the existence of multi-hop assisting or intermediate nodes. Different topologies are illustrated in below with respect to Figs. 1A-1E, respectively. ● Topology 1:
[0046] In Topology 1 as shown in Fig. 1A (which corresponds to Figure 1 / 4.2.1.1-1 in 3GPP TR 38.848 V18.0.0) , the A-IoT device directly and bidirectionally communicates with the BS. The communication between the BS and the A-IoT device includes A-IoT data and / or signaling. This topology includes the possibility that the BS transmitting to the A-IoT device is different from the BS receiving from the A-IoT device. ● Topology 2:
[0047] In Topology 2 as shown in Fig. 1B (which corresponds to Figure 2 / 4.2.1.2-1 in 3GPP TR 38.848 V18.0.0) , the A-IoT device communicates bidirectionally with the intermediate node between the A-IoT device and the BS. In this topology, the intermediate node can be a relay, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a UE, a repeater, etc. which is capable of A-IoT. The intermediate node transfers A-IoT data and / or signaling between the BS and the A-IoT device. ● Topology 3:
[0048] In Topology 3, the A-IoT device transmits data / signaling to the BS, and receives data / signaling from the assisting node (as shown in Fig. 1C which corresponds to Figure 3 / 4.2.1.3-1 “Topology 3 with downlink assistance” in 3GPP TR 38.848 V18.0.0) ; or the A-IoT device receives data / signaling from the BS and transmits data / signaling to the assisting node (as shown in Fig. 1D which corresponds to Figure 4 / 4.2.1.3-2 “Topology 3 with uplink assistance” in 3GPP TR 38.848 V18.0.0) . In this topology, the assisting node can be a relay, an IAB, a UE, a repeater, etc. which is capable of ambient IoT. ● Topology 4:
[0049] In Topology 4 as shown in Fig. 1E (which corresponds to Figure 5 / 4.2.1.4-1 in 3GPP TR 38.848 V18.0.0) , the A-IoT device communicates bidirectionally with the UE. The communication between the UE and the A-IoT device includes A-IoT data and / or signaling.
[0050] Deployment scenarios for A-IoT have been studied in 3GPP TR 38.848 V18.0.0 on the basis of a list of characteristics, and the representative use case (s) applicable to a scenario. There may be the following possible deployment scenarios for A-IoT: ● Deployment scenario 1: Device indoors, base station indoors. ● Deployment scenario 2: Device indoors, base station outdoors. ● Deployment scenario 3: Device indoors, UE-based reader. ● Deployment scenario 4: Device outdoors, base station outdoors. ● Deployment scenario 5: Device outdoors, UE-based reader.
[0051] A-IoT devices may be characterized in the study by 3GPP according to their energy storage capacity, and capability of generating RF signals for their transmissions. The study considers that a device has either: ● No energy storage at all; or ● Limited energy storage
[0052] Relying on these storage capacities, the study considers the following set of A-IoT devices: ● Device A: No energy storage, no independent signal generation / amplification, i.e. backscattering transmission. ● Device B: Has energy storage, no independent signal generation, i.e. backscattering transmission. Use of stored energy can include amplification for reflected signals. ● Device C: Has energy storage, has independent signal generation, i.e., active RF components for transmission.
[0053] A limited energy storage can be different among implementations within Device B or implementations within Device C, and different between Device B and Device C. Such storage is expected to be order (s) of magnitude smaller than an NB-IoT device would typically include. Devices A, B, and C are able to demodulate control, data, etc. from the relevant entity in RAN according to the connectivity topology.
[0054] For A-IoT / ZE-IoT, 3GPP will target an IoT segment well below the existing cellular Internet of things (CIoT) technologies rather than replacement of existing 3GPP PLWA technologies. It is expected that together with simplifications in physical layer design, the higher layer (L2 / L3) design will also be much lighter weighted than the existing higher layer design in 3GPP, i.e., a minimal set of functionalities (both at access stratum (AS) and non-access stratum (NAS) levels) , which is even more simplified compared to that adopted for the existing CIoT technologies, may be used to operate A-IoT devices. One way of such simplifications is to design a communication protocol shifted from fully connection oriented with both NAS and radio resource control (RRC) connections between device and network to connectionless type of communication with or without RRC connections or even also no NAS connections between device and network so that the protocol and signaling overhead associated with the handshaking between device and network is minimized. This means that A-IoT devices do not setup and maintain an RRC connection with the network, also A-IoT devices do not setup and maintain AS context including (dedicated) radio bearer, logical channel, etc.
[0055] One way to implement connectionless communication is to employ message-based or self-contained transmission where context / control information associated with the signaling / data traffic is transmitted together with or right after the signaling / data traffic where in the latter case (i.e., the right after case) , there is no other transmission between the context / control information and the associated signaling / data traffic carrying information that is needed for reception of the signaling / data traffic. One such example is that in downlink (DL) the signaling / data traffic is transmitted within or right after the paging message.
[0056] As mentioned previously, A-IoT has been agreed to be a study and / or work item for 3GPP Rel-19. In case of Topology 2 as described with respect to Fig. 1B, a UE may operate as an intermediate UE between a gNB and A-IoT devices. The intermediate UE connects to the gNB via a Uu interface while operates as a “reader” towards the A-IoT devices. The intermediate UE is expected to both transmit A-IoT data and signaling to the A-IoT devices on UL spectrum (via a new interface) , and transmits UL data and signaling to the gNB on UL spectrum (via the Uu interface) . When the intermediate UE is triggered (e.g., upon reception of an inventory request from the CN) to initiate an inventory / query procedure towards the A-IoT devices, the intermediate UE may also need to provide / assign resources on the UL spectrum to the A-IoT devices. These resources may need to be sufficient for the A-IoT devices to perform UL transmissions. How the intermediate UE obtains these resources from the gNB may be an issue. Therefore, it may be desirable to study this issue and develop corresponding solutions.
[0057] Various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure propose solutions to implement resource allocation for an intermediate UE, e.g., in the case of Topology 2 as described with respect to Fig. 1B. In Topology 2, various solutions are designed for a UE (e.g., an intermediate UE, etc. ) to obtain / request resources (e.g., from a gNB, etc. ) , which can serve devices (e.g., A-IoT devices, etc. ) to perform UL transmission via the intermediate UE.
[0058] In accordance with exemplary embodiments in a first aspect of the solutions, a UE may send a signal to a gNB for requesting resources for devices. The signal may carry information indicating one or more of: a number of devices intended to be scheduled in a scheduling round, an identifier (ID) of each intended device, an ID of the device group, a group size, a default number or a maximum number of devices included in the scheduling round (e.g., if there is no explicit number of devices indicated in the signal) , an ID of an area where the intended devices locate, priority information (e.g., priority of associated A-IoT services, etc. ) , an expected data volume or buffer size that the UE may receive from the devices, etc. Upon reception of resources from the gNB, the UE can inform the devices of which resources can be used by them for the UL communications to the UE. The UE may send the signal in a broadcast, groupcast or unicast manner (if the signal is intended to one device) .
[0059] In accordance with exemplary embodiments in a second aspect of the solutions, upon a UE is selected / reselected as an intermediate UE, a gNB may configure the UE with a set of dedicated resources (e.g., in frequency and / or time domain) . The UE can allocate resources for devices in a scheduling round within the set of dedicated resources. In this case, the UE may not need to send a dynamic scheduling request to the gNB for requesting resources for the devices prior to initiating each scheduling round towards the devices.
[0060] In accordance with exemplary embodiments in a third aspect of the solutions, for the bistatic case where an intermediate UE itself does not transmit a CW for backscattering UL transmission, a gNB may inform / configure the intermediate UE with resource allocation used for the CW. In an embodiment (e.g., for the “gNB / NW control” case) , the gNB may be in control of the resource allocation and inform both the CWT (Carrier Wave Transmitter) and the intermediate UE which radio resources can be used for backscattering UL transmission. In another embodiment (e.g., for the “UE control” case) , the intermediate UE may forward the information about resource allocation to the CWT (s) in its proximity which then may only transmit the indicated CWs.
[0061] In accordance with exemplary embodiments in a fourth aspect of the solutions, when a gNB forwards an inventory command received from the CN or an application function (AF) , e.g., carried as a container in next generation access protocol (NGAP) signaling, to an intermediate UE, the gNB may additionally allocate resources to the intermediate UE. These resources may be further allocated / signaled by the intermediate UE to devices via an inventory command.
[0062] Many advantages may be achieved by applying the proposed solutions. For example, an intermediate UE can assign resources to devices under a gNB’s control, which can avoid resource waste and potential interference. In addition, resource utilization efficiency can be improved as the gNB can assign resources to the devices via the intermediate UE depending on the actual needs of the devices. Moreover, interference between intermediate UEs and CWT nodes can be avoided by isolating resource assignments between the intermediate UEs and the CWT nodes.
[0063] More details of the proposed solutions of the present disclosure will be described below in connection with various exemplary embodiments. Use cases with ultra-low power devices, ZE-IoT devices or A-IoT devices are considered or assumed in some exemplary embodiments. However, the proposed solutions may not be limited to such devices and can be applicable to other service / device classes or categories.
[0064] It can be appreciated that the term “RAN node” may refer to a network node or a UE. Examples of network nodes may include NodeB, BS, MSR radio node such as MSR BS, eNodeB, gNodeB, MeNB, SeNB, location measurement unit (LMU) , integrated access backhaul (IAB) node, network controller, radio network controller (RNC) , base station controller (BCS) , relay, IAB, repeater, donor node controlling relay, base transceiver station (BTS) , central unit (e.g., in a gNB) , distributed unit (e.g., in a gNB) , baseband unit, centralized baseband, C-RAN, access point (AP) , transmission point, transmission node, transmission reception point (TRP) , RRU, RRH, nodes in distributed antenna system (DAS) , core network node (e.g., MCS, MME, etc. ) , O&M, OSS, SON, positioning node (e.g., E-SMLC) , etc. In particular, in an A-IoT scenario, the RAN node may comprise an intermediate node / UE (e.g., relay UE, IAB, repeater, etc. ) and assisting node / UE (e.g., relay UE, IAB, repeater etc. ) .
[0065] It can be appreciated that the terms “polling” , “poll” , “paging” , “page” , “inventory” , “query” and “interrogate” may be used to represent one or more than one signal transmitted by a network node broadcast wise or specially to a dedicated UE. The purpose of the signal is to facilitate / serve / manage / command one or more than one UE to synchronize to the network node (e.g., DL / UL synchronize to a reference time / frame / symbol, or synchronize to one or more than one signal which the UE receives from the network node, or synchronize based on a pre-defined rule) , receive DL data, response and transmit UL data correctly in intended resources. The content of such signal may be a particular reference signal or a signal carrying control information and / or data. Such signal may be transmitted periodically or be periodically configured by the network node.
[0066] In accordance with exemplary embodiments, the terms “A-IoT UE” , “A-IoT device” , “device” and “UE” may be used interchangeably without losing the meaning. In addition, the terms “intermediate node” , “intermediate UE” and “UE” may also be used interchangeably without losing the meaning.
[0067] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, by sending inventory / query signaling to one or multiple devices (e.g., A-IoT devices, etc. ) , an intermediate UE may be triggered to initiate an inventory / scheduling round towards one or multiple devices in the proximity when one or more of the below conditions is met: ● The UE needs to forward / transmit signaling (e.g., an inventory request, or an A-IoT command from the CN) to one or multiple devices. ● The UE has determined to initiate a scheduling round. □ In an example, the UE has expected that certain devices may have data to transmit to the UE. □ In an example, the UE stored context information for devices becomes / will be expired. □ In an example, the UE bases proximity detection and detects that one or multiple devices move away from the UE, e.g., distances between the devices and the UE are larger than a threshold, i.e., paring relation between the devices and the UE may be lost. □ In an example, the UE determines to generate an inventory request or a command towards devices according to a configuration received from the CN. The configuration provides e.g., a periodic timer, based on which the UE needs to generate / trigger an inventory request towards the devices periodically.
[0068] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, a gNB may configure the radio resources that the intermediate UE may be allowed to use for A-IoT communication. The radio resources may include both UL and DL time and / or frequency resources, and either be communicated per inventory or command request from the CN, or semi-persistently configured, e.g., as periodically reoccurring resources, a resource pool, or a certain subcarrier.
[0069] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the intermediate UE may communicate to the A-IoT devices by signaling which resources may be used for the communication. The intermediate UE may send the signaling in a broadcast, groupcast or unicast manner (if the signaling is intended to one device) . The signaling may comprise one or more of the below parameters: ● A parameter indicating (i.e., directly or indirectly) the number of occasions for the devices to perform UL transmissions to the intermediate UE, or DL reception from the intermediate UE (it may occur in the FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing) UL band, or even though less likely if the intermediate UE can transmit in the FDD DL band) . The occasions may be in time domain and / or frequency domain. ● Resource assignments (e.g., in frequency domain and / or time domain) . ● Modulation scheme and / or order.
[0070] Upon reception of the signaling, each device may attempt to obtain an occasion among the occasions indicated in the signaling. After that the device can initiate an UL transmission using resources indicated in the signaling.
[0071] Fig. 2A is a diagram illustrating an exemplary resource allocation procedure according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In this example, an intermediate UE (denoted as UE / reader in Fig. 2A) may request resources for devices when receiving an inventory command from a CN or A-IoT network function (NF) . As shown in Fig. 2A, the intermediate UE may receive an inventory command from the CN. Prior to initiating a scheduling round towards the devices, the intermediate UE may send a scheduling request message to a gNB for asking resources for the devices. In an embodiment, the resource allocation can be made part of, or transmitted along with, the inventory command received from the CN via the gNB. In another embodiment, previously configured semi-persistent resources may be used. The intermediate UE may indicate the allocated resources to the devices by a scheduling / inventory command, and the devices can perform UL transmissions by using the allocated resources.
[0072] Fig. 2B is a diagram illustrating another exemplary resource allocation procedure according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In this example, an intermediate UE (denoted as UE / reader in Fig. 2B) can determine by itself to request resources for devices. As shown in Fig. 2B, the intermediate UE may determine to trigger a scheduling round for the devices by itself. Prior to initiating the scheduling round towards the devices, the intermediate UE may send a scheduling request message to a gNB for asking resources for the devices. The intermediate UE can receive resource allocation from the gNB, and inform the devices of the allocated resources via a scheduling / inventory command. The devices can perform UL transmissions by using the allocated resources.
[0073] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, prior to sending the signaling towards devices for initiating a scheduling round, the intermediate UE may send a signal carrying one or more of the following contents to the gNB for requesting resources for the devices: ● The number of devices intended to be scheduled in the scheduling round. □ including an ID of each intended device; and / or □ including an ID of the device group, and alternatively or additionally a group size; and / or □ there is no explicit number of devices indicated rather, a default number or a maximum number of devices that may be included in the scheduling round. ● An ID of an area where the intended devices locate. ● Priority information, e.g., priority of associated A-IoT services. ● An expected data volume or buffer size that the intermediate UE may receive from the devices.
[0074] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the signaling sent by the intermediate UE to the gNB may be carried by one or more of the below signaling alternatives: ● An SR (Scheduling Request) : The SR may be carried on a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) or a random access channel (RACH) (if there is no PUCCH SR resource available for the intermediate UE) . In this signaling alternative, the SR may be associated with a priority value and / or data volume which is configured to the UE by the gNB. When the UE is selected / reselected as an intermediate UE, the gNB may configure the UE with one or multiple SR resources. For the latter, each SR resource may be associated with a specific priority value and / or data volume. So, the UE upon triggering to initiate a scheduling round towards devices, the UE may estimate the number of intended devices and the potential data volume for the UL transmissions by the devices, and then the UE may select the corresponding SR resource. ● A BSR (Buffer Status Report) : The BSR may carry an aggregated data volume, e.g., an expected overall data volume from the intended devices. ● An RRC signaling (e.g., UEAssistanceInformation, etc. ) : The RRC signaling may carry the priority information and / or the expected data volume for the devices.
[0075] Upon reception of the above signaling, the gNB can understand the priority and / or potential / expected data volume from the devices in the scheduling round. Based on this, the gNB can assign / schedule corresponding UL resources to the UE which can further assign them to each device.
[0076] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, prior to sending the signaling towards the devices for initiating a scheduling round, the UE may send signaling to the gNB requesting the gNB to provide a parameter / configuration for the number of occasions that the scheduling round / message can comprise / indicate to the devices. In an embodiment, the UE may send signaling to the gNB requesting the gNB to provide a configuration on the number of devices that the UE can schedule in the scheduling round.
[0077] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, when the UE is selected / reselected as an intermediate UE, the gNB may configure the UE with a set of dedicated resources (e.g., in frequency and / or time domain) . The UE can allocate resources for the devices in a scheduling round within the set of dedicated resources.
[0078] In an example, the set of dedicated resources may be configured grants, which may comprise periodical configured resources.
[0079] In an example, the set of dedicated resources may be located in a dedicated frequency region / subband / channel / bandwidth part (BWP) / cell / carrier.
[0080] In an example, the UE may be configured by the gNB with a dedicated carrier / BWP / subband / radio bearer (RB) set.
[0081] In an example, the UE may be configured by the gNB with one or multiple RB sets, and / or one or multiple subcarriers / subbands.
[0082] In this case, the UE may not need to send a dynamic scheduling request to the gNB for requesting resources for the devices prior to initiating each scheduling round towards the devices.
[0083] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, in a scheduling round, the UE may send multiple scheduling / inventory messages to the devices. A first scheduling message may carry resources for the devices which can provide capability information and / or other information to the UE.In an embodiment, the capability information may comprise one or more of the following: ● Device type, e.g., passive device or active device. ● Device power class / supported peak power. ● Device priority information. ● Device supported energy storage. ● Whether a device supports frequency shift. ● Whether a device supports the backscatter-based UL transmission or the UL transmission actively generated by the device itself.
[0084] In another embodiment, the other information may comprise one or more of the following: ● Device buffer status and priority information. ● Device available energy level.
[0085] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, upon reception of any of the above information, the UE may send a second (and / or beyond) scheduling message carrying further / adjusted resources to the devices. ● In an example, resources carried in the second (and / or beyond) scheduling message may allow a device to perform frequency shift if the device supports frequency shift. ● In an example, resources carried in the second (and / or beyond) scheduling message may allow a device to transmit information other than a device ID. ● In an example, resource carried in the second (and / or beyond) scheduling message may allow a device to transmit more data with resources which correspond to the device’s buffer status and priority information. ● In an example, resource carried in the second (and / or beyond) scheduling message may allow a device to transmit data limited by the device’s available power and / or energy level.
[0086] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, in a scheduling round, after successfully receiving an ID from a device, i.e., the device is already identified by the UE, the UE may send a message to the gNB, where the message may comprise the received device ID. The gNB may perform one or more of the below actions on how to handle / treat the device: ● Establish a context for the device, e.g., containing at least the device ID. ● Assign another additional unique ID (e.g., RAN ID) to the device. This RAN ID may be associated with the device context. In the subsequent transmission, the UE and / or the gNB can communicate with the device using a dedicated connection. The dedicated connection can be addressed by this additional ID (e.g., RAN ID) . The gNB may signal the UE of this additional ID. The UE can further inform the device of this additional ID.
[0087] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, for an intermediate UE which is not capable of simultaneous transmission / reception of UL transmissions / receptions and A-IoT transmissions / receptions, the UE may be configured by the gNB with a configuration comprising resource split / multiplexing relation between the Uu interface and the A-IoT interface. The configuration may comprise at least one of the below parameters / fields: ● TDD (Time Division Duplexing) pattern □ e.g., which slots / occasions are allowed for the Uu transmissions / receptions, and which slots / occasions are allowed for the A-IoT transmissions / receptions. □ e.g., a bitmap containing N bits which may be applied in the signaling, where the bitmap may be periodically repeated. Each bit with a value ‘0’ or ‘1’ may indicate whether the corresponding slot is for the Uu interface or the A-IoT interface, or vice versa. □ e.g., there may be certain slots defined as reserved or bidirectional. In that case, the slot used for the Uu interface or the A-IoT interface may be up to the UE’s decision. ● FDD pattern □ e.g., in a specified frequency region (e.g., containing a number of contagious or non-contagious physical resource blocks (PRBs) / subcarriers) , which PRBs / subcarriers are for the Uu interface and which PRBs / subcarriers are for the A-IoT interface.
[0088] In an embodiment, the above configuration may be carried by RRC signaling, system information, MAC CE and / or L1 signaling. Upon reception of the configuration, the UE can determine how to allocate resources to one or multiple intended devices when initiating a scheduling round towards those devices.
[0089] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the UE may not need to send a scheduling request to the gNB for asking resources for A-IoT devices every time prior to initiating a scheduling round, since the configuration may already provide semi-static resources to the UE.
[0090] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, when the gNB (or a cell node / master node) relays or transmits a DL command for the device (s) to an intermediate UE, the gNB may also indicate in the command the resource in which the intermediate UE can forward the command to the device (s) . Correspondingly, the intermediate UE can forward the command using the indicated resource. The gNB may determine the priority for forwarding / transmitting the command (such priority may be used by the gNB in allocating the resource for the forwarding) based on the type / priority of the command it relays / transmits to the intermediate UE.
[0091] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the forwarding resource for the intermediate UE may be configured to the intermediate UE in relation to the resource in which the command is received from the gNB by the intermediate UE. For instance, the forwarding resource may be always x slots / symbols after the resource in which the command is received from the gNB. If the resource is overlapped with the resource for UL transmission by the intermediate UE to the gNB, the forwarding resource may be performed y slots / symbols after the overlapping UL transmission. Such relation may be configured to the intermediate UE by the gNB using common / dedicated control signaling or predefined in the specification.
[0092] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, for the bistatic case where an intermediate UE itself does not transmit the CW for backscattering UL transmission, the gNB may inform / configure the intermediate UE with resource allocation used for the carrier waves. In the most likely case (e.g., in “gNB / NW control” case) , the gNB may be in control of the resource allocation and inform both the CWT and the intermediate UE which radio resources can be used for backscattering UL transmission. If the intermediate UE may be in control (e.g., in “UE control” case) , the intermediate UE can forward such resource information to the CWT (s) in its proximity which then may only transmit the indicated carrier waves. Based on this information, the intermediate UE may adjust its receiving filter according to frequency position and bandwidth of the backscattered transmission to suppress interference without suffering the transmission from the device (s) . The intermediate UE can either be configured by the gNB to receive backscattered UL transmissions from specific CWTs, e.g., configuration provided as a list, or simply in which radio resources it can attempt to receive backscattered UL transmission (i.e., agnostic of which CWT is originated from) . For the “gNB / NW control” case, it may be up to the gNB / NW to keep track of which CWTs are relevant / useful for an intermediate UE (this may be left to NW implementation) . For the “UE control” case, the intermediate UE may be configured with a list of relevant / useful CWTs by the gNB.
[0093] Since both inventory procedure and command procedure may require signaling from devices in both UL and DL (e.g., to support acknowledgment, contention resolution, authentication, security and registration, etc. ) , the intermediate UE may need to be able to schedule / trigger an UL transmission from a device also for the bistatic case where an external CWT is used for CW generation (for the monostatic case the intermediate UE may generate the CW by itself) . In the “gNB / NW control” case, the intermediate UE may then need to request the gNB to trigger a CW transmission which the device can use for backscattered transmission to the intermediate UE. The gNB may forward the request as a command to the concerned CWT. The CW request may include one or more of the following information fields: ● CWT ID. ● Device ID or RAN identifier (for dedicated UL transmission, i.e., not to trigger responses from all devices in the coverage area) . ● Radio resource scheduling information, e.g., time resource, frequency resource, modulation and coding scheme (MCS) , data rate, etc.
[0094] In the “UE control” case, it may instead be the intermediate UE that can directly transmit the CW request to the suitable CWT, but information fields in the CW request may be the same (possibly the CWT ID may be omitted) .
[0095] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the intermediate UE may determine the resource in which the command to the device (s) is forwarded by itself. For instance, the intermediate UE may perform forwarding in the resource (s) not scheduled / configured by the gNB for its own UL transmission and not occupied by the backscattered transmission. The intermediate UE can know this based on the carrier wave information from the gNB.
[0096] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, when the gNB forwards an inventory command received from the CN or AF (e.g., carried as a container in NGAP signaling) to an intermediate UE, the gNB may additionally allocate resources to the intermediate UE. These resources can be further allocated / signaled by the intermediate UE to the devices via an inventory command.
[0097] Fig. 2C is a diagram illustrating another exemplary resource allocation procedure according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In this example, a gNB can allocate resources to an intermediate UE (denoted as intermediate user in Fig. 2C) , and the intermediate UE may further signal resources to one or more devices (e.g., Device set B in Fig. 2C) . For some devices located near the gNB (e.g., Device set A in Fig. 2C) , the gNB may send an inventory trigger command from the CN / AF to these devices directly, and receive inventory reporting / UL access messages from the devices. For farther located devices (e.g., Device set B in Fig. 2C) , the gNB can allocate resources for the devices to perform UL transmissions. The allocated resources can be signaled to the intermediate UE by the gNB in a separate signaling or coupled with relayed inventory signaling.
[0098] Unlike the signaling examples in Fig. 2A and Fig. 2B, no scheduling request (SR) is needed in the signaling example as shown in Fig. 2C. The inventory command from the gNB can allocate resource R (e.g., time division multiplexing / frequency division multiplexing (TDM / FDM) resource) for a specific intermediate UE. Extending this, the inventory command from the gNB can indicate multiple resource sets for possible intermediate UEs within the cell (e.g., resource set R1 mapped to UE1, resource set R2 mapped to UE2, etc. ) in RAN inventory trigger signaling. Assumption is that the gNB knows these UEs’ identities and capabilities to act as intermediate UEs for A-IoT devices. One way to know such UEs existence is that these UEs may have sent a SR earlier (e.g., as described with respect to Fig. 2A and Fig. 2B) earlier, or when such UEs kickstarted their registration procedures (the gNB or CN may keep track of the UEs) , then the RAN node / gNB may keep continue track or note of such UEs in the cell. In an embodiment, these UEs may have reported capabilities to the gNB via RRC signaling indicating that these UEs are capable of operating as intermediate UEs.
[0099] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, a network node such as a gNB can indicate resources for one or more slave nodes (or secondary gNBs, or intermediate nodes, etc. ) in the same inventory command (broadcast to both slave nodes and users) or a separate command just dedicated to a group of slave nodes only.
[0100] Fig. 3 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary inventory command according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In the exemplary inventory command which contains resources for slave nodes (e.g., intermediate UEs, etc. ) , the network node (e.g., a gNB, etc. ) may indicate a slave node ID, a corresponding slot ID (e.g., a time reference ID or a symbol ID, etc. ) , Q parameter (e.g., the number of slots that a slave node can distribute or made available among its inventory user set, etc. ) , and / or frequency resources (which the slave node can utilize for inventorying its user set) , etc. The inventory command may be used to indicate resources for a given slave node to conduct inventory.
[0101] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the inventory command may be sent by a gNB or one or more slave nodes (or intermediate nodes / UEs) , where these nodes can insert their node specific flags in their respective inventory commands, so that if a device detects inventory commands from multiple nodes (e.g., the gNB and / or slave nodes) , then the device can pick one of the multiple nodes (e.g., based on rules or random selection) for its inventory report delivery or initiating an inventory procedure and stick to that node until inventory report / ID reporting is done / transmitted. In this case, the device may not be allowed to send or transmit its inventory report to multiple nodes.
[0102] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, if a device has a choice to initiate an inventory procedure (e.g., for random access or providing inventory reports) upon receiving inventory trigger commands from a gNB and / or other slave nodes, then the device can select the desired node which it wants to conduct the inventory procedure, which may be based on some non-limiting rules, e.g., including but not limited to one or more of the following options: ● In an option, if an inventory command from the gNB is detected, and possibly along with other inventory commands from other slave nodes, and the device has not started an inventory procedure yet, then the device may select the gNB (apriority node) as an inventory trigger node (i.e., the device can initiate random access, provide an inventory report or ID directly to the gNB as part of the random access or inventory procedure) and ignore other commands. ● In another option, the device can select the same node (e.g., the gNB or a slave / intermediate node) for an inventory procedure if it had selected last time or earlier for an inventory procedure. ● In another option, the device can select a node (e.g., the gNB or a slave / intermediate node) if the node indicates its device ID or a function of the device ID or a related group ID. ● In another option, the device can select randomly an inventory trigger node (e.g., the gNB or a slave / intermediate node) for its inventory reporting.
[0103] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, when the gNB and slave nodes (on behalf of the gNB) are conducting inventory of devices, then they all can include some ID, which can be similar to a session ID. This can help a device to transmit its inventory report or initiate random access without redundance. For example, if a device receives inventory commands multiple times from the same node or different nodes but correspond to the same session ID (which may be included in the inventory commands) , and if the device had already transmitted its inventory report successfully for some inventory command (s) (with the same session ID) , then it may not do the inventory reporting again corresponding to the same session ID. The session ID in the inventory command can be updated, e.g., if a new inventory command comes from the AF or CN (as per AF policy) , which may be relayed / sent to the gNB (and further relayed to the slave nodes) .
[0104] In an implementation example on UE assistance information (UAI) message, the proposed solutions according to the present disclosure may impact the abstract syntax notation one (ASN. 1) of the RRC specification, e.g., as represented in 3GPP TS 38.331 V18.0.0 as follows in the UEAssistanceInformation message conveying the improved scheduling request information. The implementation only covers part of the proposed information elements / changes. ******************************************************************** 6.2.2 Message definitions ================== Irrelevant texts are skipped. ====================== UEAssistanceInformation The UEAssistanceInformation message is used for the indication of UE assistance information to the network. Signaling radio bearer: SRB1, SRB3 RLC-SAP: AM Logical channel: DCCH Direction: UE to Network UEAssistanceInformation message ================== Irrelevant texts are skipped. ====================== 6.4 RRC multiplicity and type constraint values – Multiplicity and type constraint definitions --ASN1START --TAG-MULTIPLICITY-AND-TYPE-CONSTRAINT-DEFINITIONS-START ================== Irrelevant texts are skipped. ====================== maxNrOfOccasionsPerRound-r19 INTEGER : : = 1023 --Maximum number of UL transmission occasions in a scheduling round for A-IoT. maxNrOfAIOTPriority-r19 INTEGER : : = 16 --Maximum number of UL transmission priority for A-IoT maxDataVolumePerRound-r19 INTEGER : : = 1047552 --Maximum size (bits) of expected UL data in a scheduling round for A-IoT. --Assuming a device can transmit at maximum 1024bit ********************************************************************
[0105] Some descriptions of an exemplary A-IoT-SchedulingRequest-TxInfo field are given in Table 1. More relevant information can be found in clauses 6.2.2 and 6.4 of 3GPP TS 38.331 V18.0.0. Table 1
[0106] It is noted that some embodiments of the present disclosure are mainly described in relation to 5G / NR specifications being used as non-limiting examples for certain exemplary network configurations and system deployments. As such, the description of exemplary embodiments given herein specifically refers to terminology which is directly related thereto. Such terminology is only used in the context of the presented non-limiting examples and embodiments, and does naturally not limit the present disclosure in any way. Rather, any other system configuration or radio technologies may equally be utilized as long as exemplary embodiments described herein are applicable.
[0107] Fig. 4A is a flowchart illustrating a method 410 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The method 410 illustrated in Fig. 4A may be performed by a first terminal device (e.g., an intermediate UE, a relay UE, an assisting device, a slave node, etc. ) or an apparatus communicatively coupled to the first terminal device. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the first terminal device may be configured to act as an intermediate device for relaying communications between a network node and one or more second terminal devices (e.g., ZE-IoT devices, A-IoT devices, etc. ) .
[0108] According to the exemplary method 410 illustrated in Fig. 4A, the first terminal device may receive configuration information from a network node, as shown in block 412. The configuration information may indicate resource allocation for communications of one or more second terminal devices with the first terminal device.
[0109] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the first terminal device may transmit a message for requesting the resource allocation to the network node. In an embodiment, the message for requesting the resource allocation may indicate one or more of: a number of the one or more second terminal devices; one or more identifiers of the one or more second terminal devices; an identifier of a group to which the one or more second terminal devices belong; a size of the group to which the one or more second terminal devices belong; a default number or a maximum number of a set of devices to be scheduled by the first terminal device; an identifier of an area where the one or more second terminal devices locate; priority information of the one or more second terminal devices; and an expected data volume or buffer size related to the one or more second terminal devices. In another embodiment, the message for requesting the resource allocation may comprise one or more of a SR, a BSR and an RRC message.
[0110] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, at least part of the configuration information may be included in a message from the network node in response to: a command for the one or more second terminal devices from a core network; and / or the first terminal device being selected as an intermediate device for communications between the one or more second terminal devices and the network node. In an embodiment, the message from the network node may include one or more of: an identifier of the network node; an identifier of the first terminal device; one or more resource identifiers; one or more session identifiers; and one or more parameters indicating one or more resources which can be made available for the one or more second terminal devices by the first terminal device.
[0111] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the configuration information may further indicate one or more of: a number of occasions available for a scheduling procedure initiated by the first terminal device for the one or more second terminal devices; a number of a set of devices to be scheduled in the scheduling procedure; resource split and / or multiplexing relation between a first interface and a second interface, where the first interface is between the network node and the first terminal device, and the second interface is between the first terminal device and the one or more second terminal devices; a resource allocated to the first terminal device to forward a message from the network node to the one or more second terminal devices; priority of forwarding the message from the network node to the one or more second terminal devices; and resource allocation for a CW transmission, when the first terminal device does not transmit a CW for a backscatter-based transmission.
[0112] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the first terminal device may optionally transmit a first message to the one or more second terminal devices according to the configuration information, as shown in block 414. The first message may indicate resource configuration for the communications of the one or more second terminal devices with the first terminal device.
[0113] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the first terminal device may adjust resource configuration to avoid interference and / or conflict between communications with the one or more second terminal devices and backscatter-based transmissions.
[0114] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the resource configuration for the communications of the one or more second terminal devices may be determined by the first terminal device based at least in part on the configuration information received from the network node.
[0115] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the first message transmitted to the one or more second terminal devices by the first terminal device may include one or more of: an identifier of the first terminal device; one or more identifiers of the one or more second terminal devices; one or more resource identifiers; one or more session identifiers; and one or more parameters indicating one or more resources available for the one or more second terminal devices.
[0116] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the first message may be transmitted to the one or more second terminal devices during a scheduling procedure. In an embodiment, the scheduling procedure may be initiated by the first terminal device for the one or more second terminal devices in response to: a signal which needs to be transmitted to the one or more second terminal devices by the first terminal device; and / or a determination of initiating the scheduling procedure made by the first terminal device based at least in part on a change of information related to the one or more second terminal devices.
[0117] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the resource configuration for the communications of the one or more second terminal devices may indicate one or more of: a number of one or more occasions for transmission and / or reception; one or more resource assignments; and one or more modulation schemes and / or orders.
[0118] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the first terminal device may receive device information from the one or more second terminal devices. In an embodiment, the device information may indicate one or more of: a device type; a device power class or supported peak power; a device priority; a device supported energy storage; whether a device supports frequency shift; whether a device supports a backscatter-based transmission or a transmission actively generated by the device; a device buffer status; and a device available energy level.
[0119] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the first terminal device may transmit, to the one or more second terminal devices, a second message which may indicate an adjustment of the resource configuration for the communications of the one or more second terminal devices according to the device information.
[0120] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the first terminal device may receive data from the one or more second terminal devices, according to the resource configuration for the communications of the one or more second terminal devices. In an embodiment, the first terminal device may forward the data from the one or more second terminal devices to the network node.
[0121] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the first terminal device may obtain a first identifier of at least one of the one or more second terminal devices. In an embodiment, the first terminal device may transmit the first identifier of the at least one of the one or more second terminal devices to the network node.
[0122] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the first terminal device may receive a second identifier of the at least one of the one or more second terminal devices from the network node. In an embodiment, the second identifier of the at least one of the one or more second terminal devices may be used to address a connection between the at least one of the one or more second terminal devices and the first terminal device and / or the network node.
[0123] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the first terminal device may transmit the second identifier of the at least one of the one or more second terminal devices to the at least one of the one or more second terminal devices.
[0124] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the first terminal device may transmit a request for triggering a CW transmission to the network node and / or a CWT of the first terminal device. In an embodiment, the request may include one or more of: an identifier of the CWT; one or more identifiers of a set of devices to be scheduled by the first terminal device; and resource scheduling information.
[0125] Fig. 4B is a flowchart illustrating a method 420 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The method 420 illustrated in Fig. 4B may be performed by a second terminal device (e.g., an ultra-low power device, a ZE-IoT device, an A-IoT device such as an A-IoT UE, etc. ) or an apparatus communicatively coupled to the second terminal device. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the second terminal device may be configured to communicate with a network node via an intermediate device.
[0126] According to the exemplary method 420 illustrated in Fig. 4B, the second terminal device may receive a first message from a first terminal device (e.g., the first terminal device as described with respect to Fig. 4A) , as shown in block 422. The first message may indicate resource configuration for a communication of the second terminal device with the first terminal device.
[0127] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the resource configuration for the communication of the second terminal device may be based at least in part on configuration information about resource allocation from a network node (e.g., the configuration information received from the network node by the first terminal device as described with respect to Fig. 4A) .
[0128] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the first message received by the second terminal device according to the method 420 may correspond to the first message transmitted by the first terminal device according to the method 410. Thus, the first message as described with respect to Fig. 4A and Fig. 4B may have the same or similar contents and / or feature elements.
[0129] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the first message may include one or more of:an identifier of the first terminal device; an identifier of the second terminal device; one or more resource identifiers; one or more session identifiers; and one or more parameters indicating one or more resources available for the second terminal device.
[0130] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the resource configuration for the communication of the second terminal device may indicate one or more of: a number of one or more occasions for transmission and / or reception; one or more resource assignments; and one or more modulation schemes and / or orders.
[0131] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the second terminal device may attempt to obtain one or more resources for the communication of the second terminal device according to the resource configuration.
[0132] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the second terminal device may transmit device information of the second terminal device to the first terminal device. In an embodiment, the device information may indicate one or more of: a device type; a device power class or supported peak power; a device priority; a device supported energy storage; whether a device supports frequency shift; whether a device supports a backscatter-based transmission or a transmission actively generated by the device; a device buffer status; and a device available energy level.
[0133] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the second terminal device may receive, from the first terminal device, a second message which may indicate an adjustment of the resource configuration for the communication of the second terminal device according to the device information.
[0134] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the second terminal device may optionally transmit data to the first terminal device, according to the resource configuration for the communication of the second terminal device, as shown in block 424. In an embodiment, the first terminal device may be selected by the second terminal device among multiple devices which are detected by the second terminal device for data delivery.
[0135] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the second terminal device may transmit a first identifier of the second terminal device to the first terminal device. In an embodiment, the second terminal device may receive a second identifier of the second terminal device from the first terminal device. In an embodiment, the second identifier of the second terminal device may be used to address a connection between the second terminal device and the first terminal device and / or a network node.
[0136] Fig. 4C is a flowchart illustrating a method 430 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The method 430 illustrated in Fig. 4C may be performed by a network node (e.g., a base station, a gNB, a control node, etc. ) or an apparatus communicatively coupled to the network node. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the network node may be configured to communicate with one or more terminal devices directly or via relaying.
[0137] According to the exemplary method 430 illustrated in Fig. 4C, the network node may determine configuration information, as shown in block 432. The configuration information may indicate resource allocation for communications of one or more second terminal devices (e.g., the second terminal device as described with respect to Fig. 4B) with a first terminal device (e.g., the first terminal device as described with respect to Fig. 4A) . In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the network node may transmit the configuration information to the first terminal device, as shown in block 434.
[0138] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the configuration information transmitted by the network node according to the method 430 may correspond to the configuration information received by the first terminal device according to the method 410. Thus, the configuration information as described with respect to Fig. 4A and Fig. 4C may have the same or similar contents and / or feature elements.
[0139] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, at least part of the configuration information may be included in a message transmitted to the first terminal device by the network node in response to: a command for the one or more second terminal devices from a core network; and / or the first terminal device being selected as an intermediate device for communications between the one or more second terminal devices and the network node.
[0140] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the network node may receive a message for requesting the resource allocation from the first terminal device. In an embodiment, the message for requesting the resource allocation received by the network node according to the method 430 may correspond to the message for requesting the resource allocation transmitted by the first terminal device according to the method 410. Thus, the message for requesting the resource allocation as described with respect to Fig. 4A and Fig. 4C may have the same or similar contents and / or feature elements.
[0141] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the network node may receive, from the first terminal device, data which is transmitted by the one or more second terminal devices based at least in part on the configuration information.
[0142] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the network node may receive a first identifier of at least one of the one or more second terminal devices from the first terminal device. In an embodiment, the network node may establish a context for the at least one of the one or more second terminal devices. In an embodiment, the context may be associated with the first identifier of the at least one of the one or more second terminal devices.
[0143] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the network node may assign a second identifier to at least one of the one or more second terminal devices. In an embodiment, the second identifier of the at least one of the one or more second terminal devices may be used to address a connection between the at least one of the one or more second terminal devices and the first terminal device and / or the network node. In an embodiment, the network node may transmit the second identifier of the at least one of the one or more second terminal devices to the first terminal device.
[0144] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the network node may inform resource configuration for a backscatter-based transmission to the first terminal device and / or a CWT of the first terminal device.
[0145] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the network node may receive a request for triggering a CW transmission from the first terminal device. In an embodiment, the network node may forward the request for triggering the CW transmission to a CWT of the first terminal device. In an embodiment, the request for triggering the CW transmission may include one or more of: an identifier of the CWT; one or more identifiers of a set of devices to be scheduled by the first terminal device; and resource scheduling information.
[0146] The various blocks shown in Figs. 4A-4C may be viewed as method steps, and / or as operations that result from operation of computer program code, and / or as a plurality of coupled logic circuit elements constructed to carry out the associated function (s) . The schematic flow chart diagrams described above are generally set forth as logical flow chart diagrams. As such, the depicted order and labeled steps are indicative of specific embodiments of the presented methods. Other steps and methods may be conceived that are equivalent in function, logic, or effect to one or more steps, or portions thereof, of the illustrated methods. Additionally, the order in which a particular method occurs may or may not strictly adhere to the order of the corresponding steps shown.
[0147] Fig. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an apparatus 500 according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 5, the apparatus 500 may comprise one or more processors such as processor 501 and one or more memories such as memory 502 storing computer program codes 503. The memory 502 may be non-transitory machine / processor / computer readable storage medium. In accordance with some exemplary embodiments, the apparatus 500 may be implemented as an integrated circuit chip or module that can be plugged or installed into a first terminal device as described with respect to Fig. 4A, or a second terminal device as described with respect to Fig. 4B, or a network node as described with respect to Fig. 4C. In such cases, the apparatus 500 may be implemented as a first terminal device as described with respect to Fig. 4A, or a second terminal device as described with respect to Fig. 4B, or a network node as described with respect to Fig. 4C.
[0148] In some implementations, the one or more memories 502 and the computer program codes 503 may be configured to, with the one or more processors 501, cause the apparatus 500 at least to perform any operation of the method as described in connection with Fig. 4A. In other implementations, the one or more memories 502 and the computer program codes 503 may be configured to, with the one or more processors 501, cause the apparatus 500 at least to perform any operation of the method as described in connection with Fig. 4B. In other implementations, the one or more memories 502 and the computer program codes 503 may be configured to, with the one or more processors 501, cause the apparatus 500 at least to perform any operation of the method as described in connection with Fig. 4C. Alternatively or additionally, the one or more memories 502 and the computer program codes 503 may be configured to, with the one or more processors 501, cause the apparatus 500 at least to perform more or less operations to implement the proposed methods according to the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0149] Fig. 6A is a block diagram illustrating an apparatus 610 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 6A, the apparatus 610 may comprise a receiving unit 611 and optionally a transmitting unit 612. In an exemplary embodiment, the apparatus 610 may be implemented in a first terminal device. The receiving unit 611 may be operable to carry out the operation in block 412, and the transmitting unit 612 may be operable to carry out the operation in block 414. Optionally, the receiving unit 611 and / or the transmitting unit 612 may be operable to carry out more or less operations to implement the proposed methods according to the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0150] Fig. 6B is a block diagram illustrating an apparatus 620 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 6B, the apparatus 620 may comprise a receiving unit 621 and optionally a transmitting unit 622. In an exemplary embodiment, the apparatus 620 may be implemented in a second terminal device. The receiving unit 621 may be operable to carry out the operation in block 422, and the transmitting unit 622 may be operable to carry out the operation in block 424. Optionally, the receiving unit 621 and / or the transmitting unit 622 may be operable to carry out more or less operations to implement the proposed methods according to the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0151] Fig. 6C is a block diagram illustrating an apparatus 630 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 6C, the apparatus 630 may comprise a determining unit 631 and a transmitting unit 632. In an exemplary embodiment, the apparatus 630 may be implemented in a network node. The determining unit 631 may be operable to carry out the operation in block 432, and the transmitting unit 632 may be operable to carry out the operation in block 434. Optionally, the determining unit 631 and / or the transmitting unit 632 may be operable to carry out more or less operations to implement the proposed methods according to the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. In an embodiment, the apparatus 630 may further comprise a receiving unit (not shown in Fig. 6C) which may be operable to receive information from one or more other devices (e.g., a terminal device, another network node, etc. ) .
[0152] Fig. 7 shows an example of a communication system 700 in accordance with some embodiments.
[0153] In the example, the communication system 700 includes a telecommunication network 702 that includes an access network 704, such as a radio access network (RAN) , and a core network 706, which includes one or more core network nodes 708. The access network 704 includes one or more access network nodes, such as network nodes 710A and 710B (one or more of which may be generally referred to as network nodes 710) , or any other similar 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) access nodes or non-3GPP access points. Moreover, as will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, a network node is not necessarily limited to an implementation in which a radio portion and a baseband portion are supplied and integrated by a single vendor. Thus, it will be understood that network nodes include disaggregated implementations or portions thereof. For example, in some embodiments, the telecommunication network 702 includes one or more Open-RAN (ORAN) network nodes. An ORAN network node is a node in the telecommunication network 702 that supports an ORAN specification (e.g., a specification published by the O-RAN Alliance, or any similar organization) and may operate alone or together with other nodes to implement one or more functionalities of any node in the telecommunication network 702, including one or more network nodes 710 and / or core network nodes 708.
[0154] Examples of an ORAN network node include an open radio unit (O-RU) , an open distributed unit (O-DU) , an open central unit (O-CU) , including an O-CU control plane (O-CU-CP) or an O-CU user plane (O-CU-UP) , a RAN intelligent controller (near-real time or non-real time) hosting software or software plug-ins, such as a near-real time control application (e.g., xApp) or a non-real time control application (e.g., rApp) , or any combination thereof (the adjective “open” designating support of an ORAN specification) . The network node may support a specification by, for example, supporting an interface defined by the ORAN specification, such as an A1, F1, W1, E1, E2, X2, Xn interface, an open fronthaul user plane interface, or an open fronthaul management plane interface. Moreover, an ORAN access node may be a logical node in a physical node. Furthermore, an ORAN network node may be implemented in a virtualization environment (described further below) in which one or more network functions are virtualized. For example, the virtualization environment may include an O-Cloud computing platform orchestrated by a Service Management and Orchestration Framework via an O-2 interface defined by the O-RAN Alliance or comparable technologies. The network nodes 710 facilitate direct or indirect connection of user equipment (UE) , such as by connecting UEs 712A, 712B, 712C, and 712D (one or more of which may be generally referred to as UEs 712) to the core network 706 over one or more wireless connections.
[0155] Example wireless communications over a wireless connection include transmitting and / or receiving wireless signals using electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared waves, and / or other types of signals suitable for conveying information without the use of wires, cables, or other material conductors. Moreover, in different embodiments, the communication system 700 may include any number of wired or wireless networks, network nodes, UEs, and / or any other components or systems that may facilitate or participate in the communication of data and / or signals whether via wired or wireless connections. The communication system 700 may include and / or interface with any type of communication, telecommunication, data, cellular, radio network, and / or other similar type of system.
[0156] The UEs 712 may be any of a wide variety of communication devices, including wireless devices arranged, configured, and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with the network nodes 710 and other communication devices. Similarly, the network nodes 710 are arranged, capable, configured, and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with the UEs 712 and / or with other network nodes or equipment in the telecommunication network 702 to enable and / or provide network access, such as wireless network access, and / or to perform other functions, such as administration in the telecommunication network 702.
[0157] In the depicted example, the core network 706 connects the network nodes 710 to one or more host computing systems, such as host 716. These connections may be direct or indirect via one or more intermediary networks or devices. In other examples, network nodes may be directly coupled to hosts. The core network 706 includes one more core network nodes (e.g., core network node 708) that are structured with hardware and software components. Features of these components may be substantially similar to those described with respect to the UEs, network nodes, and / or hosts, such that the descriptions thereof are generally applicable to the corresponding components of the core network node 708. Example core network nodes include functions of one or more of a Mobile Switching Center (MSC) , Mobility Management Entity (MME) , Home Subscriber Server (HSS) , Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) , Session Management Function (SMF) , Authentication Server Function (AUSF) , Subscription Identifier De-concealing function (SIDF) , Unified Data Management (UDM) , Security Edge Protection Proxy (SEPP) , Network Exposure Function (NEF) , and / or a User Plane Function (UPF) .
[0158] The host 716 may be under the ownership or control of a service provider other than an operator or provider of the access network 704 and / or the telecommunication network 702. The host 716 may host a variety of applications to provide one or more service. Examples of such applications include live and pre-recorded audio / video content, data collection services such as retrieving and compiling data on various ambient conditions detected by a plurality of UEs, analytics functionality, social media, functions for controlling or otherwise interacting with remote devices, functions for an alarm and surveillance center, or any other such function performed by a server.
[0159] As a whole, the communication system 700 of Fig. 7 enables connectivity between the UEs, network nodes, and hosts. In that sense, the communication system may be configured to operate according to predefined rules or procedures, such as specific standards that include, but are not limited to: Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) ; Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) ; Long Term Evolution (LTE) , and / or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G standards, or any applicable future generation standard (e.g., 6G) ; wireless local area network (WLAN) standards, such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards (WiFi) ; and / or any other appropriate wireless communication standard, such as the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) , Bluetooth, Z-Wave, Near Field Communication (NFC) ZigBee, LiFi, and / or any low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) standards such as LoRa and Sigfox.
[0160] In some examples, the telecommunication network 702 is a cellular network that implements 3GPP standardized features. Accordingly, the telecommunications network 702 may support network slicing to provide different logical networks to different devices that are connected to the telecommunication network 702. For example, the telecommunications network 702 may provide Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) services to some UEs, while providing Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) services to other UEs, and / or Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) / Massive IoT services to yet further UEs.
[0161] In some examples, the UEs 712 are configured to transmit and / or receive information without direct human interaction. For instance, a UE may be designed to transmit information to the access network 704 on a predetermined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to requests from the access network 704. Additionally, a UE may be configured for operating in single-or multi-RAT or multi-standard mode. For example, a UE may operate with any one or combination of Wi-Fi, NR (New Radio) and LTE, i.e. being configured for multi-radio dual connectivity (MR-DC) , such as E-UTRAN (Evolved-UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) New Radio –Dual Connectivity (EN-DC) .
[0162] In the example, the hub 714 communicates with the access network 704 to facilitate indirect communication between one or more UEs (e.g., UE 712C and / or 712D) and network nodes (e.g., network node 710B) . In some examples, the hub 714 may be a controller, router, content source and analytics, or any of the other communication devices described herein regarding UEs. For example, the hub 714 may be a broadband router enabling access to the core network 706 for the UEs. As another example, the hub 714 may be a controller that sends commands or instructions to one or more actuators in the UEs. Commands or instructions may be received from the UEs, network nodes 710, or by executable code, script, process, or other instructions in the hub 714. As another example, the hub 714 may be a data collector that acts as temporary storage for UE data and, in some embodiments, may perform analysis or other processing of the data. As another example, the hub 714 may be a content source. For example, for a UE that is a VR device, display, loudspeaker, or other media delivery device, the hub 714 may retrieve VR assets, video, audio, or other media or data related to sensory information via a network node, which the hub 714 then provides to the UE either directly, after performing local processing, and / or after adding additional local content. In still another example, the hub 714 acts as a proxy server or orchestrator for the UEs, in particular if one or more of the UEs are low energy IoT devices.
[0163] The hub 714 may have a constant / persistent or intermittent connection to the network node 710B. The hub 714 may also allow for a different communication scheme and / or schedule between the hub 714 and UEs (e.g., UE 712C and / or 712D) , and between the hub 714 and the core network 706. In other examples, the hub 714 is connected to the core network 706 and / or one or more UEs via a wired connection. Moreover, the hub 714 may be configured to connect to an M2M service provider over the access network 704 and / or to another UE over a direct connection. In some scenarios, UEs may establish a wireless connection with the network nodes 710 while still connected via the hub 714 via a wired or wireless connection. In some embodiments, the hub 714 may be a dedicated hub –that is, a hub whose primary function is to route communications to / from the UEs from / to the network node 710B. In other embodiments, the hub 714 may be a non-dedicated hub –that is, a device which is capable of operating to route communications between the UEs and network node 710B, but which is additionally capable of operating as a communication start and / or end point for certain data channels.
[0164] Fig. 8 shows a UE 800 in accordance with some embodiments. The UE 800 presents additional details of some embodiments of the UE 712 of Fig. 7. As used herein, a UE refers to a device capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with network nodes and / or other UEs. Examples of a UE include, but are not limited to, a smart phone, mobile phone, cell phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phone, wireless local loop phone, desktop computer, personal digital assistant (PDA) , wireless cameras, gaming console or device, music storage / playback device, wearable terminal device, wireless endpoint, mobile station, tablet, laptop, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , an Augmented Reality (AR) or Virtual Reality (VR) device, wireless customer-premise equipment (CPE) , vehicle, vehicle-mounted or vehicle embedded / integrated wireless device, etc. Other examples include any UE identified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) , including a narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) UE, a machine type communication (MTC) UE, and / or an enhanced MTC (eMTC) UE.
[0165] A UE may support device-to-device (D2D) communication, for example by implementing a 3GPP standard for sidelink communication, Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) , vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) , vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) , or vehicle-to-everything (V2X) . In other examples, a UE may not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and / or operates the relevant device. Instead, a UE may represent a device that is intended for sale to, or operation by, a human user but which may not, or which may not initially, be associated with a specific human user (e.g., a smart sprinkler controller) . Alternatively, a UE may represent a device that is not intended for sale to, or operation by, an end user but which may be associated with or operated for the benefit of a user (e.g., a smart power meter) .
[0166] The UE 800 includes processing circuitry 802 that is operatively coupled via a bus 804 to an input / output interface 806, a power source 808, a memory 810, a communication interface 812, and / or any other component, or any combination thereof. Certain UEs may utilize all or a subset of the components shown in Fig. 8. The level of integration between the components may vary from one UE to another UE. Further, certain UEs may contain multiple instances of a component, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, receivers, etc.
[0167] The processing circuitry 802 is configured to process instructions and data and may be configured to implement any sequential state machine operative to execute instructions stored as machine-readable computer programs in the memory 810. The processing circuitry 802 may be implemented as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., in discrete logic, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , etc. ) ; programmable logic together with appropriate firmware; one or more stored computer programs, general-purpose processors, such as a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP) , together with appropriate software; or any combination of the above. For example, the processing circuitry 802 may include multiple central processing units (CPUs) .
[0168] In the example, the input / output interface 806 may be configured to provide an interface or interfaces to an input device, output device, or one or more input and / or output devices. Examples of an output device include a speaker, a sound card, a video card, a display, a monitor, a printer, an actuator, an emitter, a smartcard, another output device, or any combination thereof. An input device may allow a user to capture information into the UE 800. Examples of an input device include a touch-sensitive or presence-sensitive display, a camera (e.g., a digital camera, a digital video camera, a web camera, etc. ) , a microphone, a sensor, a mouse, a trackball, a directional pad, a trackpad, a scroll wheel, a smartcard, and the like. The presence-sensitive display may include a capacitive or resistive touch sensor to sense input from a user. A sensor may be, for instance, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a tilt sensor, a force sensor, a magnetometer, an optical sensor, a proximity sensor, a biometric sensor, etc., or any combination thereof. An output device may use the same type of interface port as an input device. For example, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port may be used to provide an input device and an output device.
[0169] In some embodiments, the power source 808 is structured as a battery or battery pack. Other types of power sources, such as an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet) , photovoltaic device, or power cell, may be used. The power source 808 may further include power circuitry for delivering power from the power source 808 itself, and / or an external power source, to the various parts of the UE 800 via input circuitry or an interface such as an electrical power cable. Delivering power may be, for example, for charging of the power source 808. Power circuitry may perform any formatting, converting, or other modification to the power from the power source 808 to make the power suitable for the respective components of the UE 800 to which power is supplied.
[0170] The memory 810 may be or be configured to include memory such as random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , programmable read-only memory (PROM) , erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , magnetic disks, optical disks, hard disks, removable cartridges, flash drives, and so forth. In one example, the memory 810 includes one or more application programs 814, such as an operating system, web browser application, a widget, gadget engine, or other application, and corresponding data 816. The memory 810 may store, for use by the UE 800, any of a variety of various operating systems or combinations of operating systems.
[0171] The memory 810 may be configured to include a number of physical drive units, such as redundant array of independent disks (RAID) , flash memory, USB flash drive, external hard disk drive, thumb drive, pen drive, key drive, high-density digital versatile disc (HD-DVD) optical disc drive, internal hard disk drive, Blu-Ray optical disc drive, holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disc drive, external mini-dual in-line memory module (DIMM) , synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) , external micro-DIMM SDRAM, smartcard memory such as tamper resistant module in the form of a universal integrated circuit card (UICC) including one or more subscriber identity modules (SIMs) , such as a USIM and / or ISIM, other memory, or any combination thereof. The UICC may for example be an embedded UICC (eUICC) , integrated UICC (iUICC) or a removable UICC commonly known as ‘SIM card. ’ The memory 810 may allow the UE 800 to access instructions, application programs and the like, stored on transitory or non-transitory memory media, to off-load data, or to upload data. An article of manufacture, such as one utilizing a communication system may be tangibly embodied as or in the memory 810, which may be or comprise a device-readable storage medium.
[0172] The processing circuitry 802 may be configured to communicate with an access network or other network using the communication interface 812. The communication interface 812 may comprise one or more communication subsystems and may include or be communicatively coupled to an antenna 822. The communication interface 812 may include one or more transceivers used to communicate, such as by communicating with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication (e.g., another UE or a network node in an access network) . Each transceiver may include a transmitter 818 and / or a receiver 820 appropriate to provide network communications (e.g., optical, electrical, frequency allocations, and so forth) . Moreover, the transmitter 818 and receiver 820 may be coupled to one or more antennas (e.g., antenna 822) and may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively be implemented separately.
[0173] In the illustrated embodiment, communication functions of the communication interface 812 may include cellular communication, Wi-Fi communication, LPWAN communication, data communication, voice communication, multimedia communication, short-range communications such as Bluetooth, near-field communication, location-based communication such as the use of the global positioning system (GPS) to determine a location, another like communication function, or any combination thereof. Communications may be implemented in according to one or more communication protocols and / or standards, such as IEEE 802.11, Code Division Multiplexing Access (CDMA) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , GSM, LTE, New Radio (NR) , UMTS, WiMax, Ethernet, transmission control protocol / internet protocol (TCP / IP) , synchronous optical networking (SONET) , Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) , QUIC, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) , and so forth.
[0174] Regardless of the type of sensor, a UE may provide an output of data captured by its sensors, through its communication interface 812, via a wireless connection to a network node. Data captured by sensors of a UE can be communicated through a wireless connection to a network node via another UE. The output may be periodic (e.g., once every 15 minutes if it reports the sensed temperature) , random (e.g., to even out the load from reporting from several sensors) , in response to a triggering event (e.g., when moisture is detected an alert is sent) , in response to a request (e.g., a user initiated request) , or a continuous stream (e.g., a live video feed of a patient) .
[0175] As another example, a UE comprises an actuator, a motor, or a switch, related to a communication interface configured to receive wireless input from a network node via a wireless connection. In response to the received wireless input the states of the actuator, the motor, or the switch may change. For example, the UE may comprise a motor that adjusts the control surfaces or rotors of a drone in flight according to the received input or to a robotic arm performing a medical procedure according to the received input.
[0176] A UE, when in the form of an Internet of Things (IoT) device, may be a device for use in one or more application domains, these domains comprising, but not limited to, city wearable technology, extended industrial application and healthcare. Non-limiting examples of such an IoT device are a device which is or which is embedded in: a connected refrigerator or freezer, a TV, a connected lighting device, an electricity meter, a robot vacuum cleaner, a voice controlled smart speaker, a home security camera, a motion detector, a thermostat, a smoke detector, a door / window sensor, a flood / moisture sensor, an electrical door lock, a connected doorbell, an air conditioning system like a heat pump, an autonomous vehicle, a surveillance system, a weather monitoring device, a vehicle parking monitoring device, an electric vehicle charging station, a smart watch, a fitness tracker, a wearable for tactile augmentation or sensory enhancement, a water sprinkler, an animal-or item-tracking device, a sensor for monitoring a plant or animal, an industrial robot, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) , and any kind of medical device, like a heart rate monitor or a remote controlled surgical robot. A UE in the form of an IoT device comprises circuitry and / or software in dependence of the intended application of the IoT device in addition to other components as described in relation to the UE 800 shown in Fig. 8.
[0177] As yet another specific example, in an IoT scenario, a UE may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and / or measurements, and transmits the results of such monitoring and / or measurements to another UE and / or a network node. The UE may in this case be an M2M device, which may in a 3GPP context be referred to as an MTC device. As one particular example, the UE may implement the 3GPP NB-IoT standard. In other scenarios, a UE may represent a vehicle, such as a car, a bus, a truck, a ship and an airplane, or other equipment that is capable of monitoring and / or reporting on its operational status or other functions associated with its operation.
[0178] In practice, any number of UEs may be used together with respect to a single use case. For example, a first UE might be or be integrated in a drone and provide the drone’s speed information (obtained through a speed sensor) to a second UE that is a remote controller operating the drone. When the user makes changes from the remote controller, the first UE may adjust the throttle on the drone (e.g. by controlling an actuator) to increase or decrease the drone’s speed. The first and / or the second UE can also include more than one of the functionalities described above. For example, a UE might comprise the sensor and the actuator, and handle communication of data for both the speed sensor and the actuators.
[0179] Fig. 9 shows a network node 900 in accordance with some embodiments. As used herein, network node refers to equipment capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with a UE and / or with other network nodes or equipment, in a telecommunication network. Examples of network nodes include, but are not limited to, access points (APs) (e.g., radio access points) , base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs) and NR NodeBs (gNBs) ) , O-RAN nodes or components of an O-RAN node (e.g., O-RU, O-DU, O-CU) .
[0180] Base stations may be categorized based on the amount of coverage they provide (or, stated differently, their transmit power level) and so, depending on the provided amount of coverage, may be referred to as femto base stations, pico base stations, micro base stations, or macro base stations. A base station may be a relay node or a relay donor node controlling a relay. A network node may also include one or more (or all) parts of a distributed radio base station such as centralized digital units, distributed units (e.g., in an O-RAN access node) and / or remote radio units (RRUs) , sometimes referred to as Remote Radio Heads (RRHs) . Such remote radio units may or may not be integrated with an antenna as an antenna integrated radio. Parts of a distributed radio base station may also be referred to as nodes in a distributed antenna system (DAS) .
[0181] Other examples of network nodes include multiple transmission point (multi-TRP) 5G access nodes, multi-standard radio (MSR) equipment such as MSR BSs, network controllers such as radio network controllers (RNCs) or base station controllers (BSCs) , base transceiver stations (BTSs) , transmission points, transmission nodes, multi-cell / multicast coordination entities (MCEs) , Operation and Maintenance (O&M) nodes, Operations Support System (OSS) nodes, Self-Organizing Network (SON) nodes, positioning nodes (e.g., Evolved Serving Mobile Location Centers (E-SMLCs) ) , and / or Minimization of Drive Tests (MDTs) .
[0182] The network node 900 includes a processing circuitry 902, a memory 904, a communication interface 906, and a power source 908. The network node 900 may be composed of multiple physically separate components (e.g., a NodeB component and an RNC component, or a BTS component and a BSC component, etc. ) , which may each have their own respective components. In certain scenarios in which the network node 900 comprises multiple separate components (e.g., BTS and BSC components) , one or more of the separate components may be shared among several network nodes. For example, a single RNC may control multiple NodeBs. In such a scenario, each unique NodeB and RNC pair, may in some instances be considered a single separate network node. In some embodiments, the network node 900 may be configured to support multiple radio access technologies (RATs) . In such embodiments, some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate memory 904 for different RATs) and some components may be reused (e.g., a same antenna 910 may be shared by different RATs) . The network node 900 may also include multiple sets of the various illustrated components for different wireless technologies integrated into network node 900, for example GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, Zigbee, Z-wave, LoRaWAN, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) or Bluetooth wireless technologies. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chip or set of chips and other components within network node 900.
[0183] The processing circuitry 902 may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software and / or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other network node 900 components, such as the memory 904, to provide network node 900 functionality.
[0184] In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 902 includes a system on a chip (SOC) . In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 902 includes one or more of radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 912 and baseband processing circuitry 914. In some embodiments, the radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 912 and the baseband processing circuitry 914 may be on separate chips (or sets of chips) , boards, or units, such as radio units and digital units. In alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry 912 and baseband processing circuitry 914 may be on the same chip or set of chips, boards, or units.
[0185] The memory 904 may comprise any form of volatile or non-volatile computer-readable memory including, without limitation, persistent storage, solid-state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , mass storage media (for example, a hard disk) , removable storage media (for example, a flash drive, a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD) ) , and / or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device-readable and / or computer-executable memory devices that store information, data, and / or instructions that may be used by the processing circuitry 902. The memory 904 may store any suitable instructions, data, or information, including a computer program, software, an application including one or more of logic, rules, code, tables, and / or other instructions capable of being executed by the processing circuitry 902 and utilized by the network node 900. The memory 904 may be used to store any calculations made by the processing circuitry 902 and / or any data received via the communication interface 906. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 902 and memory 904 is integrated.
[0186] The communication interface 906 is used in wired or wireless communication of signaling and / or data between a network node, access network, and / or UE. As illustrated, the communication interface 906 comprises port (s) / terminal (s) 916 to send and receive data, for example to and from a network over a wired connection. The communication interface 906 also includes radio front-end circuitry 918 that may be coupled to, or in certain embodiments a part of, the antenna 910. Radio front-end circuitry 918 comprises filters 920 and amplifiers 922. The radio front-end circuitry 918 may be connected to an antenna 910 and processing circuitry 902. The radio front-end circuitry may be configured to condition signals communicated between antenna 910 and processing circuitry 902. The radio front-end circuitry 918 may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other network nodes or UEs via a wireless connection. The radio front-end circuitry 918 may convert the digital data into a radio signal having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters 920 and / or amplifiers 922. The radio signal may then be transmitted via the antenna 910. Similarly, when receiving data, the antenna 910 may collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by the radio front-end circuitry 918. The digital data may be passed to the processing circuitry 902. In other embodiments, the communication interface may comprise different components and / or different combinations of components.
[0187] In certain alternative embodiments, the network node 900 does not include separate radio front-end circuitry 918, instead, the processing circuitry 902 includes radio front-end circuitry and is connected to the antenna 910. Similarly, in some embodiments, all or some of the RF transceiver circuitry 912 is part of the communication interface 906. In still other embodiments, the communication interface 906 includes one or more ports or terminals 916, the radio front-end circuitry 918, and the RF transceiver circuitry 912, as part of a radio unit (not shown) , and the communication interface 906 communicates with the baseband processing circuitry 914, which is part of a digital unit (not shown) .
[0188] The antenna 910 may include one or more antennas, or antenna arrays, configured to send and / or receive wireless signals. The antenna 910 may be coupled to the radio front-end circuitry 918 and may be any type of antenna capable of transmitting and receiving data and / or signals wirelessly. In certain embodiments, the antenna 910 is separate from the network node 900 and connectable to the network node 900 through an interface or port.
[0189] The antenna 910, communication interface 906, and / or the processing circuitry 902 may be configured to perform any receiving operations and / or certain obtaining operations described herein as being performed by the network node. Any information, data and / or signals may be received from a UE, another network node and / or any other network equipment. Similarly, the antenna 910, the communication interface 906, and / or the processing circuitry 902 may be configured to perform any transmitting operations described herein as being performed by the network node. Any information, data and / or signals may be transmitted to a UE, another network node and / or any other network equipment.
[0190] The power source 908 provides power to the various components of network node 900 in a form suitable for the respective components (e.g., at a voltage and current level needed for each respective component) . The power source 908 may further comprise, or be coupled to, power management circuitry to supply the components of the network node 900 with power for performing the functionality described herein. For example, the network node 900 may be connectable to an external power source (e.g., the power grid, an electricity outlet) via an input circuitry or interface such as an electrical cable, whereby the external power source supplies power to power circuitry of the power source 908. As a further example, the power source 908 may comprise a source of power in the form of a battery or battery pack which is connected to, or integrated in, power circuitry. The battery may provide backup power should the external power source fail.
[0191] Embodiments of the network node 900 may include additional components beyond those shown in Fig. 9 for providing certain aspects of the network node’s functionality, including any of the functionality described herein and / or any functionality necessary to support the subject matter described herein. For example, the network node 900 may include user interface equipment to allow input of information into the network node 900 and to allow output of information from the network node 900. This may allow a user to perform diagnostic, maintenance, repair, and other administrative functions for the network node 900. In some embodiments providing a core network node, such as core network node 708 of Fig. 7, some components, such as the radio front-end circuitry 918 and the RF transceiver circuitry 912 may be omitted.
[0192] Fig. 10 is a block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment 1000 in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized. In the present context, virtualizing means creating virtual versions of apparatuses or devices which may include virtualizing hardware platforms, storage devices and networking resources. As used herein, virtualization can be applied to any device described herein, or components thereof, and relates to an implementation in which at least a portion of the functionality is implemented as one or more virtual components. Some or all of the functions described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines (VMs) implemented in one or more virtual environments 1000 hosted by one or more of hardware nodes, such as a hardware computing device that operates as a network node, UE, core network node, or host. Further, in embodiments in which the virtual node does not require radio connectivity (e.g., a core network node or host) , then the node may be entirely virtualized. In some embodiments, the virtualization environment 1000 includes components defined by the O-RAN Alliance, such as an O-Cloud environment orchestrated by a Service Management and Orchestration Framework via an O-2 interface. Virtualization may facilitate distributed implementations of a network node, UE, core network node, or host.
[0193] Applications 1002 (which may alternatively be called software instances, virtual appliances, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc. ) are run in the virtualization environment 1000 to implement some of the features, functions, and / or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein.
[0194] Hardware 1004 includes processing circuitry, memory that stores software and / or instructions executable by hardware processing circuitry, and / or other hardware devices as described herein, such as a network interface, input / output interface, and so forth. Software may be executed by the processing circuitry to instantiate one or more virtualization layers 1006 (also referred to as hypervisors or virtual machine monitors (VMMs) ) , provide VMs 1008A and 1008B (one or more of which may be generally referred to as VMs 1008) , and / or perform any of the functions, features and / or benefits described in relation with some embodiments described herein. The virtualization layer 1006 may present a virtual operating platform that appears like networking hardware to the VMs 1008.
[0195] The VMs 1008 comprise virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual networking or interface and virtual storage, and may be run by a corresponding virtualization layer 1006. Different embodiments of the instance of a virtual appliance 1002 may be implemented on one or more of VMs 1008, and the implementations may be made in different ways. Virtualization of the hardware is in some contexts referred to as network function virtualization (NFV) . NFV may be used to consolidate many network equipment types onto industry standard high volume server hardware, physical switches, and physical storage, which can be located in data centers, and customer premise equipment.
[0196] In the context of NFV, a VM 1008 may be a software implementation of a physical machine that runs programs as if they were executing on a physical, non-virtualized machine. Each of the VMs 1008, and that part of hardware 1004 that executes that VM, be it hardware dedicated to that VM and / or hardware shared by that VM with others of the VMs, forms separate virtual network elements. Still in the context of NFV, a virtual network function is responsible for handling specific network functions that run in one or more VMs 1008 on top of the hardware 1004 and corresponds to the application 1002.
[0197] Hardware 1004 may be implemented in a standalone network node with generic or specific components. Hardware 1004 may implement some functions via virtualization. Alternatively, hardware 1004 may be part of a larger cluster of hardware (e.g. such as in a data center or CPE) where many hardware nodes work together and are managed via management and orchestration 1010, which, among others, oversees lifecycle management of applications 1002. In some embodiments, hardware 1004 is coupled to one or more radio units that each include one or more transmitters and one or more receivers that may be coupled to one or more antennas. Radio units may communicate directly with other hardware nodes via one or more appropriate network interfaces and may be used in combination with the virtual components to provide a virtual node with radio capabilities, such as a radio access node or a base station. In some embodiments, some signaling can be provided with the use of a control system 1012 which may alternatively be used for communication between hardware nodes and radio units.
[0198] In certain embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein may be provided by processing circuitry executing instructions stored on in memory, which in certain embodiments may be a computer program product in the form of a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by the processing circuitry without executing instructions stored on a separate or discrete device-readable storage medium, such as in a hard-wired manner. In any of those particular embodiments, whether executing instructions stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium or not, the processing circuitry can be configured to perform the described functionality. The benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to the processing circuitry alone or to other components of the computing device, but are enjoyed by the computing device as a whole, and / or by end users and a wireless network generally.
Claims
1.A method (410) performed by a first terminal device, comprising:receiving (412) configuration information from a network node, wherein the configuration information indicates resource allocation for communications of one or more second terminal devices with the first terminal device.2.The method according to claim 1, further comprising:transmitting a message for requesting the resource allocation to the network node.3.The method according to claim 2, wherein the message for requesting the resource allocation indicates one or more of:a number of the one or more second terminal devices;one or more identifiers of the one or more second terminal devices;an identifier of a group to which the one or more second terminal devices belong;a size of the group to which the one or more second terminal devices belong;a default number or a maximum number of a set of devices to be scheduled by the first terminal device;an identifier of an area where the one or more second terminal devices locate;priority information of the one or more second terminal devices; andan expected data volume or buffer size related to the one or more second terminal devices.4.The method according to claim 2 or 3, wherein the message for requesting the resource allocation comprises one or more of:a scheduling request, SR;a buffer status report, BSR; anda radio resource control, RRC, message.5.The method according to any of claims 1-4, wherein at least part of the configuration information is included in a message from the network node in response to:a command for the one or more second terminal devices from a core network; and / orthe first terminal device being selected as an intermediate device for communications between the one or more second terminal devices and the network node.6.The method according to claim 5, wherein the message from the network node includes one or more of:an identifier of the network node;an identifier of the first terminal device;one or more resource identifiers;one or more session identifiers; andone or more parameters indicating one or more resources which can be made available for the one or more second terminal devices by the first terminal device.7.The method according to any of claims 1-6, wherein the configuration information further indicates one or more of:a number of occasions available for a scheduling procedure initiated by the first terminal device for the one or more second terminal devices;a number of a set of devices to be scheduled in the scheduling procedure;resource split and / or multiplexing relation between a first interface and a second interface, wherein the first interface is between the network node and the first terminal device, and the second interface is between the first terminal device and the one or more second terminal devices;a resource allocated to the first terminal device to forward a message from the network node to the one or more second terminal devices;priority of forwarding the message from the network node to the one or more second terminal devices; andresource allocation for a carrier wave, CW, transmission, when the first terminal device does not transmit a CW for a backscatter-based transmission.8.The method according to any of claims 1-7, further comprising:adjusting resource configuration to avoid interference and / or conflict between communications with the one or more second terminal devices and backscatter-based transmissions.9.The method according to any of claims 1-8, further comprising:transmitting (414) a first message to the one or more second terminal devices according to the configuration information, wherein the first message indicates resource configuration for the communications of the one or more second terminal devices with the first terminal device.10.The method according to claim 9, wherein the resource configuration for the communications of the one or more second terminal devices is determined by the first terminal device based at least in part on the configuration information.11.The method according to claim 9 or 10, wherein the first message includes one or more of:an identifier of the first terminal device;one or more identifiers of the one or more second terminal devices;one or more resource identifiers;one or more session identifiers; andone or more parameters indicating one or more resources available for the one or more second terminal devices.12.The method according to any of claims 9-11, wherein the first message is transmitted to the one or more second terminal devices during a scheduling procedure which is initiated by the first terminal device for the one or more second terminal devices in response to:a signal which needs to be transmitted to the one or more second terminal devices by the first terminal device; and / ora determination of initiating the scheduling procedure made by the first terminal device based at least in part on a change of information related to the one or more second terminal devices.13.The method according to any of claims 9-12, wherein the resource configuration for the communications of the one or more second terminal devices indicates one or more of:a number of one or more occasions for transmission and / or reception;one or more resource assignments; andone or more modulation schemes and / or orders.14.The method according to any of claims 9-13, further comprising:receiving device information from the one or more second terminal devices, wherein the device information indicates one or more of:a device type;a device power class or supported peak power;a device priority;a device supported energy storage;whether a device supports frequency shift;whether a device supports a backscatter-based transmission or a transmission actively generated by the device;a device buffer status; anda device available energy level.15.The method according to claim 14, further comprising:transmitting, to the one or more second terminal devices, a second message which indicates an adjustment of the resource configuration for the communications of the one or more second terminal devices according to the device information.16.The method according to any of claims 9-15, further comprising:receiving data from the one or more second terminal devices, according to the resource configuration for the communications of the one or more second terminal devices; andforwarding the data from the one or more second terminal devices to the network node.17.The method according to any of claims 1-16, further comprising one or more of:obtaining a first identifier of at least one of the one or more second terminal devices;transmitting the first identifier of the at least one of the one or more second terminal devices to the network node;receiving a second identifier of the at least one of the one or more second terminal devices from the network node, wherein the second identifier of the at least one of the one or more second terminal devices is used to address a connection between the at least one of the one or more second terminal devices and the first terminal device and / or the network node; andtransmitting the second identifier of the at least one of the one or more second terminal devices to the at least one of the one or more second terminal devices.18.The method according to any of claims 1-17, further comprising:transmitting a request for triggering a CW transmission to the network node and / or a carrier wave transmitter, CWT, of the first terminal device,wherein the request includes one or more of:an identifier of the CWT;one or more identifiers of a set of devices to be scheduled by the first terminal device; andresource scheduling information.19.A method (420) performed by a second terminal device, comprising:receiving (422) a first message from a first terminal device, wherein the first message indicates resource configuration for a communication of the second terminal device with the first terminal device.20.The method according to claim 19, wherein the resource configuration for the communication of the second terminal device is based at least in part on configuration information about resource allocation from a network node.21.The method according to claim 19 or 20, wherein the first message includes one or more of:an identifier of the first terminal device;an identifier of the second terminal device;one or more resource identifiers;one or more session identifiers; andone or more parameters indicating one or more resources available for the second terminal device.22.The method according to any of claims 19-21, wherein the resource configuration for the communication of the second terminal device indicates one or more of:a number of one or more occasions for transmission and / or reception;one or more resource assignments; andone or more modulation schemes and / or orders.23.The method according to any of claims 19-22, further comprising:attempting to obtain one or more resources for the communication of the second terminal device according to the resource configuration.24.The method according to any of claims 19-23, further comprising:transmitting device information of the second terminal device to the first terminal device, wherein the device information indicates one or more of:a device type;a device power class or supported peak power;a device priority;a device supported energy storage;whether a device supports frequency shift;whether a device supports a backscatter-based transmission or a transmission actively generated by the device;a device buffer status; anda device available energy level.25.The method according to claim 24, further comprising:receiving, from the first terminal device, a second message which indicates an adjustment of the resource configuration for the communication of the second terminal device according to the device information.26.The method according to any of claims 19-25, further comprising:transmitting (424) data to the first terminal device, according to the resource configuration for the communication of the second terminal device.27.The method according to claim 26, wherein the first terminal device is selected by the second terminal device among multiple devices which are detected by the second terminal device for data delivery.28.The method according to any of claims 19-27, further comprising one or more of:transmitting a first identifier of the second terminal device to the first terminal device; andreceiving a second identifier of the second terminal device from the first terminal device, wherein the second identifier of the second terminal device is used to address a connection between the second terminal device and the first terminal device and / or a network node.29.A method (430) performed by a network node, comprising:determining (432) configuration information which indicates resource allocation for communications of one or more second terminal devices with a first terminal device; andtransmitting (434) the configuration information to the first terminal device.30.The method according to claim 29, further comprising:receiving a message for requesting the resource allocation from the first terminal device.31.The method according to claim 30, wherein the message for requesting the resource allocation indicates one or more of:a number of the one or more second terminal devices;one or more identifiers of the one or more second terminal devices;an identifier of a group to which the one or more second terminal devices belong;a size of the group to which the one or more second terminal devices belong;a default number or a maximum number of a set of devices to be scheduled by the first terminal device;an identifier of an area where the one or more second terminal devices locate;priority information of the one or more second terminal devices; andan expected data volume or buffer size related to the one or more second terminal devices.32.The method according to claim 30 or 31, wherein the message for requesting the resource allocation comprises one or more of:a scheduling request, SR;a buffer status report, BSR; anda radio resource control, RRC, message.33.The method according to any of claims 29-32, wherein at least part of the configuration information is included in a message from the network node in response to:a command for the one or more second terminal devices from a core network; and / orthe first terminal device being selected as an intermediate device for communications between the one or more second terminal devices and the network node.34.The method according to claim 33, wherein the message from the network node includes one or more of:an identifier of the network node;an identifier of the first terminal device;one or more resource identifiers;one or more session identifiers; andone or more parameters indicating one or more resources which can be made available for the one or more second terminal devices by the first terminal device.35.The method according to any of claims 29-34, wherein the configuration information further indicates one or more of:a number of occasions available for a scheduling procedure initiated by the first terminal device for the one or more second terminal devices;a number of a set of devices to be scheduled in the scheduling procedure;resource split and / or multiplexing relation between a first interface and a second interface, wherein the first interface is between the network node and the first terminal device, and the second interface is between the first terminal device and the one or more second terminal devices;a resource allocated to the first terminal device to forward a message from the network node to the one or more second terminal devices;priority of forwarding the message from the network node to the one or more second terminal devices; andresource allocation for a carrier wave, CW, transmission, when the first terminal device does not transmit a CW for a backscatter-based transmission.36.The method according to any of claims 29-35, further comprising:receiving, from the first terminal device, data which is transmitted by the one or more second terminal devices based at least in part on the configuration information.37.The method according to any of claims 29-36, further comprising:receiving a first identifier of at least one of the one or more second terminal devices from the first terminal device; andestablishing a context for the at least one of the one or more second terminal devices, wherein the context is associated with the first identifier of the at least one of the one or more second terminal devices.38.The method according to any of claims 29-37, further comprising:assigning a second identifier to at least one of the one or more second terminal devices, wherein the second identifier of the at least one of the one or more second terminal devices is used to address a connection between the at least one of the one or more second terminal devices and the first terminal device and / or the network node; andtransmitting the second identifier of the at least one of the one or more second terminal devices to the first terminal device.39.The method according to any of claims 29-38, further comprising:informing resource configuration for a backscatter-based transmission to the first terminal device and / or a carrier wave transmitter, CWT, of the first terminal device.40.The method according to any of claims 29-39, further comprising:receiving a request for triggering a CW transmission from the first terminal device; andforwarding the request for triggering the CW transmission to a CWT of the first terminal device,wherein the request includes one or more of:an identifier of the CWT;one or more identifiers of a set of devices to be scheduled by the first terminal device; andresource scheduling information.41.A first terminal device (500) , comprising:one or more processors (501) ; andone or more memories (502) comprising computer program codes (503) ,the one or more memories (502) and the computer program codes (503) configured to, with the one or more processors (501) , cause the first terminal device (500) at least to:receive configuration information from a network node, wherein the configuration information indicates resource allocation for communications of one or more second terminal devices with the first terminal device.42.The first terminal device according to claim 41, wherein the one or more memories and the computer program codes are configured to, with the one or more processors, cause the first terminal device to perform the method according to any one of claims 2-18.43.A second terminal device (500) , comprising:one or more processors (501) ; andone or more memories (502) comprising computer program codes (503) ,the one or more memories (502) and the computer program codes (503) configured to, with the one or more processors (501) , cause the second terminal device (500) at least to:receive a first message from a first terminal device, wherein the first message indicates resource configuration for a communication of the second terminal device with the first terminal device.44.The second terminal device according to claim 43, wherein the one or more memories and the computer program codes are configured to, with the one or more processors, cause the second terminal device to perform the method according to any one of claims 20-28.45.A network node (500) , comprising:one or more processors (501) ; andone or more memories (502) comprising computer program codes (503) ,the one or more memories (502) and the computer program codes (503) configured to, with the one or more processors (501) , cause the network node (500) at least to:determine configuration information which indicates resource allocation for communications of one or more second terminal devices with a first terminal device; andtransmit the configuration information to the first terminal device.46.The network node according to claim 45, wherein the one or more memories and the computer program codes are configured to, with the one or more processors, cause the network node to perform the method according to any one of claims 30-40.47.A computer-readable medium having computer program codes (503) embodied thereon which, when executed on a computer, cause the computer to perform any step of the method according to any one of claims 1-40.
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