Beam management for wireless communication network

Abstract

The disclosure pertains to a method of operating a wireless device in a wireless communication network, the method comprising transmitting a measurement report based on evaluating measurements performed on a first set of reference signals on a set of carriers relative to measurements performed on a second set of reference signals on the set of carriers The disclosure also pertains to related devices and methods.

Description

[0001] Beam management for wireless communication network

[0002] Technical field

[0003] This disclosure pertains to wireless communication, in particular to beam management and / or beam reporting.

[0004] Background

[0005] For future wireless communication systems, beam management is likely to become in- 5 creasingly important, e.g., due to better beamforming techniques, large number of antenna elements and the need to establish increasingly large numbers of communication links, which preferably should operate with limited interference between communication links.

[0006] Summary 10

[0007] It is an object of this disclosure to provide approaches for beam management and / or beam (measurement) reporting. The approaches described may be utilised for one or more different frequencies ranges. For example, they may be implemented for frequency ranges (e.g., carrier bandwidth and / or system bandwidth) for communication signalling of 1 GHz or more, 2GHz or more, 5 GHz or more, or 6 GHz or more, or 10 GHz or more, and / or for 15 millimeter wave communication, in particular for radio carrier frequencies around and / or above 52.6 GHz, which may be considered high radio frequencies (high frequency) and / or millimetre waves. The carrier frequency / ies may be between 52.6 and 140 GHz, e.g. with a lower border between 52.6, 55, 60, 71 GHz and / or a higher border between 71, 72, 90, 114, 140 GHz or higher, in particular between 55 and 90 GHz, or between 60 and 72 20

[0008] GHz; however, higher frequencies may be considered, in particular frequency of 71 GHz or 72GHz or above, and / or 100 GHz or above, and / or 140 GHz or above. The carrier frequency may in particular refer to a center frequency or maximum frequency of the carrier. The radio nodes and / or network described herein may operate in wide-band, e.g. with a carrier bandwidth (or bandwidth or carrier aggregation) of 400MHz or more, in 25 particular 1 GHz or more, or 2 GHz or more, or even larger, e.g. 6 GHz or more, or

[0009] 8 GHz or more; the scheduled or allocated bandwidth may be the carrier bandwidth, or be smaller, e.g. depending on channel and / or procedure. In some cases, operation may be based on an OFDM wave- form or a SC-FDM wave- form (e.g., downlink and / or uplink), in particular a FDF-SC-FDM-based wave-form. However, operation based on a 30 single carrier wave-form, e.g. SC-FDE (which may be pulse-shaped or Frequency Domain Filtered, e.g. based on modulation scheme and / or MGS), may be considered for downlink and / or uplink. In general, different wave-forms may be used for different communication directions. Communicating using or utilising a carrier and / or beam may correspond to operating using or utilising the carrier and / or beam, and / or may comprise transmitting 35

[0010] P111146WO01 1 / 81 on the carrier and / or beam and / or receiving on the carrier and / or beam. Operation may be based on and / or associated to a numerology, which may indicate a subcarrier spacing and / or duration of an allocation unit and / or an equivalent thereof, e.g., in comparison to an OFDM based system. A subcarrier spacing or equivalent frequency interval may for example correspond to 960 kHz, or 1920 kHz, e.g. representing the bandwidth of a 40 subcarrier or equivalent.

[0011] The approaches are particularly advantageously implemented in a future 6th Generation (6G) telecommunication network or 6G radio access technology or network (RAT / RAN), in particular according to 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project, a standardisation organization). A suitable RAN may in particular be a RAN according to NR, for example 45 release 18 or later, or LTE Evolution. However, the approaches may also be used with other RAT, for example future 5.5G systems or IEEE based systems.

[0012] There is disclosed a method of operating a wireless device in a wireless communication network. The method comprises transmitting a measurement report based on evaluating measurements performed on a first set of reference signals on a set of carriers relative to 50 measurements performed on a second set of reference signals on the set of carriers.

[0013] A wireless device for a wireless communication network is also described. The wireless device is adapted to transmit a measurement report based on evaluating measurements performed on a first set of reference signals on a set of carriers relative to measurements performed on a second set of reference signals on the set of carriers. 55

[0014] Moreover, a method of operating a network node in a wireless communication network is proposed. The method comprises configuring a wireless device with a measurement report configuration, the measurement report configuration configuring the wireless device with information for transmittting a measurement report based on evaluating measurements performed on a first set of reference signals on a set of carriers relative to measurements 60 performed on a second set of reference signals on the set of carriers. The method may comprise monitoring resources for transmission of a measurement report, and / or receiving a measurement report, and / or transmitting a beam switch indication to the wireless device, wherein the beam switch indication may be based on the received measurement report. The method may comprise performing beam switching (e.g., switching trans- 65 mitter and / or TRP and / or source and / or beam shape and / or direction and / or power, and / or activating a beam and / or TCI state, and / or utilise a new beam for transmission of communication signaling to, and / or serving the wireless device), e.g., based on and / or in accordance with the measurement report.

[0015] Also, a network node for a wireless communication network is discussed. The network 70

[0016] P111146WO01 2 / 81 node is adapted to configure a wireless device with a measurement report configuration, the measurement report configuration configuring the wireless device with information for transmittting a measurement report based on evaluating measurements performed on a first set of reference signals on a set of carriers relative to measurements performed on a second set of reference signals on the set of carriers. The network node may be adapted for 75 monitoring resources for transmission of a measurement report, and / or receiving a measurement report, and / or transmitting a beam switch indication to the wireless device, wherein the beam switch indication may be based on the received measurement report.

[0017] The network node may be adapted for performing beam switching (e.g., switching transmitter and / or TRP and / or source and / or beam shape and / or direction and / or power, 80 and / or activating a beam and / or TCI state, and / or utilising a new beam for transmission of communication signaling to, and / or serving the wireless device), e.g., based on and / or in accordance with the measurement report. Reference signals like DL-RS, e.g., the first set of RS and / or the second set of RS, may be transmitted by the network, and / or the network node. 85

[0018] In general, the measurement report configuration may also be referred to as measurement configuration, or beam configuration, or beam report configuration, or UE initiated (beam) (measurement) report configuration, or simply configuration. The configuration may indicate resources available for transmission of the measurement report (which may in general be transmitted as uplink signaling, e.g., on a PUCCH or PUSCH). In general, 90 the network or network node may be adapted for scheduling or configuring, and / or may schedule or configure, resources for transmission of the measurement report. The wireless device may be adapted for transmitting, and / or may transmit, capability information, e.g., to the network and / or network node. The network node may receive, and / or be adapted to receive, capability information, and / or may be adapted to determine, and / or 95 determine, the measurement configuration based on, and / or in accordance with, received capability information (which may be received from the wireless device, or another node of the network).

[0019] A set of reference signals may correspond to a DL-RS, and / or may be referred to as set of RS. The first set of RS may be a set of RS; the second set of RS may be considered 100 a different set of RS, in particular referring to a different context. It may be considered that a set of reference signals comprises one or more occurrences of RS on one or more carriers of the set of carriers. Each occurence may comprise a number of signals / symbols of RS, e.g., a sequence of signals over a time interval and / or covering a frequency range, e.g., in a pattern like a comb. Different occurrences may carry the same sequence, or 105 different sequences. The RS of one set of reference signals may be of the same type, or of different types. The RS of different sets may be of the same types, or different types;

[0020] P111146WO01 3 / 81 in some cases, the mapping of different types of RS to carriers may be the same for the first set and the second set, allowing for easy comparison between contexts. The reference signals of a set of reference signals may be associated to the same context; different sets 110 may be associated to different contexts. A context may represent and / or refer to a beam, and / or TCI state and / or TRP and / or source and / or transmitter and / or QCL property set; different contexts may pertain to different beams, and / or TCI states and / or TRPs and / or sources and / or transmitters and / or QCL property sets. Sets of reference signals of different context may be transmitted on different time resources, e.g., shifted in time 115 relative to each other. However, in some cases, they may be transmitted simultanously, e.g., if the wireless device is capable of performing multiple receptions at the same time (e.g., has multiple separate receivers / receiver chains and / or antenna arrangements for reception). The first set of RS may be considered current DL-RS, the second set may be considered candidate RS, or vice versa. More than one set of candidate RS (for different 120 contexts) may be considered, e.g., more than one second set of RS. Each set may pertain to the same set of carriers. The different sets may be transmitted on different beams; for example, the first set of RS may be transmitted on a serving beam (a beam serving the wireless device, e.g., on which communication signaling is transmitted to the wireless device, e.g. control signaling and / or data signaling), and / or the second set / s of RS may 125 be transmitted on one or more candidate beams (one set of RS per beam, for example).

[0021] Evaluating measurements may comprise processing measurements for one context, and / or one set of RS, e.g., averaging and / or clipping and / or summing and / or mapping and / or transforming and / or subjecting them to mathmatical operations. Evaluating may comprise determining one or more metrics for a set of RS and / or for a context. Averaging 130 may comprise weighting, e.g., with different weights for different carriers, and / or different types of RS. Evaluating measurements relative to each other may comprise comparing, and / or determining a ratio and / or difference and / or distance and / or shift and / or offset and / or evaluating in context of a threshold and / or minimum or maximum value, e.g., for a ratio or difference. Evaluating may comprise determining whether a trigger condition 135 or event has been fulfilled, e.g., a ratio between metrics and / or difference between metrics is achieved, e.g., in light of a threshold or offset. A measurement report may indicate and / or provide information indicating signal quality and / or signal strength of received RS, and / or of RS measurements were performed upon, and / or may indicate which set of

[0022] RS information pertains to, and / or may provide information pertaining to the first set of 140

[0023] RS and / or the second set of RS; and / or indicate the set of RS and / or context information pertains to. Information may be in the aggregate, e.g., pertaining to whole set of carriers (e.g., sum and / or average), and / or may pertain to individual carriers. The information provided may be according to the measurement configuration, which may indicate the

[0024] P111146WO01 4 / 81 granularity of information. 145

[0025] The measurement configuration may comprise an event configuration and / or trigger condition configuration; and / or may indicate one or more trigger condition and / or metrics, e.g., as part of the measurement configuration or event configuration or trigger condition configuration. Fulfillment of a trigger condition (which may correspond to occurrence of an event) may trigger transmission of the measurement report. Operating according to 150 the measurement configuration, e.g., performing measurements and / or evaluating, may be based on a received indication (e.g., transmitted by the network or network node, and / or received by the wireless device). The indication may be included in a DCI and / or control information provided as control signaling or data signaling, e.g., on a physical channel like PDCCH or PDSCH. 155

[0026] In general, the measurement report transmission may be considered initiated by the wireless device; the network node may not be able to predict the fulfillment of a condi- tion / event, and / or when to expect transmission of the measurement report or a resource request requesting resources for transmission of the report (e.g., SR).

[0027] Approaches described herein may be considered facilitating WD initiated measurement 160 reporting. The measurement report may be transmitted without specific instruction by the network node, and / or without the network or network node expecting or predicting a specific transmission of a measurement report. Thus, low signaling overhead, and / or power saving may be achieved, and / or too frequent switching between beams may be avoided (ping-pong effect). 165

[0028] It may be considered that evaluating may comprise determining the fulfillment of one or more trigger conditions. A trigger condition may pertain to a comparison of RS between two contexts and / or different sets of RS.

[0029] In general, transmitting the measurement report may be based on a measurement report configuration. The configuration may be provided by the network or network node. 170

[0030] Transmitting the measurement report may comprise transmitting a request for resources for transmitting the measurement report. A resource allocation may be received by the wireless device (and / or transmitted by the network node based on the request). The request may be a scheduling request or a random access message, e.g., a RA preamble. Thus, good flexibility of resource allocation may be achieved, without necessarily blocking 175 periodic resources for measurement reporting.

[0031] Evaluating may be considered to comprise comparing a metric over multiple carriers of the set of carriers of the first set of reference signals with the metric over the multiple

[0032] P111146WO01 5 / 81 carriers of the set of carriers of the second set of reference signals. This may facilitate a reliable and / or stable result, considering a comparatively large frequency range. 180

[0033] A metric may in general be representative of one or more of signal quality and / or signal strength of received reference signals (e.g., of the first set of RS, and / or the second set of RS), in particular RSRP and / or RSRQ and / or SNR and / or SINR and / or SIR and / or BLER and / or BER. Thus, a desired beam switch criterium may be considered. A trigger condition may in general be based on such a metric, e.g., comparing the metric for different 185 sets of RS and / or contexts. The metric may represent multiple carriers of the set of carriers; it may pertain to the same carriers for different contexts and / or different sets of RS.

[0034] Transmitting the measurement report may be triggered by the fulfillment of one or more trigger conditions. The wireless device may determine fulfillment according to the mea- 190 surement configuration, but without specific instruction by the network node or network, allowing WD initiated measurement reporting.

[0035] The measurement report may indicate which trigger condition has been fulfilled to trigger transmission of the report, and / or provide information regarding the metrics and / or measurements for the condition, and / or the level of fulfillment (e.g., ratio, and / or difference, 195 e.g., explicitly and / or referring to one or more value ranges, e.g. indexing such). Thus, the network node may be provided with information regarding the reception conditions for the different contexts, e.g., for determining a beam switch indication.

[0036] It may be considered that measurements may be performed on, and / or evaluated for, the set of carriers for the first set of reference signals, and for the second set of reference 200 signals. Thus, the same set of carriers may be considered for measuring and / or evaluating, providing a good basis for a meaningful comparison and / or improving handling of fast-fading or other short-term effects.

[0037] The set of carriers may comprise two or more carriers, in particular 4 or 5 carries, or more than 5 carriers, e.g., 10 carriers or more, or 20 carriers or more. The carriers may be 205 carriers in a carrier aggregation, and / or the set of carriers may comprise and / or consist of downlink carriers. To each carrier, a cell may be associated. Different carriers may be associated to different cells and vice versa. The carriers may be considered component carrier in a carrier aggregation, in particular DL component carriers and / or carriers in a

[0038] DL carrier aggregation. 210

[0039] A radio node, e.g. a transmitting or signalling radio node, and / or a receiving or feedback radio node, may operate in TDD mode, e.g. switching between DL periods and UL

[0040] P111146WO01 6 / 81 periods. A DL period may be a period in which the radio node operates using DL transmissions, an UL period may be a period in which the radio node operates using UL transmissions (e.g., a network node may transmit during DL, and receive during UL, and 215 vice versa for a wireless device). It may be considered that there is a TDD guard period between DL and UL periods and / or between UL and DL periods, which may comprise a number of symbol time intervals, e.g. 10 or more symbols, or 12 or more symbols; there may be the same duration for guard periods for DL / UL and UL / DL, or different ones.

[0041] The guard period may allow switching circuitry between the different communication 220 directions and / or handling of interference (in particular considering that DL signalling tends to much more powerful than (received) UL signalling). An antenna arrangement may comprise one or more antenna elements and / or sub-arrays and / or panels; different antenna arrangements may comprise different antenna elements and / or sub-arrays and / or panels. Different antenna arrangements and / or panels and / or sub-arrays and / or elements 225 may be adapted to be controlled or controllable separately from each other. There may be the same number of DL and UL periods and / or the same duration associated to DL and UL (at least over a certain time interval, e.g. alternating such that one DL period is followed by one UL period, or vice versa, or different numbers or durations, e.g. (roughly)

[0042] 3:1 (e.g., 3 DL periods followed by a TDD guard period and 1 UL period), or (roughly) 230

[0043] 2:1, or even (roughly) 1:2 or 1:NU with NU 3 or larger, for UL heavy scenarios. UL period durations may be the same as DL period durations, or different. The distribution and / or duration of DL and UL periods may be referred to as TDD pattern; the TDD pattern may be dynamically controllable (e.g., with DCI signalling), and / or configured or configurable, e.g. with higher layer signalling like RRC signalling or RLC signalling, 235 and / or may be semi-statically configurable or configured. The TDD pattern may describe the smallest time domain distribution of DL period / s and / or UL period / s and / or TDD guard period / s repeated over time, e.g. in one or more frames and / or subframes and / or slots and / or a time duration covering multiple repetitions of the TDD pattern.

[0044] It may be considered that the radio node is adapted for utilising a number NP of an- 240 tenna sub- arrays and / or panels, wherein NP may be an integer number of 4 or larger. An antenna sub-array may comprise a plurality of antenna elements, e.g. 4 or more, or 10 or more, or 50 or more, or 100 or more. An antenna sub-array, and / or the antenna elements associated thereto and / or comprised therein, may be associated and / or connected or connectable to one and / or the same antenna circuitry, and / or be jointly controllable 245 for analog and / or digital beam-forming, and / or be operable for joint transmission or reception. A panel may comprise a support structure, e.g. plastics and / or metallic material and / or wood, supporting one or more antenna sub-arrays, which additionally may support additional circuitry like antenna circuitry and / or interface circuitry. Each an-

[0045] P111146WO01 7 / 81 tenna sub-array may be associated for one communication direction (e.g., reception or 250 transmission) and / or one functionality, e.g. communication. It may be considered that antenna elements of an antenna sub-array share the same polarisation, e.g. horizontal or vertical. In some cases, NP may be an even number, wherein it may be considered that NP / 2 antenna sub-arrays (and / or their antenna elements) may be associated to a first polarisation (e.g., horizontal or vertical or left-circular or right-circular, or any other 255 suitable polarisation) and the other NP / 2 antenna sub-arrays are associated to a second polarisation, which may be orthogonal to the first polarisation. For example, the first polarisation may be horizontal with the second polarisation being vertical, or the first polarisation may be left-circular and the second polarisation may be right-circular. This allows multiple beams to be operated, with good flexibility and / or large signalling capac- 260 ity. In general, an antenna arrangement associated to a radio node may comprise one or more antenna sub-arrays, in particular an even number of antenna sub-arrays. In general, at different times, different antenna sub-arrays and / or panels may be used for different functions, e.g. transmission or reception, and / or communication. The polarisation of an antenna element may be associated to a specific operation direction, e.g. for transmission 265 or reception. Depending on signalling direction (transmission or reception), polarisation may be different. For example, an antenna sub-array may be associated to a first polarisation for transmission, and a second polarisation for reception, or vice versa. This may be achieved, for example, by providing crossed linear antenna elements for the sub-arrays, with associated connections / circuitry according to polarisation. 270

[0046] A transmitter may generally represent a device adapted for transmission, but it also may be adapted for reception, and / or represent a TRP or radio node or antenna arrangement. In some cases, a transmitter or TRP may be controlled by a radio node, e.g. a network node or transmitting radio node; such a node may control one or more transmitters, e.g. a first transmitter and second transmitter. 275

[0047] It may be considered that operating utilising signalling like communication signalling, and / or communicating utilising signalling like communication signalling, may comprise transmitting the signalling, e.g. communication signalling, and / or receiving the signalling, e.g. communication signalling. It may be considered that signalling like communication signalling is based on an OFDM wave-form, e.g. OFDM, or DFT-s-OFDM, or pulse- 280 shaped DFT-s-OFDM. Such a wave-form is particularly suitable for wireless communication at high frequencies and / or with high communication loads. A cyclic appendix may generally be a cyclic prefix, or a cyclic suffix. The appendix may represent a repetition of a part of signalling carried by a symbol at its start (suffix) or end (prefix), which may be appended at the opposite of the symbol (end or start); e.g. a cyclic prefix may be 285 considered a repetition of the signalling at the end of the symbol it pertains to. The

[0048] P111146WO01 8 / 81 communication signalling may be based on a waveform with cyclic appendix. A cyclic appendix may be associated to a specific symbol, it may have a duration shorter than the symbol duration, e.g. 1 / 4 or less than 1 / 4 of the symbol duration, or 1 / 6 or less than 1 / 6. 290

[0049] A radio node, like a transmitting radio node or receiving radio node, may be a wireless device or user equipment or terminal. Alternatively, it may be a network node or signalling radio node. A radio node adapted for wireless communication may be a radio node adapted for transmitting and / or receiving communication signalling. Communication signalling may be. and / or comprise, data signalling and / or control signalling and / or 295 reference signalling, e.g. according to a wireless communication standard like a 3GPP standard or IEEE standard (e.g., of WIFI or WLAN). Operating utilising communication signalling may comprise transmitting and / or receiving communication signalling. The radio circuitry and / or processing circuitry and / or antenna circuitry of a radio node may be adapted for handling communication signalling The radio node may be adapted for 300 full-duplex operation, and / or half-duplex operation. Full duplex may refer to transmitting and receiving at the same time, e.g. using the same or different circuitries, and / or using different antenna sub-arrays or separately operable antenna sub-arrays or antenna elements. The communication signalling may be beam-formed.

[0050] A DFT-s-OFDM based wave-form may be a wave-form constructed by performing a DFT- 305 spreading operation on modulation symbols mapped to a frequency interval (e.g., subcarriers), e.g. to provide a time- variable signal. A DFT-s-OFDM based wave-form may also be referred to a SC-FDM wave-form. It may be considered to provide good PAPR characteristics, allowing optimised operation of power amplifiers, in particular for high frequencies. In general, the approaches described herein may also be applicable to Single- 310

[0051] Carrier based wave-forms, e.g. FDE-based wave-forms. Communication, e.g. on data channel / s and / or control channel / s, may be based on, and / o utilise, a DFT-s-OFDM based wave-form, or a Single-Carrier based wave-form.

[0052] Communication may in particular on multiple communication links and / or beams and / or with multiple targets (e.g., TRPs or other forms of transmission sources also receiving) 315 and / or multiple layers at the same time; different reference signallings for multiple transmission or reception may be based on different sequence roots and / or combs and / or cyclic shifts. Thus, high throughput may be achieved, with low interference. In general, different reference signallings (e.g., of the same type) may be associated to different transmission sources and / or beams and / or layers, in particular if transmitted simultaneously and / or 320 overlapping in time (e.g., considering different timing advance values if transmitted in uplink). For example, there may be first reference signalling transmitted using a first

[0053] P111146WO01 9 / 81 transmission source and / or first beam and / or first layer, and second reference signalling transmitted using a first transmission source and / or first beam and / or first layer.

[0054] Paging may in general represent a procedure in which a wireless device known to, and / or 325 registered with, a network is in a quiet modus, e.g., with RRC connection and / or in idle mode, but data for the wireless device is available (e.g., due to an incoming call). The network then may send a paging message, which may indicate to the wireless device that it should connect to the network, e.g. go into RRC connection and / or to perform a random access procedure. Paging messages may be sent a specific paging occasions; the occasions 330 may be configured to wireless devices, such that for example not all wireless devices have to monitor all paging occasions.

[0055] There is also described a program product comprising instructions causing processing circuitry to control and / or perform a method as described herein. Moreover, a carrier medium arrangement carrying and / or storing a program product as described herein is 335 considered. An information system comprising, and / or connected or connectable, to a radio node is also disclosed.

[0056] Brief description of the drawings

[0057] The drawings are provided to illustrate concepts and approaches described herein, and are not intended to limit their scope. The drawings comprise: 340

[0058] Figure 1, showing an exemplary information element;

[0059] Figure 2, showing a flowchart of an exemplary method;

[0060] Figure 3, showing an exemplary radio node like a wireless device; and

[0061] Figure 4, showing an exemplary radio node like a network node.

[0062] Detailed description 345

[0063] Aspects of beam management were introduced in 3gpp Rel-15 for the 5th generation (5G) or new radio (NR) mobile network operating at frequency range two (FR2), i.e., above 24.250GHz, where multiple analog antenna beams are typically used for both transmitting and receiving at the network (NW) or gNB side as well as the user equipment (UE) side.

[0064] In the NR downlink (DL), from gNB to UE, the NW may perform beam sweeping in 350 a serving cell by periodically transmitting reference signals (RSs), each via a different

[0065] DL beam and / or beam direction. One such RS is SSB (Synchronization Signal (SS) and Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) block), SSBs with different indices are transmitted

[0066] P111146WO01 10 / 81 via different DL beams, also referred to as SSB beams. A UE monitors and latches to one of the SSB beams for initial access to the NW. 355

[0067] After initial access, the UE may be configured by the NW to measure and report Ll-RSRP (layer one reference signal received power) or Ll-SINR (layer one signal to interference plus noise ratio) for multiple SSB beams for beam maintenance purpose. The report can be periodic, semi-persistent, or aperiodic. The UE may be configured to report N best L1-RSRP / L1-SINR and the associated SSB indices. Based on the report, the NW can 360 decide whether it is better to switch to a new SSB beam for serving the UE / e.g., using it as signaling beam for communication signaling).

[0068] In addition to SSB beams, the NW may also be able to serve a UE with a set of narrower beams with higher antenna gains than the SSBs. For this purpose, the NW may configure and transmit a set of CSI-RS (channel state information reference signal) for the UE 365 to measure and report Ll-RSRP or Ll-SINR. Again, the report can be periodic, semi- persistent, or aperiodic. The UE may be requested to report N best L1-RSRP / L1-SINR and the associated CSLRS resource indices. Based on the report, the NW can decide whether it is better to switch to a CSLRS beam for serving the UE, or if the current serving beam is a CSLRS beam, whether to switch to a new CSLRS beam. In the 370 following, the general term DL RS may be used, which may refer to SSB and / or CSLRS or other RS, for example such as may be defined as new RS for 6G systems in addition to and / or replacing SSB and CSLRS.

[0069] CSI measurement configuration for beam management (BM) is considered. In 5G New

[0070] Radio (NR), to support beam management operation, a UE may be configured by the 375

[0071] NW with a Channel State Information (CSI) measurement configuration, e.g., IE (information element) CSI-MeasConfig received within an RRC Reconfiguration message (e.g., as defined in TS 38.331). That is configured per Serving Cell (within ServingCellConfig, e.g., of an SpCell), to associate a serving cell in which CSI reports are to be transmitted, e.g., Uplink (UL) channels of that serving cell. 380

[0072] For each type of CSI report the UE may transmit, the network (e.g., network node) may indicate an explicit list of CSI resources (also called CSI resource configuration(s)), comprising a list of RSs to be measured, such as CSLRSs sets (nzp-CSI-RS-ResourceSetList, IE SEQUENCE (SIZE (L.maxNrofNZP-CSLRS-ResourceSetsPerConfig)) OF NZP-CSL RS-ResourceSetld) and / or SSBs sets (csi-SSB-ResourceSetList, IE SEQUENCE (SIZE 385

[0073] (L.maxNrofCSI-SSB-ResourceSetsPerConfig)) OF CSI-SSB-ResourceSetld) for a given serving cell the UE is configured with, e.g., the SpCell of a cell group, or an SCell. Notice that the UE may measure CSI resources of a first serving cell and report in another serving cell.

[0074] P111146WO01 11 / 81 CSI resources to be measured (or resource set with one or more RSs, indicated by SSB 390 indexes and / or CSI-RS resource identifiers) are associated in the configuration to a CSI reporting configuration (CSI-ReportConfig), which configures an instance of a CSI report.

[0075] A CSI report from the UE assists the network to perform beam management operations, such as the activation (and / or deactivation) of a beam to transmit data and / or control channels to the UE (or a beam switching). In 5G NR terminology, the activation of a 395 beam may be referred as the activation of a Transmission Configuration Indication (TCI) state, which is associated to a Quasi-Co-Location (QCL) source, corresponding to a RS such as an SSB and / or CSI-RS, transmitted in a spatial direction (beam) correlated to the same spatial direction (beam) in which the network may transmit a control (e.g.,

[0076] PDCCH) and / or data channel (e.g., PDSCH). 400

[0077] The CSI reporting configuration is used to configure a periodic or semi-persistent report sent on PUCCH on the serving cell in which the CSI-ReportConfig is included, or to configure a semi-persistent or aperiodic report sent on PUSCH triggered by a CSI request Held in Downlink Control Indication (DCI) received on the cell in which the CSI- ReportConfig is included (in this case, the cell on which the report is sent is determined by the received 405

[0078] DCI).

[0079] Figure 1 shows an exemplary CSI-ReportConfig information element, e.g., in line with TS 38.331.

[0080] As shown above, the field reportConfigType within CSI-ReportConfig indicates to the

[0081] UE the UL channel to transmit the report and the time domain behavior for reporting 410 the CSI measurements, which may also be called beam reporting, as it may include measurements used for beam management and / or pertaining to one or more beams. The configuration indicates whether the report is periodic, aperiodic or semi-persistent, and associated configurations such as periodicity.

[0082] For aperiodic CSI reporting, a UE may also be configured with a list of aperiodic CSI 415 trigger states, each associated to one or more CSI report configurations. If multiple RS (NZP CSI-RS or SSB) resource sets are configured in a CSI resource configuration in an associated CSI report configuration, one set may be indicated for use and / or selected for the corresponding trigger state. An aperiodic CSI report may be triggered when the CSI request field in DCI indicating an aperiodic trigger state is associated to the corresponding 420 aperiodic CSI report configuration.

[0083] Data transmission over multiple transmission points (TRP) or panels may be considered, e.g., for UL and / or DL. Such transmission may utilise a plurality of beams, e.g., pointing from each TRP to the UE. A PDSCH may be transmitted to a UE from multiple TRPs.

[0084] P111146WO01 12 / 81 Since different TRPs may be located in different physical locations and have different 425 beams, the propagation channels can be different. To facilitate receiving PDSCH data from different TRPs or beams, a UE may be configured by RRC with multiple TCI states. A TCI state may contain QCL information between the DMRS for PDSCH and one or two DL RSs such as NZP CSI-RS or SSB. Different NZP CSI-RS or SSB may be associated with different TRPs or beams (NZP CSI-RS may refer to non-zeroed reference 430 signaling, e.g., with transmitted with a reference power level and / or non-muted). The QCL information can be used by a UE to apply (and / or assume the validity of) large scale channel properties associated with the DL RSs (NZP CSI-RS or SSB) to DMRS of PDSCH for channel estimation and PDSCH reception.

[0085] Supported QCL information types in NR comprise: 435

[0086] • QCL-TypeA: {Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, delay spread}

[0087] • QCL-TypeB: {Doppler shift, Doppler spread}

[0088] • QCL-TypeC: {Doppler shift, average delay}

[0089] • QCL-TypeD: {Spatial Rx parameter}

[0090] A UE may assume the parameters according to the type indicated to be the same for a 440 source / s and / or beam / s considered to be QCL and / or having associated the same TCI state.

[0091] A subset of the RRC configured TCI states may be activated by MAC CE for PDSCH. From the activated TCI states, one or two of them may be dynamically selected and indicated in the DCI scheduling a PDSCH depending on over which TRP(s) or beam(s) 445 the PDSCH is transmitted. Each codepoint of the TCI field in DCI can indicate either 1 TCI state or two TCI states. A TCI field codepoint indicating 1 TCI state can be used to transmit PDSCH from a single TRP or single beam. If a TCI field codepoint indicates 2 TCI states, then PDSCH can be transmitted from two TRPs or two beams. Note that in

[0092] 6G this concept may be extended to the cases with more than two TRPs or two beams. 450

[0093] In general, one or more beams and / or TCI states and / or TRPs may be indicated; the beams may be transmission beams and / or reception beams and / or refer to beam pairs.

[0094] UE-initiated / event-driven beam management and / or beam reporting may be considered. In legacy approaches, the CSI / beam reporting is always NW-initiated. The NW explicitly requests a certain report from the UE, by including a pointer to a certain CSI- 455

[0095] ReportConfig in DCI. UE initiated beam reporting may be considered to reduce beam reporting overhead and / or latency. This would imply that it is the UE that initiates

[0096] P111146WO01 13 / 81 the reporting, e.g., without the network being aware of a specific triggering event and / or without the network using signaling to trigger specific reporting. Such UE-initiated processes may be expected to become more important moving towards 6G, e.g., to alliviate 460 downling control signling overhead.

[0097] NW-initiation in general may indicate and / or refer to and / or be defined as the NW (e.g., network node) having an expectation when and / or where to receive a report, e.g., on which time and / or frequency resources specifically (e.g., specific time interval like slot or subslot or subframe or similar, and / or specific resource, e.g., within such a time 465 interval, and / or on which frequency resources), e.g., assuming correct transmission. For UE initiation and / or event-driven approaches, a network node may be considered to not have full knowledge whether a report is to be received or not at which resources (it may know which resources to monitor for a report, but may not know whether the UE actually transmits a report or not, as it may lack knowledge of fulfillment of triggering conditions 470 triggering transmission of the report).

[0098] UE initiated beam reporting may reduce latency and / or signaling overhead. Herein are proposed approaches which may help managing a risk for the so-called ping-pong effect which may affect the feasibility / usefulness of UE initiated reports.

[0099] In general, UE initiated beam reports may be based on comparing the measurements of a 475 current beam with the ones obtained from a set of candidate beams, where the UE may continuously check if one or more of candidate beam / s become better than the current serving beam, wherein the reports pertain may pertain to the same carrier. In this case, the RSRP measurements may fluctuate a lot due to, e.g., fast fading, frequency-selective fading, measurement errors, etc., especially for SSBs, which may cover a small frequency 480 band compared to CSI-RS. This may result in multiple and frequent beam reports with high signaling overhead, which may not be extremely useful, because there is high risk that the TCI state must be reverted more or less immediately, which may lead to a ping-pongeffect of beam reporting and / or beam switching.

[0100] Approaches for UE initiated cross-carrier beam measurement and report are proposed, 485 which may for example alleviate and / or avoid such a ping-pongeffect. UE initiated beam reporting across carriers for intra-band carrier aggregations may be considered; the UE may be configured by the NW, e.g., via RRC signaling, indicating that a UE uses DL-RSs associated with multiple different serving carriers (e.g. associated to one or more serving cells) to compare the performance of the current serving beam with a set of candidate 490 beams. Correspondingly, the UE may evaluate an average performance, e.g., RSRP, SINR, etc. of the current and candidate beams over multiple carriers, which may reduce the RSRP, SINR, etc. fluctuations and, thereby, the ping-pong effect. In one option,

[0101] P111146WO01 14 / 81 the UE may trigger a CSI report based on a comparison of a quality of a DL-RS of a first serving cell the UE is configured with (e.g. SS-RSRP and / or LI RSPR of an SSB 495 of a first SCell), with a quality of a DL-RS of a second serving cell the UE is configured with (e.g. SS-RSRP and / or LI RSPR of an SSB of a second SCell, or of the PCell). A comparison or evvaluation may be performed per cell group, e.g., a comparison of serving cell of the Master Cell Group (MCG) or comparison of serving cell of the Secondary Cell

[0102] Group (SCG). 500

[0103] After the UE transmits the report, the UE may receive from the network one or more (e.g., lower layer) signaling indications (e.g. MAC control element (s)) for activating a first carrier and / or deactivating a second carrier), wherein the UE may have transmitted a CSI report upon fulfillment of the condition in which a DL-RS of the first carrier became an offset (or threshold) better than a DL-RS of the second carrier (e.g., in terms of signal 505 quality and / or signal strength).

[0104] In one option, the DL-RS of the second carrier may be associated to a TCI state (e.g. configured as QCL source) which is deactivated (e.g., from the point of view of the UE), and the DL-RS of the first carrier may be associated to a TCI state (e.g. configured as QCL source) which is activated. In other words, the UE transmits the UE-initiated beam 510 report when the DL-RS associated to a deactivated TCI state of a serving carrier becomes an offset (or threshold or ratio, and / or fulfills a trigger condition) better than the DL-RS associated to an activated TCI state of another serving carrier. That may provide insight to the network to switch beams, e.g., of one serving carrier (or carrier set) to another, and / or to deactivate a TCI state of a carrier (or carrier set), to instead activate a TCI 515 state of another carrier (or carrier set).

[0105] In general, a set of carriers or carrier set may comprise one or more carriers, which may be part of, and / or represent, a carrier aggregation. A carrier set may pertain to a specific beam and / or TCI state, e.g., such that operations like measurements, and / or activation (e.g., of a beam and / or TCI state and / or QCL) or deactivation (e.g., of a beam and / or 520

[0106] TCI state and / or QCL) performed one a carrier set pertain to the same beam (different operations for a carrier set may pertain to different beams, e.g., to allow comparison between beams for the same set of carriers. The carriers of a set may be on, and / or be part of, the same frequency band, e.g., as defined by regulations. Thus, some similarity in behaviour and / or processing may be utilisable and / or assumable. To each carrier, there 525 may be associated a cell; different cells may be associated to different carriers.

[0107] Generally, there may be considered a method of operating a wireless device or UE, which may comprise any of the featurs associated to a method of operating a wireless device disclosed herein; in general, a wireless device adapted to perform any one or more of

[0108] P111146WO01 15 / 81 the features of a method of operating a wireless device or UE is disclosed. The method 530 may comprise performing, and / or be a method to perform, WD or UE-initiated beam reporting (beam reporting may be considered to represent transmission of a measurement report, e.g., of a beam measurement report). The method may comprise one or more of the following, e.g., in addition or alternative to other features of the method discusses herein. The method may comprise receiving, from a NW or network node, a beam report 535 configuration (which may be a UE initiation beam report configuration), which may include at least one event or trigger configuration, wherein the beam report conhguation and / or event or trigger configuration may indicate one or more trigger condition(s) based on beam measurements on a set of carriers. Alternatively or additionally, the method may comprise performing beam measurements on two or more DL RSs and / or beams, 540 and / or evaluating the fulfillment of the one or more trigger condition(s) associated to the measurements and / or according to the beam report configuration and / or the event or trigger configuration, which may pertain to a set of carriers, e.g., each to the same set. Alternatively, or additionally, the method may comprise transmitting a report, e.g., a measurement report, for example, to the NW, based on and / or upon fulfillment of the 545 trigger conditions. The report may include information representing, and / or based on, and / or indicative of, and / or associated with, measurement on the set of carriers, and / or pertaining to the one or more beams, and / or indicating one or more of the beams / s and / or DL-RS and / or associated parameters (e.g., TCI), and / or indicating fulfillment and / or level of fulfillment of the trigger condition / s and / or indicating a comparison of 550 beams, e.g., based on signal quality and / or strength and / or measurement results.

[0109] Additionally, or alternatively, there may be considered a method of operating a wireless device or UE, wherein the method may comprise transmitting a capability report, e.g., to the network, In general, the capability report may indicate one or more of support for UE or WD initiated beam report, and / or support for scheduling request (SR)-triggered 555 beam report, and / or support for UE initiated cross carrier beam report, and / or multicarrier processing capabilities, and / or a maximum number of supported carriers and / or supported carrier combinations, and / or support of UE initiated beam report, e.g., across and / or pertaining to a set of carrier, in particular for for intra-band carrier aggregation, and / or support of WD or UE initiated beam report, e.g., across and / or pertaining to a 560 set of carriers, e.g., for inter-band carrier aggregation (same analog beams may be used across bands, e.g., in FR2), and / or supported bands for inter-band carrier aggregation.

[0110] A capability report may be transmitted, e.g., to the network, e.g., utilising higher layer signaling like RRC layer signaling and / or MAC layer signaling, or physical layer signaling like UCI, etc. 565

[0111] P111146WO01 16 / 81 It may be considered that the beam report configuration like a UE initiation beam report configuration may be received via an RRC message, e.g., in a CSI reporting configuration (the beam report configuration and / or CSI reporting configuration may be configured and / or transmitted by the network or a network node).

[0112] The (e.g., beam) report configuration may be an extension of an existing NR beam report 570 configuration by introducing a new report type indicating the UE-initiated cross carrier beam reporting denoted as, e.g., “UEInitiatedCrossCarrierBeamReporting”.

[0113] The two or more DL RSs may include one or more of the following: current DL RS(s), which may refer to DL-RS transmitted on a beam, and / or by a source or transmitter, and / or according to a TCI state and / or QCL assumption which is activated and / or con- 575 figured and / or used for communication and / or communication signaling, e.g., for transmission of data signaling like PDSCH in the downlink; and / or a set of candidate DL RSs, which may pertain to DL RS transmitted on a beam, and / or by a source and / or transmitter, and / or a TCI state and / or QCL assumption, which is not activated and / or not configured and / or not used for communication and / or communication signaling (in 580 particular, transmission of data signaling and / or PDSCH) pertaining to the specific wireless device or UE. The two or more DL-RS may be transmitted on and / or carried on the same set of carriers and / or the same carriers of the set. A DL-RS may comprise one or more occurrences and / or transmissions (e.g., in one or more symbols or allocation units, and / or distribute over one or more different and / or non-consecutive time intervals, e.g., 585 different slots and / or subslots; between each occurrences, there may be a gap interval in time domain (which may be longer in duration than the transmission duration at one occasion). A DL-RS, or transmission of DL-RS at an occasion, may represent and / or be based on one or more sequences, e.g., utilising symbols based on the sequence / s. Different

[0114] DL-RS may utilise different and / or shifted sequences (e.g., such that RS associated to 590 and / or transmitted by different sources and / or transmitters and / or TCI states and / or TRPs may be different and / or shifted). In general, one of the two or more DL RSs may correspond to a first set of reference signals, the other / s of the two or more DL RSs may correspond to the second set of reference signals. The two or more DL RSs may pertain to different contexts (one of the RS to one context, the other / s to one or more different 595 contexts).

[0115] Examples of DL RSs may comprise and / or be (of type) SSBs, CSLRSs, new DL RSs, e.g., defined in 6G, etc. Different DL RS may be of the same or different types.

[0116] Current DL RS(s) may in general be associated with, and / or transmitted with or on or utilising the beam currently serving the UE; and / or may be indicated by, and / or 600 associated to, a Transmission Configuration Indicator (TCI) state, A TCI state may be

[0117] P111146WO01 17 / 81 considered an example of a beam forming state, e.g., indicate one or more parameters indicating a beam or beam pair, and / or the identity of a beam or beam pair, and / or QCL parameterisation, e.g., one or more QCL properties, which may be usable by a radio node like a WD or UE to receive the beam and / or associated received signaling to the beam or 605 other signaling provided with the same beam. QCL properties may in general be indicated and / or configured, e.g., to a WD or UE, with higher layer signaling, in particular RRC signaling.

[0118] It may be considered that the current DL RS(s) may correspond to a DL RS configured as QCL source of an activated TCI state. 610

[0119] The candidate beam(s) may correspond to candidate DL RS(s). A candidate beam may correspond to a beam and / or source and / or transmitter and / or TCI state and / or QCL property set that may be potentially serving, and / or is not yet serving currently, but receivable and / or measurable.

[0120] It may be considered that one (analog) beam is used by the NW to send the DL RSs in 615 all considered carriers (set of carriers) simultaneously.

[0121] The one or more trigger conditions may be based on, and / or refer to DL RSs transmitted on two or more carriers, e.g., of the set of carriers.

[0122] The event configuration may including and / or be based on and / or represent and / or indicate one or more of 620

[0123] • one or more trigger conditions indicated by, e.g., event IDs, and / or

[0124] • one or more thresholds, offsets, trigger quantity, reporting quantity, etc. associated with different trigger conditions / events, and / or

[0125] • a metric to be considered for evaluation of the fulfilment of the trigger condition(s), and / or 625

[0126] • an indication whether the trigger condition is per carrier or per a plurality of carriers or set of carriers, and / or

[0127] • an indication of the carrier IDs and / or the (minimum) number of carriers associated with each trigger condition, and / or

[0128] • an indication of the method to perform beam measurement on the considered set 630 of carriers (doing averaging, etc.), and / or

[0129] • an indication about the (minimum) period of time the metric should be monitored on different carriers for the evaluation of the fulfilment of the trigger condition.

[0130] P111146WO01 18 / 81 Alternatively, and / or additionally, the event configuration m ay d epend o n, a nd / or be based on, and / or indicate one or more of the frequency band (e.g., FR2, sub-THz, . . . ) 635 it pertains to (e.g., where the set of carriers are located and / or to which the set is associated); and / or the total bandwidth (e.g., of the set of carriers, e.g., to sum of all carrier bandwidths, or the range from lowest frequency and highest frequency of a carrier of the set of carriers and / or covered by the set; and / or the total number of available carriers

[0131] (e.g., of the set); and / or the considered type of DL RS (SSB, CSI-RS, new DL RS consid- 640 ered in 6G. . . ); and / or the frequency range or band (bandwidth covered by the DLRS) of the considered type of DL RS (e.g., in SSBs it is much smaller than CSLRS); and / or the UE’s multi-carrier processing capabilities, e.g., as indicated with capability information.

[0132] A metric may in general be the metric based on which fulfillment o f a c ondition may be determined, e.g., by comparison and / or determining a ratio between values of the 645 metric (the different v alues m ay p ertain t o d iff erent DL -RS, an d / or di fferent sources and / or beams and / or TRPs and / or TCI states and / or QCL properties). The metric may comprise or represent one or more metrics, and / or may pertain to signal strength and / or signal quality (e.g., of received DL-RS).

[0133] A metric may for example comprise, and / or be, one or more of RSRP, and / or RSRQ, 650 and / or SINR, and / or SIR, and / or SNR, or similar.

[0134] The trigger condition may be defined p er c arrier a nd / or b y c onsidering a p lurality of carriers and / or the set of carriers.

[0135] A trigger condition or event (fulfillment of condition) may comprise, and / or p ertain to, and / or represent one or more of: an average signal quality or signal strength, e.g. average 655

[0136] RSRP, and / or average SINR, average RSRQ, etc. of new beam(s) measured on the configured set of carriers is a treshold larger or better or reaches a thresold ratio relative the current beam, e.g., is X dB larger than the average RSRP, average SINR, average RSRQ, etc. of the current beam measured on those carriers, where X may be configured o r configurable by the NW or network node; and / or an average signal quality or signal strength, 660 e.g. the average RSRP, average SINR, average RSRQ, etc. of the current beam measured on the set of carriers being below a threshold (which may be configured or configurable, e.g., by the NW); and / or a difference between the RSRPs, SINRs, RSRQs, e tc. of current beam measured across two or more configured c arriers b eing a bove a t hreshold (which may be configured o r c onfigurable, e. g., by th e NW ); an d / or a BL ER calculation for a 665 hypothetical PDCCH based on the measurements on a current beam measured across the configured s et o f c arriers i s b elow a t hreshold ( which m ay b e c onhgured or configurable, e.g., by the NW); and / or a BLER calculation for a hypothetical PDCCH based on the measurements on a candidate beam measured across the configured set of carriers is less

[0137] P111146WO01 19 / 81 than the BLER calculation for a hypothetical PDCCH based on the measurements on 670 the current beam measured across the configured carriers by a threshold (which may be configured or configurable, e.g., by the NW).

[0138] In general, an evaluation, e.g., averaging, or determining difference or ratio, or comparing, may pertain to the set of carrier for a context like a DL-RS and / or source and / or beam and / or TCI state and / or QCL properties. For example, an average may be taken over the 675 carriers of the set of carriers (at least carriers carrying DL-RS). The carriers may be the same carriers for different contexts. An average may be a weighted average, with different weights associated to different carriers, e.g., to allow accomodating different types of cells and / or access and / or usage rate.

[0139] Instead of a threshold difference or size, a raio threshold may be utilised. A threshold may 680 be configured or configurable by a network node or the network. For different conditions, and / or different metrics, different thresholds may be configured or configurable.

[0140] In general, a report (like a measurement report) may be transmitted to the NW upon, and / or based upon, the fulfillment of the one or more trigger condition(s) and / or one or more events. The report may generally indicate explicitly or implicitly that one or 685 more trigger conditions have been fulfilled, and / or which condition / s have been fulfilled, and / or by how much and / or with which margin and / or ratio and / or value.

[0141] The UE or WD may receive an indication from the NW, e.g., via DCI, to start evaluating the fulfilment of trigger condition (s) associated to a given reporting configuration previously received via, e.g., RRC. 690

[0142] It may be considered that the (measurement) report may be transmited to the NW directly after one or more trigger conditions have been triggered / fulhlled.

[0143] The UL resources to be used for reporting / transmitting the report) may be configured or configurable to the WD or UE, e.g., with the beam report configuration; the resources may be configured or indicated before evaluating the condition / s and / or before performing 695 measurements.

[0144] It may be considered that if one or more trigger condition is fulfilled, the UE may transmit an indication to the network indicating that it needs to do a lower layer measurement report. This indication may request resources for transmission of the measurement report.

[0145] For example, the indication may comprise and / or represent transmitting a Scheduling 700

[0146] Request (SR), e.g., configured via a Scheduling Request configuration for a Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), or transmitting a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH), e.g. a preamble.

[0147] P111146WO01 20 / 81 The UE may receive an indication from the NW to send the report, and / or indicating resources for transmitting / sending the report, e.g., a DCI. For example, the indication 705 may include information about the UL resources to be used for reporting.

[0148] The UE may report the measurement (s), and / or the measurement report may indicate measurements and / or measurement results and / or one or more preferred beam / s and / or one or more values indicating one or more conditions and / or associated values and / or thresholds. 710

[0149] It may be considered, that the UE may receive a beam switch indication from the NW to switch to the new beam. The beam switch indication may be transmitted, e.g., by a network node, utilising control signaling, or data signaling. The beam switch indication may be transmitted based on, and / or in response to, receiving the measurement report, and / or the beam switch indication may be based on the measurement report. In general, 715 the UE may switch to a new beam and / or TCI state and / or QCL properties (e.g., for reception, and optionally for transmission using a complementary beam), e.g., based on a beam switch indication, e.g., as received.

[0150] Switching to a new beam may comprise the deactivation of a first TCI state and the activation of a second TCI state, wherein the second TCI state may be associated to the 720 new beam.

[0151] The UE beam switch may be performed in the same way for a set of carriers (where the set of carriers e.g. is the set of carriers associated with the previously conhgured / triggered / reported UE initiated beam report).

[0152] The UE may retransmit the measurement report (e.g., after a first transmission), e.g., 725 periodically as long as the trigger condition(s) are fulfilled; and / or after a configured period of time; and / or until it receives indication from the NW to switch to a new beam.

[0153] Retransmission herein may refer to transmission of a different, e.g., updated and / or newly determined report, and / or a report with different information and / or payload, and / or based on different measurements. Thus, the time domain behaviour may be tracked. In 730 some cases, retransmission may pertain to resending the same information content, e.g., with the report was not successfully received by the NW.

[0154] In general, the measurement report may be carried in uplink control information (UCI) or MAC CE (or another MAC message in 6G), or in RRC signaling.

[0155] It may be considered that the (measurement) report may include one or more of: an 735 identifier of the DL RS(s) in which one or more of the trigger conditions have been fulfilled, and / or an indicated DL-RS associated with one carrier, which may indicate multiple

[0156] P111146WO01 21 / 81 associated DL-RSs over a set of carriers (e.g., by indicating SSB1 configured in CC1, the report may implicitly indicate, e.g., SSB1 configured in CC2, and / or SSB1 configured in CC3, and / or SSB1 configured in CC4); and / or an indication and / or identifier of the 740 occurred event / and / or condition / s fulfilled; and / or an indication and / or identifier of the carriers which have been considered for measurement and / or on which the trigger condition has been fulfilled; and / or absolute or relative values of RSRP, SINR, RSRQ, etc. of the candidate beam(s) measured in the configured set of carriers, in which the trigger condition has been fulfilled, and / or indication thereof; and / or values of the RSRP, 745

[0157] SINR, RSRQ, etc. of the current beam measured in the configured set of carriers, and / or indication thereof; and / or absolute or the relative average value of RSRP, SINR, RSRQ, etc. of the candidate beam averaged over the configured set of carriers, in which the trigger condition has been fulfilled, and / or indication thereof; and / or average RSRP,

[0158] SINR, RSRQ, etc. of the current beam averaged over the configured carriers, and / or 750 indication thereof.

[0159] A relative value may be with reference to the RSRP, SINR, RSRQ, etc. of the current beam (e.g., averaged over configured set of carriers or for a specific carrier).

[0160] The DL RSs may be of the same type (e.g., the same RS) in each carrier of the set, e.g. for the same context, or for different contexts. Alternatively, the DL RSs may be of different 755 type (e.g., two or more different RSs) for each carrier, e.g., within a set of carrier for one context, and / or for different contexts. Thresholds, offsets, trigger quantity, reporting quantity, etc. associated with different trigger conditions / events and the metric to be considered for evaluation of the fulfilment of the trigger condition(s) may accomodate the difference in type of DL RSs to be measured in each carrier. 760

[0161] With the proposed scheme, the RSRP measurements for beam management may be more reliable / stable and less impacted by fast fading, frequency selective fading, measurement errors, etc, as, for example, a larger part of the frequency band may be used for measurement with a set of carriers comprising multiple carriers, which typically provides for more reliable measurements. Particularly, beam selection becomes more reliable and, thereby, 765 the ping-pong effect may be avoided or ameliorated, such that a gNB may change the beams with low frequency even in highly volatile situations. This also may result in less signaling overhead in UE initiated beam reports. UE power consumption may be lowered, as comparatively few UE initiated beam measurement report would be transmitted, compared to the cases with multiple ping-pong like beam reports. 770

[0162] A beam report may be referred to as “UE initiated cross carrier beam report” , or beam measurement report, or report, or UE initiated (measurement) report, or UE initated beam (measurement) report. Any kind of WD or UE initiated beam report that take the

[0163] P111146WO01 22 / 81 performance over multiple carriers into account may be considered as an example of such a report. The terms report settingor report configuration may be considered interchange- 775 ably. Report setting / report configuration may generally refer to a configuration that may indicate measurement parameters and / or report parameters, e.g., CSI reporting informa- tion / conhguration, to the UE. A TRP or source or transmitter may be represented by any one of NZP CSI-RS resource set -,- NZP CSI-RS resource-, ■ TRS resource set-,- TRS resource-, ■ or in general downlink reference signal (DL-RS), respectively associated parametrisation, 780 e.g., TCI state and / or beam parameter / s and / or QCL properties and / or identiher / s. The terms current beamand serving beam may be used interchangeably. Also, the terms hew beam and candidate beam may be used interchangeably.

[0164] UE initiated beam report may be based on comparisons (evaluations) between the current beam and a set of candidate beams, which may comprise one or more beams; each beam 785 may be represented by a DL-RS.

[0165] Figure 2 shows a flowchart of a proposed scheme from the UE perspective. A dashed-line box shows an optional action.

[0166] In an optional action (A90) of Figure 2, the UE may transmit a capability report to the network. Here, the capability report may include information about one or more of sup- 790 port for UE initiated beam report; and / or support for scheduling request (SR)-triggered beam report (this may refer to the UE requesting resources for the report utilising a SR, the triggering may refer to a triggered report needing to request resources instead of determining that a report should be sent); and / or support for UE initiated cross carrier beam report; and / or multi-carrier processing capabilities; and / or the maximum number 795 of supported carriers; and / or support of UE initiated beam report across a set of carriers for intra-band carrier aggregation; and / or support of UE initiated beam report across a set of carriers for inter-band carrier aggregation (same analog beams may sometimes used across bands in FR2). Also, the capability report may include information about the supported bands for inter-band carrier aggregation. In one variant, the capability report 800 may be transmitted to the network via RRC, MAC-CE, UCI, etc. In another variant the network or network node may receive the UE capability report from 0AM, other nodes, etc.

[0167] In an action (A100) of Figure 2, the UE may receive from a NW a UE initiated beam report configuration, which may include at least one event configuration indicating one 805 or more trigger condition(s) based on beam measurements on a set of carriers. The UE initiated beam report configuration may be received via an RRC message, e.g., in a CSI reporting configuration; it may be based on and / or consider capability information. The report configuration may be an extension of the existing NR beam report configuration

[0168] P111146WO01 23 / 81 by introducing a new report type indicating the UE-initiated cross carrier beam reporting 810 denoted as, e.g., “UEInitiatedCrossCarrierBeamReporting” . A report may be configured to be determined based on, and / or may be based on two or more DL RS and / or contexts, to which the one or more trigger conditions may pertain.

[0169] The two or more DL RSs may include current DL RS(s) and a set of candidate DL RSs.

[0170] Here, the DL RSs are SSBs, CSLRSs, new DL RSs defined in 6G, etc. The current DL 815

[0171] RS(s) may be associated with a beam currently serving the UE and being indicated by a

[0172] TCI state. Also, the current DL RS(s) may corresponds to a DL RS configured as QCL source of an activated TCI state. The candidate beam(s) may correspond to candidate DL RS(s), which may be used for a comparison with the current beam (evaluation). In one variant, one (analog) beam may used by the NW to send the DL RSs in all considered 820 carriers simultaneously (e.g., in the same context). The one or more trigger conditions may be based on DL RSs transmitted on two or more carriers. The event configuration may include information about one or more of one or more trigger conditions indicated by, e.g., event IDs; and / or thresholds, offsets, trigger quantity, reporting quantity, etc. associated with different trigger conditions / events; and / or the metric to be considered for evaluation 825 of the fulfilment of the trigger condition(s); and / or an indication whether the trigger condition is per carrier or per a plurality of carriers; and / or an indication of the carrier IDs and / or the (minimum) number of carriers associated with each trigger condition; and / or an indication of the method to perform beam measurement on the considered set of carriers (doing averaging, etc.); and / or an indication about the (minimum) period 830 of time the metric should be monitored on different carriers for the evaluation of the fulfilment of the trigger condition. The event configuration may depend on one or more of the frequency band (e.g., FR2, sub-THz, . . . ); and / or the total bandwidth; and / or the total number of available carriers; and / or the considered type of DL RS (SSB, CSLRS, new DL RS considered in 6G. . . ); and / or the frequency band of the considered type of 835

[0173] DL RS (e.g., in SSBs it is much smaller than CSLRS); and / or the UE’s multi-carrier processing capabilities, e.g., as reported in (A90). The metric may comprise one or more of RSRP, RSRP, SINR, SIR, SNR, etc. The trigger condition / s may be defined per carrier and / or by considering a plurality of carriers, e.g., set of carrier with more than one carrier. For example, the offset (e.g., X dB with respect to the metric of the current 840 beam) associated to each event can be configured with different values with respect to the configured bandwidth. An event / condition may be defined as one or more of the average

[0174] RSRP, average SINR, average RSRQ, etc. of new beam(s) measured on the configured set of carriers is X dB larger than the average RSRP, average SINR, average RSRQ, etc. of the current beam measured on those carriers, where X is configured by the NW; and / or 845 the average RSRP, average SINR, average RSRQ, etc. of the current beam measured

[0175] P111146WO01 24 / 81 on the configured set of carriers is below a threshold configured by the NW; and / or the difference between the RSRPs, SINRs, RSRQs, etc. of current beam measured across two or more configured carriers is above a threshold configured by the NW; and / or the BLER calculation for a hypothetical PDCCH based on the measurements on a current beam 850 measured across the configured set of carriers is below a threshold configured by the NW; and / or the BLER calculation for a hypothetical PDCCH based on the measurements on a candidate beam measured across the configured set of carriers is less than the BLER calculation for a hypothetical PDCCH based on the measurements on the current beam measured across the configured carriers by a threshold configured by the NW. 855

[0176] In one variant, the UE may be be configured with multiple events of the same event type, but with different X dB values. For example, a first Type A event may be associated to wide beams, and a second Type A event may be associated to narrow beams.

[0177] In an action (Al 10) of Figure 2, the UE may perform beam measurements on two or more

[0178] DL RSs and evaluate the fulfillment of the one or more trigger condition(s) associated 860 to the measurements on the set of carriers. The UE may receive an indication from the NW, e.g., via DCI, to start evaluating the fulfilment of trigger condition(s) associated to a given reporting configuration previously received via, e.g., RRC. The UE may perform beam evaluation using filtered RS measurement over time and / or frequencies. In one example, the comparison between of SSB1 and SSB2 may be based on averaged metric 865 over all configured carriers / cells. Similarly, the comparison between CSLRS resource 1 and CSLRS resource 2 may be based on averaged metric over configured carriers / cells. In one example, the DL RSs may be of the same type in each carrier. The UE may measure the same type of DL RSs in two or more carriers for the UE initiated cross-carrier beam measurements and reporting. The or some DL RSs may not be of the same type (e.g., 870 two or more different RSs) in the set of carriers. Here, the UE may measure different DL RSs in two or more carriers for the UE initiated cross-carrier beam measurements and reporting. The thresholds, offsets, trigger quantity, reporting quantity, etc. associated with different trigger conditions / events and the metric to be considered for evaluation of the fulfilment of the trigger condition(s) is adapted to the difference in type of DL RSs 875 to be measured in each carrier. The adaption may be based on the relative difference in transmit power of the DL RSs, radio resource allocation used (e.g., time allocation, frequency allocation) and periodicities of the transmission of the DL RSs in the set of carriers.

[0179] In an action (A120) of Figure 2, the UE transmits a report to the NW about the evaluation 880 of action (Al 10), where the report includes information associated with the measurements on the set of carriers. Here, the report is transmitted to the NW upon the fulfillment of

[0180] P111146WO01 25 / 81 the one or more trigger condition(s). Also, the report may indicate explicitly or implicitly that one or more trigger conditions have been fulfilled. Once a trigger condition is fulfilled either the UE can transmit the report directly or request for resources to transmit the 885 report. Particularly, in one alternative, the UE transmits the report directly to the NW after one or more trigger conditions have been fulfilled. Here, the UL resources to be used for reporting have been already be granted in advance, e.g., pre- configured according to higher layer in (A100). In another alternative, if one or more trigger condition is fulfilled, the UE transmits an indication to the network indicating that it needs to do 890 a lower layer measurement report. Here, the indication may comprise transmitting a scheduling request (SR) configured via a scheduling request configuration for a PUCCH and / or transmitting a PRACH. Then, the UE may receive an indication from the NW to send the report, where the indication includes information about the UL resources to be used for reporting and the UE uses the granted resources to send the report. The 895 measurement report may be carried in UCI or MAC CE (or another MAC message in 6G). In one variant, the UE transmits the report in a carrier which is pre- configured or indicated by the NW. Alternatively, it is up to UE to select the carrier to transmit the report, for example based on the quality of the carrier / cell (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ). The UE may also transmit the report scheduling request in the carrier selected by UE. The UE 900 may transmit the report scheduling request in the carrier pre-conhgured / indicated by the NW, but the measurement report in the carrier selected by the UE. Once the report is transmitted to the network, the UE may retransmit the measurement report periodically as long as the trigger condition(s) are fulfilled. Alternatively, it may retransmit the report after a configured period of time or until it receives indication from the NW to switch to 905 a new beam.

[0181] The report may include one or more of the following information: an identifier of the DL RS(s) in which one or more of the trigger conditions have been fulfilled; and / or identifier of the occurred events and / or fuliflled conditions; and / or an identifier of the carriers which have been considered for measurement and / or on which the trigger condition has 910 been fulfilled; and / or the absolute or the relative values of RSRP, SINR, RSRQ, etc. of the candidate beam(s) measured in the configured set of carriers, in which the trigger condition / s has been fulfilled; and / or the values of the RSRP, SINR, RSRQ, etc. of the current beam measured in the configured set of carriers; and / or the absolute or the relative average value of RSRP, SINR, RSRQ, etc. of the candidate beam averaged over 915 the configured set of carriers, in which the trigger condition / s has been fulfilled; and / or the average RSRP, SINR, RSRQ, etc. of the current beam averaged over the configured carriers.

[0182] An indicated DL-RS associated with one carrier might indicate multiple associated DL-

[0183] P111146SE01 26 / 81 RSs over a set of carriers (i.e. , by indicating SSB1 configured in CC1, the report implicitly 920 indicates, e.g., SSB1 configured in CC2, SSB1 configured in CC3, and SSB1 configured in CC4). Also, the relative value may be with reference to the RSRP, SINR, RSRQ, etc. of the current beam (averaged over configured set of carriers or for a specific carrier).

[0184] Upon transmission of the report, the UE may receive a beam switch indication from the NW to switch to the new beam. Here, switching to a new beam may comprise the 925 deactivation of a first TCI state and the activation of a second TCI state, wherein the second TCI state is associated to the new beam. Also, the UE beam switch may be performed in the same way for a set of carriers (where the set of carriers, e.g., is the set of carriers associated with the previously conhgured / triggered / reported UE initiated beam report). 930

[0185] In this way, the proposed scheme enables UE initiated cross-carrier beam management and report where the beam measurements become more reliable / stable and less impacted by, e.g., fast fading, frequency selective fading, measurement errors. Particularly, the ping-pong effect is avoided and the signaling overhead and UE’s power consumption are reduced. 935

[0186] Figure 3 schematically shows a radio node, in particular a wireless device or terminal 10 or a UE (User Equipment). Radio node 10 comprises processing circuitry (which may also be referred to as control circuitry) 20, which may comprise a controller connected to a memory. Any module of the radio node 10, e.g. a communicating module or determining module, may be implemented in and / or executable by, the processing circuitry 20, in 940 particular as module in the controller. Radio node 10 also comprises radio circuitry 22 providing receiving and transmitting or transceiving functionality (e.g., one or more transmitters and / or receivers and / or transceivers), the radio circuitry 22 being connected or connectable to the processing circuitry. An antenna circuitry 24 of the radio node 10 is connected or connectable to the radio circuitry 22 to collect or send and / or amplify 945 signals. Radio circuitry 22 and the processing circuitry 20 controlling it are configured for cellular communication with a network, e.g. a RAN as described herein, and / or for sidelink communication (which may be within coverage of the cellular network, or out of coverage; and / or may be considered non-cellular communication and / or be associated to a non-cellular wireless communication network). Radio node 10 may generally be 950 adapted to carry out any of the methods of operating a radio node like terminal or UE disclosed herein; in particular, it may comprise corresponding circuitry, e.g. processing circuitry, and / or modules, e.g. software modules. It may be considered that the radio node 10 comprises, and / or is connected or connectable, to a power supply. A DFE may be considered part of radio circuitry; an analog frontend may be associated to radio circuitry 955

[0187] P111146WO01 27 / 81 and / or antenna circuitry.

[0188] Figure 4 schematically shows a radio node 100, which may in particular be implemented as a network node 100, for example an eNB or gNB or similar for NR. Radio node 100 comprises processing circuitry (which may also be referred to as control circuitry) 120, which may comprise a controller connected to a memory. Any module, e.g. transmitting 960 module and / or receiving module and / or configuring module of the node 100 may be implemented in and / or executable by the processing circuitry 120. The processing circuitry 120 is connected to control radio circuitry 122 of the node 100, which provides receiver and transmitter and / or transceiver functionality (e.g., comprising one or more transmitters and / or receivers and / or transceivers). An antenna circuitry 124 may be connected or con- 965 nectable to radio circuitry 122 for signal reception or transmittance and / or amplification.

[0189] Node 100 may be adapted to carry out any of the methods for operating a radio node or network node disclosed herein; in particular, it may comprise corresponding circuitry, e.g. processing circuitry, and / or modules. The antenna circuitry 124 may be connected to and / or comprise an antenna array. The node 100, respectively its circuitry, may be 970 adapted to perform any of the methods of operating a network node or a radio node as described herein; in particular, it may comprise corresponding circuitry, e.g. processing circuitry, and / or modules. The radio node 100 may generally comprise communication circuitry, e.g. for communication with another network node, like a radio node, and / or with a core network and / or an internet or local net, in particular with an information sys- 975 tem, which may provide information and / or data to be transmitted to a user equipment.

[0190] A DFE may be considered part of radio circuitry; an analog frontend may be associated to radio circuitry and / or antenna circuitry.

[0191] In general, the wireless device and / or network node may operate in, and / or the communication signalling may be in TDD operation. It should be noted that the transmission 980 of signalling from transmission sources may be synchronised and simultaneous; a shift in time may occur due to different propagation times, e.g. due to different beams and / or source locations.

[0192] A data block may refer to a transport block, or a code block or a code block bundle. A code block may comprise and / or represent a number of (information) bits representing 985 information (e.g., data or control information), to which there may be associated, and / or which may further include, bits for error detection coding, e.g. CRC. The bits for error detection coding may be determined based on the (information) bits, and / or may be error detection bits for the (information) bits. A code block bundle may comprise one or more code blocks; wherein each code block may have associated to it, and / or comprise, error 990 correction bits. The error correction bits in a code block bundle may each pertain to an

[0193] P111146WO01 28 / 81 associated code block; error correction bits may be specific to only one code block, e.g. determined based on bits of only one code block. Different bits and / or groups of bits may be associated to different code blocks. Error correction bit / s associated to a code block may be associated to a single code block; this may refer to the error correction bits 995 indicating correctness / incorrectness of the single code block, and / or calculated and / or determined based only on (information) bits of the single code block. Information bits may represent data and / or control information, e.g. associated to a data channel (data in- formation / bits) and / or control channel (control information / bits) code block bundle may be a data block without error correction coding pertaining to more than one code block. 1000

[0194] A transport block may comprise error detection coding pertaining to a plurality of code blocks, e.g. covering the code blocks it consists of. A transport block may comprise one or more code blocks. It may be considered that a data block may be associated to, and or subject to, and / or correspond to, a, one and / or a single acknowledgement process, e.g. a specific HARQ process, which may correspond to and / or be represented by a HARQ 1005 identifier. A code block may correspond to a subpattern of an acknowledgement information bit pattern. In some cases, a data block may correspond and / or pertain and / or be subject to a plurality of acknowledgement processes, e.g. if there is one acknowledgement process per code block of the data block.

[0195] A data block may comprise and / or represent information bits, which may be data bits 1010

[0196] (e.,g., user data) and / or control information bits; the information bits may be associated to one or more data or control channels, e.g. transport channels and / or logical channels, and / or may be mapped to a specific and / or single physical channel, in particular a physical data channel, or in some cases, a physical control channel (in which case it may or may not be associated to a higher layer channel like a transport channel or logical channel). A 1015 data block may represent bits intended for transmission, e.g. encapsulating one or more higher layer data packets, e.g. one or more MAC layer data packets, e.g. one or more PDUs (Protocol Data Unit) and / or SDUs (Service Data Unit); error correction bits, e.g.

[0197] CRC; may be added in physical layer processing. It may be considered that bits of a data block are subject to physical layer processing like coding (e.g., forward error coding 1020 and / or adding error correction coding) and / or rate matching and / or scrambling, and / or modulation. Modulation may correspond to mapping of bits of the processed data block to modulation symbols, e.g. according to a modulation scheme and / or to a modulation space. The modulation symbols may be represented as a bit sequence until they are subject to analog conversion (or vice versa for reception). 1025

[0198] A wireless device may in general comprise processing circuitry and / or radio circuitry, in particular a receiver and / or transceiver and / or transmitter, for performing measurement and / or to control beam switch and / or control beam-forming and / or receive and / or trans-

[0199] P111146WO01 29 / 81 mit signalling like communication signalling. The wireless device may in particular be implemented as terminal or a user equipment. However, in some cases, e.g. relay and / or 1030 back-link and / or IAB scenarios, it may be implemented as network node or network radio node. A network node may in general comprise processing circuitry and / or radio circuitry, in particular a receiver and / or transceiver and / or transmitter, for transmitting reference signalling and / or a beam switch indication and / or for beam switching and / or to control beam switch and / or control beam-forming and / or receive and / or transmit signalling like 1035 communication signalling. The radio node may in particular be implemented as a network node, e.g. a network radio node and / or base station or a relay node or IAB node. However, in some cases, e.g. sidelink scenarios, the second radio node may be implemented as a wireless device or terminal, e.g. a user equipment.

[0200] Performing a measurement may in general comprise taking a plurality of measurement 1040 samples. As such, performing a measurement and performing measurements may be considered equivalent, unless explicitly explained otherwise (e.g., when referring to measurement at a specific occasion as opposed to measurements at a plurality of occasions).

[0201] Monitoring for a message or signalling may in general comprise utilising receiving circuitry at resources corresponding to the resource monitored (e.g., time and / or frequency domain, 1045 accomodating for path delay effects if applicable) to determine presence or absence of the message, and / or to receive and / or demodulate and / or decode the message, and / or to perform measurements on the signalling.

[0202] In general, an allocation unit or block symbol may represent and / or correspond to an extension in time domain, e.g. a time interval. An allocation unit or block symbol duration 1050

[0203] (the length of the time interval) may correspond to the duration of an OFDM symbol or a corresponding duration, and / or may be based and / or defined by a subcarrier spacing used (e.g., based on the numerology) or equivalent, and / or may correspond to the duration of a modulation symbol (e.g., for OFDM or similar frequency domain multiplexed types of signalling). It may be considered that a block symbol comprises a plurality of 1055 modulation symbols, e.g. based on a subcarrier spacing and / or numerology or equivalent, in particular for time domain multiplexed types (on the symbol level for a single transmitter) of signalling like single-carrier based signalling, e.g. SC-FDE or SC-FDMA (in particular, FDF-SC-FDMA or pulse-shaped SC-FDMA). The number of symbols may be based on and / or defined by the number of subcarrier to be DFTS-spread (for SC-FDMA) 1060 and / or be based on a number of FFT samples, e.g. for spreading and / or mapping, and / or equivalent, and / or may be predefined and / or configured or configurable. A block symbol in this context may comprise and / or contain a plurality of individual modulation symbols, which may be for example 1000 or more, or 3000 or more, or 3300 or more. The

[0204] P111146WO01 30 / 81 number of modulation symbols in a block symbol may be based and / or be dependent on 1065 a bandwidth scheduled for transmission of signalling in the block symbol. A block symbol and / or a number of block symbols (an integer smaller than 20, e.g. equal to or smaller than 14 or 7 or 4 or 2 or a flexible number) may be a unit (e.g., allocation unit) used for scheduling and / or allocation of resources, in particular in time domain. To a block symbol (e.g., scheduled or allocated) and / or block symbol group and / or allocation unit, 1070 there may be associated a frequency range and / or frequency domain allocation and / or bandwidth allocated for transmission.

[0205] An allocation unit, and / or a block symbol, may be associated to a specific (e.g., physical) channel and / or specific type of signalling, for example reference signalling. In some cases, there may be a block symbol associated to a channel that also is associated to a form 1075 of reference signalling and / or pilot signalling and / or tracking signalling associated to the channel, for example for timing purposes and / or decoding purposes (such signalling may comprise a low number of modulation symbols and / or resource elements of a block symbol, e.g. less than 10% or less than 5% or less than 1% of the modulation symbols and / or resource elements in a block symbol). To a block symbol, there may be associated resource 1080 elements; a resource element may be represented in time / frequency domain, e.g. by the smallest frequency unit carrying or mapped to (e.g., a subcarrier) in frequency domain and the duration of a modulation symbol in time domain. A block symbol may comprise, and / or to a block symbol may be associated, a structure allowing and / or comprising a number of modulation symbols, and / or association to one or more channels (and / or 1085 the structure may dependent on the channel the block symbol is associated to and / or is allocated or used for), and / or reference signalling (e.g., as discussed above), and / or one or more guard periods and / or transient periods, and / or one or more affixes (e.g., a prefix and / or suffix and / or one or more infixes (entered inside the block symbol)), in particular a cyclic prefix and / or suffix and / or infix. A cyclic affix may represent 1090 a repetition of signalling and / or modulation symbol / s used in the block symbol, with possible slight amendments to the signalling structure of the affix to provide a smooth and / or continuous and / or differentiable connection between affix signalling and signalling of modulation symbols associated to the content of the block symbol (e.g., channel and / or reference signalling structure). In some cases, in particular some OFDM-based wave- 1095 forms, an affix may be included into a modulation symbol. In other cases, e.g. some single carrier-based wave-forms, an affix may be represented by a sequence of modulation symbols within the block symbol. It may be considered that in some cases a block symbol is defined and / or used in the context of the associated structure.

[0206] Communicating may comprise transmitting or receiving. It may be considered that com- 1100 municating like transmitting signalling is based on a SC-FDM based wave- form, and / or

[0207] P111146WO01 31 / 81 corresponds to a Frequency Domain Filtered (FDF) DFTS-OFDM wave-form. However, the approaches may be applied to a Single Carrier based wave-form, e.g. a SC-FDM or SC-FDE- wave-form, which may be pulse-shaped / FDF-based. It should be noted that SC- FDM may be considered DFT-spread OFDM, such that SC-FDM and DFTS-OFDM may 1105 be used interchangeably. Alternatively, or additionally, the signalling (e.g., first signalling and / or second signalling) and / or beam / s (in particular, the first received beam and / or second received beam) may be based on a wave-form with CP or comparable guard time.

[0208] The received beam and the transmission beam of the first beam pair may have the same (or similar) or different angular and / or spatial extensions; the received beam and the 1110 transmission beam of the second beam pair may have the same (or similar) or different angular and / or spatial extensions. It may be considered that the received beam and / or transmission beam of the first and / or second beam pair have angular extension of 20 degrees or less, or 15 degrees or less, or 10 or 5 degrees or less, at least in one of horizontal or vertical direction, or both; different beams may have different angular extensions. An ex- 1115 tended guard interval or switching protection interval may have a duration corresponding to essentially or at least N CP (cyclic prefix) durations or equivalent duration, wherein N may be 2, or 3 or 4. An equivalent to a CP duration may represent the CP duration associated to signalling with CP (e.g., SC-FDM-based or OFDM-based) for a wave-form without CP with the same or similar symbol time duration as the signalling with CP. 1120

[0209] Pulse-shaping (and / or performing FDF for) a modulation symbol and / or signalling, e.g. associated to a first subcarrier or bandwidth, may comprise mapping the modulation symbol (and / or the sample associated to it after FFT) to an associated second subcarrier or part of the bandwidth, and / or applying a shaping operation regarding the power and / or amplitude and / or phase of the modulation symbol on the first subcarrier and the 1125 second subcarrier, wherein the shaping operation may be according to a shaping function. Pulse-shaping signalling may comprise pulse-shaping one or more symbols; pulse-shaped signalling may in general comprise at least one pulse-shaped symbol. Pulse-shaping may be performed based on a Nyquist-hlter. It may be considered that pulse-shaping is performed based on periodically extending a frequency distribution of modulation symbols 1130

[0210] (and / or associated samples after FFT) over a first number of subcarrier to a larger, second number of subcarriers, wherein a subset of the first number of subcarriers from one end of the frequency distribution is appended at the other end of the first number of subcarriers.

[0211] In some variants, communicating may be based on a numerology (which may, e.g., be represented by and / or correspond to and / or indicate a subcarrier spacing and / or symbol 1135 time length) and / or an SC-FDM based wave-form (including a FDF-DFTS-FDM based wave-form) or a single-carrier based wave-form. Whether to use pulse-shaping or FDF on a SC-FDM or SC-based wave-form may depend on the modulation scheme (e.g., MCS)

[0212] P111146WO01 32 / 81 used. Such wave- forms may utilise a cyclic prefix and / or benefit particularly from the described approaches. Communicating may comprise and / or be based on beamforming, 1140 e.g. transmission beamforming and / or reception beamforming, respectively. It may be considered that a beam is produced by performing analog beamforming to provide the beam, e.g. a beam corresponding to a reference beam. Thus, signalling may be adapted, e.g. based on movement of the communication partner. A beam may for example be produced by performing analog beamforming to provide a beam corresponding to a reference 1145 beam. This allows efficient postprocessing of a digitally formed beam, without requiring changes to a digital beamforming chain and / or without requiring changes to a standard defining beam forming precoders. In general, a beam may be produced by hybrid beamforming, and / or by digital beamforming, e.g. based on a precoder. This facilitates easy processing of beams, and / or limits the number of power amplifiers / ADC / DC A required 1150 for antenna arrangements. It may be considered that a beam is produced by hybrid beamforming, e.g. by analog beamforming performed on a beam representation or beam formed based on digital beamforming. Monitoring and / or performing cell search may be based on reception beamforming, e.g. analog or digital or hybrid reception beamforming.

[0213] The numerology may determine the length of a symbol time interval and / or the duration 1155 of a cyclic prefix. The approaches described herein are particularly suitable to SC-FDM, to ensure orthogonality, in particular subcarrier orthogonality, in corresponding systems, but may be used for other wave-forms. Communicating may comprise utilising a waveform with cyclic prefix. The cyclic prefix may be based on a numerology, and may help keeping signalling orthogonal. Communicating may comprise, and / or be based on per- 1160 forming cell search, e.g. for a wireless device or terminal, or may comprise transmitting cell identifying signalling and / or a selection indication, based on which a radio node receiving the selection indication may select a signalling bandwidth from a set of signalling bandwidths for performing cell search.

[0214] A beam or beam pair may in general be targeted at one radio node, or a group of radio 1165 nodes and / or an area including one or more radio nodes. In many cases, a beam or beam pair may be receiver-specific (e.g., UE-specffic), such that only one radio node is served per beam / beam pair. A beam pair switch or switch of received beam (e.g., by using a different reception beam) and / or transmission beam may be performed at a border of a transmission timing structure, e.g. a slot border, or within a slot, for example between 1170 symbols. Some tuning of radio circuitry, e.g. for receiving and / or transmitting, may be performed. Beam pair switching may comprise switching from a second received beam to a first received beam, and / or from a second transmission beam to a first transmission beam. Switching may comprise inserting a guard period to cover retuning time; however, circuitry may be adapted to switch sufficiently quickly to essentially be instantaneous; 1175

[0215] P111146WO01 33 / 81 this may in particular be the case when digital reception beamforming is used to switch reception beams for switching received beams.

[0216] A reference beam (or reference signalling beam) may be a beam comprising reference signalling, based on which for example a of beam signalling characteristics may be determined, e.g. measured and / or estimated. A signalling beam may comprise signalling like 1180 control signalling and / or data signalling and / or reference signalling. A reference beam may be transmitted by a source or transmitting radio node, in which case one or more beam signalling characteristics may be reported to it from a receiver, e.g. a wireless device. However, in some cases it may be received by the radio node from another radio node or wireless device. In this case, one or more beam signalling characteristics may 1185 be determined by the radio node. A signalling beam may be a transmission beam, or a reception beam. A set of signalling characteristics may comprise a plurality of subsets of beam signalling characteristics, each subset pertaining to a different reference beam.

[0217] Thus, a reference beam may be associated to different beam signalling characteristics.

[0218] A beam signalling characteristic, respectively a set of such characteristics, may represent 1190 and / or indicate a signal strength and / or signal quality of a beam and / or a delay characteristic and / or be associated with received and / or measured signalling carried on a beam.

[0219] Beam signalling characteristics and / or delay characteristics may in particular pertain to, and / or indicate, a number and / or list and / or order of beams with best (e.g., lowest mean delay and / or lowest spread / range) timing or delay spread, and / or of strongest and / or 1195 best quality beams, e.g. with associated delay spread. A beam signalling characteristic may be based on measurement / s performed on reference signalling carried on the reference beam it pertains to. The measurement / s may be performed by the radio node, or another node or wireless device. The use of reference signalling allows improved accuracy and / or gauging of the measurements. In some cases, a beam and / or beam pair may be 1200 represented by a beam identity indication, e.g. a beam or beam pair number. Such an indication may be represented by one or more signalling sequences (e.g., a specific reference signalling sequences or sequences), which may be transmitted on the beam and / or beam pair, and / or a signalling characteristic and / or a resource / s used (e.g., time / frequency and / or code) and / or a specific RNTI (e.g., used for scrambling a CRC for some messages 1205 or transmissions) and / or by information provided in signalling, e.g. control signalling and / or system signalling, on the beam and / or beam pair, e.g. encoded and / or provided in an information held or as information element in some form of message of signalling, e.g. DCI and / or MAC and / or RRC signalling.

[0220] A reference beam may in general be one of a set of reference beams, the second set of 1210 reference beams being associated to the set of signalling beams. The sets being associated

[0221] P111146WO01 34 / 81 may refer to at least one beam of the first set being associated and / or corresponding to the second set (or vice versa), e.g. being based on it, for example by having the same analog or digital beamforming parameters and / or precoder and / or the same shape before analog beamforming, and / or being a modified form thereof, e.g. by performing additional analog 1215 beamforming. The set of signalling beams may be referred to as a first set of beams, a set of corresponding reference beams may be referred to as second set of beams.

[0222] In some variants, a reference beam and / or reference beams and / or reference signalling may correspond to and / or carry random access signalling, e.g. a random access preamble. Such a reference beam or signalling may be transmitted by another radio node. The signalling 1220 may indicate which beam is used for transmitting. Alternatively, the reference beams may be beams receiving the random access signalling. Random access signalling may be used for initial connection to the radio node and / or a cell provided by the radio node, and / or for reconnection. Utilising random access signalling facilitates quick and early beam selection.

[0223] The random access signalling may be on a random access channel, e.g. based on broadcast 1225 information provided by the radio node (the radio node performing the beam selection), e.g. with synchronisation signalling (e.g., SSB block and / or associated thereto). The reference signalling may correspond to synchronisation signalling, e.g. transmitted by the radio node in a plurality of beams. The characteristics may be reported on by a node receiving the synchronisation signalling, e.g. in a random access process, e.g. a Msg3 1230 for contention resolution, which may be transmitted on a physical uplink shared channel based on a resource allocation provided by the radio node.

[0224] A delay characteristic (which may correspond to delay spread information) and / or a measurement report may represent and / or indicate at least one of mean delay, and / or delay spread, and / or delay distribution, and / or delay spread distribution, and / or delay 1235 spread range, and / or relative delay spread, and / or energy (or power) distribution, and / or impulse response to received signalling, and / or the power delay profile of the received signals, and / or power delay profile related parameters of the received signal. A mean delay may represent the mean value and / or an averaged value of the delay spread, which may be weighted or unweighted. A distribution may be distribution over time / delay, e.g. 1240 of received power and / or energy of a signal. A range may indicate an interval of the delay spread distribution over time / delay, which may cover a predetermined percentage of the delay spread respective received energy or power, e.g. 50% or more, 75% or more, 90% or more, or 100%. A relative delay spread may indicate a relation to a threshold delay, e.g. of the mean delay, and / or a shift relative to an expected and / or configured timing, e.g. a 1245 timing at which the signalling would have been expected based on the scheduling, and / or a relation to a cyclic prefix duration (which may be considered on form of a threshold).

[0225] Energy distribution or power distribution may pertain to the energy or power received over

[0226] P111146WO01 35 / 81 the time interval of the delay spread. A power delay profile may pertain to representations of the received signals, or the received signals energy / power, across time / delay. Power 1250 delay profile related parameters may pertain to metrics computed from the power delay profile. Different values and forms of delay spread information and / or report may be used, allowing a wide range of capabilities. The kind of information represented by a measurement report may be predefined, or be configured or configurable, e.g. with a measurement configuration and / or reference signalling configuration, in particular with 1255 higher layer signalling like RRC or MAC signalling and / or physical layer signalling like DCI signalling.

[0227] In general, different beam pair may differ in at least one beam; for example, a beam pair using a first received beam and a first transmission beam may be considered to be different from a second beam pair using the first received beam and a second transmission 1260 beam. A transmission beam using no precoding and / or beamforming, for example using the natural antenna profile, may be considered as a special form of transmission beam of a transmission beam pair. A beam may be indicated to a radio node by a transmitter with a beam indication and / or a configuration, which for example may indicate beam parameters and / or time / frequency resources associated to the beam and / or a transmission 1265 mode and / or antenna profile and / or antenna port and / or precoder associated to the beam. Different beams may be provided with different content, for example different received beams may carry different signalling; however, there may be considered cases in which different beams carry the same signalling, for example the same data signalling and / or reference signalling. The beams may be transmitted by the same node and / or 1270 transmission point and / or antenna arrangement, or by different nodes and / or transmission points and / or antenna arrangements.

[0228] Communicating utilising a beam pair or a beam may comprise receiving signalling on a received beam (which may be a beam of a beam pair), and / or transmitting signalling on a beam, e.g. a beam of a beam pair. The following terms are to be interpreted from 1275 the point of view of the referred radio node: a received beam may be a beam carrying signalling received by the radio node (for reception, the radio node may use a reception beam, e.g. directed to the received beam, or be non-beamformed). A transmission beam may be a beam used by the radio node to transmit signalling. A beam pair may consist of a received beam and a transmission beam. The transmission beam and the received 1280 beam of a beam pair may be associated to each and / or correspond to each other, e.g. such that signalling on the received beam and signalling on a transmission beam travel essentially the same path (but in opposite directions), e.g. at least in a stationary or almost stationary condition. It should be noted that the terms “first” and “second” do not necessarily denote an order in time; a second signalling may be received and / or 1285

[0229] P111146WO01 36 / 81 transmitted before, or in some cases simultaneous to, first signalling, or vice versa. The received beam and transmission beam of a beam pair may be on the same carrier or frequency range or bandwidth part, e.g. in a TDD operation; however, variants with FDD may be considered as well. Different beam pairs may operate on the same frequency ranges or carriers or bandwidth parts (e.g., such that transmission beams operate on 1290 the same frequency range or carriers or bandwidth part, and received beams on the same frequency range or carriers or bandwidth part (the transmission beam and received beams may be on the same or different ranges or carriers or BWPs). Communicating utilizing a first beam pair and / or first beam may be based on, and / or comprise, switching from the second beam pair or second beam to the first beam pair or first beam for communicating. 1295

[0230] The switching may be controlled by the network, for example a network node (which may be the source or transmitter of the received beam of the first beam pair and / or second beam pair, or be associated thereto, for example associated transmission points or nodes in dual connectivity). Such controlling may comprise transmitting control signalling, e.g. physical layer signalling and / or higher layer signalling. In some cases, the switching may 1300 be performed by the radio node without additional control signalling, for example based on measurements on signal quality and / or signal strength of beam pairs (e.g., of first and second received beams), in particular the first beam pair and / or the second beam pair.

[0231] For example, it may be switched to the first beam pair (or first beam) if the signal quality or signal strength measured on the second beam pair (or second beam) is considered to 1305 be insufficient, and / or worse than corresponding measurements on the first beam pair indicate. Measurements performed on a beam pair (or beam) may in particular comprise measurements performed on a received beam of the beam pair. It may be considered that the timing indication may be determined before switching from the second beam pair to the first beam pair for communicating. Thus, the synchronization may be in place and / or 1310 the timing indication may be available for synchronising) when starting communication utilizing the first beam pair or first beam. However, in some cases the timing indication may be determined after switching to the first beam pair or first beam. This may be in particular useful if first signalling is expected to be received after the switching only, for example based on a periodicity or scheduled timing of suitable reference signalling 1315 on the first beam pair, e.g. first received beam. In general, a reception beam of a node may be associated to and / or correspond to a transmission beam of the node, e.g. such that the (spatial) angle of reception of the reception beam and the (spatial) angle of transmission of the transmission beam at least partially, or essentially or fully, overlap and / or coincide, in particular for TDD operation and / or independent of frequency. Spatial 1320 correspondence between beams may be considered in some cases, e.g. such that a beam pair (e.g., transmission beam of a transmitting node and reception beam of a receiving node) may be considered to comprise corresponding beams (e.g., the reception beam is

[0232] P111146WO01 37 / 81 suitable and / or the best beam to receive transmissions on the transmission beam, e.g. based on a threshold signal quality and / or signal strength and / or measurements); to each 1325 of such beams, there may be an associated or corresponding complementary beam of the respective node (e.g., to a transmission beam of a beam pair, there may be associated a reception beam of the transmitting node, and / or to the reception beam of a beam pair, there may be associated a transmitting beam of the receiving node; if the beams (e.g., at least essentially or substantially) overlap (e.g., in spatial angle), in some cases a beam 1330 pair may be considered to indicate four beams (or actually, two beam pairs).

[0233] In some cases, to one or more beams or signals or signallings may be associated a Quasi- CoLocation (QCL) characteristic or set of characteristics, or QCL class (also referred to as QCL type) or QCL identity; beams or signal or signallings sharing such may be considered to be Quasi-Colocated. Quasi-Colocated beams or signals or signallings may be 1335 considered (e.g., by a receiver) as the same beam or originating from the same transmitter or transmission source, at least in regard to the QCL characteristic or set or class or identity, and / or to share the characteristic / s. QCL characteristics may pertain to propagation of signalling, and / or one or more delay characteristics, and / or pathloss, and / or signal quality, and / or signal strength, and / or beam direction, and / or beam shape (in 1340 particular, angle or area, e.g. area of coverage), and / or Doppler shift, and / or Doppler spread, and / or delay spread, and / or time synchronisation, and / or frequency synchronisation, and / or one or more other parameters, e.g. pertaining to a propagation channel and / or spatial RX param eter / s (which may refer to reception beam and / or transmission beam, e.g. shape or coverage or direction). A QCL characteristic may pertain to a spe- 1345 cific channel (e.g., physical layer channel like a control channel or data channel) and / or reference signalling type and / or antenna port. Different QCL classes or types may pertain to different QCL characteristics or sets of characteristics; a QCL class may define and / or pertain to one or more criteria and / or thresholds and / or ranges for one or more

[0234] QCL characteristics beams have to fulfill to be considered Quasi-Colocated according to 1350 this class; a QCL identity may refer to and / or represent all beams being quasi-colocated, according to a QCL class. Different classes may pertain to one or more of the same characteristics (e.g., different classes may have different criteria and / or thresholds and / or ranges for one or more characteristics) and / or to different characteristics. A QCL indication may be seen as a form of beam indication, e.g. pertaining to all beams belonging 1355 to one QCL class and / or QCL identity and / or quasi-colocated beams. A QCL identity may be indicated by a QCL indication. In some cases, a beam, and / or a beam indication, may be considered to refer and / or represent a to a QCL identity, and / or to represent quasi-colocated beams or signals or signallings.

[0235] Transmission on multiple layers (multi-layer transmission) may refer to transmission of 1360

[0236] P111146WO01 38 / 81 communication signalling and / or reference signalling simultaneously in one or more beams and / or using a plurality of transmission sources, e.g. controlled by one network node or one wireless device. The layers may refer to layers of transmission; a layer may be considered to represent one data or signalling stream. Different layers may carry different data and / or data streams, e.g., to increase data throughput. In some cases, the same 1365 data or data stream may be transported on different layers, e.g. to increase reliability.

[0237] Multi-layer transmission may provide diversity, e.g. transmission diversity and / or spatial diversity. It may be considered that multi-layer transmission comprises 2, or more than 2 layers; the number of layers of transmission may be represented by a rank or rank indication. 1370

[0238] A transmission source may in particular comprise, and / or be represented by, and / or associated to, an antenna or group of antenna elements or antenna sub-array or antenna array or transmission point or TRP or TP (Transmission Point) or access point. In some cases, a transmission source may be represented or representable, and / or correspond to, and / or associated to, an antenna port or layer of transmission, e.g. for multi-layer 1375 transmission. Different transmission sources may in particular comprise different and / or separately controllable antenna element / s or (sub-)arrays and / or be associated to different antenna ports. In particular, analog beamforming may be used, with separate analog control of the different transmission sources. An antenna port may indicate a transmission source, and / or a one or more transmission parameter, in particular of reference signalling 1380 associated to the antenna port. In particular, transmission parameters pertaining to, and / or indicating a frequency domain distribution or mapping (e.g., which comb to use and / or which subcarrier or frequency offset to use, or similar) of modulation symbols of the reference signalling, and / or to which cyclic shift to use (e.g., to shift elements of a modulation symbol sequence, or a root sequence, or a sequence based on or derived from 1385 the root sequence) and / or to which cover code to use (e.g., (e.g., to shift elements of a modulation symbol sequence, or a root sequence, or a sequence based on or derived from the root sequence). In some cases, a transmission source may represent a target for reception, e.g. if it is implemented as a TRP or AP (Access Point).

[0239] In some variants, reference signalling may be and / or comprise CSI-RS and / or PT-RS 1390 and / or DMRS, e.g. transmitted by the network node. In other variants, the reference signalling may be transmitted by a UE, e.g. to a network node or other UE, in which case it may comprise and / or be Sounding Reference signalling. Other, e.g. new, forms of reference signalling may be considered and / or used. In general, a modulation symbol of reference signalling respectively a resource element carrying it may be associated to a 1395 cyclic prefix.

[0240] P111146WO01 39 / 81 Data signalling may be on a data channel, for example on a PDSCH or PSSCH, or on a dedicated data channel, e.g. for low latency and / or high reliability, e.g. a URLLC channel. Control signalling may be on a control channel, for example on a common control channel or a PDCCH or PSCCH, and / or comprise one or more DCI messages or SCI messages. 1400 Reference signalling may be associated to control signalling and / or data signalling, e.g.

[0241] DM-RS and / or PT-RS.

[0242] Reference signalling, for example, may comprise DM-RS and / or pilot signalling and / or discovery signalling and / or synchronisation signalling and / or sounding signalling and / or phase tracking signalling and / or cell-specific reference signalling and / or user-specific sig- 1405 nailing, in particular CSI-RS. Reference signalling in general may be signalling with one or more signalling characteristics, in particular transmission power and / or sequence of modulation symbols and / or resource distribution and / or phase distribution known to the receiver. Thus, the receiver can use the reference signalling as a reference and / or for training and / or for compensation. The receiver can be informed about the reference signalling 1410 by the transmitter, e.g. being configured and / or signalling with control signalling, in particular physical layer signalling and / or higher layer signalling (e.g., DCI and / or RRC signalling), and / or may determine the corresponding information itself, e.g. a network node configuring a UE to transmit reference signalling. Reference signalling may be signalling comprising one or more reference symbols and / or structures. Reference signalling may 1415 be adapted for gauging and / or estimating and / or representing transmission conditions, e.g. channel conditions and / or transmission path conditions and / or channel (or signal or transmission) quality. It may be considered that the transmission characteristics (e.g., signal strength and / or form and / or modulation and / or timing) of reference signalling are available for both transmitter and receiver of the signalling (e.g., due to being prede- 1420 fined and / or configured or configurable and / or being communicated). Different types of reference signalling may be considered, e.g. pertaining to uplink, downlink or sidelink, cell-specific (in particular, cell- wide, e.g., CRS) or device or user specific (addressed to a specific target or user equipment, e.g., CSI-RS), demodulation-related (e.g., DMRS) and / or signal strength related, e.g. power-related or energy- related or amplitude-related 1425

[0243] (e.g., SRS or pilot signalling) and / or phase-related, etc.

[0244] References to specific resource structures like an allocation unit and / or block symbol and / or block symbol group and / or transmission timing structure and / or symbol and / or slot and / or mini-slot and / or subcarrier and / or carrier may pertain to a specific numerology, which may be predefined and / or configured or configurable. A transmission timing 1430 structure may represent a time interval, which may cover one or more symbols. Some examples of a transmission timing structure are transmission time interval (TTI), subframe, slot and mini-slot. A slot may comprise a predetermined, e.g. predefined and / or

[0245] P111146WO01 40 / 81 configured or configurable, number of symbols, e.g. 6 or 7, or 12 or 14. A mini-slot may comprise a number of symbols (which may in particular be configurable or configured) 1435 smaller than the number of symbols of a slot, in particular 1, 2, 3 or 4, or more symbols, e.g. less symbols than symbols in a slot. A transmission timing structure may cover a time interval of a specific length, which may be dependent on symbol time length and / or cyclic prefix used. A transmission timing structure may pertain to, and / or cover, a specific time interval in a time stream, e.g. synchronized for communication. Timing structures 1440 used and / or scheduled for transmission, e.g. slot and / or mini-slots, may be scheduled in relation to, and / or synchronized to, a timing structure provided and / or defined by other transmission timing structures. Such transmission timing structures may define a timing grid, e.g., with symbol time intervals within individual structures representing the smallest timing units. Such a timing grid may for example be defined by slots or subframes 1445

[0246] (wherein in some cases, subframes may be considered specific variants of slots). A transmission timing structure may have a duration (length in time) determined based on the durations of its symbols, possibly in addition to cyclic prehx / es used. The symbols of a transmission timing structure may have the same duration, or may in some variants have different duration. The number of symbols in a transmission timing structure may be 1450 predefined and / or configured or configurable, and / or be dependent on numerology. The timing of a mini-slot may generally be configured or configurable, in particular by the network and / or a network node. The timing may be configurable to start and / or end at any symbol of the transmission timing structure, in particular one or more slots.

[0247] A transmission quality parameter may in general correspond to the number R of retrans- 1455 missions and / or number T of total transmissions, and / or coding (e.g., number of coding bits, e.g. for error detection coding and / or error correction coding like FEC coding) and / or code rate and / or BLER and / or BER requirements and / or transmission power level (e.g., minimum level and / or target level and / or base power level P0 and / or transmission power control command, TPC, step size) and / or signal quality, e.g. SNR and / or 1460

[0248] SIR and / or SINR and / or power density and / or energy density.

[0249] A signalling sequence or sequence (e.g. of an allocation unit or block symbol or symbol time interval, and / or carried or transmitted on an allocation unit or block symbol or symbol time interval) may be based on a sequence root, e.g. a root sequence and / or a root parameter and / or root index and / or seed. A sequence root in general may represent 1465 or indicate a base for deriving or determining a signalling sequence; the root may be associated to, and / or represent a sequence directly, and / or indicate or represent a base sequence and / or seed. Examples of sequence roots may comprise a Zadoff Chu root sequence, a sequence seed, e.g. a seed for a Gold sequence, or a Golay complimentary sequence. A signalling sequence may be derived or derivable from, and / or be based on, a 1470

[0250] P111146WO01 41 / 81 sequency root, e.g. based on a code, which may represent a shift or operation or processing on the root sequence or a sequence indicated by the sequence root, e.g. to provide the signalling sequence; the signalling sequence may be based on such shifted or processed or operated on root sequence. The code may in particular represent a cyclic shift and / or phase shift and / or phase ramp (e.g., an amount for such). The code may assign one 1475 operation or shift for each allocation unit.

[0251] In general, a signalling sequence associated to an allocation unit (and / or the allocation units) associated to control signalling (and / or reference signalling) may be based on a root sequence which may be a M-sequence or Zadoff-Chu sequence, or a Gold or Golay sequence, or another sequence with suitable characteristics regarding correlation and / or 1480 interference (e.g., self- interference and / or interference with other or neighboring transmitters). Different sequences may be used as root sequences for different signalling sequences, or the same sequence may be used. If different sequences are used, they may be of the same type (Gold, Golay, M- or Zadoff-Chu, for example). The (signalling and / or root) sequences may correspond to or be time-domain sequences, e.g. time domain Zadoff-Chu 1485 and / or time-domain M sequences.

[0252] In some cases, a shifted object like a signalling or signals or sequences or information may be shifted, e.g. relative to a predecessor (e.g., one is subject to a shift, and the shifted version is used), or relative to another (e.g., one associated to one signalling or allocation unit may be shifted to another associated to a second signalling or allocation 1490 unit, both may be used). One possible way of shifting is operating a code on it, e.g. to multiply each element of a shifting object with a factor. A ramping (e.g. multiplying with a monotonously increasing or periodic factor) may be considered an example of shifting. Another is a cyclic shift in a domain or interval. A cyclic shift (or circular shift) may correspond to a rearrangement of the elements in the shifting object, corresponding to 1495 moving the final element or elements to the first position, while shifting all other entries to the next position, or by performing the inverse operation (such that the shifted object as the result will have the same elements as the shifting object, in a shifted but similar order). Shifting in general may be specific to an interval in a domain, e.g. an allocation unit in time domain, or a bandwidth in frequency domain. For example, it may be 1500 considered that signals or modulation symbols in an allocation unit are shifted, such that the order of the modulation symbols or signals is shifted in the allocation unit. In another example, allocation units may be shifted, e.g. in a larger time interval - this may leave signals in the allocation units unshifted with reference to the individual allocation unit, but may change the order of the allocation units. Domains for shifting may for example be 1505 time domain and / or phase domain and / or frequency domain. Multiple shifts in the same domain or different domains, and / or the same interval or different intervals (differently

[0253] P111146WO01 42 / 81 sized intervals, for example) may be performed.

[0254] Reference signalling may have a type. Types of reference signalling may include synchronisation signalling, and / or DM-RS (used to facilitate demodulation of associated data 1510 signalling and / or control signalling), and / or PT-RS (used to facilitate phase tracking of associated data signalling and / or control signalling, e.g. within a time interval or symbol or allocation unit carrying such signalling), and / or CSI-RS (e.g., used for channel estimation and / or reporting). It may be considered that PT-RS are inserted into a bit sequence, or a modulation symbol sequence, which may represent data. For example, PT-RS may 1515 be mapped onto subcarriers of a symbol also carrying data symbols. Accordingly, PT-RS insertion may be optimised for hardware implementations. In some cases, PT-RS may be modulated differently and / or independently of the modulation symbols representing data (or data bits).

[0255] A comb structure, or shorter comb, may indicate a distribution, or periodic arrangement 1520 of reference signalling, in particular in frequency space, e.g. between an upper and lower frequency. A comb may pertain to one OFDMA symbol and / or SC-FDMA symbol and / or one (the same) symbol time interval and / or one allocation unit. A comb may have width or size N and / or may pertain to, and / or be associated to, specific signalling and / or a type of signalling, e.g. a type of reference signalling. The width N may indicate how 1525 many empty subcarriers are between (e.g., non-neighbouring) subcarriers carrying an element or signal or symbol of the signalling (e.g., this number may be N-l), or how many empty subcarriers and non-empty subcarriers form a pattern that is repeated in frequency domain. In general, each comb may indicate that at least one empty subcarrier is to be between non-empty subcarriers. In this context, empty may refer to empty regarding 1530 the pattern or distribution of the signalling associated to the comb (and non-empty may refer to a subcarrier carrying an element or symbol of the associated signalling); in some cases, other signallings (which may have a comb structure as well) may be carried on empty subcarriers, e.g. transmitted using other transmission sources and / or other devices, and / or mapped into the comb (e.g., for a DMRS comb, data signalling may be mapped 1535 on subcarriers not carrying DMRS).

[0256] A comb structure may generally describe a structure in which for every N-th (N may be an integer) resource element and / or subcarrier a reference signal or an element of a sequence of the reference signalling, and / or representing the reference signalling, and / or on which the reference signalling is based, is mapped to, and / or represented by signalling 1540 the resource element and / or subcarrier, in particular an element (symbol) of a modulation symbol sequence, or an element of a sequence. N may be called the width of the comb. Generally, the comb may indicate the periodicity of the pattern inside the frequency range

[0257] P111146WO01 43 / 81 of the reference signalling. The pattern may in particular pertain to one reference signal and / or resource element or subcarrier for transmitting a reference signal, such that the 1545 comb may be considered to indicate that on every Nth resource element (in particular, only there) and / or subcarrier there is to be a reference signal or element of an associated sequence, and / or how many resource elements and / or subcarriers are between resource elements and / or subcarriers with reference signals. However, there may be considered variants, in which the pattern represents more than one reference signals. The pattern 1550 may also generally represent and / or indicate one or more empty signals and / or one or more data signals (respectively associated resource elements and / or subcarriers). For each comb or comb structure with a width or size of N, there may be N or f(N) different available individual combs. For example, for N=2, there may be two combs shifted in frequency space by one, or an odd number, of subcarriers or PRBs (e.g., based on a frequency 1555 domain offset, or a subcarrier offset). A comb structure or comb of width or size of N may be indicated as N-comb. Specific combs of this width may be numbered within N.

[0258] For example, for a 2-comb, there may be a comb 1 (or Cl) and a comb 2 (or C2), which may be shifted relative to each other, e.g. to dovetail such that all subcarrier covered by both combs carry signalling (associated to Cl and C2 alternatingly in frequency domain). 1560

[0259] A comb may comprise two or more, for example at least three or at least four, repetitions of the pattern. The comb may indicate a reference and / or indication, e.g. a resource element and / or subcarner, which may be related to the upper and / or lower boundary in frequency, regarding the arrangement and / or location in frequency of a first pattern, and / or the relative shift of the pattern and / or comb in frequency. Generally, a comb 1565 structure may cover at least part, and / or at least the majority, and / or essentially all or all resource elements and / or subcarriers of the plurality of resource elements and / or subcarriers, and / or the symbol. A comb structure may result from combining two comb structures, which may in particular comb structures with pattern comprising only one reference signal. A comb structure may be determined and / or amended before trans- 1570 mission, e.g. based on other reference signalling to be transmitted, e.g. on a different antenna port. In this context, reference signals may be replaced by empty signals to avoid overlap and / or interference. Generally, if the other reference signalling utilises a comb structure as well, a different / new comb (as a combination of combs) may be considered to be determined, e.g. with less dense reference signal distribution and / or a different / wider 1575 pattern. Alternatively, or additionally, combs may be combined to increase the reference signal density, e.g. by combining combs with different widths, and / or with shifted offsets.

[0260] Generally, a comb structure may represent and / or comprise and / or be comprised of any of the combs / comb structures described herein.

[0261] P111146WO01 44 / 81 A buffer state report (or buffer status report, BSR) may comprise information represent- 1580 ing the presence and / or size of data to be transmitted (e.g., available in one or more buffers, for example provided by higher layers). The size may be indicated explicitly, and / or indexed to range / s of sizes, and / or may pertain to one or more different channel / s and / or acknowledgement processes and / or higher layers and / or channel groups / s, e.g, one or more logical channel / s and / or transport channel / s and / or groups thereof: The 1585 structure of a BSR may be predefined and / or configurable of configured, e.g. to override and / or amend a predefined structure, for example with higher layer signalling, e.g. RRC signalling. There may be different forms of BSR with different levels of resolution and / or information, e.g. a more detailed long BSR and a less detailed short BSR. A short BSR may concatenate and / or combine information of a long BSR, e.g. providing sums for data 1590 available for one or more channels and / or or channels groups and / or buffers, which might be represented individually in a long BSR; and / or may index a less-detailed range scheme for data available or buffered. A BSR may be used in lieu of a scheduling request, e.g. by a network node scheduling or allocating (uplink) resources for the transmitting radio node like a wireless device or UE or IAB node. 1595

[0262] There is generally considered a program product comprising instructions adapted for causing processing and / or control circuitry to carry out and / or control any method described herein, in particular when executed on the processing and / or control circuitry. Also, there is considered a carrier medium arrangement carrying and / or storing a program product as described herein. 1600

[0263] A carrier medium arrangement may comprise one or more carrier media. Generally, a carrier medium may be accessible and / or readable and / or receivable by processing or control circuitry. Storing data and / or a program product and / or code may be seen as part of carrying data and / or a program product and / or code. A carrier medium generally may comprise a guiding / transporting medium and / or a storage medium. A 1605 guiding / transporting medium may be adapted to carry and / or carry and / or store signals, in particular electromagnetic signals and / or electrical signals and / or magnetic signals and / or optical signals. A carrier medium, in particular a guiding / transporting medium, may be adapted to guide such signals to carry them. A carrier medium, in particular a guiding / transporting medium, may comprise the electromagnetic field, e.g. radio waves 1610 or microwaves, and / or optically transmissive material, e.g. glass fiber, and / or cable. A storage medium may comprise at least one of a memory, which may be volatile or nonvolatile, a buffer, a cache, an optical disc, magnetic memory, flash memory, etc.

[0264] A system comprising one or more radio nodes as described herein, in particular a network node and a user equipment, is described. The system may be a wireless communication 1615

[0265] P111146WO01 45 / 81 system, and / or provide and / or represent a radio access network.

[0266] Moreover, there may be generally considered a method of operating an information system, the method comprising providing information. Alternatively, or additionally, an information system adapted for providing information may be considered. Providing information may comprise providing information for, and / or to, a target system, which 1620 may comprise and / or be implemented as radio access network and / or a radio node, in particular a network node or user equipment or terminal. Providing information may comprise transferring and / or streaming and / or sending and / or passing on the information, and / or offering the information for such and / or for download, and / or triggering such providing, e.g. by triggering a different system or node to stream and / or transfer and / or 1625 send and / or pass on the information. The information system may comprise, and / or be connected or connectable to, a target, for example via one or more intermediate systems, e.g. a core network and / or internet and / or private or local network. Information may be provided utilising and / or via such intermediate system / s. Providing information may be for radio transmission and / or for transmission via an air interface and / or utilising a RAN 1630 or radio node as described herein. Connecting the information system to a target, and / or providing information, may be based on a target indication, and / or adaptive to a target indication. A target indication may indicate the target, and / or one or more parameters of transmission pertaining to the target and / or the paths or connections over which the information is provided to the target. Such parameter / s may in particular pertain to the air 1635 interface and / or radio access network and / or radio node and / or network node. Example parameters may indicate for example type and / or nature of the target, and / or transmission capacity (e.g., data rate) and / or latency and / or reliability and / or cost, respectively one or more estimates thereof. The target indication may be provided by the target, or determined by the information system, e.g. based on information received from the target 1640 and / or historical information, and / or be provided by a user, for example a user operating the target or a device in communication with the target, e.g. via the RAN and / or air interface. For example, a user may indicate on a user equipment communicating with the information system that information is to be provided via a RAN, e.g. by selecting from a selection provided by the information system, for example on a user application 1645 or user interface, which may be a web interface. An information system may comprise one or more information nodes. An information node may generally comprise processing circuitry and / or communication circuitry. In particular, an information system and / or an information node may be implemented as a computer and / or a computer arrangement, e.g. a host computer or host computer arrangement and / or server or server arrangement. 1650

[0267] In some variants, an interaction server (e.g., web server) of the information system may provide a user interface, and based on user input may trigger transmitting and / or stream-

[0268] P111146WO01 46 / 81 ing information provision to the user (and / or the target) from another server, which may be connected or connectable to the interaction server and / or be part of the information system or be connected or connectable thereto. The information may be any kind of data, 1655 in particular data intended for a user of for use at a terminal, e.g. video data and / or audio data and / or location data and / or interactive data and / or game-related data and / or environmental data and / or technical data and / or traffic data and / or vehicular data and / or circumstantial data and / or operational data. The information provided by the information system may be mapped to, and / or mappable to, and / or be intended for mapping to, 1660 communication or data signalling and / or one or more data channels as described herein (which may be signalling or channel / s of an air interface and / or used within a RAN and / or for radio transmission). It may be considered that the information is formatted based on the target indication and / or target, e.g. regarding data amount and / or data rate and / or data structure and / or timing, which in particular may be pertaining to a 1665 mapping to communication or data signalling and / or a data channel. Mapping information to data signalling and / or data channel / s may be considered to refer to using the signalling / channel / s to carry the data, e.g. on higher layers of communication, with the signalling / channel / s underlying the transmission. A target indication generally may comprise different components, which may have different sources, and / or which may indicate 1670 different characteristics of the target and / or communication path / s thereto. A format of information may be specifically selected, e.g. from a set of different formats, for information to be transmitted on an air interface and / or by a RAN as described herein. This may be particularly pertinent since an air interface may be limited in terms of capacity and / or of predictability, and / or potentially be cost sensitive. The format may be selected to be 1675 adapted to the transmission indication, which may in particular indicate that a RAN or radio node as described herein is in the path (which may be the indicated and / or planned and / or expected path) of information between the target and the information system. A (communication) path of information may represent the interface / s (e.g., air and / or cable interfaces) and / or the intermediate system / s (if any), between the information system 1680 and / or the node providing or transferring the information, and the target, over which the information is, or is to be, passed on. A path may be (at least partly) undetermined when a target indication is provided, and / or the information is provided / transferred by the information system, e.g. if an internet is involved, which may comprise multiple, dynamically chosen paths. Information and / or a format used for information may be 1685 packet-based, and / or be mapped, and / or be mappable and / or be intended for mapping, to packets. Alternatively, or additionally, there may be considered a method for operating a target device comprising providing a target indicating to an information system.

[0269] More alternatively, or additionally, a target device may be considered, the target device being adapted for providing a target indication to an information system. In another ap- 1690

[0270] P111146WO01 47 / 81 proach, there may be considered a target indication tool adapted for, and / or comprising an indication module for, providing a target indication to an information system. The target device may generally be a target as described above. A target indication tool may comprise, and / or be implemented as, software and / or application or app, and / or web interface or user interface, and / or may comprise one or more modules for implementing 1695 actions performed and / or controlled by the tool. The tool and / or target device may be adapted for, and / or the method may comprise, receiving a user input, based on which a target indicating may be determined and / or provided. Alternatively, or additionally, the tool and / or target device may be adapted for, and / or the method may comprise, receiving information and / or communication signalling carrying information, and / or operating on, 1700 and / or presenting (e.g., on a screen and / or as audio or as other form of indication), information. The information may be based on received information and / or communication signalling carrying information. Presenting information may comprise processing received information, e.g. decoding and / or transforming, in particular between different formats, and / or for hardware used for presenting. Operating on information may be independent of 1705 or without presenting, and / or proceed or succeed presenting, and / or may be without user interaction or even user reception, for example for automatic processes, or target devices without (e.g., regular) user interaction like MTC devices, of for automotive or transport or industrial use. The information or communication signalling may be expected and / or received based on the target indication. Presenting and / or operating on information may 1710 generally comprise one or more processing steps, in particular decoding and / or executing and / or interpreting and / or transforming information. Operating on information may generally comprise relaying and / or transmitting the information, e.g. on an air interface, which may include mapping the information onto signalling (such mapping may generally pertain to one or more layers, e.g. one or more layers of an air interface, e.g. RLC (Radio 1715

[0271] Link Control) layer and / or MAC layer and / or physical layer / s). The information may be imprinted (or mapped) on communication signalling based on the target indication, which may make it particularly suitable for use in a RAN (e.g., for a target device like a network node or in particular a UE or terminal). The tool may generally be adapted for use on a target device, like a UE or terminal. Generally, the tool may provide multiple function- 1720 alities, e.g. for providing and / or selecting the target indication, and / or presenting, e.g. video and / or audio, and / or operating on and / or storing received information. Providing a target indication may comprise transmitting or transferring the indication as signalling, and / or carried on signalling, in a RAN, for example if the target device is a UE, or the tool for a UE. It should be noted that such provided information may be transferred to 1725 the information system via one or more additionally communication interfaces and / or paths and / or connections. The target indication may be a higher-layer indication and / or the information provided by the information system may be higher-layer information, e.g.

[0272] P111146WO01 48 / 81 application layer or user-layer, in particular above radio layers like transport layer and physical layer. The target indication may be mapped on physical layer radio signalling, 1730 e.g. related to or on the user-plane, and / or the information may be mapped on physical layer radio communication signalling, e.g. related to or on the user-plane (in particular, in reverse communication directions). The described approaches allow a target indication to be provided, facilitating information to be provided in a specific format particularly suitable and / or adapted to efficiently use an air interface. A user input may for example 1735 represent a selection from a plurality of possible transmission modes or formats, and / or paths, e.g. in terms of data rate and / or packaging and / or size of information to be provided by the information system.

[0273] In general, a numerology and / or subcarrier spacing may indicate the bandwidth (in frequency domain) of a subcarrier of a carrier, and / or the number of subcarriers in a carrier 1740 and / or the numbering of the subcarriers in a carrier, and / or the symbol time length.

[0274] Different numerologies may in particular be different in the bandwidth of a subcarrier. In some variants, all the subcarriers in a carrier have the same bandwidth associated to them. The numerology and / or subcarrier spacing may be different between carriers in particular regarding the subcarrier bandwidth. A symbol time length, and / or a time 1745 length of a timing structure pertaining to a carrier may be dependent on the carrier frequency, and / or the subcarrier spacing and / or the numerology. In particular, different numerologies may have different symbol time lengths, even on the same carrier.

[0275] Signalling may generally comprise one or more (e.g., modulation) symbols and / or signals and / or messages. A signal may comprise or represent one or more bits. An indication may 1750 represent signalling, and / or be implemented as a signal, or as a plurality of signals. One or more signals may be included in and / or represented by a message, signalling, in particular control signalling, may comprise a plurality of signals and / or messages, which may be transmitted on different carriers and / or be associated to different signalling processes, e.g. representing and / or pertaining to one or more such processes and / or corresponding 1755 information. An indication may comprise signalling, and / or a plurality of signals and / or messages and / or may be comprised therein, which may be transmitted on different carriers and / or be associated to different acknowledgement signalling processes, e.g. representing and / or pertaining to one or more such processes, signalling associated to a channel may be transmitted such that represents signalling and / or information for that channel, 1760 and / or that the signalling is interpreted by the transmitter and / or receiver to belong to that channel. Such signalling may generally comply with transmission parameters and / or format / s for the channel.

[0276] An antenna arrangement may comprise one or more antenna elements (radiating ele-

[0277] P111146WO01 49 / 81 ments), which may be combined in antenna arrays. An antenna array or sub-array may 1765 comprise one antenna element, or a plurality of antenna elements, which may be arranged e.g. two dimensionally (for example, a panel) or three dimensionally. It may be considered that each antenna array or sub-array or element is separately controllable, respectively that different antenna arrays are controllable separately from each other. A single antenna element / radiator may be considered the smallest example of a sub-array. Examples 1770 of antenna arrays comprise one or more multi-antenna panels or one or more individually controllable antenna elements. An antenna arrangement may comprise a plurality of antenna arrays. It may be considered that an antenna arrangement is associated to a (specific and / or single) radio node, e.g. a configuring or informing or scheduling radio node, e.g. to be controlled or controllable by the radio node. An antenna arrangement 1775 associated to a UE or terminal may be smaller (e.g., in size and / or number of antenna elements or arrays) than the antenna arrangement associated to a network node. Antenna elements of an antenna arrangement may be configurable for different arrays, e.g. to change the beamforming characteristics. In particular, antenna arrays may be formed by combining one or more independently or separately controllable antenna elements or 1780 sub-arrays. The beams may be provided by analog beamforming, or in some variants by digital beamforming, or by hybrid beamforming combing analog and digital beamforming.

[0278] The informing radio nodes may be configured with the manner of beam transmission, e.g. by transmitting a corresponding indicator or indication, for example as beam identify indication. However, there may be considered cases in which the informing radio node / s are 1785 not configured with such information, and / or operate transparently, not knowing the way of beamforming used. An antenna arrangement may be considered separately controllable in regard to the phase and / or amplitude / power and / or gain of a signal feed to it for transmission, and / or separately controllable antenna arrangements may comprise an independent or separate transmit and / or receive unit and / or ADC (analog-Digital- Converter, 1790 alternatively an ADC chain) or DCA (Digital-to-analog Converter, alternatively a DCA chain) to convert digital control information into an analog antenna feed for the whole antenna arrangement (the ADC / DCA may be considered part of, and / or connected or connectable to, antenna circuitry) or vice versa. A scenario in which an ADC or DCA is controlled directly for beamforming may be considered an analog beamforming scenario; 1795 such controlling may be performed after encoding / decoding and7or after modulation symbols have been mapped to resource elements. This may be on the level of antenna arrangements using the same ADC / DCA, e.g. one antenna element or a group of antenna elements associated to the same ADC / DCA. Digital beamforming may correspond to a scenario in which processing for beamforming is provided before feeding signalling to the 1800

[0279] ADC / DCA, e.g. by using one or more precoder / s and / or by precoding information, for example before and / or when mapping modulation symbols to resource elements. Such a

[0280] P111146WO01 50 / 81 precoder for beamforming may provide weights, e.g. for amplitude and / or phase, and / or may be based on a (precoder) codebook, e.g. selected from a codebook. A precoder may pertain to one beam or more beams, e.g. defining the beam or beams. The codebook 1805 may be configured or configurable, and / or be predefined. DFT beamforming may be considered a form of digital beamforming, wherein a DFT procedure is used to form one or more beams. Hybrid forms of beamforming may be considered.

[0281] A beam may be defined by a spatial and / or angular and / or spatial angular distribution of radiation and / or a spatial angle (also referred to as solid angle) or spatial (solid) angle 1810 distribution into which radiation is transmitted (for transmission beamforming) or from which it is received (for reception beamforming). Reception beamforming may comprise only accepting signals coming in from a reception beam (e.g., using analog beamforming to not receive outside reception beam / s), and / or sorting out signals that do not come in in a reception beam, e.g. in digital postprocessing, e.g. digital beamforming. A 1815 beam may have a solid angle equal to or smaller than 4*pi sr (4*pi correspond to a beam covering all directions), in particular smaller than 2* pi, or pi, or pi / 2, or pi / 4 or pi / 8 or pi / 16. In particular for high frequencies, smaller beams may be used. Different beams may have different directions and / or sizes (e.g., solid angle and / or reach). A beam may have a main direction, which may be defined by a main lobe (e.g., center of the 1820 main lobe, e.g. pertaining to signal strength and / or solid angle, which may be averaged and / or weighted to determine the direction), and may have one or more sidelobes. A lobe may generally be defined to have a continuous or contiguous distribution of energy and / or power transmitted and / or received, e.g. bounded by one or more contiguous or contiguous regions of zero energy (or practically zero energy). A main lobe may comprise the lobe 1825 with the largest signal strength and / or energy and / or power content. However, sidelobes usually appear due to limitations of beamforming, some of which may carry signals with significant strength, and may cause multi-path effects. A sidelobe may generally have a different direction than a main lobe and / or other side lobes, however, due to reflections a sidelobe still may contribute to transmitted and / or received energy or power. A beam 1830 may be swept and / or switched over time, e.g., such that its (main) direction is changed, but its shape (angular / solid angle distribution) around the main direction is not changed, e.g. from the transmitter’s views for a transmission beam, or the receiver’s view for a reception beam, respectively. Sweeping may correspond to continuous or near continuous change of main direction (e.g., such that after each change, the main lobe from before the 1835 change covers at least partly the main lobe after the change, e.g. at least to 50 or 75 or

[0282] 90 percent). Switching may correspond to switching direction non-continuously, e.g. such that after each change, the main lobe from before the change does not cover the main lobe after the change, e.g. at most to 50 or 25 or 10 percent.

[0283] P111146WO01 51 / 81 Signal strength may be a representation of signal power and / or signal energy, e.g. as 1840 seen from a transmitting node or a receiving node. A beam with larger strength at transmission (e.g., according to the beamforming used) than another beam does may not necessarily have larger strength at the receiver, and vice versa, for example due to interference and / or obstruction and / or dispersion and / or absorption and / or reflection and / or attrition or other effects influencing a beam or the signalling it carries. Signal 1845 quality may in general be a representation of how well a signal may be received over noise and / or interference. A beam with better signal quality than another beam does not necessarily have a larger beam strength than the other beam. Signal quality may be represented for example by SIR, SNR, SINR, BER, BLER, Energy per resource element over noise / interference or another corresponding quality measure. Signal quality and / or 1850 signal strength may pertain to, and / or may be measured with respect to, a beam, and / or specific signalling carried by the beam, e.g. reference signalling and / or a specific channel, e.g. a data channel or control channel. Signal strength may be represented by received signal strength, and / or relative signal strength, e.g. in comparison to a reference signal (strength). 1855

[0284] Uplink or sidelink signalling may be OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) or SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) signalling. Downlink signalling may in particular be OFDMA signalling. However, signalling like communication signalling is not limited thereto (Filter-Bank based signalling and / or Single-Carrier based signalling, e.g. SC-FDE signalling, may be considered alternatives). 1860

[0285] A radio node may generally be considered a device or node adapted for wireless and / or radio (and / or millimeter wave) frequency communication, and / or for communication utilising an air interface, e.g. according to a communication standard.

[0286] A radio node may be a network node, or a user equipment or terminal. A network node may be any radio node of a wireless communication network, e.g. a base station and / or 1865 gNodeB (gNB) and / or eNodeB (eNB) and / or relay node and / or micro / nano / pico / femto node and / or transmission point (TP) and / or access point (AP) and / or other node, in particular for a RAN or other wireless communication network as described herein.

[0287] The terms user equipment (UE) and terminal may be considered to be interchangeable in the context of this disclosure. A wireless device, user equipment or terminal may rep- 1870 resent an end device for communication utilising the wireless communication network, and / or be implemented as a user equipment according to a standard. Examples of user equipments may comprise a phone like a smartphone, a personal communication device, a mobile phone or terminal, a computer, in particular laptop, a sensor or machine with radio capability (and / or adapted for the air interface), in particular for MTC (Machine-Type- 1875

[0288] P111146WO01 52 / 81 Communication, sometimes also referred to M2M, Machine- To-Machine), or a vehicle adapted for wireless communication. A user equipment or terminal may be mobile or stationary. A wireless device generally may comprise, and / or be implemented as, processing circuitry and / or radio circuitry, which may comprise one or more chips or sets of chips.

[0289] The circuitry and / or circuitries may be packaged, e.g. in a chip housing, and / or may have 1880 one or more physical interfaces to interact with other circuitry and / or for power supply.

[0290] Such a wireless device may be intended for use in a user equipment or terminal.

[0291] A radio node may generally comprise processing circuitry and / or radio circuitry. A radio node, in particular a network node, may in some cases comprise cable circuitry and / or communication circuitry, with which it may be connected or connectable to another radio 1885 node and / or a core network.

[0292] Circuitry may comprise integrated circuitry. Processing circuitry may comprise one or more processors and / or controllers (e.g., microcontrollers), and / or ASICs (Application Specific Integrated Circuitry) and / or FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Array), or similar. It may be considered that processing circuitry comprises, and / or is (operatively) 1890 connected or connectable to one or more memories or memory arrangements. A memory arrangement may comprise one or more memories. A memory may be adapted to store digital information. Examples for memories comprise volatile and non-volatile memory, and / or Random Access Memory (RAM), and / or Read-Only-Memory (ROM), and / or magnetic and / or optical memory, and / or flash memory, and / or hard disk mem- 1895 ory, and / or EPROM or EEPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM or Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM).

[0293] Radio circuitry may comprise one or more transmitters and / or receivers and / or transceivers (a transceiver may operate or be operable as transmitter and receiver, and / or may comprise joint or separated circuitry for receiving and transmitting, e.g. in one package or 1900 housing), and / or may comprise one or more amplifiers and / or oscillators and / or filters, and / or may comprise, and / or be connected or connectable to antenna circuitry and / or one or more antennas and / or antenna arrays. An antenna array may comprise one or more antennas, which may be arranged in a dimensional array, e.g. 2D or 3D array, and / or antenna panels. A remote radio head (RRH) may be considered as an example 1905 of an antenna array. However, in some variants, an RRH may be also be implemented as a network node, depending on the kind of circuitry and / or functionality implemented therein.

[0294] Communication circuitry may comprise radio circuitry and / or cable circuitry. Communication circuitry generally may comprise one or more interfaces, which may be air inter- 1910 face / s and / or cable interface / s and / or optical interface / s, e.g. laser-based. Interface / s

[0295] P111146WO01 53 / 81 may be in particular packet-based. Cable circuitry and / or a cable interfaces may comprise, and / or be connected or connectable to, one or more cables (e.g., optical fiber-based and / or wire-based), which may be directly or indirectly (e.g., via one or more intermediate systems and / or interfaces) be connected or connectable to a target, e.g. controlled by 1915 communication circuitry and / or processing circuitry.

[0296] Any one or all of the modules disclosed herein may be implemented in software and / or firmware and / or hardware. Different modules may be associated to different components of a radio node, e.g. different circuitries or different parts of a circuitry. It may be considered that a module is distributed over different components and / or circuitries. A program 1920 product as described herein may comprise the modules related to a device on which the program product is intended (e.g., a user equipment or network node) to be executed (the execution may be performed on, and / or controlled by the associated circuitry).

[0297] A wireless communication network may be or comprise a radio access network and / or a backhaul network (e.g. a relay or backhaul network or an IAB network), and / or a 1925

[0298] Radio Access Network (RAN) in particular according to a communication standard. A communication standard may in particular a standard according to 3GPP and / or 5G, e.g. according to NR or LTE, in particular LTE Evolution.

[0299] A wireless communication network may be and / or comprise a Radio Access Network

[0300] (RAN), which may be and / or comprise any kind of cellular and / or wireless radio net- 1930 work, which may be connected or connectable to a core network. The approaches described herein are particularly suitable for a 5G network, e.g. LTE Evolution and / or NR (New Radio), respectively successors thereof. A RAN may comprise one or more network nodes, and / or one or more terminals, and / or one or more radio nodes. A network node may in particular be a radio node adapted for radio and / or wireless and / or cellular 1935 communication with one or more terminals. A terminal may be any device adapted for radio and / or wireless and / or cellular communication with or within a RAN, e.g. a user equipment (UE) or mobile phone or smartphone or computing device or vehicular communication device or device for machine- type-communication (MTC), etc. A terminal may be mobile, or in some cases stationary. A RAN or a wireless communication network 1940 may comprise at least one network node and a UE, or at least two radio nodes. There may be generally considered a wireless communication network or system, e.g. a RAN or RAN system, comprising at least one radio node, and / or at least one network node and at least one terminal.

[0301] Transmitting in downlink may pertain to transmission from the network or network node 1945 to the terminal. Transmitting in uplink may pertain to transmission from the terminal to the network or network node. Transmitting in sidelink may pertain to (direct)

[0302] P111146WO01 54 / 81 transmission from one terminal to another. Uplink, downlink and sidelink (e.g., sidelink transmission and reception) may be considered communication directions. In some variants, uplink and downlink may also be used to described wireless communication between 1950 network nodes, e.g. for wireless backhaul and / or relay communication and / or (wireless) network communication for example between base stations or similar network nodes, in particular communication terminating at such. It may be considered that backhaul and / or relay communication and / or network communication is implemented as a form of sidelink or uplink communication or similar thereto. 1955

[0303] Control information or a control information message or corresponding signalling (control signalling) may be transmitted on a control channel, e.g. a physical control channel, which may be a downlink channel or (or a sidelink channel in some cases, e.g. one UE scheduling another UE). For example, control information / allocation information may be signaled by a network node on PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel) and / or 1960 a PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel) and / or a HARQ-specihc channel. Acknowledgement signalling, e.g. as a form of control information or signalling like uplink control information / signalling, may be transmitted by a terminal on a PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel) and / or PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel) and / or a HARQ-specihc channel. Multiple channels may apply for multi-component / multi-carrier 1965 indication or signalling.

[0304] Transmitting acknowledgement signalling may in general be based on and / or in response to subject transmission, and / or to control signalling scheduling subject transmission. Such control signalling and / or subject signalling may be transmitted by a signalling radio node (which may be a network node, and / or a node associated to it, e.g. in a dual 1970 connectivity scenario. Subject transmission and / or subject signalling may be transmission or signalling to which ACK / NACK or acknowledgement information pertains, e.g. indicating correct or incorrect reception and / or decoding of the subject transmission or signalling. Subject signalling or transmission may in particular comprise and / or be represented by data signalling, e.g. on a PDSCH or PSSCH, or some forms of control signalling, 1975 e.g. on a PDCCH or PSSCH, for example for specific formats.

[0305] A signalling characteristic may be based on a type or format of a scheduling grant and / or scheduling assignment, and / or type of allocation, and / or timing of acknowledgement signalling and / or the scheduling grant and / or scheduling assignment, and / or resources associated to acknowledgement signalling and / or the scheduling grant and / or schedul- 1980 ing assignment. For example, if a specific format for a scheduling grant (scheduling or allocating the allocated resources) or scheduling assignment (scheduling the subject transmission for acknowledgement signalling) is used or detected, the first or second com-

[0306] P111146WO01 55 / 81 munication resource may be used. Type of allocation may pertain to dynamic allocation

[0307] (e.g., using DCI / PDCCH) or semi-static allocation (e.g., for a configured grant). Timing 1985 of acknowledgement signalling may pertain to a slot and / or symbol / s the signalling is to be transmitted. Resources used for acknowledgement signalling may pertain to the allocated resources. Timing and / or resources associated to a scheduling grant or assignment may represent a search space or CORESET (a set of resources configured for reception of

[0308] PDCCH transmissions) in which the grant or assignment is received. Thus, which trans- 1990 mission resource to be used may be based on implicit conditions, requiring low signalling overhead.

[0309] Scheduling may comprise indicating, e.g. with control signalling like DCI or SCI signalling and / or signalling on a control channel like PDCCH or PSCCH, one or more scheduling opportunities of a configuration intended to carry data signalling or subject signalling. 1995

[0310] The configuration may be represented or representable by, and / or correspond to, a table.

[0311] A scheduling assignment may for example point to an opportunity of the reception allocation configuration, e.g. indexing a table of scheduling opportunities. In some cases, a reception allocation configuration may comprise 15 or 16 scheduling opportunities. The configuration may in particular represent allocation in time. It may be considered that the 2000 reception allocation configuration pertains to data signalling, in particular on a physical data channel like PDSCH or PSSCH. In general, the reception allocation configuration may pertain to downlink signalling, or in some scenarios to sidelink signalling. Control signalling scheduling subject transmission like data signalling may point and / or index and / or refer to and / or indicate a scheduling opportunity of the reception allocation con- 2005 figuration. It may be considered that the reception allocation configuration is configured or configurable with higher-layer signalling, e.g. RRC or MAC layer signalling. The reception allocation configuration may be applied and / or applicable and / or valid for a plurality of transmission timing intervals, e.g. such that for each interval, one or more opportunities may be indicated or allocated for data signalling. These approaches allow efficient 2010 and flexible scheduling, which may be semi-static, but may updated or reconfigured on useful timescales in response to changes of operation conditions.

[0312] Control information, e.g., in a control information message, in this context may in particular be implemented as and / or represented by a scheduling assignment, which may indicate subject transmission for feedback (transmission of acknowledgement signalling), 2015 and / or reporting timing and / or frequency resources and / or code resources. Reporting timing may indicate a timing for scheduled acknowledgement signalling, e.g. slot and / or symbol and / or resource set. Control information may be carried by control signalling.

[0313] Subject transmissions may comprise one or more individual transmissions. Scheduling as-

[0314] P111146WO01 56 / 81 signments may comprise one or more scheduling assignments. It should generally be noted 2020 that in a distributed system, subject transmissions, configuration and / or scheduling may be provided by different nodes or devices or transmission points. Different subject transmissions may be on the same carrier or different carriers (e.g., in a carrier aggregation), and / or same or different bandwidth parts, and / or on the same or different layers or beams, e.g. in a MIMO scenario, and / or to same or different ports. Generally, subject transmis- 2025 sions may pertain to different HARQ or ARQ processes (or different sub-processes, e.g. in MIMO with different beams / layers associated to the same process identifier, but different sub-process-identifiers like swap bits). A scheduling assignment and / or a HARQ codebook may indicate a target HARQ structure. A target HARQ structure may for example indicate an intended HARQ response to a subject transmission, e.g. the number of bits 2030 and / or whether to provide code block group level response or not. However, it should be noted that the actual structure used may differ from the target structure, e.g. due to the total size of target structures for a subpattern being larger than the predetermined size.

[0315] Transmitting acknowledgement signalling, also referred to as transmitting acknowledgement information or feedback information or simply as ARQ or HARQ feedback or feed- 2035 back or reporting feedback, may comprise, and / or be based on determining correct or incorrect reception of subject transmission / s, e.g. based on error coding and / or based on scheduling assignment / s scheduling the subject transmissions. Transmitting acknowledgement information may be based on, and / or comprise, a structure for acknowledgement information to transmit, e.g. the structure of one or more subpatterns, e.g. based on 2040 which subject transmission is scheduled for an associated subdivision. Transmitting acknowledgement information may comprise transmitting corresponding signalling, e.g. at one instance and / or in one message and / or one channel, in particular a physical channel, which may be a control channel. In some cases, the channel may be a shared channel or data channel, e.g. utilising rate-matching of the acknowledgment information. The 2045 acknowledgement information may generally pertain to a plurality of subject transmissions, which may be on different channels and / or carriers, and / or may comprise data signalling and / or control signalling. The acknowledgment information may be based on a codebook, which may be based on one or more size indications and / or assignment indications (representing HARQ structures), which may be received with a plurality of 2050 control signallings and / or control messages, e.g. in the same or different transmission timing structures, and / or in the same or different (target) sets of resources. Transmitting acknowledgement information may comprise determining the codebook, e.g. based on control information in one or more control information messages and / or a configuration.

[0316] A codebook may pertain to transmitting acknowledgement information at a single and / or 2055 specific instant, e.g. a single PUCCH or PUSCH transmission, and / or in one message

[0317] P111146WO01 57 / 81 or with jointly encoded and / or modulated acknowledgement information. Generally, acknowledgment information may be transmitted together with other control information, e.g. a scheduling request and / or measurement information.

[0318] Acknowledgement signalling may in some cases comprise, next to acknowledgement in- 2060 formation, other information, e.g. control information, in particular, uplink or sidelink control information, like a scheduling request and / or measurement information, or similar, and / or error detection and / or correction information, respectively associated bits.

[0319] The payload size of acknowledgement signalling may represent the number of bits of acknowledgement information, and / or in some cases the total number of bits carried by 2065 the acknowledgement signalling, and / or the number of resource elements needed. Acknowledgement signalling and / or information may pertain to ARQ and / or HARQ processes; an ARQ process may provide ACK / NACK (and perhaps additional feedback) feedback, and decoding may be performed on each (re-)transmission separately, without soft-buffering / soft-combining intermediate data, whereas HARQ may comprise soft- 2070 buffering / soft-combining of intermediate data of decoding for one or more (re-)transmissions.

[0320] Subject transmission may be data signalling or control signalling. The transmission may be on a shared or dedicated channel. Data signalling may be on a data channel, for example on a PDSCH or PSSCH, or on a dedicated data channel, e.g. for low latency and / or high reliability, e.g. a URLLC channel. Control signalling may be on a control channel, 2075 for example on a common control channel or a PDCCH or PSCCH, and / or comprise one or more DCI messages or SCI messages. In some cases, the subject transmission may comprise, or represent, reference signalling. For example, it may comprise DM-RS and / or pilot signalling and / or discovery signalling and / or sounding signalling and / or phase tracking signalling and / or cell-specific reference signalling and / or user-specific signalling, in par- 2080 ticular CSI-RS. A subject transmission may pertain to one scheduling assignment and / or one acknowledgement signalling process (e.g., according to identifier or subidentifier), and / or one subdivision. In some cases, a subject transmission may cross the borders of subdivisions in time, e.g. due to being scheduled to start in one subdivision and extending into another, or even crossing over more than one subdivision. In this case, it may be 2085 considered that the subject transmission is associated to the subdivision it ends in.

[0321] It may be considered that transmitting acknowledgement information, in particular of acknowledgement information, is based on determining whether the subject transmission / s has or have been received correctly, e.g. based on error coding and / or reception quality. Reception quality may for example be based on a determined signal quality. Acknowl- 2090 edgement information may generally be transmitted to a signalling radio node and / or node arrangement and / or to a network and / or network node.

[0322] P111146WO01 58 / 81 Acknowledgement information, or bit / s of a subpattern structure of such information (e.g., an acknowledgement information structure, may represent and / or comprise one or more bits, in particular a pattern of bits. Multiple bits pertaining to a data structure 2095 or substructure or message like a control message may be considered a subpattern. The structure or arrangement of acknowledgement information may indicate the order, and / or meaning, and / or mapping, and / or pattern of bits (or subpatterns of bits) of the information. The structure or mapping may in particular indicate one or more data block structures, e.g. code blocks and / or code block groups and / or transport blocks and / or 2100 messages, e.g. command messages, the acknowledgement information pertains to, and / or which bits or subpattern of bits are associated to which data block structure. In some cases, the mapping may pertain to one or more acknowledgement signalling processes, e.g. processes with different identifiers, and / or one or more different data streams. The configuration or structure or codebook may indicate to which process / es and / or data stream / s 2105 the information pertains. Generally, the acknowledgement information may comprise one or more subpatterns, each of which may pertain to a data block structure, e.g. a code block or code block group or transport block. A subpattern may be arranged to indicate acknowledgement or non-acknowledgement, or another retransmission state like non-scheduling or non-reception, of the associated data block structure. It may be con- 2110 sidered that a subpattern comprises one bit, or in some cases more than one bit. It should be noted that acknowledgement information may be subjected to significant processing before being transmitted with acknowledgement signalling. Different configurations may indicate different sizes and / or mapping and / or structures and / or pattern.

[0323] An acknowledgment signalling process (providing acknowledgment information) may be 2115 a HARQ process, and / or be identified by a process identifier, e.g. a HARQ process identifier or sub-identifier. Acknowledgement signalling and / or associated acknowledgement information may be referred to as feedback or acknowledgement feedback. It should be noted that data blocks or structures to which subpatterns may pertain may be intended to carry data (e.g., information and / or systemic and / or coding bits). However, depending 2120 on transmission conditions, such data may be received or not received (or not received correctly), which may be indicated correspondingly in the feedback. In some cases, a subpattern of acknowledgement signalling may comprise padding bits, e.g. if the acknowledgement information for a data block requires fewer bits than indicated as size of the subpattern. Such may for example happen if the size is indicated by a unit size larger 2125 than required for the feedback.

[0324] Acknowledgment information may generally indicate at least ACK or NACK, e.g. pertaining to an acknowledgment signalling process, or an element of a data block structure like a data block, subblock group or subblock, or a message, in particular a control mes-

[0325] P111146WO01 59 / 81 sage. Generally, to an acknowledgment signalling process there may be associated one 2130 specific subpattern and / or a data block structure, for which acknowledgment information may be provided. Acknowledgement information may comprise a plurality of pieces of information, represented in a plurality of ARQ and / or HARQ structures.

[0326] An acknowledgment signalling process may determine correct or incorrect reception, and / or corresponding acknowledgement information, of a data block like a transport 2135 block, and / or substructures thereof, based on coding bits associated to the data block, and / or based on coding bits associated to one or more data block and / or subblocks and / or subblock group / s. Acknowledgement information (determined by an acknowledgement signalling process) may pertain to the data block as a whole, and / or to one or more subblocks or subblock groups. A code block may be considered an example of 2140 a subblock, whereas a code block group may be considered an example of a subblock group. Accordingly, the associated subpattern may comprise one or more bits indicating reception status or feedback of the data block, and / or one or more bits indicating reception status or feedback of one or more subblocks or subblock groups. Each subpattern or bit of the subpattern may be associated and / or mapped to a specific data block or 2145 subblock or subblock group. In some variants, correct reception for a data block may be indicated if all subblocks or subblock groups are correctly identified. In such a case, the subpattern may represent acknowledgement information for the data block as a whole, reducing overhead in comparison to provide acknowledgement information for the subblocks or subblock groups. The smallest structure (e.g. subblock / subblock group / data 2150 block) the subpattern provides acknowledgement information for and / or is associated to may be considered its (highest) resolution. In some variants, a subpattern may provide acknowledgment information regarding several elements of a data block structure and / or at different resolution, e.g. to allow more specific error detection. For example, even if a subpattern indicates acknowledgment signalling pertaining to a data block as a whole, 2155 in some variants higher resolution (e.g., subblock or subblock group resolution) may be provided by the subpattern. A subpattern may generally comprise one or more bits indicating ACK / NACK for a data block, and / or one or more bits for indicating ACK / NACK for a subblock or subblock group, or for more than one subblock or subblock group.

[0327] A subblock and / or subblock group may comprise information bits (representing the data 2160 to be transmitted, e.g. user data and / or downlink / sidelink data or uplink data). It may be considered that a data block and / or subblock and / or subblock group also comprises error one or more error detection bits, which may pertain to, and / or be determined based on, the information bits (for a subblock group, the error detection bit / s may be determined based on the information bits and / or error detection bits and / or error correction bits of the 2165 subblock / s of the subblock group). A data block or substructure like subblock or subblock

[0328] P111146WO01 60 / 81 group may comprise error correction bits, which may in particular be determined based on the information bits and error detection bits of the block or substructure, e.g. utilising an error correction coding scheme, in particular for forward error correction (FEC), e.g.

[0329] LDPC or polar coding and / or turbo coding. Generally, the error correction coding of a 2170 data block structure (and / or associated bits) may cover and / or pertain to information bits and error detection bits of the structure. A subblock group may represent a combination of one or more code blocks, respectively the corresponding bits. A data block may represent a code block or code block group, or a combination of more than one code block groups.

[0330] A transport block may be split up in code blocks and / or code block groups, for example 2175 based on the bit size of the information bits of a higher layer data structure provided for error coding and / or size requirements or preferences for error coding, in particular error correction coding. Such a higher layer data structure is sometimes also referred to as transport block, which in this context represents information bits without the error coding bits described herein, although higher layer error handling information may be 2180 included, e.g. for an internet protocol like TCP. However, such error handling information represents information bits in the context of this disclosure, as the acknowledgement signalling procedures described treat it accordingly.

[0331] In some variants, a subblock like a code block may comprise error correction bits, which may be determined based on the information bit / s and / or error detection bit / s of the 2185 subblock. An error correction coding scheme may be used for determining the error correction bits, e.g. based on LDPC or polar coding or Reed-Mueller coding. In some cases, a subblock or code block may be considered to be defined as a block or pattern of bits comprising information bits, error detection bit / s determined based on the information bits, and error correction bit / s determined based on the information bits and / or error 2190 detection bit / s. It may be considered that in a subblock, e.g. code block, the information bits (and possibly the error correction bit / s) are protected and / or covered by the error correction scheme or corresponding error correction bit / s. A code block group may comprise one or more code blocks. In some variants, no additional error detection bits and / or error correction bits are applied, however, it may be considered to apply either or both. A 2195 transport block may comprise one or more code block groups. It may be considered that no additional error detection bits and / or error correction bits are applied to a transport block, however, it may be considered to apply either or both. In some specific variants, the code block group / s comprise no additional layers of error detection or correction coding, and the transport block may comprise only additional error detection coding bits, 2200 but no additional error correction coding. This may particularly be true if the transport block size is larger than the code block size and / or the maximum size for error correction coding. A subpattern of acknowledgement signalling (in particular indicating ACK or

[0332] P111146WO01 61 / 81 NACK) may pertain to a code block, e.g. indicating whether the code block has been correctly received. It may be considered that a subpattern pertains to a subgroup like a 2205 code block group or a data block like a transport block. In such cases, it may indicate ACK, if all subblocks or code blocks of the group or data / transport block are received correctly (e.g. based on a logical AND operation), and NACK or another state of noncorrect reception if at least one subblock or code block has not been correctly received. It should be noted that a code block may be considered to be correctly received not only if 2210 it actually has been correctly received, but also if it can be correctly reconstructed based on soft-combining and / or the error correction coding.

[0333] A subpattern / HARQ structure may pertain to one acknowledgement signalling process and / or one carrier like a component carrier and / or data block structure or data block. It may in particular be considered that one (e.g. specific and / or single) subpattern pertains, 2215 e.g. is mapped by the codebook, to one (e.g., specific and / or single) acknowledgement signalling process, e.g. a specific and / or single HARQ process. It may be considered that in the bit pattern, subpatterns are mapped to acknowledgement signalling processes and / or data blocks or data block structures on a one-to-one basis. In some variants, there may be multiple subpatterns (and / or associated acknowledgment signalling processes) 2220 associated to the same component carrier, e.g. if multiple data streams transmitted on the carrier are subject to acknowledgement signalling processes. A subpattern may comprise one or more bits, the number of which may be considered to represent its size or bit size. Different bit n-tupels (n being 1 or larger) of a subpattern may be associated to different elements of a data block structure (e.g., data block or subblock or subblock 2225 group), and / or represent different resolutions. There may be considered variants in which only one resolution is represented by a bit pattern, e.g. a data block. A bit n-tupel may represent acknowledgement information (also referred to a feedback), in particular ACK or NACK, and optionally, (if n^,l), may represent DTX / DRX or other reception states. ACK / NACK may be represented by one bit, or by more than one bit, e.g. to 2230 improve disambiguity of bit sequences representing ACK or NACK, and / or to improve transmission reliability.

[0334] The acknowledgement information or feedback information may pertain to a plurality of different transmissions, which may be associated to and / or represented by data block structures, respectively the associated data blocks or data signalling. The data block 2235 structures, and / or the corresponding blocks and / or signalling, may be scheduled for simultaneous transmission, e.g. for the same transmission timing structure, in particular within the same slot or subframe, and / or on the same symbol / s. However, alternatives with scheduling for non-simultaneous transmission may be considered. For example, the acknowledgment information may pertain to data blocks scheduled for different trans- 2240

[0335] P111146WO01 62 / 81 mission timing structures, e.g. different slots (or mini-slots, or slots and mini-slots) or similar, which may correspondingly be received (or not or wrongly received). Scheduling signalling may generally comprise indicating resources, e.g. time and / or frequency resources, for example for receiving or transmitting the scheduled signalling. signalling may generally be considered to represent an electromagnetic wave structure 2245

[0336] (e.g., over a time interval and frequency interval), which is intended to convey information to at least one specific or generic (e.g., anyone who might pick up the signalling) target. A process of signalling may comprise transmitting the signalling. Transmitting signalling, in particular control signalling or communication signalling, e.g. comprising or representing acknowledgement signalling and / or resource requesting information, may 2250 comprise encoding and / or modulating. Encoding and / or modulating may comprise error detection coding and / or forward error correction encoding and / or scrambling. Receiving control signalling may comprise corresponding decoding and / or demodulation. Error detection coding may comprise, and / or be based on, parity or checksum approaches, e.g.

[0337] CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check). Forward error correction coding may comprise and / or 2255 be based on for example turbo coding and / or Reed-Muller coding, and / or polar coding and / or LDPC coding (Low Density Parity Check). The type of coding used may be based on the channel (e.g., physical channel) the coded signal is associated to. A code rate may represent the ratio of the number of information bits before encoding to the number of encoded bits after encoding, considering that encoding adds coding bits for error detec- 2260 tion coding and forward error correction. Coded bits may refer to information bits (also called systematic bits) plus coding bits.

[0338] Communication signalling may comprise, and / or represent, and / or be implemented as, data signalling, and / or user plane signalling. Communication signalling may be associated to a data channel, e.g. a physical downlink channel or physical uplink channel or physical 2265 sidelink channel, in particular a PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel) or PSSCH (Physical Sidelink Shared Channel). Generally, a data channel may be a shared channel or a dedicated channel. Data signalling may be signalling associated to and / or on a data channel.

[0339] An indication generally may explicitly and / or implicitly indicate the information it rep- 2270 resents and / or indicates. Implicit indication may for example be based on position and / or resource used for transmission. Explicit indication may for example be based on a parametrisation with one or more parameters, and / or one or more index or indices, and / or one or more bit patterns representing the information. It may in particular be considered that control signalling as described herein, based on the utilised resource sequence, 2275 implicitly indicates the control signalling type.

[0340] P111146WO01 63 / 81 A resource element may generally describe the smallest individually usable and / or encodable and / or decodable and / or modulatable and / or demodulatable time-frequency resource, and / or may describe a time-frequency resource covering a symbol time length in time and a subcarrier in frequency. A signal may be allocatable and / or allocated to a 2280 resource element. A subcarrier may be a subband of a carrier, e.g. as defined by a standard. A carrier may define a frequency and / or frequency band for transmission and / or reception. In some variants, a signal (jointly encoded / modulated) may cover more than one resource elements. A resource element may generally be as defined by a corresponding standard, e.g. NR or LTE. As symbol time length and / or subcarrier spacing (and / or 2285 numerology) may be different between different symbols and / or subcarriers, different resource elements may have different extension (length / width) in time and / or frequency domain, in particular resource elements pertaining to different carriers.

[0341] A resource generally may represent a time-frequency and / or code resource, on which signalling, e.g. according to a specific format, may be communicated, for example trans- 2290 mitted and / or received, and / or be intended for transmission and / or reception.

[0342] A border symbol may generally represent a starting symbol or an ending symbol for transmitting and / or receiving. A starting symbol may in particular be a starting symbol of uplink or sidelink signalling, for example control signalling or data signalling. Such signalling may be on a data channel or control channel, e.g. a physical channel, in 2295 particular a physical uplink shared channel (like PUSCH) or a sidelink data or shared channel, or a physical uplink control channel (like PUCCH) or a sidelink control channel.

[0343] If the starting symbol is associated to control signalling (e.g., on a control channel), the control signalling may be in response to received signalling (in sidelink or downlink), e.g. representing acknowledgement signalling associated thereto, which may be HARQ or ARQ 2300 signalling. An ending symbol may represent an ending symbol (in time) of downlink or sidelink transmission or signalling, which may be intended or scheduled for the radio node or user equipment. Such downlink signalling may in particular be data signalling, e.g. on a physical downlink channel like a shared channel, e.g. a PDSCH (Physical Downlink

[0344] Shared Channel). A starting symbol may be determined based on, and / or in relation to, 2305 such an ending symbol.

[0345] Configuring a radio node, in particular a terminal or user equipment, may refer to the radio node being adapted or caused or set and / or instructed to operate according to the configuration. Configuring may be done by another device, e.g., a network node (for example, a radio node of the network like a base station or eNodeB) or network, in which 2310 case it may comprise transmitting configuration data to the radio node to be configured.

[0346] Such configuration data may represent the configuration to be configured and / or comprise

[0347] P111146WO01 64 / 81 one or more instruction pertaining to a configuration, e .g. a configuration for transmitting and / or receiving on allocated resources, in particular frequency resources. A radio node may configure itself, e.g., based on configuration data received from a network or network 2315 node. A network node may utilise, and / or be adapted to utilise, its circuitry / ies for configuring. A llocation i nformation m ay b e c onsidered a f orm o f c onfiguration data. Configuration d ata m ay c omprise a nd / or b e r epresented by e onfiguration information, and / or one or more corresponding indications and / or message / s

[0348] Generally, configuring may include determining configuration data representing the con- 2320 figuration and providing, e .g. transmitting, it to one or more other nodes (parallel and / or sequentially), which may transmit it further to the radio node (or another node, which may be repeated until it reaches the wireless device). Alternatively, or additionally, configuring a r adio n ode, e .g., b y a n etwork n ode o r o ther d evice, m ay i nclude receiving configuration data and / or data pertaining to configuration data, e.g., from another node 2325 like a network node, which may be a higher-level node of the network, and / or transmitting received configuration data t o t he radio n ode. A ccordingly, determining a configuration and transmitting the configuration data to the radio node may be performed by different network nodes or entities, which may be able to communicate via a suitable interface, e.g., an X2 interface in the case of LTE or a corresponding interface for NR. Configuring a 2330 terminal may comprise scheduling downlink and / or uplink transmissions for the terminal, e.g. downlink data and / or downlink control signalling and / or DCI and / or uplink control or data or communication signalling, in particular acknowledgement signalling, and / or configuring resources and / or a resource pool therefor.

[0349] A resource structure may be considered to be neighboured in frequency domain by an- 2335 other resource structure, if they share a common border frequency, e.g. one as an upper frequency border and the other as a lower frequency border. Such a border may for example be represented by the upper end of a bandwidth assigned to a subcarrier n, which also represents the lower end of a bandwidth assigned to a subcarrier n+1. A resource structure may be considered to be neighboured in time domain by another resource struc- 2340 ture, if they share a common border time, e.g. one as an upper (or right in the figures) border and the other as a lower (or left in the figures) b order. S uch a b order m ay for example be represented by the end of the symbol time interval assigned to a symbol n, which also represents the beginning of a symbol time interval assigned to a symbol n+1.

[0350] Generally, a resource structure being neighboured by another resource structure in a 2345 domain may also be referred to as abutting and / or bordering the other resource structure in the domain.

[0351] A resource structure may general represent a structure in time and / or frequency domain,

[0352] P111146WO01 65 / 81 in particular representing a time interval and a frequency interval. A resource structure may comprise and / or be comprised of resource elements, and / or the time interval of a 2350 resource structure may comprise and / or be comprised of symbol time interval / s, and / or the frequency interval of a resource structure may comprise and / or be comprised of sub- carrier / s. A resource element may be considered an example for a resource structure, a slot or mini-slot or a Physical Resource Block (PRB) or parts thereof may be considered others. A resource structure may be associated to a specific channel, e.g. a PUSCH or 2355

[0353] PUCCH, in particular resource structure smaller than a slot or PRB.

[0354] Examples of a resource structure in frequency domain comprise a bandwidth or band, or a bandwidth part. A bandwidth part may be a part of a bandwidth available for a radio node for communicating, e.g. due to circuitry and / or configuration and / or regulations and / or a standard. A bandwidth part may be configured or configurable to a radio 2360 node. In some variants, a bandwidth part may be the part of a bandwidth used for communicating, e.g. transmitting and / or receiving, by a radio node. The bandwidth part may be smaller than the bandwidth (which may be a device bandwidth defined by the circuitry / conhguration of a device, and / or a system bandwidth, e.g. available for a

[0355] RAN). It may be considered that a bandwidth part comprises one or more resource blocks 2365 or resource block groups, in particular one or more PRBs or PRB groups. A bandwidth part may pertain to, and / or comprise, one or more carriers.

[0356] A carrier may generally represent a frequency range or band and / or pertain to a central frequency and an associated frequency interval. It may be considered that a carrier comprises a plurality of subcarriers. A carrier may have assigned to it a central frequency or 2370 center frequency interval, e.g. represented by one or more subcarriers (to each subcarrier there may be generally assigned a frequency bandwidth or interval). Different carriers may be non-overlapping, and / or may be neighbouring in frequency domain.

[0357] It should be noted that the term “radio” in this disclosure may be considered to pertain to wireless communication in general, and may also include wireless communication utilising 2375 millimeter waves, in particular above one of the thresholds 10 GHz or 20 GHz or 50 GHz or 52 GHz or 52.6 GHz or 60 GHz or 72 GHz or 100 GHz or 114 GHz. Such communication may utilise one or more carriers, e.g. in FDD and / or carrier aggregation. Upper frequency boundaries may correspond to 300 GHz or 200 GHz or 120 GHz or any of the thresholds larger than the one representing the lower frequency boundary. 2380

[0358] A radio node, in particular a network node or a terminal, may generally be any device adapted for transmitting and / or receiving radio and / or wireless signals and / or data, in particular communication data, in particular on at least one carrier. The at least one carrier may comprise a carrier accessed based on an LBT procedure (which may be called

[0359] P111146WO01 66 / 81 LBT carrier), e.g., an unlicensed carrier. It may be considered that the carrier is part of 2385 a carrier aggregate.

[0360] Receiving or transmitting on a cell or carrier may refer to receiving or transmitting utilizing a frequency (band) or spectrum associated to the cell or carrier. A cell may generally comprise and / or be defined by or for one or more carriers, in particular at least one carrier for UL communication / transmission (called UL carrier) and at least one carrier for 2390

[0361] DL communication / transmission (called DL carrier). It may be considered that a cell comprises different numbers of UL carriers and DL carriers. Alternatively, or additionally, a cell may comprise at least one carrier for UL communication / transmission and DL communication / transmission, e.g., in TDD-based approaches.

[0362] A channel may generally be a logical, transport or physical channel. A channel may com- 2395 prise and / or be arranged on one or more carriers, in particular a plurality of subcarriers.

[0363] A channel carrying and / or for carrying control signalling / control information may be considered a control channel, in particular if it is a physical layer channel and / or if it carries control plane information. Analogously, a channel carrying and / or for carrying data signalling / user information may be considered a data channel, in particular if it is a physical 2400 layer channel and / or if it carries user plane information. A channel may be defined for a specific communication direction, or for two complementary communication directions (e.g., UL and DL, or sidelink in two directions), in which case it may be considered to have two component channels, one for each direction. Examples of channels comprise a channel for low latency and / or high reliability transmission, in particular a channel for 2405

[0364] Ultra- Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC), which may be for control and / or data.

[0365] In general, a symbol may represent and / or be associated to a symbol time length, which may be dependent on the carrier and / or subcarrier spacing and / or numerology of the associated carrier. Accordingly, a symbol may be considered to indicate a time interval 2410 having a symbol time length in relation to frequency domain. A symbol time length may be dependent on a carrier frequency and / or bandwidth and / or numerology and / or subcarrier spacing of, or associated to, a symbol. Accordingly, different symbols may have different symbol time lengths. In particular, numerologies with different subcarrier spacings may have different symbol time length. Generally, a symbol time length may be 2415 based on, and / or include, a guard time interval or cyclic extension, e.g. prefix or postfix.

[0366] A sidelink may generally represent a communication channel (or channel structure) between two UEs and / or terminals, in which data is transmitted between the participants (UEs and / or terminals) via the communication channel, e.g. directly and / or without being relayed via a network node. A sidelink may be established only and / or directly via 2420

[0367] P111146WO01 67 / 81 air interface / s of the participant, which may be directly linked via the sidelink communication channel. In some variants, sidelink communication may be performed without interaction by a network node, e.g. on fixedly defined resources and / or on resources negotiated between the participants. Alternatively, or additionally, it may be considered that a network node provides some control functionality, e.g. by configuring resources, in 2425 particular one or more resource pool / s, for sidelink communication, and / or monitoring a sidelink, e.g. for charging purposes.

[0368] Sidelink communication may also be referred to as device-to-device (D2D) communication, and / or in some cases as ProSe (Proximity Services) communication, e.g. in the context of LTE. A sidelink may be implemented in the context of V2x communication (Vehicular 2430 communication), e.g. V2V (Vehicle-to- Vehicle), V2I (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure) and / or V2P (Vehicle-to- Person). Any device adapted for sidelink communication may be considered a user equipment or terminal.

[0369] A sidelink communication channel (or structure) may comprise one or more (e.g., physical or logical) channels, e.g. a PSCCH (Physical Sidelink Control CHannel, which may for 2435 example carry control information like an acknowledgement position indication, and / or a PSSCH (Physical Sidelink Shared CHannel, which for example may carry data and / or acknowledgement signalling). It may be considered that a sidelink communication channel (or structure) pertains to and / or used one or more carrier / s and / or frequency range / s associated to, and / or being used by, cellular communication, e.g. according to a specific 2440 license and / or standard. Participants may share a (physical) channel and / or resources, in particular in frequency domain and / or related to a frequency resource like a carrier) of a sidelink, such that two or more participants transmit thereon, e.g. simultaneously, and / or time-shifted, and / or there may be associated specific channels and / or resources to specific participants, so that for example only one participant transmits on a specific 2445 channel or on a specific resource or specific resources, e.g., in frequency domain and / or related to one or more carriers or subcarriers.

[0370] A sidelink may comply with, and / or be implemented according to, a specific standard, e.g. an LTE-based standard and / or NR. A sidelink may utilise TDD (Time Division Duplex) and / or FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) technology, e.g. as configured by a 2450 network node, and / or preconfigured and / or negotiated between the participants. A user equipment may be considered to be adapted for sidelink communication if it, and / or its radio circuitry and / or processing circuitry, is adapted for utilising a sidelink, e.g. on one or more frequency ranges and / or carriers and / or in one or more formats, in particular according to a specific standard. It may be generally considered that a Radio Access 2455

[0371] Network is defined by two participants of a sidelink communication. Alternatively, or

[0372] P111146WO01 68 / 81 additionally, a Radio Access Network may be represented, and / or defined with, and / or be related to a network node and / or communication with such a node.

[0373] Communication or communicating may generally comprise transmitting and / or receiving signalling. Communication on a sidelink (or sidelink signalling) may comprise util- 2460 ising the sidelink for communication (respectively, for signalling). Sidelink transmission and / or transmitting on a sidelink may be considered to comprise transmission utilising the sidelink, e.g. associated resources and / or transmission formats and / or circuitry and / or the air interface. Sidelink reception and / or receiving on a sidelink may be considered to comprise reception utilising the sidelink, e.g. associated resources and / or transmis- 2465 sion formats and / or circuitry and / or the air interface. Sidelink control information (e.g., SCI) may generally be considered to comprise control information transmitted utilising a sidelink.

[0374] Generally, carrier aggregation (CA) may refer to the concept of a radio connection and / or communication link between a wireless and / or cellular communication network and / or 2470 network node and a terminal or on a sidelink comprising a plurality of carriers for at least one direction of transmission (e.g. DL and / or UL), as well as to the aggregate of carriers.

[0375] A corresponding communication link may be referred to as carrier aggregated communication link or CA communication link; carriers in a carrier aggregate may be referred to as component carriers (CC). In such a link, data may be transmitted over more than one 2475 of the carriers and / or all the carriers of the carrier aggregation (the aggregate of carriers). A carrier aggregation may comprise one (or more) dedicated control carriers and / or primary carriers (which may e.g. be referred to as primary component carrier or PCC), over which control information may be transmitted, wherein the control information may refer to the primary carrier and other carriers, which may be referred to as secondary 2480 carriers (or secondary component carrier, SCC). However, in some approaches, control information may be sent over more than one carrier of an aggregate, e.g. one or more PCCs and one PCC and one or more SCCs.

[0376] A transmission may generally pertain to a specific channel and / or specific resources, in particular with a starting symbol and ending symbol in time, covering the interval 2485 therebetween. A scheduled transmission may be a transmission scheduled and / or expected and / or for which resources are scheduled or provided or reserved. However, not every scheduled transmission has to be realized. For example, a scheduled downlink transmission may not be received, or a scheduled uplink transmission may not be transmitted due to power limitations, or other influences (e.g., a channel on an unlicensed carrier being 2490 occupied). A transmission may be scheduled for a transmission timing substructure (e.g., a mini-slot, and / or covering only a part of a transmission timing structure) within a

[0377] P111146WO01 69 / 81 transmission timing structure like a slot. A border symbol may be indicative of a symbol in the transmission timing structure at which the transmission starts or ends.

[0378] Predefined in the context of this disclosure may refer to the related information being 2495 defined for example in a standard, and / or being available without specific configuration from a network or network node, e.g. stored in memory, for example independent of being configured. Configured or configurable may be considered to pertain to the corresponding information being set / conhgured, e.g. by the network or a network node.

[0379] A configuration or schedule, like a mini-slot configuration and / or structure configuration, 2500 may schedule transmissions, e.g. for the time / transmissions it is valid, and / or transmissions may be scheduled by separate signalling or separate configuration, e.g. separate RRC signalling and / or downlink control information signalling. The transmission / s scheduled may represent signalling to be transmitted by the device for which it is scheduled, or signalling to be received by the device for which it is scheduled, depending on which side 2505 of a communication the device is. It should be noted that downlink control information or specifically DCI signalling may be considered physical layer signalling, in contrast to higher layer signalling like MAC (Medium Access Control) signalling or RRC layer signalling. The higher the layer of signalling is, the less frequent / the more time / resource consuming it may be considered, at least partially due to the information contained in such 2510 signalling having to be passed on through several layers, each layer requiring processing and handling.

[0380] A scheduled transmission, and / or transmission timing structure like a mini-slot or slot, may pertain to a specific channel, in particular a physical uplink shared channel, a physical uplink control channel, or a physical downlink shared channel, e.g. PUSCH, PUCCH or 2515 PDSCH, and / or may pertain to a specific cell and / or carrier aggregation. A corresponding configuration, e.g. scheduling configuration or symbol configuration may pertain to such channel, cell and / or carrier aggregation. It may be considered that the scheduled transmission represents transmission on a physical channel, in particular a shared physical channel, for example a physical uplink shared channel or physical downlink shared 2520 channel. For such channels, semi-persistent configuring may be particularly suitable.

[0381] Generally, a configuration may be a configuration indicating timing, and / or be represented or configured with corresponding configuration data. A configuration may be embedded in, and / or comprised in, a message or configuration or corresponding data, which may indicate and / or schedule resources, in particular semi-persistently and / or semi-statically. 2525

[0382] A control region of a transmission timing structure may be an interval in time and / or frequency domain for intended or scheduled or reserved for control signalling, in particular

[0383] P111146WO01 70 / 81 downlink control signalling, and / or for a specific control channel, e.g. a physical downlink control channel like PDCCH. The interval may comprise, and / or consist of, a number of symbols in time, which may be configured or configurable, e.g. by (UE-specific) dedicated 2530 signalling (which may be single-cast, for example addressed to or intended for a specific UE), e.g. on a PDCCH, or RRC signalling, or on a multicast or broadcast channel.

[0384] In general, the transmission timing structure may comprise a control region covering a configurable number of symbols. It may be considered that in general the border symbol is configured to be after the control region in time. A control region may be associated, e.g. 2535 via configuration and / or determination, to one or more specific UEs and / or formats of PDCCH and / or DCI and / or identifiers, e.g. UE identifiers and / or RNTIs or carrier / cell identifiers, and / or be represented and / or associated to a CORESET and / or a search space.

[0385] The duration of a symbol (symbol time length or interval) of the transmission timing 2540 structure may generally be dependent on a numerology and / or carrier, wherein the numerology and / or carrier may be configurable. The numerology may be the numerology to be used for the scheduled transmission.

[0386] System information signalling may comprise and / or represent signalling indicating one or more system parameters, in particular timing and / or synchronisation, and / or numerol- 2545 ogy and / or a system identity (e.g. beam identity and / or cell ID and / or node ID and / or network ID). System information signalling may comprise broadcast signalling or multicast signalling; it may be beam-formed signalling, or non-beam-formed. In some cases, system information signalling may comprise synchronisation signalling, e.g. PSS and / or

[0387] SSS, and / or reference signalling, e.g. DM-RS, and / or data signalling, e.g. on a broad- 2550 cast channel like PBCH, or on a data channel like PDSCH, e.g. suitable for broadcast or multicast, or scrambled with an ID provided in earlier signalling or predefined in a standard. Such data signalling may comprise encoded information, e.g. with error detection coding and / or error correction coding. System information signalling may comprise

[0388] System Information, e.g. a Master Information Block (MIB) and / or one or more System 2555 Information Blocks (SIB). System information signalling may be carried on a SSB beam; in some cases, different parts of system information may be transmitted in different signallings. For example, a MIB may be transmitted with signalling on a broadcast channel like PBCH and / or with synchronisation signalling (like a SSB), while a SIB1 or other SIBn may be transmitted on a data channel, e.g. a PDSCH, which may be scheduled 2560 with a corresponding control channel message like a DCI (such transmission may may singlecast, multi-cast / groupcast, or broadcast).

[0389] A transmission timing structure may comprise a plurality of symbols, and / or define an

[0390] P111146WO01 71 / 81 interval comprising several symbols (respectively their associated time intervals). In the context of this disclosure, it should be noted that a reference to a symbol for ease of ref- 2565 erence may be interpreted to refer to the time domain projection or time interval or time component or duration or length in time of the symbol, unless it is clear from the context that the frequency domain component also has to be considered. Examples of transmission timing structures include slot, subframe, mini-slot (which also may be considered a substructure of a slot), slot aggregation (which may comprise a plurality of slots and may 2570 be considered a superstructure of a slot), respectively their time domain component. A transmission timing structure may generally comprise a plurality of symbols defining the time domain extension (e.g., interval or length or duration) of the transmission timing structure, and arranged neighboring to each other in a numbered sequence. A timing structure (which may also be considered or implemented as synchronisation structure) 2575 may be defined by a succession of such transmission timing structures, which may for example define a timing grid with symbols representing the smallest grid structures. A transmission timing structure, and / or a border symbol or a scheduled transmission may be determined or scheduled in relation to such a timing grid. A transmission timing structure of reception may be the transmission timing structure in which the scheduling 2580 control signalling is received, e.g. in relation to the timing grid. A transmission timing structure may in particular be a slot or subframe or in some cases, a mini-slot.

[0391] Feedback signalling may be considered a form or control signalling, e.g. uplink or sidelink control signalling, like UCI (Uplink Control Information) signalling or SCI (Sidelink Control Information) signalling. Feedback signalling may in particular comprise and / or rep- 2585 resent acknowledgement signalling and / or acknowledgement information and / or measurement reporting.

[0392] Signalling utilising, and / or on and / or associated to, resources or a resource structure may be signalling covering the resources or structure, signalling on the associated frequency / ies and / or in the associated time interval / s. It may be considered that a signalling resource 2590 structure comprises and / or encompasses one or more substructures, which may be associated to one or more different channels and / or types of signalling and / or comprise one or more holes (resource element / s not scheduled for transmissions or reception of transmissions). A resource substructure, e.g. a feedback resource structure, may generally be continuous in time and / or frequency, within the associated intervals. It may be 2595 considered that a substructure, in particular a feedback resource structure, represents a rectangle filled with one or more resource elements in time / frequency space. However, in some cases, a resource structure or substructure, in particular a frequency resource range, may represent a non-continuous pattern of resources in one or more domains, e.g. time and / or frequency. The resource elements of a substructure may be scheduled for 2600

[0393] P111146WO01 72 / 81 associated signalling.

[0394] Example types of signalling comprise signalling of a specific communication direction, in particular, uplink signalling, downlink signalling, sidelink signalling, as well as reference signalling (e.g., SRS or CRS or CSI-RS), communication signalling, control signalling, and / or signalling associated to a specific channel like PUSCH, PDSCH, PUCCH, PDCCH, 2605 PSCCH, PSSCH, etc.).

[0395] In the context of this disclosure, there may be distinguished between dynamically scheduled or aperiodic transmission and / or configuration, and semi-static or semi-persistent or periodic transmission and / or configuration. The term “dynamic” or similar terms may generally pertain to conhguration / transmission valid and / or scheduled and / or configured 2610 for (relatively) short timescales and / or a (e.g., predefined and / or configured and / or limited and / or definite) number of occurrences and / or transmission timing structures, e.g. one or more transmission timing structures like slots or slot aggregations, and / or for one or more (e.g., specific number) of transmission / occurrences. Dynamic configuration may be based on low-level signalling, e.g. control signalling on the physical layer and / or MAC 2615 layer, in particular in the form of DCI or SCI. Periodic / semi-static may pertain to longer timescales, e.g. several slots and / or more than one frame, and / or a non-dehned number of occurrences, e.g., until a dynamic configuration contradicts, or until a new periodic configuration arrives. A periodic or semi-static configuration may be based on, and / or be configured with, higher-layer signalling, in particular RCL layer signalling and / or RRC 2620 signalling and / or MAC signalling.

[0396] In this disclosure, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth (such as particular network functions, processes and signalling steps) in order to provide a thorough understanding of the technique presented herein. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the present concepts and aspects may be practised in other 2625 variants and variants that depart from these specific details.

[0397] For example, the concepts and variants are partially described in the context of Long Term Evolution (LTE) or LTE- Advanced (LTE-A) or New Radio mobile or wireless communications technologies; however, this does not rule out the use of the present concepts and aspects in connection with additional or alternative mobile communication technolo- 2630 gies such as the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) or IEEE standards as IEEE 802. Had or IEEE 802.11 ay. While described variants may pertain to certain Technical Specifications (TSs) of the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), it will be appreciated that the present approaches, concepts and aspects could also be realized in connection with different Performance Management (PM) specifications. 2635

[0398] P111146WO01 73 / 81 Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the services, functions and steps explained herein may be implemented using software functioning in conjunction with a programmed microprocessor, or using an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or general purpose computer. It will also be appreciated that while the variants described herein 2640 are elucidated in the context of methods and devices, the concepts and aspects presented herein may also be embodied in a program product as well as in a system comprising control circuitry, e.g. a computer processor and a memory coupled to the processor, wherein the memory is encoded with one or more programs or program products that execute the services, functions and steps disclosed herein. 2645

[0399] It is believed that the advantages of the aspects and variants presented herein will be fully understood from the foregoing description, and it will be apparent that various changes may be made in the form, constructions and arrangement of the exemplary aspects thereof without departing from the scope of the concepts and aspects described herein or without sacrificing all of its advantageous effects. The aspects presented herein can be varied in 2650 many ways.

[0400] P111146WO01 74 / 81 Some useful abbreviations comprise

[0401] Abbreviation Explanation

[0402] ABF Analog beamformer, fanout to antenna+beamforming

[0403] ACK / NACK Acknowledgment / Negative Acknowledgement

[0404] Ant Antenna

[0405] ARQ Automatic Repeat reQuest

[0406] BB BaseBand

[0407] Beamindex IF beamindex interface

[0408] BER Bit Error Rate

[0409] BI Beam Index

[0410] BLER Block Error Rate

[0411] BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying

[0412] BWP BandWidth Part

[0413] CAZAC Constant Amplitude Zero Cross Correlation

[0414] CB Code Block

[0415] CBB Code Block Bundle

[0416] CBG Code Block Group cc Component Carrier

[0417] CDM Code Division Multiplex

[0418] CE Control Element, in particular for the MAC layer

[0419] CM Cubic Metric

[0420] Comm RXBB communication receiver baseband

[0421] CORESET Control Resource Set

[0422] CP Cyclic Prefix

[0423] CP rem CP removal

[0424] CQI Channel Quality Information

[0425] CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check

[0426] CRS Common reference signal

[0427] CSI Channel State Information

[0428] CSI-RS Channel state information reference signal

[0429] DAI Downlink Assignment Indicator

[0430] DCI Downlink Control Information

[0431] DFE Digital Frontend

[0432] DFT Discrete Fourier Transform

[0433] DFTS-FDM DFT-spread-FDM

[0434] DM(-)RS Demodulation reference signal(ing) eMBB enhanced Mobile BroadBand

[0435] P111146WO01 75 / 81 FDD Frequency Division Duplex FDE Frequency Domain Equalisation FDF Frequency Domain Filtering FDM Frequency Division Multiplex FFT Fast Fourier Transform GPIO General Purpose Input Output HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request IAB Integrated Access and Backhaul IE Information Element, in particular for RRC layer IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform Im Imaginary part, e.g. for pi / 2*BPSK modulation IR Impulse Response ISI Inter Symbol Interference JCAS Joint Communication and Sensing MBB Mobile Broadband MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme MIMO Multiple-input-multiple-output

[0436] MRC Maximum-ratio combining MRT Maximum-ratio transmission MU-MIMO Multiuser multiple- input-multiple-output OFDM / A Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex / Multiple Access PAPR Peak to Average Power Ratio PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel PRACH Physical Random Access CHannel PRB Physical Resource Block PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel (P)SCCH (Physical) Sidelink Control Channel PSS Primary Synchronisation Signal(ing) PT-RS Phase Tracking Reference signalling (P)SSCH (Physical) Sidelink Shared Channel QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation occ Orthogonal Cover Code QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying PCI Physical Cell Identity PSD Power Spectral Density RAN Radio Access Network

[0437] P111146WO01 76 / 81 RAT Radio Access Technology

[0438] RB Resource Block

[0439] RE Resource Element

[0440] Re Real part (e.g., for pi / 2*BPSK) modulation

[0441] RF Radio Frequency

[0442] RNTI Radio Network Temporary Identifier

[0443] RO Random Access Occasion or Opportunity; e.g., time / frequency resources indicated fo RA preamble transmission

[0444] RRC Radio Resource Control

[0445] RSRP Reference Signal Received Power

[0446] RSRQ Reference Signal Received Quality

[0447] RX Receiver, Reception, Reception-related / side

[0448] SA Scheduling Assignment

[0449] SBFD Subband Full Duplex

[0450] SC-FDE Single Carrier Frequency Domain Equalisation

[0451] SC-FDM / A Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiplex / Multiple Access

[0452] SCI Sidelink Control Information scs Subcarrier Spacing

[0453] SDT Small Data Transmission

[0454] SINR Signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio

[0455] SIR Signal-to-interference ratio

[0456] SNR Signal-to-noise-ratio

[0457] SPI Serial to Parallel Interface

[0458] SR Scheduling Request

[0459] SRS Sounding Reference Signal(ing) sss Secondary Synchronisation Signal(ing)

[0460] SVD Singular- value decomposition

[0461] TB Transport Block

[0462] TDD Time Division Duplex

[0463] TDM Time Division Multiplex

[0464] T-RS Tracking Reference signalling or Timing Reference signalling

[0465] TX Transmitter, Transmission, Transmission-related / side

[0466] UCI Uplink Control Information

[0467] UDC Up-Down Converter, mixing from BBj-^RF

[0468] UE User Equipment

[0469] URLLC Ultra Low Latency High Reliability Communication VL-MIMO Very- large multiple-input-multiple-output WD Wireless Device

[0470] P111146WO01 77 / 81 Wfg Waveform Generator

[0471] ZC Zadoff-Chu

[0472] ZF Zero Forcing

[0473] ZP Zero-Power, e.g. muted CSI-RS symbol

[0474] Abbreviations may be considered to follow 3GPP usage if applicable.

[0475] P111146WO01 78 / 81

Claims

CLAIMS 26551. Method of operating a wireless device in a wireless communication network, the method comprising transmitting a measurement report based on evaluating measurements performed on a first set of reference signals on a set of carriers relative to measurements performed on a second set of reference signals on the set of carriers.

2. Wireless device for a wireless communication network, the wireless device being adapted 2660 to transmit a measurement report based on evaluating measurements performed on a first set of reference signals on a set of carriers relative to measurements performed on a second set of reference signals on the set of carriers.

3. Method of operating a network node in a wireless communication network, the method comprising configuring a wireless device with a measurement report configuration, the 2665 measurement report configuration configuring the wireless device with information for transmittting a measurement report based on evaluating measurements performed on a first set of reference signals on a set of carriers relative to measurements performed on a second set of reference signals on the set of carriers.

4. Network node for a wireless communication network, the network node being adapted 2670 to configure a wireless device with a measurement report configuration, the measurement report configuration configuring the wireless device with information for transmittting a measurement report based on evaluating measurements performed on a first set of reference signals on a set of carriers relative to measurements performed on a second set of reference signals on the set of carriers. 26755. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein evaluating comprises determining the fulfillment of one or more trigger conditions.

6. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein transmitting the measurement report is based on a measurement report configuration.

7. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein transmitting the 2680 measurement report comprises transmitting a request for resources for transmitting the measurement report.

8. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein evaluating comprises comparing a metric over multiple carriers of the set of carriers of the first set of reference signals with the metric over the multiple carriers of the set of carriers of the 2685 second set of reference signals.P111146WO01 79 / 819. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the metric is representative of one or more of signal quality and / or signal strength of received reference signals, in particular RSRP and / or RSRQ and / or SNR and / or SINR and / or SIR and / orBLER and / or BER. 269010. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, transmitting the measurement report is triggered by the fulfillment of one or more trigger conditions.

11. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the measurement report indicates which trigger condition has been fulfilled to trigger transmission of the report. 269512. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein measurements are performed on, and / or evaluated for, the set of carriers for the first set of reference signals, and for the second set of reference signals.

13. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the set of carriers comprises two or more carriers, e.g., carriers in a carrier aggregation, and / or wherein the 2700 set of carriers comprises downlink carriers.

14. Program product comprising instructions causing processing circuitry to control and / or perform a method according to one of claims 1, or 3, or one of claims 5 to 13.

15. Carrier medium arrangement carrying and / or storing a program product according to claim 14. 2705P111146WO01 80 / 81

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