Terminal, base station, and measurement method

Abstract

This terminal is provided with: a reception unit that receives signals from a network via a plurality of paths; and a transmission unit that reports, to the network, measurement results of one or more metrics for each of the plurality of paths.

Description

Terminal, base station, and measurement method

[0001] The present invention relates to positioning techniques in wireless communication systems.

[0002] In 3GPP (registered trademark) (3rd Generation Partnership Project), a wireless communication method called 5G or NR (New Radio) (hereinafter, this wireless communication method will be referred to as "NR") is being studied in order to realize a larger system capacity, a higher data transmission speed, a lower latency in wireless sections, etc. In 5G, various wireless technologies and network architectures are being studied to meet the requirement of achieving a throughput of 10 Gbps or more while reducing the latency in wireless sections to 1 ms or less (Non-Patent Document 1).

[0003] In addition, NR positioning, which uses a reference signal (RS) to perform positioning, is being studied. Furthermore, positioning using an AI (Artificial Intelligence) / ML (Machine Learning) model (called AI / ML positioning) is being studied.

[0004] 3GPP TS 38.300 V18.0.0 (2023-12)

[0005] In AI / ML positioning, a terminal or base station reports measurements of one or more metrics of a received signal to the network, which are used, for example, as input to an AI / ML model.

[0006] Generally, signals propagate between a terminal and a base station via multiple paths, but the prior art does not clearly explain how to report measurement results for multiple paths.

[0007] The present invention has been made in view of the above points, and has an object to provide a technique for appropriately reporting measurement results for multiple paths to a network.

[0008] According to the disclosed technology, a terminal is provided that includes: a receiving unit that receives signals from a network via multiple paths; and a transmitting unit that reports measurement results of one or more metrics for each of the multiple paths to the network.

[0009] The disclosed technology provides a technology for appropriately reporting measurement results for multiple paths to a network.

[0010] FIG. 1 is a diagram for explaining a wireless communication system in an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 1 is a diagram for explaining a wireless communication system in an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a diagram for explaining a configuration in which a plurality of base stations are present. FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining a basic operation example. FIG. 4 is a diagram for explaining a first embodiment. FIG. 5 is a diagram for explaining a second embodiment a. FIG. 6 is a diagram for explaining a second embodiment a. FIG. 7 is a diagram for explaining a second embodiment b. FIG. 8 is a diagram for explaining an AI / ML model. FIG. 9 is a diagram for explaining an AI / ML model. FIG. 10 is a diagram for explaining an example of the functional configuration of a base station 10 and an LMF 30 in an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 11 is a diagram for explaining an example of the functional configuration of a terminal 20 in an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 12 is a diagram for explaining an example of the hardware configuration of a base station 10 or a terminal 20 or an LMF 30 in an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 13 is a diagram for explaining an example of a vehicle.

[0011] Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. Note that the embodiment described below is an example, and the embodiment to which the present invention is applied is not limited to the following embodiment. In the following description, " / " means "or" unless it is clear from the context that it has a different meaning.

[0012] (System Configuration) Fig. 1 is a diagram for explaining a wireless communication system according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in Fig. 1, the wireless communication system according to the embodiment of the present invention includes a base station 10 and a terminal 20. The core network is also provided with an LMF 30, which is capable of communicating with the base station 10. The LMF 30 may communicate with the base station 10 via an AMF. The LMF 30 is an example of a network device (which may also be called a network node). The base station 10 is also an example of a network device. The LMF 30 may also be called a management device.

[0013] 1 illustrates one base station 10 and one terminal 20, this is an example, and there may be a plurality of each. For example, there may be a plurality of base stations 10 that transmit reference signals received by the terminal 20. One, some, or all of the plurality of base stations 10 may be airborne devices (e.g., satellites, HAPS).

[0014] The source of the reference signal may be called a transmission reception point (TRP). A TRP may be called a transmission point or a reception point. A TRP may be called a base station.

[0015] The base station 10 is a communication device that provides one or more cells and performs wireless communication with the terminal 20. The physical resources of a wireless signal are defined in the time domain and the frequency domain, and the time domain may be defined by the number of OFDM symbols, and the frequency domain may be defined by the number of subcarriers or the number of resource blocks. Furthermore, a TTI (Transmission Time Interval) in the time domain may be a slot, or a TTI may be a subframe. Note that a cell and a CC may be considered synonymous.

[0016] The base station 10 is capable of performing carrier aggregation, which aggregates multiple cells (multiple CCs (component carriers)) to communicate with the terminal 20. In carrier aggregation, one PCell (primary cell) and one or more SCells (secondary cells) are used.

[0017] The base station 10 transmits synchronization signals, system information, and the like to the terminal 20. The synchronization signals are, for example, NR-PSS and NR-SSS. The system information is transmitted, for example, via NR-PBCH or PDSCH, and is also referred to as broadcast information. As shown in FIG. 1, the base station 10 transmits control signals or data to the terminal 20 via DL (Downlink) and receives control signals or data from the terminal 20 via UL (Uplink). Note that, here, signals transmitted via control channels such as PUCCH and PDCCH are referred to as control signals, and signals transmitted via shared channels such as PUSCH and PDSCH are referred to as data, but these nomenclatures are merely examples. In addition, UCI (Uplink Control Information) is transmitted via PUCCH or PUSCH.

[0018] The terminal 20 is a communication device equipped with a wireless communication function, such as a smartphone, a mobile phone, a tablet, a wearable terminal, or an M2M (Machine-to-Machine) communication module. As shown in FIG. 1, the terminal 20 receives control signals or data from the base station 10 via DL and transmits control signals or data to the base station 10 via UL, thereby utilizing various communication services provided by the wireless communication system. The terminal 20 may be referred to as a UE, and the base station 10 may be referred to as a gNB.

[0019] The terminal 20 is capable of performing carrier aggregation, which aggregates multiple cells (multiple CCs (component carriers)) to communicate with the base station 10. In carrier aggregation, one PCell (primary cell) and one or more SCells (secondary cells) are used. Also, a PUCCH-SCell having a PUCCH may be used.

[0020] The LMF (Location Management Function) 30 is a function (device) responsible for communication control related to location information services defined in 5GC. The LMF 30 may also be called a location management server, a location management device, or a management device. The LMF 30 can receive, for example, measurement results (phase, received power, time difference, angle, etc.) of a reference signal from the terminal 20 or the base station 10 and calculate the position of the terminal 20. The LMF 30 can also provide setting information or control information related to positioning to the terminal 20 and the base station 10.

[0021] Fig. 2 shows an example of the configuration of a wireless communication system when DC (Dual Connectivity) is implemented. As shown in Fig. 2, a base station 10A serving as a Master Node (MN) and a base station 10B serving as a Secondary Node (SN) are provided. The base station 10A and the base station 10B are each connected to a core network 40. A terminal 20 can communicate with both the base station 10A and the base station 10B.

[0022] The cell group provided by the base station 10A, which is an MN, is called an MCG (Master Cell Group), and the cell group provided by the base station 10B, which is an SN, is called an SCG (Secondary Cell Group). In addition, in DC, the MCG is composed of one PCell and one or more SCells, and the SCG is composed of one PSCell (Primary SCell) and one or more SCells.

[0023] The processing operations in this embodiment may be performed in the system configuration shown in Fig. 1, the system configuration shown in Fig. 2, or other system configurations. Fig. 3 shows an example in which terminal 20 performs positioning by receiving reference signals from multiple base stations 10A to 10C. For example, the position of terminal 20 can be determined by determining the distances (or angles) between terminal 20 and multiple base stations.

[0024] The distance between the terminal 20 and the base station can be calculated, for example, from the arrival time of the signal or the wave number of the carrier wave of the signal (wave number x wavelength).

[0025] The positioning calculation for determining the position from the measurement results may be performed by the terminal 20, the LMF 30, or the base station 10.

[0026] (Regarding AI / ML Positioning) As described above, positioning using an AI / ML model is being considered. The AI / ML model may also be called a "model" or a "machine learning model." The model is, for example, a neural network model.

[0027] For example, when inference is performed using the AI / ML model, the base station 10 / LMF 30 holds the AI / ML model, receives measurement results of reference signals at the terminal 20, and inputs the measurement results into the AI / ML model to acquire location information from the AI / ML model. Alternatively, the terminal 20 may hold the AI / ML model. In this case, the terminal 20 inputs measurement results of reference signals into the AI / ML model to acquire location information from the AI / ML model.

[0028] Furthermore, learning of the AI / ML model may be performed by the terminal 20 / base station 10 / LMF 30, or may be performed by a device other than the "terminal 20 / base station 10 / LMF 30".

[0029] In AI / ML positioning, for example, the following metrics are used: The following metrics may be used as input to the AI / ML model during inference, or may be used to train the AI / ML model.

[0030] Timing information associated with the path information Power information associated with the path information Phase information associated with the path information The channel-related indicators CIR (channel input response), PDP (power delay profile), and DP (delay profile) require the above metrics as follows:

[0031] DP: Timing PDP: Timing + Power CIR: Timing + Power + Phase In addition, in Rel-19 AI / ML-based positioning, there are measurement methods for time domain channel measurements for model input, such as those shown in (a) and (b) below.

[0032] (a) Sample-based measurements where the timing information is an integer multiple of the sampling periods.

[0033] (b) Path-based measurements, where the timing information depends on the timing of the detected path and may not be an integer multiple of the sampling period.

[0034] Elements of the channel measurements for model input may include power and phase as well as timing information.

[0035] For AI / ML based positioning case 2b, at least the following types of time domain channel measurements are supported for reporting by the UE to the LMF:

[0036] (a) Timing information; (b) Timing and power information pair. Also, for AI / ML-aided positioning case 3a, at least LOS / NLOS indicators and / or timing information are supported for reporting.

[0037] When a LOS / NLOS indicator is reported, it may be reported as a soft indicator or a hard indicator, as defined in TS 38.214.

[0038] If timing information is reported, the timing information may be reported at least via UL RTOA or gNB Rx-Tx time difference as defined in TS38.215.

[0039] For AI / ML-assisted positioning case 2a, at least LOS / NLOS indicators and / or timing information are supported for reporting.

[0040] If LOS / NLOS indicators are reported, they may be reported as soft or hard indicators as defined in TS 38.214. If timing information is reported, it may be reported via at least DL RSTD or UE Rx-Tx time difference as defined in TS 38.215.

[0041] (Regarding the Problem) In the prior art, in AI / ML positioning, it is implicitly assumed that the terminal 20 reports the same metric for all paths. However, in order to optimize overhead / performance, the reporting method under this assumption is not necessarily good, and a more appropriate reporting method is needed. Note that this problem can occur in positioning methods other than AI / ML positioning.

[0042] (Basic Operation Example) Hereinafter, first to third embodiments will be described as embodiments relating to techniques for solving the above problems, but first, a basic operation example common to the first to third embodiments will be described with reference to Fig. 4. In Fig. 4, the network 50 is, for example, the base station 10 or the LMF 30. In other words, the "network 50" in Fig. 4 may be replaced with the "base station 10" or the "LMF 30".

[0043] Here, it is assumed that the network 50 is equipped with an AI / ML model for positioning, and that measurement results are transmitted from the terminal 20 to the network 50 and used as input to the AI / ML model. The input to the AI / ML model may be an input for inference or an input for learning.

[0044] In the following description, a case where the terminal 20 measures a DL (downlink) signal and reports the measurement result to the NW (network) is taken as an example, but is not limited to this example. The techniques according to the first to third embodiments described below when "the terminal 20 measures a DL signal and reports the measurement result to the NW (specifically, the base station 10)" can also be applied to a case where "the base station 10 measures a UL signal and reports the measurement result to the NW (specifically, the LMF 30)."

[0045] That is, in the explanations of the first to third embodiments, even if the "terminal 20" is replaced with the "base station 10", the techniques of the first to third embodiments can still be applied.

[0046] 4, the terminal 20 transmits capability information to the network 50. The capability information enables the network 50 to transmit setting information according to the capability of the terminal 20 or to assume that it will receive metric measurement results according to the capability of the terminal 20. Note that S101 may not be performed.

[0047] In S102, the network 50 transmits the setting information to the terminal 20. The setting information is, for example, the maximum number of paths that can be reported for each metric.

[0048] In S103, the terminal 20 receives a signal transmitted from the network 50 (here, the base station 10). In this embodiment, this signal is a reference signal for positioning. However, this signal is not limited to a reference signal for positioning. For example, this signal may be a synchronization signal.

[0049] In addition, in this embodiment, it is assumed that a signal transmitted from the base station 10 reaches the terminal 20 via a plurality of paths.

[0050] In S104, the terminal 20 performs measurements for each path, and in S105, reports the measurement results to the network 50. Details of what metrics are measured for each path and the details of the reporting method will be described later. Each embodiment will be described below.

[0051] In the following description, a metric is a measurement standard (indicating what is being measured), and specific examples of metrics include timing, power, and phase. However, for convenience of expression, the measurement result of a metric may be referred to as a "metric." In addition, hereinafter, the network 50 will be referred to as NW.

[0052] First Embodiment First, a first embodiment will be described. In the first embodiment, the number of metrics reported for each path in S105 of FIG.

[0053] The terminal 20 can report measurement results for multiple paths with different types of metrics, i.e., the terminal 20 does not need to report the same metric for all paths.

[0054] In the first embodiment (and the second to third embodiments), "report" is assumed to be a report in UL positioning / UE-assisted positioning / gNB-side model / LMF-side model, but is not limited to these. In the first embodiment (and the second to third embodiments), for UE-based positioning / UE-side model, the UE (terminal 20) may be instructed on the measurement method from the NW.

[0055] In the first embodiment (and the second and third embodiments), the following examples (1) to (3) are given as metrics to be measured.

[0056] (1) Metrics based on timing measurements include RSTD (Reference Signal Time Difference), RTOA (Relative Time Of Arrival), UE / gNB Rx-Tx time difference, etc.

[0057] (2) Metrics based on power measurements include RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power), RSRPP (Reference Signal Received Path Power), etc.

[0058] (3) Metrics based on phase measurement include RSCP (Reference Signal Carrier Phase), RSCPD (Reference Signal Carrier Phase Difference), etc.

[0059] In the first embodiment (and the second and third embodiments), N_time, N_power, and N_phase respectively represent the maximum number of paths that report timing measurements, the maximum number of paths that report power measurements, and the maximum number of paths that report phase measurements.

[0060] <Regarding Capability (Capability Information)> The following capabilities may be defined: The following capabilities may be reported to the NW in S101 of FIG.

[0061] - Capability indicating whether the terminal 20 can report for each metric - Capability indicating the "maximum number of metrics / maximum number of paths" that the terminal 20 can report <Regarding the maximum reportable number> A maximum reportable number (e.g., maximum number of reportable paths) may be specified for each metric / measurement. Examples (1) to (4) below are specific examples of the maximum reportable number for "each metric / each measurement."

[0062] (1) The terminal 20 reports to the NW a capability that has a "maximum number of metrics that can be reported" for each metric.

[0063] (2) The maximum reportable number may be specified as a table or formula in a specification (e.g., 3GPP specification). Also, "multiple values ​​that can be taken as the maximum reportable number" may be specified as a table or formula, and the NW may instruct the terminal 20 which value to apply, or the terminal 20 may request the NW to instruct which value to apply.

[0064] (3) The maximum reportable number may be instructed from the network to the terminal 20. Alternatively, the terminal 20 may request the network to receive an instruction on the maximum reportable number. Alternatively, the terminal 20 may determine the maximum reportable number and report it to the network, or the maximum reportable number may be defined in advance.

[0065] (4) The relationship between the metrics may be defined for the maximum reportable number. For example, the relationship "N_time≧N_power≧N_phase" may be defined in the specifications. The terminal 20 recognizes the maximum reportable number in accordance with this definition.

[0066] For example, the values ​​(N_time, N_power, N_phase)=(4096, 16, 8) are specified, where 4096 (or other large number) means reporting metric measurements for all detected paths.

[0067] <Method of Selecting a Path to Report for Each Metric> There are two options, option 1 and option 2, below, for how the terminal 20 selects a path to report for each metric.

[0068] Option 1: The terminal 20 selects paths in chronological order starting from the first path (the path that arrives first) and reports the measurement results for the selected paths. The metrics measured for each path may be different.

[0069] Figure 5(a) shows an image of Option 1. In Figure 5(a) (and (b)), the vertical axis represents the magnitude of the received power of the path, and the horizontal axis represents time (time progresses to the right). In chronological order, we will call them the first path, the second path, etc.

[0070] In option 1 shown in FIG. 5(a), the terminal 20 reports timing, power, and phase for the first through fourth paths, timing and power for the fifth through eighth paths, and timing for the ninth through fourteenth paths.

[0071] Option 2: The terminal 20 selects paths in descending order of received power, starting with the path with the highest received power, and reports the measurement results for the selected paths. The metrics measured for each path may be different.

[0072] Fig. 5(b) shows an image of Option 2. In Option 2 shown in Fig. 5(b), the terminal 20 reports the timing, power, and phase for the first, second, fourth, and fifth paths, reports the timing and power for the third, sixth, seventh, and ninth paths, and reports the timing for the eighth, tenth, and fourteenth paths.

[0073] The number of measurement result reports from the terminal 20 (which may be the maximum number of reports) and the number of measurement result reports instructed from the NW (which may be the maximum number of reports) may each be dynamically changed.

[0074] The number of reports (which may be the maximum number of reports) regarding the terminal 20 may be set / activated / instructed by the NW via RRC / MAC-CE / DCI depending on the required accuracy.

[0075] The terminal 20 may be instructed by the NW to report a combination of metrics, or may request the NW to report a combination of metrics, which may include at least one of timing, power, and phase.

[0076] <Effects of First Embodiment> According to the first embodiment, the terminal 20 / base station 10 can grasp the maximum number of paths that can be reported for each metric, thereby reducing unnecessary measurements and enabling efficient measurements and reporting.

[0077] (Second embodiment) The second embodiment will be described below. The second embodiment is an embodiment regarding information elements (IEs) used when a terminal 20 reports a measurement result to a network. The second embodiment includes a second embodiment a and a second embodiment b, and each will be described below.

[0078] (Second embodiment a) In the second embodiment a, the terminal 20 can include the measurement results for all metrics in one IE. Specifically, this is as follows.

[0079] In the second embodiment a, the number of all paths that the terminal 20 can report is defined. The number of all paths that can be reported can be expressed as maxNumPath, for example. The terminal 20 optionally includes the measurement results of each metric for each path in an IE and reports it to the NW.

[0080] The number of total paths that can be reported may be predefined as a fixed value (constant) in the specification, may be a variable (variable value) that changes depending on the capabilities / required accuracy, or may be a value determined by the terminal 20.

[0081] When the number of all paths that can be reported is a variable, the terminal 20 may be instructed by the NW to specify the value, or may request the value from the NW. Also, the terminal 20 may report the applied value to the NW.

[0082] If there are more paths than the value of the total number of paths that can be reported (maxNumPath), the terminal 20 discards some of the total paths that exist and reports the measurement results of only the maxNumPath paths.

[0083] One or more metrics may be marked as mandatory measurements without the OPTIONAL statement.

[0084] For one or more metrics that are optionally reported, the NW may instruct the terminal 20 on the "path for which the report should be made" or the "conditions for the path for which the report should be made."

[0085] The terminal 20 may be instructed by the NW which metrics to report, or may request the NW to instruct the terminal 20 which metrics to report. In addition, the metrics to be reported may be predefined or may depend on the implementation of the terminal 20.

[0086] A specific example of the second embodiment a will be described with reference to Figures 6 and 7. Here, as shown in Figure 6, a signal is propagated from a base station 10 to a terminal 20 via multiple paths. As shown in Figure 6, each path is represented by an "NR-AdditionalPath."

[0087] 7 shows an example of a message (example of a description in the specification) for reporting measurement results sent from the terminal 20 to the base station 10. In FIG. 7, "maxNumPath" in "NR-AdditionalPathListExt-r19 ::= SEQUENCE (SIZE(1..maxNumPath)) OF NR-AdditionalPath-r16" indicates the maximum number of paths for which measurement results can be reported by the message. "NR-AdditionalPath-r16" can be included up to this maximum number of paths. Each "NR-AdditionalPath-r16" includes the measurement results of each metric (nr-DL-PRS-RSRPP-r17, nr-DL-PRS-RSCPD-r19, etc.).

[0088] <Effects of Second Embodiment a> According to the second embodiment a, the relationship between the measured metric and the path can be made easier to understand in a message reported to the NW.

[0089] (Second embodiment b) Next, a second embodiment b will be described. In the second embodiment, an IE to be used for reporting and the number of paths that can be reported are defined for each metric. The terminal 20 can report an IE including measurement results of one or more paths for each metric to the NW.

[0090] The number of reportable paths for each metric may be predefined as a fixed value in the specification, may be a variable (variable value) that changes depending on the capabilities / required accuracy, or may be a value determined by the terminal 20.

[0091] When the number of reportable paths is a variable, the terminal 20 may be instructed by the NW to specify the value, or may request the value from the NW. Also, the terminal 20 may report the applied value to the NW.

[0092] If there are more paths than the number of paths that can be reported for a certain metric, the terminal 20 discards some of the paths that exist and reports the measurement results for only the number of paths that can be reported.

[0093] One or more metrics may be set as mandatory measurements without being described as OPTIONAL. Which metrics are mandatory may be predefined, may be set / instructed by the NW, or may depend on the implementation of the terminal 20.

[0094] For one or more metrics that are optionally reported, the NW may instruct the terminal 20 on the paths for which the report should be made or the conditions for the paths for which the report should be made.

[0095] The terminal 20 may be instructed by the NW which metrics to report, or may request the NW to instruct the terminal 20 which metrics to report. In addition, the metrics to be reported may be predefined or may depend on the implementation of the terminal 20.

[0096] A specific example of the second embodiment b will be described with reference to Figures 8 and 9. Here, as shown in Figure 8, signals are propagated via multiple paths from a base station 10 to a terminal 20. As shown in Figure 8, the measurement results for each metric of each path are represented by "NR-AdditionalPathListExtTime", "NR-AdditionalPathListExtPower", "NR-AdditionalPathListExtPhase", etc.

[0097] 9 shows an example of a message (an example of a description in the specification) for reporting measurement results, which is transmitted from the terminal 20 to the base station 10. In FIG. 9, for example, "NR-AdditionalPathListExtTime-r19 ::= SEQUENCE (SIZE(1..maxNumTimePath)) OF NR-AdditionalPath-r16" contains timing measurement results for each of the paths up to the number indicated by maxNumTimePath. maxNumTimePath corresponds to N_time.

[0098] Similarly, "NR-AdditionalPathListExtPower-r19 ::= SEQUENCE (SIZE(1..maxNumPowerPath)) OF NR-AdditionalPath-r16" contains the power measurement results for each of the paths up to the number indicated by maxNumPowerPath. maxNumPowerPath corresponds to N_power.

[0099] Furthermore, "NR-AdditionalPathListExtPhase-r19 ::= SEQUENCE (SIZE(1..maxNumPhasePath)) OF NR-AdditionalPath-r16" contains the phase measurement results for each of the paths indicated by maxNumPhasePath. maxNumPhasePath corresponds to N_phase.

[0100] There are four options for associating the reported path with the measurement results:

[0101] Option 1: The terminal 20 stores the path measurement results in the IE in chronological order, starting with the first path. For example, for NR-AdditionalPathListExtTime-r19, the timing measurement results are stored in the order of the measurement result of the first path, the measurement result of the second path, and so on.

[0102] Option 2: The terminal 20 stores the measurement results of the paths in the IE in order of power, starting with the path with the highest power.

[0103] Option 3: The terminal 20 stores the path measurement results in the IE based on the PRS ID (SRS ID in the case of UL (when the base station 10 reports)). For example, the path measurement results are stored in the IE in ascending (or descending) order of ID.

[0104] Option 4: A new ID (e.g., path ID) different from that in Option 3 is defined. The terminal 20 stores the path measurement results in the IE based on the ID. For example, the path measurement results are stored in the IE in ascending (or descending) order of the ID.

[0105] <Effects of Second Embodiment b> According to the second embodiment b, it is possible to reduce resources for reporting compared to the second embodiment a.

[0106] Third Embodiment Next, a third embodiment will be described. The third embodiment relates to conditions for measurement and reporting.

[0107] In the third embodiment, the terminal 20 can report metric measurement results according to specified (or defined) conditions. Each condition described below may be defined in a specification or may be set / instructed to the terminal 20 from the NW.

[0108] The terminal 20 may set the maximum number of measurement results to be reported from the NW (in other words, the maximum number of paths for which measurement results are to be reported) for each metric using N_time, N_power, and N_phase.

[0109] Furthermore, a minimum number of measurement results to be reported (in other words, a minimum number of paths for which measurement results are to be reported) may be defined for each metric. The terminal 20 may be configured / instructed by the NW to report the minimum number of measurement results to be reported (in other words, a minimum number of paths for which measurement results are to be reported) for each metric.

[0110] The above-mentioned maximum number / minimum number may be fixed values ​​defined in the specifications, or may be variables depending on the capabilities or required accuracy. Also, the minimum number may be defined by the difference from the maximum number.

[0111] The measurement / reporting conditions may be associated with path information. For example, assuming that the path number (path #) is determined by the time order of detection, a condition may be defined such that "for paths #1-4, timing + power + phase information is reported, and for paths #5-8, at least timing + power information is reported."

[0112] As explained in the second embodiment b, the path numbers may be assigned in order of power magnitude, or in order of time, or may be assigned based on ID.

[0113] The measurement / reporting conditions may be related to the LOS / NLOS indicator. For example, the terminal 20 reports timing+power+phase information for paths with LOS / NLOS indicator values ​​higher than a certain threshold. In general, paths with high LOS / NLOS indicator values ​​are useful paths for positioning. The threshold may be a fixed value defined in a specification, or may be a variable that changes depending on capabilities or required accuracy.

[0114] For example, the terminal 20 may choose not to report paths with LOS / NLOS indicator values ​​below a threshold, may report with a reduced number of metrics, or may report with a coarser granularity of measurements.

[0115] <Effects of the Third Embodiment> According to the third embodiment, a report can be made in a manner that depends on conditions, and therefore a report that is more useful for positioning can be made.

[0116] (Other Examples) Examples applicable to any of the first to third embodiments will be described below.

[0117] "PRS (Positioning Reference Signal)" may be interpreted as "DL-PRS", "UL-PRS (e.g., SRS for positioning, SRS)", etc.

[0118] "SRS" may be replaced with "SRS for MIMO" or "SRS for positioning", etc. "PFL" may be replaced with "CC", etc. "NW" may be replaced with "gNB", "TRP", "LMF", etc. "Configured / instructed from the NW" may be replaced with "configure / activate / indicated from the NW by RRC / MAC-CE / DCI".

[0119] (Regarding AI / ML Models) In this specification, AI / ML model information means information including at least one of the following information, which can be associated with each AI / ML model: Figure 10 shows examples of inputs to and outputs from the model.

[0120] (1) Examples of input / output information for the AI / ML model include the following:

[0121] (1-1) Data content (e.g., RSRP, SINR, amplitude / phase information in the channel / precoding matrix, AoA, AoD, ZoA, ZoD, location information) (1-2) Environmental information about the data ("frequency information, e.g., band ID," "environment type, e.g., indoor or outdoor," "UMi or UMa") (1-3) Input / output data type (e.g., constant value, floating-point number) (1-4) Input / output bit width (e.g., 64 bits for each input value) (1-5) Input / output quantization interval (e.g., 1 dBm for L1-RSRP) (1-6) Possible range of input / output (e.g., [0, 1]) (2) Information about processing before / after the input / output values ​​includes, for example, the following information.

[0122] (2-1) Whether to apply normalization (z-score normalization, min-max normalization, etc.) (2-2) Parameters for normalization (mean and variance used for z-score normalization, or minimum / maximum values ​​for min-max normalization) (2-3) Whether to apply one-hot coding (2-4) Selection rules for whether to use as training data (3) Examples of parameter information for AI / ML models include the following information. Figure 11 shows an example of an AI / ML model.

[0123] (3-1) Weight information in AI / ML models (e.g., neuron coefficients) (3-1-1) Bit width of weight information, quantization interval for weights, range that weights can occupy (3-1-2) Weight parameters of AI models, difference value from AI model before update (for update) (3-1-3) Weight initialization method: 0 initialization, random initialization (normal, uniform, truncated normal), Xavier initialization, He initialization (3-2) Structure of AI / ML models (3-2-1) Number of layers (3-2-2) Layer type (e.g., convolutional layer, activation layer, dense layer, normalization layer, pooling layer, attention layer) (3-2-2-1) Layer information (e.g., number of neurons in each layer, kernel size, stride of pooling / convolutional layer, pooling method (maxpool, average pool), residual block information, number of heads, normalization method (batch normalization, instance normalization, layer Normalization), activation function information (Sigmoid, Tanh, ReLU, Leaky ReLU, Maxout, Softmax)) (3-2-3) Time series specific parameters (bidirectional, time step) (3-2-4) Functions for learning (3-2-4-1) Type of function (e.g., L2 regularization, dropout function) (3-2-4-2) Where to place the function (e.g., after which layer to place the function) (3-3) Type of AI / ML model as model component (e.g., residual network, transformer model, CRBlock, RNN, LSTM, GRU) (3-4) Function of AI / ML model as model component (e.g., decoder / encoder) (4) Learning (training) information for AI / ML models includes, for example, the following information.

[0124] (4-1) Information for optimization algorithm (4-1-1) Type of optimizer (e.g., SGD, Adagrad, Adam) (4-1-2) Parameters of optimizer (e.g., learning rate, momentum information) (4-2) Information on loss function (4-2-1) Information on metric in loss function (e.g., MAE, MSE, cross-entropy loss, NLL Loss, KL divergence) (4-3) Which parameters should be frozen or updated for learning (4-4) Which parameters should be initial parameters for learning (4-5) Method of learning / updating AI / ML model (4-5-1) (Recommended) number of epochs, batch size (4-5-2) Number of data to be used for learning AI / ML model (5) Information for inference in AI / ML model, for example, the following information:

[0125] (5-1) Branch pruning (5-2) Parameter quantization (5-3) Functions of the AI / ML model (e.g., time-domain beam prediction, spatial-domain beam prediction, autoencoder for CSI feedback) (5-4) Performance related to the AI / ML model (5-4-1) Expected value of the loss function defined for the AI / ML model (Regarding reception of information) In this specification, the UE can receive the following types of information from the NW (the NW here may be a gNB):

[0126] (1) Information via higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC message / LPP message) (2) MAC CE As the MAC CE, a MAC CE having a new LCID in the subheader may be used, or a MAC CE that is an extension of an existing MAC CE (e.g., introducing a new octet) may be used.

[0127] (3) DCI Details of DCI are as follows:

[0128] - DCI field: existing DCI field or newly introduced DCI field - RNTI: DCI with CRC scrambled by existing RNTI or newly introduced RNTI - DCI format: existing DCI format or newly introduced DCI format (4) Combination of the above information In addition, in this embodiment, the UE can receive information from the NW with the following periodic types.

[0129] Option 1: Periodic Option 2: Semi-persistent (triggered by UE or gNB instruction) Option 3: Aperiodic (triggered by UE or gNB instruction) (Regarding information transmission) In this specification, the UE can transmit the following types of information to the NW (the NW here may be a gNB):

[0130] (1) Information via higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC message / LPP message) (2) MAC CE As the MAC CE, a MAC CE having a new LCID in the subheader may be used, or a MAC CE that is an extension of an existing MAC CE (e.g., introducing a new octet) may be used.

[0131] (3) UCI ​​Details of the UCI are as follows:

[0132] -UCI on PUCCH or PUSCH (4) Combination of the above information In addition, in this embodiment, the UE can transmit (report) information to the NW in the following periodicity types.

[0133] Option 1: Periodic Option 2: Semi-persistent (triggered by UE or gNB instruction) Option 3: Aperiodic (triggered by UE or gNB instruction) (Application of proposals) The following describes which proposals are applied or which options or alternatives are used.

[0134] (1) Set by higher layer parameters (2) Determined by related higher layer parameters (3) Indicated by MAC CE or DCI (4) Determined based on UE capabilities (5) Set in the specification (6) Based on conditions set in the specification (7) Determined by setting higher layer parameters / MAC CE / DCI and reporting UE capabilities (8) Combination of the above decisions Throughout the proposal, multiple options / alternatives may also be combined into one option / alternative.

[0135] (Device Configuration) Next, a description will be given of an example of the functional configuration of the base station 10 / LMF 30 and the terminal 20 that execute the processes and operations described above. The base station 10 / LMF 30 and the terminal 20 include functions for implementing all of the above-described embodiments. However, the base station 10, the LMF 30, and the terminal 20 may each be provided with only the functions of any of the embodiments.

[0136] <Base Station 10> Fig. 12 is a diagram showing an example of the functional configuration of the base station 10. As shown in Fig. 12, the base station 10 has a transmitting unit 110, a receiving unit 120, a setting unit 130, and a control unit 140. The functional configuration shown in Fig. 12 is merely an example. As long as the operations related to the embodiment of the present invention can be performed, the names of the functional divisions and functional units may be any. Furthermore, the transmitting unit 110 and the receiving unit 120 may be collectively referred to as a communication unit. The transmitting unit 110 and the receiving unit 120 may be referred to as a transmitter and a receiver, respectively.

[0137] The transmitting unit 110 includes a function of generating a signal to be transmitted to the terminal 20 side and transmitting the signal wirelessly. The transmitting unit 110 can also transmit a signal to another network device such as the LMF 30. The receiving unit 120 includes a function of receiving various signals transmitted from the terminal 20 and acquiring, for example, information of a higher layer from the received signal. The receiving unit 120 can also receive signals from a network device such as the LMF 30. The transmitting unit 110 also has a function of transmitting, to the terminal 20, NR-PSS, NR-SSS, NR-PBCH, DL / UL control signals, DCI via PDCCH, data via PDSCH, and the like.

[0138] The setting unit 130 stores preset setting information and various setting information to be transmitted to the terminal 20 in a storage device provided in the setting unit 130, and reads out the information from the storage device as needed.

[0139] The control unit 140 includes a measurement function. A functional unit related to signal transmission in the control unit 140 may be included in the transmitting unit 110, and a functional unit related to signal reception in the control unit 140 may be included in the receiving unit 120. The function of measuring UL signals may be included in the receiving unit 120 or the control unit 140.

[0140] Furthermore, the LMF 30 may also have the configuration shown in Fig. 13. When the configuration shown in Fig. 13 is an LMF, the transmitting unit 110 transmits signals to other network devices (including base stations), and the receiving unit 120 receives signals from other network devices (including base stations).

[0141] <Terminal 20> Fig. 13 is a diagram showing an example of the functional configuration of the terminal 20. As shown in Fig. 13, the terminal 20 has a transmitting unit 210, a receiving unit 220, a setting unit 230, and a control unit 240. The functional configuration shown in Fig. 13 is merely an example. As long as the operations related to the embodiment of the present invention can be performed, the names of the functional divisions and functional units may be any. The transmitting unit 210 and the receiving unit 220 may be collectively referred to as a communication unit.

[0142] The transmitter 210 creates a transmission signal from the transmission data and transmits the transmission signal wirelessly. The receiver 220 receives various signals wirelessly and acquires higher layer signals from the received physical layer signals. The receiver 220 also has the function of receiving NR-PSS, NR-SSS, NR-PBCH, DL / UL / SL control signals, DCI via PDCCH, data via PDSCH, etc. transmitted from the base station 10. Furthermore, for example, the transmitting unit 210 may transmit a PSCCH (Physical Sidelink Control Channel), a PSSCH (Physical Sidelink Shared Channel), a PSDCH (Physical Sidelink Discovery Channel), a PSBCH (Physical Sidelink Broadcast Channel), or the like to another terminal 20 as D2D communication, and the receiving unit 220 may receive the PSCCH, the PSSCH, the PSDCH, the PSBCH, or the like from the other terminal 20.

[0143] The setting unit 230 stores various setting information received from the base station 10 or other terminals by the receiving unit 220 in a storage device provided in the setting unit 230, and reads the information from the storage device as needed. The setting unit 230 also stores setting information that is set in advance.

[0144] The control unit 240 controls the terminal 20. The control unit 240 includes measurement and positioning functions. A functional unit in the control unit 240 related to signal transmission may be included in the transmitting unit 210, and a functional unit in the control unit 240 related to signal reception may be included in the receiving unit 220. Alternatively, the transmitting unit 210 may be called a transmitter, and the receiving unit 220 may be called a receiver. The function of measuring DL signals may be included in the receiving unit 220 or the control unit 240.

[0145] This specification discloses at least the matters described in the appendix below.

[0146] <Additional Notes> (Additional Item 1) A terminal comprising: a receiving unit that receives signals from a network via a plurality of paths; and a transmitting unit that reports measurement results of one or more metrics for each of the plurality of paths to the network. (Additional Item 2) The terminal according to Additional Item 1, wherein the transmitting unit reports measurement results of a specific metric to the network for a number of paths up to a maximum number set for the specific metric. (Additional Item 3) The terminal according to Additional Item 2, wherein the transmitting unit selects a number of paths up to the maximum number in chronological order starting from a first path, or selects a number of paths up to the maximum number in order of received power starting from the path with the largest received power. (Additional Item 4) The terminal according to Additional Item 1, wherein the transmitting unit includes the measurement results of the one or more metrics in an information element for each path, and transmits the information element to the network, or includes the measurement results of the plurality of paths in an information element for each metric, and transmits the information element to the network. (Supplementary Item 5) A base station comprising: a receiving unit that receives signals from a terminal via a plurality of paths; and a transmitting unit that reports measurement results of one or more metrics for each of the plurality of paths to a management device. (Supplementary Item 6) A measurement method executed by a terminal, comprising: receiving signals from a network via a plurality of paths; and reporting measurement results of one or more metrics for each of the plurality of paths to the network.

[0147] Any of the configurations described above allows measurement results for multiple paths to be reported appropriately to the network. According to Supplementary Items 2 and 3, the maximum number of paths that can be reported can be determined, reducing unnecessary measurements and enabling efficient measurement and reporting. According to Supplementary Item 4, appropriate reporting can be performed using information elements.

[0148] (Hardware Configuration) The block diagrams (FIGS. 12 and 13) used to explain the above embodiments show functional blocks. These functional blocks (components) are realized by any combination of at least one of hardware and software. Furthermore, the method for realizing each functional block is not particularly limited. That is, each functional block may be realized using a single device that is physically or logically coupled, or may be realized using two or more physically or logically separated devices that are directly or indirectly connected (for example, using wires, wirelessly, etc.) and these multiple devices. The functional block may be realized by combining software with the single device or the multiple devices.

[0149] Functions include, but are not limited to, judgment, determination, assessment, calculation, computation, processing, derivation, investigation, search, confirmation, reception, transmission, output, access, resolution, selection, selection, establishment, comparison, assumption, expectation, consideration, broadcasting, notifying, communicating, forwarding, configuring, reconfiguring, allocating, mapping, and assignment. For example, a functional block (component) that performs transmission is called a transmitting unit or transmitter. As mentioned above, there are no particular limitations on how these functions are implemented.

[0150] For example, the base station 10, the LMF 30, the terminal 20, etc. according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may function as a computer that performs processing of the wireless communication method of the present disclosure. Fig. 14 is a diagram illustrating an example of the hardware configuration of the base station 10, the terminal 20, and the LMF 30 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The base station 10 and the terminal 20 described above may be physically configured as a computer device including a processor 1001, a storage device 1002, an auxiliary storage device 1003, a communication device 1004, an input device 1005, an output device 1006, a bus 1007, etc.

[0151] In the following description, the term "apparatus" can be read as a circuit, a device, a unit, etc. The hardware configurations of the base station 10, the terminal 20, and the LMF 30 may be configured to include one or more of the apparatuses shown in the drawings, or may be configured to exclude some of the apparatuses.

[0152] Each function in the base station 10, terminal 20, and LMF 30 is realized by loading specified software (programs) onto hardware such as a processor 1001, a memory device 1002, etc., so that the processor 1001 performs calculations, controls communication by the communication device 1004, and controls at least one of reading and writing data in the memory device 1002 and the auxiliary memory device 1003.

[0153] The processor 1001 controls the entire computer by running, for example, an operating system. The processor 1001 may be configured as a central processing unit (CPU) including an interface with peripheral devices, a control device, an arithmetic unit, a register, etc. For example, the above-mentioned control unit 140, control unit 240, etc. may be realized by the processor 1001.

[0154] Furthermore, the processor 1001 reads programs (program codes), software modules, data, etc. from at least one of the auxiliary storage device 1003 and the communication device 1004 into the storage device 1002 and executes various processes in accordance with the programs. The programs used are those that cause a computer to execute at least some of the operations described in the above-described embodiments. For example, the control unit 140 of the base station 10 may be implemented by a control program stored in the storage device 1002 and running on the processor 1001. Furthermore, for example, the control unit 240 of the terminal 20 may be implemented by a control program stored in the storage device 1002 and running on the processor 1001. While the above-described various processes have been described as being executed by one processor 1001, they may also be executed simultaneously or sequentially by two or more processors 1001. The processor 1001 may be implemented by one or more chips. The programs may also be transmitted from a network via a telecommunications line.

[0155] The storage device 1002 is a computer-readable recording medium and may be configured, for example, by at least one of a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), a random access memory (RAM), etc. The storage device 1002 may also be called a register, a cache, a main memory, etc. The storage device 1002 can store executable programs (program codes), software modules, etc. for implementing a communication method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0156] The secondary storage device 1003 is a computer-readable recording medium, and may be, for example, at least one of an optical disk such as a CD-ROM (Compact Disc ROM), a hard disk drive, a flexible disk, a magneto-optical disk (e.g., a compact disk, a digital versatile disk, a Blu-ray (registered trademark) disk), a smart card, a flash memory (e.g., a card, a stick, a key drive), a floppy (registered trademark) disk, a magnetic strip, etc. The above-mentioned storage medium may be, for example, a database, a server, or other appropriate medium including at least one of the storage device 1002 and the secondary storage device 1003.

[0157] The communication device 1004 is hardware (transmission / reception device) for communicating between computers via at least one of a wired network and a wireless network, and is also referred to as, for example, a network device, a network controller, a network card, or a communication module. The communication device 1004 may be configured to include a high-frequency switch, a duplexer, a filter, a frequency synthesizer, etc. to realize at least one of frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD). For example, a transmission / reception antenna, an amplifier unit, a transmission / reception unit, a transmission path interface, etc. may be realized by the communication device 1004. The transmission / reception unit may be implemented as a transmission unit and a reception unit that are physically or logically separated.

[0158] The input device 1005 is an input device (e.g., a keyboard, a mouse, a microphone, a switch, a button, a sensor, etc.) that receives input from the outside. The output device 1006 is an output device (e.g., a display, a speaker, an LED lamp, etc.) that outputs to the outside. Note that the input device 1005 and the output device 1006 may be integrated into one device (e.g., a touch panel).

[0159] Furthermore, each device such as the processor 1001 and the storage device 1002 is connected by a bus 1007 for communicating information. The bus 1007 may be configured using a single bus, or may be configured using different buses between each device.

[0160] Furthermore, the base station 10, the terminal 20, and the LMF 30 may be configured to include hardware such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device (PLD), or a field programmable gate array (FPGA), and some or all of the functional blocks may be realized by the hardware. For example, the processor 1001 may be implemented using at least one of these pieces of hardware.

[0161] Furthermore, the terminal 20, the base station 10, or the LMF 30 may be provided in a vehicle 2001. Fig. 15 shows a configuration example of a vehicle 2001. As shown in Fig. 15, the vehicle 2001 includes a drive unit 2002, a steering unit 2003, an accelerator pedal 2004, a brake pedal 2005, a shift lever 2006, front wheels 2007, rear wheels 2008, an axle 2009, an electronic control unit 2010, various sensors 2021 to 2029, an information service unit 2012, and a communication module 2013. The terminal 20, the base station 10, or the LMF 30 according to each aspect / embodiment described in the present disclosure may be applied to a communication device mounted on the vehicle 2001, and may be applied to the communication module 2013, for example.

[0162] The drive unit 2002 is configured, for example, by an engine, a motor, or a hybrid of an engine and a motor. The steering unit 2003 includes at least a steering wheel (also called a handle) and is configured to steer at least one of the front wheels and the rear wheels based on the operation of the steering wheel operated by the user.

[0163] The electronic control unit 2010 is composed of a microprocessor 2031, a memory (ROM, RAM) 2032, and a communication port (IO port) 2033. Signals are input to the electronic control unit 2010 from various sensors 2021 to 2029 provided in the vehicle 2001. The electronic control unit 2010 may also be called an ECU (Electronic Control Unit).

[0164] The signals from the various sensors 2021 to 2029 include a current signal from a current sensor 2021 that senses the current of the motor, a rotation speed signal of the front and rear wheels obtained by a rotation speed sensor 2022, an air pressure signal of the front and rear wheels obtained by an air pressure sensor 2023, a vehicle speed signal obtained by a vehicle speed sensor 2024, an acceleration signal obtained by an acceleration sensor 2025, an accelerator pedal depression amount signal obtained by an accelerator pedal sensor 2029, a brake pedal depression amount signal obtained by a brake pedal sensor 2026, a shift lever operation signal obtained by a shift lever sensor 2027, and a detection signal for detecting obstacles, vehicles, pedestrians, etc. obtained by an object detection sensor 2028.

[0165] The information service unit 2012 is composed of various devices, such as a car navigation system, an audio system, speakers, a television, and a radio, for providing (outputting) various types of information, such as driving information, traffic information, and entertainment information, and one or more ECUs for controlling these devices. The information service unit 2012 uses information acquired from external devices via the communication module 2013 or the like to provide various types of multimedia information and multimedia services to the occupants of the vehicle 2001. The information service unit 2012 may include input devices (e.g., a keyboard, a mouse, a microphone, a switch, a button, a sensor, a touch panel, etc.) that accept input from the outside, and may also include output devices (e.g., a display, a speaker, an LED lamp, a touch panel, etc.) that output information to the outside.

[0166] The driving assistance system unit 2030 is composed of various devices that provide functions for preventing accidents and reducing the driving burden on the driver, such as millimeter-wave radar, LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), cameras, positioning locators (e.g., GNSS, etc.), map information (e.g., high-definition (HD) maps, autonomous vehicle (AV) maps, etc.), gyro systems (e.g., IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit), INS (Inertial Navigation System), etc.), AI (Artificial Intelligence) chips, and AI processors, as well as one or more ECUs that control these devices. In addition, the driving assistance system unit 2030 transmits and receives various information via the communication module 2013 to realize the driving assistance function or the autonomous driving function.

[0167] The communication module 2013 can communicate with the microprocessor 2031 and components of the vehicle 2001 via the communication port. For example, the communication module 2013 transmits and receives data via the communication port 2033 to and from the drive unit 2002, steering unit 2003, accelerator pedal 2004, brake pedal 2005, shift lever 2006, front wheels 2007, rear wheels 2008, axle 2009, microprocessor 2031 and memory (ROM, RAM) 2032 in the electronic control unit 2010, and sensors 2021 to 29, which are provided in the vehicle 2001. When the terminal 20, the base station 10, or the LMF 30 is included in the communication module 2013, the communication module 2013 can perform the operations described in the first to fourth embodiments.

[0168] The communication module 2013 is a communication device that can be controlled by the microprocessor 2031 of the electronic control unit 2010 and can communicate with an external device. For example, it transmits and receives various information to and from the external device via wireless communication. The communication module 2013 may be located either inside or outside the electronic control unit 2010. The external device may be, for example, a base station, a mobile station, or the like.

[0169] The communication module 2013 may transmit at least one of signals from the above-mentioned various sensors 2021-2028 input to the electronic control unit 2010, information obtained based on the signals, and information based on input from the outside (user) obtained via the information service unit 2012 to an external device via wireless communication. The electronic control unit 2010, the various sensors 2021-2028, the information service unit 2012, etc. may be referred to as input units that accept input. For example, the PUSCH transmitted by the communication module 2013 may include information based on the above-mentioned input.

[0170] The communication module 2013 receives various information (traffic information, traffic signal information, vehicle-to-vehicle information, etc.) transmitted from external devices and displays it on an information service unit 2012 provided in the vehicle 2001. The information service unit 2012 may be called an output unit that outputs information (for example, outputs information to a device such as a display or speaker based on the PDSCH (or data / information decoded from the PDSCH) received by the communication module 2013). The communication module 2013 also stores the various information received from external devices in a memory 2032 that can be used by the microprocessor 2031. Based on the information stored in the memory 2032, the microprocessor 2031 may control the drive unit 2002, steering unit 2003, accelerator pedal 2004, brake pedal 2005, shift lever 2006, front wheels 2007, rear wheels 2008, axles 2009, sensors 2021 to 2029, etc. provided in the vehicle 2001.

[0171] (Supplementary Notes on the Embodiments) Although the embodiments of the present invention have been described above, the disclosed invention is not limited to such embodiments, and those skilled in the art will understand various modifications, alterations, alternatives, substitutions, and the like. While specific numerical examples have been used to facilitate understanding of the invention, unless otherwise specified, these numerical values ​​are merely examples, and any appropriate values ​​may be used. The division of items in the above description is not essential to the present invention; matters described in two or more items may be used in combination as needed, and matters described in one item may apply to matters described in another item (as long as there is no contradiction). Boundaries between functional units or processing units in the functional block diagram do not necessarily correspond to boundaries between physical components. The operations of multiple functional units may be performed by a single physical component, or the operations of a single functional unit may be performed by multiple physical components. The order of processing steps described in the embodiments may be reversed as long as there is no contradiction. For convenience of processing description, the base station 10, terminal 20, and LMF 30 have been described using functional block diagrams, but such devices may be realized by hardware, software, or a combination thereof. The software operated by the processor of the base station 10 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention and the software operated by the processor of the terminal 20 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention may each be stored in random access memory (RAM), flash memory, read-only memory (ROM), EPROM, EEPROM, register, hard disk (HDD), removable disk, CD-ROM, database, server, or any other suitable storage medium.

[0172] Furthermore, the notification of information is not limited to the aspects / embodiments described in the present disclosure, and may be performed using other methods. For example, the notification of information may be performed by physical layer signaling (e.g., Downlink Control Information (DCI), Uplink Control Information (UCI)), higher layer signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling), broadcast information (Master Information Block (MIB), System Information Block (SIB)), other signals, or a combination thereof. Furthermore, the RRC signaling may be referred to as an RRC message, and may be, for example, an RRC Connection Setup message, an RRC Connection Reconfiguration message, or the like.

[0173] Each aspect / embodiment described in the present disclosure may be implemented using any of the following standards: LTE (Long Term Evolution), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), SUPER 3G, IMT-Advanced, 4G (4th generation mobile communication system), 5G (5th generation mobile communication system), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), xth generation mobile communication system (xG) (xG (x is, for example, an integer or a decimal number)), FRA (Future Radio Access), NR (new Radio), New radio access (NX), Future generation radio access (FX), W-CDMA (registered trademark), GSM (registered trademark), CDMA2000, UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.17 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.19 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.20 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.21 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.22 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.23 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.24 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.25 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.26 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.27 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.28 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.29 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.30 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.31 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.32 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.33 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.34 ( The present invention may be applied to at least one of systems using 802.20, UWB (Ultra-Wide Band), Bluetooth (registered trademark), or other suitable systems, and next-generation systems that are extended, modified, created, or defined based on these systems. The present invention may also be applied to a combination of multiple systems (e.g., a combination of LTE and / or LTE-A with 5G).

[0174] The order of the procedures, sequences, flowcharts, etc. of each aspect / embodiment described herein may be rearranged unless it is consistent. For example, the methods described in this disclosure present elements of various steps using an example order and are not limited to the particular order presented.

[0175] In this specification, a specific operation described as being performed by the base station 10 may be performed by its upper node in some cases. In a network consisting of one or more network nodes having the base station 10, it is clear that various operations performed for communication with the terminal 20 may be performed by at least one of the base station 10 and another network node other than the base station 10 (such as, but not limited to, an MME or an S-GW). Although the above example illustrates a case where there is one other network node other than the base station 10, the other network node may be a combination of multiple other network nodes (such as an MME and an S-GW).

[0176] The information, signals, etc. described in the present disclosure may be output from a higher layer (or a lower layer) to a lower layer (or a higher layer), or may be input / output via multiple network nodes.

[0177] Input and output information may be stored in a specific location (for example, memory) or may be managed using a management table. Input and output information may be overwritten, updated, or added to. Output information may be deleted. Input information may be sent to another device.

[0178] In the present disclosure, the determination may be made based on a value represented by one bit (0 or 1), a Boolean value (true or false), or a numerical comparison (e.g., comparison with a predetermined value).

[0179] Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executable files, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.

[0180] Software, instructions, information, etc. may also be transmitted or received over a transmission medium. For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using wired technologies (such as coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)), and / or wireless technologies (such as infrared, microwave), then these wired and / or wireless technologies are included within the definition of transmission media.

[0181] The information, signals, etc. described in this disclosure may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, chips, etc. that may be referred to throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, optical fields or photons, or any combination thereof.

[0182] Note that terms described in this disclosure and terms necessary for understanding this disclosure may be replaced with terms having the same or similar meanings. For example, at least one of a channel and a symbol may be a signal (signaling). Furthermore, a signal may be a message. Furthermore, a component carrier (CC) may be called a carrier frequency, a cell, a frequency carrier, etc.

[0183] As used in this disclosure, the terms "system" and "network" are used interchangeably.

[0184] Furthermore, the information, parameters, etc. described in the present disclosure may be expressed using absolute values, may be expressed using relative values ​​from a predetermined value, or may be expressed using other corresponding information. For example, a radio resource may be indicated by an index.

[0185] The names used for the above-described parameters are not intended to be limiting in any way. Furthermore, the mathematical expressions using these parameters may differ from those explicitly disclosed in this disclosure. The various channels (e.g., PUCCH, PDCCH, etc.) and information elements may be identified by any suitable names, and therefore the various names assigned to these various channels and information elements are not intended to be limiting in any way.

[0186] In the present disclosure, terms such as "base station (BS)," "radio base station," "base station," "fixed station," "NodeB," "eNodeB (eNB)," "gNodeB (gNB)," "access point," "transmission point," "reception point," "transmission / reception point," "cell," "sector," "cell group," "carrier," and "component carrier" may be used interchangeably. A base station may also be referred to by terms such as a macrocell, a small cell, a femtocell, and a picocell.

[0187] A base station can accommodate one or more (e.g., three) cells. When a base station accommodates multiple cells, the overall coverage area of ​​the base station can be partitioned into multiple smaller areas, and each smaller area can also be provided with communication services by a base station subsystem (e.g., a small indoor base station (RRH: Remote Radio Head)). The terms "cell" or "sector" refer to part or all of the coverage area of ​​a base station and / or base station subsystem that provides communication services within that coverage.

[0188] In the present disclosure, the base station transmitting information to a terminal may be interpreted as the base station instructing the terminal to control or operate based on the information.

[0189] In this disclosure, the terms "Mobile Station (MS)," "user terminal," "User Equipment (UE)," "terminal," etc. may be used interchangeably.

[0190] A mobile station may also be referred to by those skilled in the art as a subscriber station, mobile unit, subscriber unit, wireless unit, remote unit, mobile device, wireless device, wireless communication device, remote device, mobile subscriber station, access terminal, mobile terminal, wireless terminal, remote terminal, handset, user agent, mobile client, client, or some other suitable terminology.

[0191] At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be referred to as a transmitting device, a receiving device, a communication device, etc. At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be a device mounted on a mobile object, the mobile object itself, etc. The mobile object refers to a movable object, and may move at any speed. Naturally, this also includes cases where the mobile object is stationary. Examples of the mobile object include, but are not limited to, vehicles, transport vehicles, automobiles, motorcycles, bicycles, connected cars, excavators, bulldozers, wheel loaders, dump trucks, forklifts, trains, buses, handcars, rickshaws, ships and other watercraft, airplanes, rockets, satellites, drones (registered trademark), multicopters, quadcopters, balloons, and objects mounted thereon. The mobile object may also be a mobile object that moves autonomously based on an operational command. The mobile object may be a vehicle (e.g., a car, an airplane, etc.), an unmanned mobile object (e.g., a drone, an autonomous vehicle, etc.), or a robot (manned or unmanned). At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be a device that does not necessarily move during communication operations. For example, at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be an IoT (Internet of Things) device such as a sensor.

[0192] Furthermore, a base station in the present disclosure may be read as a terminal. For example, the aspects / embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied to a configuration in which communication between a base station and a terminal is replaced with communication between a plurality of terminals 20 (which may be referred to as, for example, D2D (Device-to-Device) or V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything)). In this case, the terminal 20 may be configured to have the functions of the base station 10 described above. Furthermore, terms such as "uplink" and "downlink" may be read as terms corresponding to terminal-to-terminal communication (for example, "side"). For example, terms such as an uplink channel and a downlink channel may be read as a side channel.

[0193] Similarly, the term "terminal" in the present disclosure may be read as "base station." In this case, the base station may be configured to have the functions of the terminal described above.

[0194] As used in this disclosure, the terms "determining" and "determining" may encompass a wide variety of actions. "Determining" and "determining" may include, for example, judging, calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up, searching, inquiring (e.g., searching in a table, database, or other data structure), ascertaining, and the like. "Determining" and "determining" may also include receiving (e.g., receiving information), transmitting (e.g., sending information), input, output, accessing (e.g., accessing data in memory), and the like. Furthermore, "judgment" and "decision" can include regarding resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, comparing, etc. as having been "judged" or "decided." In other words, "judgment" and "decision" can include regarding some action as having been "judged" or "decided." Furthermore, "judgment (decision)" can be interpreted as "assuming," "expecting," "considering," etc.

[0195] The terms "connected," "coupled," or any variation thereof, refer to any direct or indirect connection or coupling between two or more elements, and may include the presence of one or more intermediate elements between two elements that are "connected" or "coupled" to each other. The coupling or connection between elements may be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. For example, "connected" may be read as "access." As used in this disclosure, two elements may be considered to be "connected" or "coupled" to each other using one or more wires, cables, and / or printed electrical connections, as well as electromagnetic energy having wavelengths in the radio frequency range, microwave range, and optical (both visible and invisible) range, as some non-limiting and non-exhaustive examples.

[0196] The reference signal may be abbreviated as RS (Reference Signal) or may be called a pilot depending on the applicable standard.

[0197] As used in this disclosure, the phrase "based on" does not mean "based only on," unless expressly stated otherwise. In other words, the phrase "based on" means both "based only on" and "based at least on."

[0198] As used in this disclosure, any reference to an element using a designation such as "first," "second," etc. does not generally limit the quantity or order of those elements. These designations may be used in this disclosure as a convenient method of distinguishing between two or more elements. Thus, a reference to a first and a second element does not imply that only two elements may be employed or that the first element must in some way precede the second element.

[0199] The "means" in the configuration of each of the above devices may be replaced with "part," "circuit," "device," etc.

[0200] When the terms "include," "including," and variations thereof are used in this disclosure, these terms are intended to be inclusive, similar to the term "comprising." Furthermore, when the term "or" is used in this disclosure, it is not intended to be an exclusive or.

[0201] A radio frame may be composed of one or more frames in the time domain. Each of the one or more frames in the time domain may be called a subframe. A subframe may further be composed of one or more slots in the time domain. A subframe may have a fixed time length (e.g., 1 ms) that is independent of numerology.

[0202] Numerology may be communication parameters that apply to the transmission and / or reception of a signal or channel, such as subcarrier spacing (SCS), bandwidth, symbol length, cyclic prefix length, transmission time interval (TTI), number of symbols per TTI, radio frame structure, specific filtering operations performed by the transceiver in the frequency domain, specific windowing operations performed by the transceiver in the time domain, etc.

[0203] A slot may be composed of one or more symbols (such as an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbol or a Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) symbol) in the time domain. A slot may be a time unit based on numerology.

[0204] A slot may include multiple minislots. Each minislot may consist of one or multiple symbols in the time domain. A minislot may also be called a subslot. A minislot may consist of fewer symbols than a slot. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted in a time unit larger than a minislot may be called PDSCH (or PUSCH) mapping type A. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted using a minislot may be called PDSCH (or PUSCH) mapping type B.

[0205] The radio frame, subframe, slot, minislot, and symbol all represent time units for transmitting signals, and may be referred to by other names corresponding to the radio frame, subframe, slot, minislot, and symbol.

[0206] For example, one subframe may be called a transmission time interval (TTI), multiple consecutive subframes may be called a TTI, or one slot or one minislot may be called a TTI. That is, at least one of the subframe and the TTI may be a subframe (1 ms) in existing LTE, a period shorter than 1 ms (for example, 1-13 symbols), or a period longer than 1 ms. Note that the unit representing the TTI may be called a slot, minislot, or the like instead of a subframe. Furthermore, one slot may be called a unit time. The unit time may differ for each cell depending on the numerology.

[0207] Here, TTI refers to, for example, the smallest time unit for scheduling in wireless communication. For example, in an LTE system, a base station performs scheduling to allocate wireless resources (such as frequency bandwidth and transmission power that can be used by each terminal 20) to each terminal 20 in TTI units. Note that the definition of TTI is not limited to this.

[0208] The TTI may be a transmission time unit for a channel-encoded data packet (transport block), a code block, a code word, etc., or may be a processing unit for scheduling, link adaptation, etc. When a TTI is given, the time interval (e.g., the number of symbols) to which a transport block, a code block, a code word, etc. is actually mapped may be shorter than the TTI.

[0209] When one slot or one minislot is called a TTI, one or more TTIs (i.e., one or more slots or one or more minislots) may be the minimum time unit for scheduling. Also, the number of slots (minislots) constituting the minimum time unit for scheduling may be controlled.

[0210] A TTI having a time length of 1 ms may be called a regular TTI (TTI in LTE Rel. 8-12), normal TTI, long TTI, regular subframe, normal subframe, long subframe, slot, etc. A TTI shorter than a regular TTI may be called a shortened TTI, short TTI, partial or fractional TTI, shortened subframe, short subframe, minislot, subslot, slot, etc.

[0211] In addition, a long TTI (e.g., a normal TTI, a subframe, etc.) may be interpreted as a TTI having a time length of more than 1 ms, and a short TTI (e.g., a shortened TTI, etc.) may be interpreted as a TTI having a TTI length shorter than the TTI length of a long TTI and greater than or equal to 1 ms.

[0212] A resource block (RB) is a resource allocation unit in the time domain and the frequency domain, and may include one or more consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain. The number of subcarriers included in an RB may be the same regardless of the numerology, for example, 12. The number of subcarriers included in an RB may be determined based on the numerology.

[0213] The time domain of an RB may include one or more symbols and may have a length of one slot, one minislot, one subframe, or one TTI. One TTI, one subframe, etc. may each be composed of one or more resource blocks.

[0214] Note that one or more RBs may also be called a physical resource block (PRB), a sub-carrier group (SCG), a resource element group (REG), a PRB pair, an RB pair, etc.

[0215] Furthermore, a resource block may be composed of one or more resource elements (REs). For example, one RE may be a radio resource region of one subcarrier and one symbol.

[0216] A Bandwidth Part (BWP) (which may also be referred to as a fractional bandwidth) may represent a subset of contiguous common resource blocks (RBs) for a given numerology on a given carrier, where the common RBs may be identified by their index relative to a Common Reference Point of the carrier. PRBs may be defined in a BWP and numbered within the BWP.

[0217] The BWP may include a BWP for UL (UL BWP) and a BWP for DL ​​(DL BWP). One or more BWPs may be configured for a UE within one carrier.

[0218] At least one of the configured BWPs may be active, and the UE may not expect to transmit or receive a given signal / channel outside the active BWP. Note that the terms "cell," "carrier," etc. in this disclosure may be read as "BWP."

[0219] The above-described structures of radio frames, subframes, slots, minislots, symbols, etc. are merely examples, and various changes may be made to the number of subframes included in a radio frame, the number of slots per subframe or radio frame, the number of minislots included in a slot, the number of symbols and RBs included in a slot or minislot, the number of subcarriers included in an RB, the number of symbols in a TTI, the symbol length, the cyclic prefix (CP) length, etc.

[0220] In this disclosure, where articles are added by translation, such as a, an, and the in English, the disclosure may include that the nouns following these articles are in the plural form.

[0221] In the present disclosure, the term "A and B are different" may mean "A and B are different from each other." The term may also mean "A and B are each different from C." Terms such as "separate" and "coupled" may also be interpreted in the same way as "different."

[0222] The aspects / embodiments described in this disclosure may be used alone, in combination, or switched depending on the implementation. Notification of predetermined information (e.g., notification that "X is true") is not limited to explicit notification, but may be implicit (e.g., not notifying the predetermined information).

[0223] Although the present disclosure has been described in detail above, it is clear to those skilled in the art that the present disclosure is not limited to the embodiments described herein. The present disclosure can be implemented in modified and altered forms without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as defined by the claims. Therefore, the description of the present disclosure is intended to be illustrative and does not have any limiting meaning on the present disclosure.

[0224] 10 Base station 110 Transmitter 120 Receiver 130 Setting unit 140 Control unit 20 Terminal 210 Transmitter 220 Receiver 230 Setting unit 240 Control unit 30 LMF 1001 Processor 1002 Storage device 1003 Auxiliary storage device 1004 Communication device 1005 Input device 1006 Output device 2001 Vehicle 2002 Drive unit 2003 Steering unit 2004 Accelerator pedal 2005 Brake pedal 2006 Shift lever 2007 Front wheels 2008 Rear wheels 2009 Axle 2010 Electronic control unit 2012 Information service unit 2013 Communication module 2021 Current sensor 2022 RPM sensor 2023 Tire pressure sensor 2024 Vehicle speed sensor 2025 Acceleration sensor 2026 Brake pedal sensor 2027 Shift lever sensor 2028 Object detection sensor 2029 Accelerator pedal sensor 2030 Driving assistance system unit 2031 Microprocessor 2032 Memory (ROM, RAM) 2033 Communication port (IO port)

Claims

1. A terminal comprising: a receiver that receives signals from a network via multiple paths; and a transmitter that reports measurement results of one or more metrics for each of the multiple paths to the network.

2. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the transmitter reports to the network the measurement results of a particular metric for a number of paths equal to or less than a maximum number determined for the particular metric.

3. The terminal according to claim 2, wherein the transmitting unit selects paths in chronological order starting from the first path, the number of paths being equal to or less than the maximum number, or selects paths in order of magnitude of received power starting from the path with the maximum received power, the number of paths being equal to or less than the maximum number.

4. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the transmitting unit includes the measurement results of the one or more metrics in an information element for each path and transmits the information element to the network, or includes the measurement results of the multiple paths in an information element for each metric and transmits the information element to the network.

5. A base station comprising: a receiving unit that receives signals from a terminal via multiple paths; and a transmitting unit that reports measurement results of one or more metrics for each of the multiple paths to a management device.

6. A measurement method performed by a terminal, comprising: receiving signals from a network via a plurality of paths; and reporting to the network measurement results of one or more metrics for each of the plurality of paths.

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