Perovskite solar cell and preparation method therefor, and photovoltaic module, electric apparatus and power generation apparatus

Abstract

Provided in the present disclosure are a perovskite solar cell and a preparation method therefor, and a photovoltaic module, an electric apparatus and a power generation apparatus. The perovskite solar cell comprises a first electrode, a second electrode, and a hole transport layer and a perovskite layer, which are disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode and are arranged in sequence in a first direction, wherein the hole transport layer comprises a first hole transport layer, and the first hole transport layer includes a self-assembled monomolecular layer and a polymer; and the first direction is a light-incident direction.

Description

Perovskite solar cells, their fabrication methods, photovoltaic modules, electrical devices, and power generation devices

[0001] Cross-references to related applications

[0002] This disclosure is based on and claims priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 202410614841.5, filed on May 16, 2024, entitled "Perovskite Solar Cell, Method Thereof, Photovoltaic Module, Electrical Device and Power Generation Device", and Chinese Patent Application No. 202410629142.8, filed on May 20, 2024, also entitled "Perovskite Solar Cell, Method Thereof, Photovoltaic Module, Electrical Device and Power Generation Device". The entire contents of the above two Chinese patent applications are incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] This disclosure relates to the field of battery technology, and in particular to a perovskite solar cell, its preparation method, photovoltaic module, power supply device, and power generation device. Background Technology

[0004] With the development of modern industry, global energy shortages and environmental pollution have become increasingly prominent, making solar cells, as an ideal renewable energy source, increasingly important. Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells, are devices that directly convert light energy into electrical energy through the photoelectric effect or photochemical effect.

[0005] Perovskite solar cells have attracted widespread attention and possess great application potential due to their numerous advantages, including excellent optical absorption coefficient, luminous quantum efficiency, long-range charge transport, and low-cost manufacturing processes. Therefore, the requirements for perovskite solar cells are becoming increasingly stringent, particularly the need to further improve their stability. Summary of the Invention

[0006] This disclosure is made in view of the above-mentioned issues, and its purpose is to provide a perovskite solar cell with high stability and a method for its fabrication.

[0007] To achieve the above objectives, a first aspect of this disclosure provides a perovskite solar cell. The perovskite solar cell includes a first electrode, a second electrode, a hole transport layer and a perovskite layer sequentially arranged between the first and second electrodes along a first direction. The hole transport layer includes a first hole transport layer comprising a self-assembled monolayer and a polymer; the first direction is the light incident direction. In this disclosure, the self-assembled monolayer and the polymer together constitute the first hole transport layer. Utilizing the π-π stacking interaction generated by their respective groups and the polymer's resistance to peeling from the interface, the process of the self-assembled monolayer peeling off from the bottom under the influence of a built-in electric field and / or an external electric field is slowed down, thus contributing to improved stability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0008] In some embodiments, the mass ratio of the self-assembled monolayer to the polymer in the first hole transport layer is 1:10 to 10:1. Maintaining this mass ratio within the aforementioned range is beneficial for improving both the stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell.

[0009] In some embodiments, the polymer includes a p-type polymer and / or an insulating polymer. In this disclosure, the p-type polymer and / or insulating polymer, together with the self-assembled monolayer, form the first hole transport layer, which can slow down the peeling process of the self-assembled monolayer from the bottom under the influence of a built-in electric field and / or an external electric field, thus improving the stability of the perovskite solar cell. Furthermore, the p-type polymer is conductive, which facilitates hole extraction and transport, further enhancing the performance of the perovskite solar cell.

[0010] In some embodiments, the P-type polymer includes at least one polymer of N4,N4′-bis(naphthyl-1-yl)-N4,N4′-bis(4-vinylphenyl)biphenyl-4,4′-diamine (poly-VNPB), poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA), poly3-hexylthiophene (P3HT), and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonic acid (PEDOT:PSS), and the insulating polymer includes at least one of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyamide, polyvinyl chloride, and polyvinyl fluoride. This is beneficial for improving battery stability.

[0011] In some embodiments, the self-assembled monolayer material satisfies the structure shown in the following general formula: QLA, where Q is selected from substituted or unsubstituted carbazole or triphenylamine groups, L is selected from substituted or unsubstituted alkylene chains, and Q is selected from oxyacid groups. In this disclosure, the oxyacid group A can bind to metal ions, such as transparent conductive oxides or trivalent nickel ions, thereby passivating and anchoring the metal ions. The substituted or unsubstituted carbazole or triphenylamine groups enable the self-assembled small molecule compound to have energy levels compatible with the perovskite layer material in solar cells, which is beneficial for improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0012] In some embodiments, the material of the self-assembled monolayer satisfies one or more of the following conditions: (1) the substituents of the substituted or unsubstituted carbazole or triphenylamine group include any one of halogen groups, alkoxy groups, oxyacid groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with 6 to 15 cyclic atoms, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic groups with 5 to 15 cyclic atoms, and substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups with 1 to 5 carbon atoms; (2) the substituted or unsubstituted alkylene chains include any one of alkylene chains with 2 to 11 carbon atoms substituted or unsubstituted by halogen groups, alkoxy groups, oxyacid groups, aromatic groups with 6 to 15 cyclic atoms, and heteroaromatic groups with 5 to 15 cyclic atoms; (3) the oxyacid groups are selected from any one of phosphonic acid groups, hypophosphite groups, sulfonic acid groups, carboxylic acid groups, sulfinic acid groups, boric acid groups, or silicate groups. Therefore, by controlling the structure of the self-assembled monolayer material, the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell can be further improved.

[0013] In some embodiments, the materials for self-assembled monolayers include [4-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (MeO-4PACz), [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (Me-4PACz), [4-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (4PACz), and [4-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (Br At least one of the following: [2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (MeO-2PACz), [2-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (Me-2PACz), [2-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (2PACz), and [2-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (Br-2PACz). In this disclosure, the self-assembled monomolecule material selected from the above materials exhibits good hole transport efficiency and good energy level matching with the perovskite layer, which is beneficial for improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells.

[0014] In some embodiments, the material of the self-assembled monolayer in the first hole transport layer includes one or more of MeO-4PACz, Me-4PACz, and 4PACz, and the polymer includes one or more of poly-VNPB, PTAA, P3HT, PEDOT:PSS, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyamide, and polyvinyl chloride. In this disclosure, selecting the above combination as the material of the first hole transport layer is beneficial for improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells.

[0015] In some implementations, the thickness of the first hole transport layer is 1 nm to 5 nm. Within this thickness, it is beneficial to improve the stability of the solar cell without affecting its photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0016] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer further includes a second hole transport layer disposed between the first hole transport layer and the first electrode. In this disclosure, the second hole transport layer can match the energy levels of the perovskite layer, which is beneficial for the extraction and transport of hole carriers.

[0017] In some embodiments, the thickness of the second hole transport layer is 20 nm to 80 nm. In this disclosure, the thickness of the second hole transport layer is within the above range, and a suitable thickness helps to improve hole extraction and transport capabilities.

[0018] In some implementations, the second hole transport layer comprises a metal oxide.

[0019] In some embodiments, the metal oxide includes nickel oxide. In this disclosure, on the one hand, the polymer fills the voids in the SAM layer, which can delay the process of SAM peeling off from the bottom; on the other hand, the polymer filling the voids within the SAM can hinder the growth of high-valence nickel ions (such as Ni). 3+ The contact between the solar cell and the perovskite layer through the gaps in the SAM layer is beneficial to improving the stability of the solar cell.

[0020] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell further includes an electron transport layer disposed between the perovskite layer and the second electrode. In this disclosure, the electron transport layer facilitates the extraction and transport of electrons generated by the perovskite layer to the second electrode, thereby improving the electron transport rate.

[0021] A second aspect of this disclosure provides a method for fabricating a perovskite solar cell according to the first aspect of this disclosure, characterized by comprising: forming a hole transport layer including a first hole transport layer on a first electrode; forming a perovskite layer on the hole transport layer; and forming a second electrode on the perovskite layer; wherein the first hole transport layer comprises a self-assembled monolayer and a polymer. This enables the fabrication of a perovskite solar cell with high stability.

[0022] This disclosure provides a photovoltaic module in a third aspect, the photovoltaic module including the perovskite solar cell provided in the first aspect, or the perovskite solar cell prepared by the preparation method of the second aspect.

[0023] Since the photovoltaic modules disclosed herein include the perovskite solar cells provided herein, they have at least the same advantages as perovskite solar cells.

[0024] The fourth aspect of this disclosure provides a power generation device, which includes the perovskite solar cell provided in the first aspect, or the perovskite solar cell prepared by the preparation method of the second aspect.

[0025] Since the power generation device disclosed herein includes the perovskite solar cell provided herein, it has at least the same advantages as perovskite solar cells.

[0026] The fifth aspect of this disclosure provides an electrical device, which includes the perovskite solar cell provided in the first aspect, or a perovskite solar cell prepared by the preparation method of the second aspect.

[0027] Since the electrical devices disclosed herein include the perovskite solar cells provided herein, they have at least the same advantages as perovskite solar cells. Attached Figure Description

[0028] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a perovskite solar cell according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0029] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the first hole transport layer in a perovskite solar cell according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0030] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a perovskite solar cell according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0031] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures: 10 Perovskite solar cell; 11 First electrode; 12 Second electrode; 13 Hole transport layer; 14 Perovskite layer; 15 Electron transport layer; 131 First hole transport layer; 132 Second hole transport layer. Detailed Implementation

[0032] The following detailed description, with appropriate reference to the accompanying drawings, discloses a specific embodiment of a perovskite solar cell and its fabrication method. However, unnecessary details may be omitted. For example, detailed descriptions of well-known facts and repetitive descriptions of essentially identical structures may be omitted. This is to avoid unnecessarily lengthy descriptions and to facilitate understanding by those skilled in the art. Furthermore, the accompanying drawings and the following description are provided to enable those skilled in the art to fully understand this disclosure and are not intended to limit the subject matter of the claims.

[0033] The "range" disclosed in this disclosure is defined by a lower limit and an upper limit, whereby a given range is defined by selecting a lower limit and an upper limit, which define the boundaries of the particular range. Ranges defined in this way can include or exclude endpoints and can be arbitrarily combined; that is, any lower limit can be combined with any upper limit to form a range. For example, if ranges of 60-120 and 80-110 are listed for a specific parameter, it is expected that ranges of 60-110 and 80-120 are also expected. Furthermore, if minimum range values ​​1 and 2 are listed, and if maximum range values ​​3, 4, and 5 are listed, then the following ranges are all expected: 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2-3, 2-4, and 2-5. In this disclosure, unless otherwise stated, the numerical range "ab" represents a shortened representation of any combination of real numbers between a and b, where a and b are real numbers. For example, the numerical range "0-5" indicates that all real numbers between "0-5" have been listed in this article; "0-5" is simply a shortened representation of these numerical combinations. Furthermore, when a parameter is stated as an integer ≥2, it is equivalent to disclosing that the parameter is, for example, an integer such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc.

[0034] Unless otherwise specified, all embodiments and optional embodiments of this disclosure can be combined to form new technical solutions.

[0035] Unless otherwise specified, all technical features and optional technical features of this disclosure can be combined to form new technical solutions.

[0036] Unless otherwise specified, the terminology used in this disclosure has the common meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art.

[0037] Unless otherwise specified, the values ​​of the parameters mentioned in this disclosure can be determined using various test methods commonly used in the art, for example, according to the test methods given in this disclosure.

[0038] As used in this disclosure, the term "layer" refers to any substantially layered structure. A layer may have a thickness that varies over its length. Typically, the thickness of a layer is approximately constant. As used in this disclosure, "thickness" of a layer refers to the average thickness of the layer. The thickness of a layer can be readily measured using conventional methods.

[0039] Unless otherwise specified, references in this disclosure to a layer being on / located on another layer include the case where the first layer is directly on the second layer, i.e., the two layers are in direct contact, and the case where there are other intercalated layers (such as a third layer) between the first and second layers.

[0040] As used in this disclosure, the term "perovskite" refers to a material having a three-dimensional crystal structure associated with the three-dimensional crystal structure of CaTiO3, or a layered material comprising a structure associated with the structure of CaTiO3. Materials having a three-dimensional crystal structure associated with CaTiO3 are known and may be referred to as perovskites having a "3D perovskite structure," or simply "3D perovskites." Materials comprising layers of perovskite material are known and are referred to in the art as "2D layered perovskites." When exposed to sunlight, electrons in the perovskite are excited, transitioning from the valence band to the conduction band, creating electron-hole pairs. Unless otherwise specified, "perovskite" in this disclosure refers to 3D perovskite materials. The general chemical formula for perovskite can be represented as ABX3, where A is typically a cation with a large radius. For example, A includes: CH(NH2)2 + CH3NH3 + K + 、Rb + Cs + At least one of them. B is a small-radius cation, and B includes, but is not limited to, Pb. 2+ Sn 2+ Mg 2+ Ca 2+ Ba 2+ Zn 2+ 、Ge 2+ Co 2+ At least one of them. X is an anion; for example, X includes: Cl - ,Br - I - SCN - CNO - OCN - OSCN - SH - OH - CP - CN - SeCN -At least one of the following: When the perovskite includes more than one A cation, the different A cations can be distributed in an ordered or disordered manner at the A sites. When the perovskite includes more than one B cation, the different B cations can be distributed in an ordered or disordered manner at the B sites. When the perovskite includes more than one X anion, the different X anions can be distributed in an ordered or disordered manner at the X sites.

[0041] Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells, are devices that directly convert light energy into electrical energy through the photoelectric effect or photochemical effect. Solar cells are receiving increasing attention as an ideal renewable energy source.

[0042] Perovskite solar cells are classified into two main categories based on the different abilities of the perovskite underlying material to extract electrons or holes from the perovskite: nip structure and pin structure.

[0043] In a standard nip-type perovskite solar cell, the layers, along the light incident direction, are arranged in the following order: transparent conductive glass substrate, electron transport layer, perovskite layer, hole transport layer, and conductive electrode. In an inverted pin-type perovskite solar cell, the layers, along the light incident direction, are arranged in the following order: transparent conductive glass substrate, hole transport layer, perovskite layer, electron transport layer, and conductive electrode.

[0044] N-type polymers are a major type of conductive polymers, which are usually electronically conductive. Their conductivity mechanism mainly stems from the fact that the charge carriers are electrons. The molecular structure of these polymers usually contains electron donors and electron acceptors, and electrons can be transferred between molecules through their interaction. Examples include 2,7-dioctyl[1]benzothiophene[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (C8-BTBT) and N,N'-bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid diimide (PDIN).

[0045] P-type polymers are another major type of conductive polymer, typically exhibiting hole conductivity, with their conductivity primarily stemming from the presence of holes as charge carriers. The molecular structure of these polymers usually includes a donor that provides energy to the holes and an acceptor that accepts them, such as poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA) and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT).

[0046] Insulating polymers are polymers that are not conductive, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene.

[0047] A self-assembled monolayer (SAM) is a two-dimensional monolayer that is spontaneously formed on a solid surface through physicochemical interactions between molecules and the matrix surface, as well as between molecules.

[0048] Perovskite solar cells possess numerous advantages, including excellent optical absorption coefficient, high luminous quantum efficiency, and low-cost manufacturing processes, demonstrating strong application potential. However, the stability of perovskite solar cells still needs improvement.

[0049] In view of this, the present disclosure provides a perovskite solar cell with high stability, as well as a photovoltaic module, a power generation device and a power consumption device including the perovskite solar cell.

[0050] The perovskite solar cell provided in the first aspect of this disclosure includes: a first electrode, a second electrode, a hole transport layer and a perovskite layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode and arranged sequentially along a first direction, wherein the hole transport layer includes a first hole transport layer, the first hole transport layer includes a self-assembled monolayer and a polymer; the first direction is the light incident direction.

[0051] Research has shown that in inverted perovskite solar cells, self-assembled monomolecules exhibit easily tunable energy level alignment with the perovskite material, and are commonly used as hole transport layers in perovskite solar cells. When the self-assembled monolayer, acting as a hole transport layer, contacts the first electrode (taking fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) as an example), in long-term use of the FTO|SAM system, the anchoring groups of the SAM will peel off from the bottom under the influence of the built-in and / or external electric fields of the solar cell, leading to decreased stability. This disclosure addresses this issue by adding a polymer to the SAM layer. The polymer fills the voids within the self-assembled monolayer and generates π-π stacking interactions with the SAM material. Since the polymer itself is not easily peeled off from the bottom, this process of SAM peeling off from the bottom can be delayed, thereby improving the stability of the cell.

[0052] The following description, in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, further illustrates various aspects of the perovskite solar cells disclosed herein.

[0053] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a perovskite solar cell according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in Figure 1, the perovskite solar cell 10 includes: a first electrode 11, a second electrode 12, a hole transport layer 13 and a perovskite layer 14 disposed between the first electrode 11 and the second electrode 12, arranged sequentially along the light incident direction (i.e., the first direction). The hole transport layer 13 includes a first hole transport layer 131, which is disposed between the first electrode 11 and the perovskite layer 14.

[0054] In some embodiments, in the first hole transport layer 131, the polymer fills the gaps between the self-assembled monolayers. Figure 2 is a schematic structural diagram of the first hole transport layer 131 in a perovskite solar cell according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown, the first hole transport layer 131 is disposed between the first electrode 11 and the perovskite layer 14. The first hole transport layer 131 is a layer formed by self-assembled monolayers and polymer, wherein the polymer is located in the gaps between the self-assembled monolayers.

[0055] The first hole transport layer 131, containing the aforementioned self-assembled monolayer material, enables efficient carrier transport, thereby enhancing the performance of the solar cell. However, the anchoring groups of the SAM layer can be stripped from the bottom by the built-in and / or external electric fields, leading to reduced stability. In this disclosure, the first hole transport layer 131 comprises a self-assembled monolayer and a polymer. The polymer can fill the gaps between the SAM layers and generate π-π stacking interactions. Utilizing the polymer's inherent characteristic of being difficult to strip from the bottom, the process of SAM stripping from the bottom can be delayed, thereby improving the stability of the cell.

[0056] In some embodiments, the mass ratio of the self-assembled monolayer to the polymer in the first hole transport layer 131 is 1:10 to 10:1. Exemplarily, the mass ratio of the self-assembled monolayer to the polymer is 1:10, 3:10, 1:1, 10:7, 10:5, 10:2, 10:1, or a range between any two of these values. Conventional methods in the art can be used to test the mass ratio of the self-assembled monolayer to the polymer. For example, the first hole transport layer 131 can be dissolved in a good solvent for both substances, such as chloroform or dichloromethane, followed by extraction of SAM with water. After separation, the aqueous and organic phases are rotary evaporated to obtain the actual masses of the two components, thus determining their mass ratio.

[0057] In this disclosure, the polymer has functional groups capable of undergoing polymerization, such as carbon-carbon double bonds, carbon-carbon triple bonds, carboxyl and hydroxyl groups, carboxyl and amino groups, etc. In some embodiments, the polymer can be obtained by polymerizing polymer monomers through annealing during the preparation process; the polymer is formed simply by annealing. In other embodiments, the polymer and SAM can be directly mixed.

[0058] In some embodiments, the polymer includes a P-type polymer and / or an insulating polymer.

[0059] In some embodiments, the polymer is an insulating polymer that is non-conductive and forms in the voids of the self-assembled monolayer, which can delay the peeling process of the SAM from the bottom and improve the stability of the perovskite solar cell. For example, insulating polymers include, but are not limited to, polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyamide (PA), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

[0060] In some embodiments, the polymer is a P-type polymer. On one hand, it fills the gaps in the self-assembled monolayer, delaying the peeling of the SAM from the bottom to improve the stability of the perovskite solar cell. On the other hand, the P-type polymer itself is conductive, which is beneficial for improving the extraction and transport of hole carriers, thereby enhancing the migration efficiency of hole carriers and thus improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell. Optionally, the polymer material in the first hole transport layer includes a P-type polymer. In some embodiments, the polymer includes at least one of the following: a polymer of N4,N4′-di(naphthyl-1-yl)-N4,N4′-bis(4-vinylphenyl)biphenyl-4,4′-diamine (poly-VNPB), poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA), poly3-hexylthiophene (P3HT), and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonic acid (PEDOT:PSS).

[0061] In some embodiments, the material of the self-assembled monolayer satisfies the structure shown in the following general formula: QLA, where Q is selected from substituted or unsubstituted carbazole or triphenylamine groups, L is selected from substituted or unsubstituted alkylene chains, and A is selected from oxyacid groups. In this disclosure, the oxyacid group A can combine with metal ions, such as transparent conductive oxides or trivalent nickel ions, thereby passivating and anchoring the metal ions. The substituted or unsubstituted carbazole or triphenylamine groups enable the self-assembled small molecule compound to have energy levels compatible with other functional layer materials in the solar cell, thus further improving the light conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell. The organic compound formed by the organic combination of Q, L, and A can form an aggregate with an ordered structure through intermolecular interactions, exhibiting strong self-assembly ability, thereby producing a flat self-assembled structure. When used to prepare solar cells, this improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell.

[0062] In some embodiments, in the self-assembled monolayer material, the substituents of the substituted or unsubstituted carbazole or triphenylamine groups include any one of the following: halogen groups, alkoxy groups, oxyacid groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with 6 to 15 cyclic atoms, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic groups with 5 to 15 cyclic atoms, and substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups with 1 to 5 carbon atoms. In this disclosure, the structure of the substituted or unsubstituted carbazole or triphenylamine substituents allows the organic compound to have energy levels more compatible with perovskite materials, further improving the performance of solar cells when used in the fabrication of hole transport layers.

[0063] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted alkylene chains in the self-assembled monolayer material include any one of the following: alkylene chains with 2 to 11 carbon atoms substituted or unsubstituted by halogen groups, alkoxy groups, oxyacid groups, aromatic groups with 6 to 15 cyclic atoms, or heteroaromatic groups with 5 to 15 cyclic atoms. By controlling the number of carbon atoms and substituents in L, the steric hindrance of the organic compound is reduced while its hydrophobicity is improved, further enhancing the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell.

[0064] Unrestricted examples of L include the following structures:

[0065] In this context, ※ represents a connection site.

[0066] In some embodiments, in the self-assembled monolayer material, the oxyacid group is selected from any one of phosphonic acid groups, hypophosphite groups, sulfonic acid groups, carboxylic acid groups, sulfinic acid groups, boric acid groups, or silicate groups.

[0067] In some embodiments, the halogen group includes any one of F, Cl, Br, and I.

[0068] In some embodiments, the heteroatoms in the heteroaromatic group are selected from at least one of N, O, and S, so that the organic compound has an energy level that is more compatible with commonly used metal oxide hole transport materials and perovskite materials, thereby further improving the performance of solar cells when applied to the preparation of passivation films for solar cells.

[0069] In some embodiments, the alkoxy group is typically represented by RO-, such as methoxy (CH3O-), ethoxy (C2H5O-), propoxy (C3H7O-), etc.

[0070] In some embodiments, the self-assembled monomolecules include [4-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (MeO-4PACz), [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (Me-4PACz), [4-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (4PACz), and [4-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (Br-4) At least one of the following: PACz, [2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (MeO-2PACz), [2-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (Me-2PACz), [2-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (2PACz), and [2-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (Br-2PACz). Self-assembled monomolecule materials selected from the above materials exhibit good hole transport efficiency and good energy level matching with the perovskite layer, which is beneficial for improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells.

[0071] In some embodiments, the material of the self-assembled monolayer in the first hole transport layer 131 includes one or more of MeO-4PACz, Me-4PACz, and 4PACz, and the polymer includes one or more of poly-VNPB, PTAA, P3HT, PEDOT:PSS, PE, PP, PS, PA, and PVC. Optionally, the first hole transport layer 131 includes at least one combination of MeO-4PACz and poly-VNPB, MeO-4PACz and PTAA, MeO-4PACz and P3HT, MeO-4PACz and PEDOT:PSS, Me-4PACz and poly-VNPB, 4PACz and poly-VNPB, MeO-4PACz and PE, MeO-4PACz and PP, MeO-4PACz and PS, MeO-4PACz and PA, and MeO-4PACz and PVC.

[0072] In this disclosure, there is no particular limitation on the thickness of the first hole transport layer; a thickness conventionally used in the art is acceptable. In some embodiments, the thickness of the first hole transport layer is 1 nm to 5 nm. A thickness within this range is beneficial for improving the hole carrier transport efficiency in perovskite solar cells, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cells. Exemplarily, the thickness of the first hole transport layer can be 1 nm, 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, or any two of these values.

[0073] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer further includes a second hole transport layer. As shown in FIG. 3, the second hole transport layer 132 is disposed between the first hole transport layer 131 and the first electrode 11. Further, the second hole transport layer 132 includes a metal oxide. In the present disclosure, the settings of the first hole transport layer 131 and the second hole transport layer 132 can match the energy levels of the perovskite layer, which is beneficial to the extraction and transport of hole carriers.

[0074] In some embodiments, the second hole transport layer 132 includes nickel oxide, denoted as NiO x , where 1 < x < 1.5. With such a setting, on the one hand, the polymer fills the voids in the SAM layer, which can delay the process of the SAM peeling off from the bottom, thereby improving the stability of the battery. On the other hand, when NiO x serves as the hole transport layer, when the high-valent nickel ions (such as Ni 3+ ) can pass through the gaps in the SAM layer and react with the perovskite material when contacting the perovskite layer, the stability of the battery will be reduced. In the present disclosure, by setting the first hole transport layer between the second hole transport layer containing materials such as NiO x and the perovskite layer, and making the polymer fill the voids in the SAM, it can block the reaction of high-valent nickel ions such as Ni 3+ with the perovskite, thereby improving the stability of the battery.

[0075] The layer formed by the self-assembled material usually has more voids, and there is a risk that the high-valent nickel ions in the nickel oxide layer migrate to the perovskite layer through these voids and react with the perovskite components, which will cause the degradation of the perovskite material and reduce the stability of the perovskite solar cell. In the present disclosure, making the second hole transport layer include a self-assembled monolayer and a polymer, and the polymer fills the voids in the self-assembled monolayer, can effectively block the migration of high-valent nickel ions in the second hole transport layer to the perovskite layer and react with the perovskite components therein, and thus can effectively improve the stability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0076] The present disclosure does not particularly limit the thickness of the second hole transport layer. The thickness commonly used in the art can be adopted. Exemplarily, the thickness of the second hole transport layer is 20 nm to 80 nm. Exemplarily, the thickness of the second hole transport layer can be 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, or a value within the range composed of any two of these values.

[0077] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell further includes an electron transport layer, and the electron transport layer is disposed between the perovskite layer and the second electrode. The setting of the electron transport layer helps to extract and transport the electrons in the electron-hole pairs generated by the perovskite layer to the second electrode, and improves the electron transport rate.

[0078] In some embodiments, the first electrode 11 described above may also be referred to as the bottom electrode, which is the electrode that first receives incident light and is used to collect holes. The material used for the first electrode 11 includes a transparent conductive material. This disclosure does not impose any particular limitation on the transparent conductive material used for the first electrode 11. Exemplary transparent conductive materials include at least one of the following: indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), indium-doped zinc oxide (IZO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), boron-doped zinc oxide (BZO), antimony-doped tin oxide, and indium-doped tungsten oxide.

[0079] In some embodiments, the second electrode 12 described above may also be referred to as the top electrode. This refers to the electrode that last receives incident light and is used to collect electrons. The material used for the second electrode 12 includes conductive materials. This disclosure does not impose any particular limitation on the conductive materials included in the second electrode 12. For example, the conductive material includes at least one of organic conductive materials and inorganic conductive materials, wherein the inorganic conductive material includes at least one of the above-mentioned transparent conductive materials, metals and their alloys, and elemental carbon materials. Exemplarily, metals and their alloys include at least one of gold, silver, copper, aluminum, nickel, chromium, bismuth, platinum, magnesium, molybdenum, and tungsten. Exemplarily, elemental carbon materials include at least one of graphite, graphene, and carbon nanotubes. Exemplarily, organic conductive materials include at least one of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polythiophene, and polyacetylene.

[0080] In some embodiments, the perovskite layer 14 described above serves as a light-absorbing layer, comprising a perovskite material. The general chemical formula of the perovskite material can be represented as ABX3, where A is typically a cation with a large radius. For example, A includes: CH(NH2)2 + CH3NH3 + K + 、Rb + Cs + At least one of them. B is a small-radius cation, and B includes, but is not limited to, Pb. 2+ Sn 2+ Mg 2+ Ca 2+ Ba 2+ Zn 2+ 、Ge 2+ Co 2+ At least one of them. X is an anion; for example, X includes: Cl - ,Br - I - SCN - CNO - OCN - OSCN - SH - OH -CP - CN - SeCN - At least one of the following. This disclosure does not impose any particular limitation on perovskite materials, and selection can be made according to actual needs. Exemplarily, perovskite materials include at least one of inorganic halide materials, organic halide materials, and organic-inorganic halide perovskite materials. In some embodiments, the perovskite material includes: CH3NH3PbI3 (abbreviated as MAPbI3), CH(NH2)2PbI3 (abbreviated as FAPbI3), Cs 0.05 (FA 0.83 MA 0.17 ) 0.95 Pb(I 0.83 Br 0.17 At least one of CsFAMA (abbreviated as CsPbI3), CsPbI2Br, CsPbIBr2, Cs2NaInCl6, Cs2KBiCl6, and Cs2AgInCl6. There is no particular practical consideration regarding the thickness of the perovskite layer 14; a thickness commonly used in the art for perovskite layers can be employed.

[0081] In some embodiments, the electron transport layer 15 described above includes an electron transport material. This disclosure does not impose any particular limitation on the electron transport material. Exemplary examples include fullerenes and their derivatives (e.g., C...). 60 The electron transport layer 15 can be made of at least one of the following: PCBM, metal oxides (such as oxides containing at least one of magnesium, cadmium, zinc, indium, lead, tungsten, bismuth, mercury, titanium, silver, manganese, iron, and vanadium), silicon oxide, strontium titanate, calcium titanate, lithium fluoride, and calcium fluoride. There are no particular limitations on the thickness of the electron transport layer 15; any thickness conventionally used in the art can be employed.

[0082] Methods for fabricating perovskite solar cells

[0083] The fabrication method of the perovskite solar cell disclosed herein is not particularly limited and can be fabricated using the following method. The fabrication method includes: fabricating a first hole transport layer on a first electrode; fabricating a perovskite layer on the first hole transport layer; forming a second electrode on the perovskite layer, wherein the first hole transport layer comprises a self-assembled monolayer and a polymer.

[0084] This disclosure does not impose any particular restrictions on the preparation of the first electrode; it can be prepared using methods conventionally used in the art.

[0085] In this disclosure, the preparation method of the first hole transport layer includes, but is not limited to, blade coating, slit coating, etc. For example, a self-assembled monomolecule material and a polymer material are dissolved in a mixed solvent of isopropanol and chlorobenzene (volume ratio of isopropanol to chlorobenzene is 3:1) at a mass ratio of 1:10 to 10:1 to prepare a first hole transport material solution. This first hole transport material solution is then spin-coated onto the first electrode at a speed of 3000-5000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. After spin-coating, the solution is annealed at 80-120°C for 5-10 minutes to obtain the first hole transport layer. Further, the solvent can also be one or more of isopropanol, methanol, ethanol, chlorobenzene, 1-chloronaphthalene, and chloroform.

[0086] This disclosure does not impose any particular limitation on the preparation method of the perovskite layer; any method conventionally used in the art can be employed, such as anti-solvent method, hot coating method, spin coating, doctor blade coating, slot coating, etc. For example, perovskite components are weighed in proportion and dissolved in a solvent, stirred, and then filtered through an organic filter membrane to obtain a perovskite precursor solution. This solution is then spin-coated onto the aforementioned first hole transport layer at 2000 rpm for 15 s, followed by spin-coating at 3000 rpm for 40 s. At the last 10 seconds of spin-coating, 200 μL of chlorobenzene is added dropwise, and the mixture is annealed at 120°C for 20 min and cooled to room temperature to form a perovskite light-absorbing layer.

[0087] This disclosure does not impose any particular limitation on the preparation method of the second electrode; any method conventionally used in the art can be employed, such as vapor deposition, coating, magnetron sputtering, etc. Exemplarily, a metal electrode Ag is deposited on the aforementioned electron transport layer to obtain a perovskite solar cell.

[0088] This disclosure also includes the preparation of a second hole transport layer between the first electrode and the first hole transport layer. This disclosure does not impose any particular limitation on the preparation method of the second hole transport layer; any method conventionally used in the art can be employed, such as blade coating, slot coating, or vapor deposition. For example, a second hole transport material is weighed and dissolved in deionized water to obtain a dispersion of the second hole transport material. This dispersion is then spin-coated onto the first electrode at a speed of 3000-5000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. After spin-coating, the material is annealed at 80-120°C for 5-10 minutes to obtain the second hole transport layer.

[0089] This disclosure also includes the preparation of an electron transport layer between the perovskite layer and the second electrode. The method for preparing the electron transport layer is not particularly limited, and methods conventionally used in the art, such as spin coating and vapor deposition, can be employed. For example, the perovskite solar cell stack obtained above is placed in a vapor deposition machine, and C60 is vapor-deposited on the perovskite layer, followed by SnO2 vapor deposition to form the electron transport layer.

[0090] A second aspect of this disclosure provides a photovoltaic module. Typically, a photovoltaic module includes the aforementioned perovskite solar cells, solder strips connecting multiple perovskite solar cells, a junction box for current transmission, and cell encapsulation components.

[0091] In some embodiments, the battery encapsulation component includes photovoltaic glass, which covers the perovskite solar cell and protects it. Simultaneously, the photovoltaic glass possesses excellent light transmittance and high hardness, allowing it to withstand large diurnal temperature variations and harsh weather conditions.

[0092] In some embodiments, the battery encapsulation component includes an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) film disposed between the photovoltaic glass and the perovskite solar cell for bonding the photovoltaic glass and the solar cell.

[0093] In some implementations, the battery encapsulation components include a photovoltaic backsheet, which also serves to protect the perovskite solar cells.

[0094] Alternatively, the photovoltaic backsheet can be made of glass, polyvinyl fluoride composite film, or thermoplastic elastomer. The photovoltaic backsheet material possesses properties such as insulation, waterproofing, and aging resistance.

[0095] In some implementations, the battery encapsulation component includes a solar panel aluminum frame, made of aluminum alloy, which features high strength and good corrosion resistance. It serves to support and protect the solar cells.

[0096] A third aspect of this disclosure provides a power generation device including the perovskite solar cell provided in the above embodiments.

[0097] A fourth aspect of this disclosure provides an electrical device including the perovskite solar cell provided in the above embodiments.

[0098] In some embodiments, the electrical device may also be a lighting device, an energy storage device, etc., and the embodiments disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, these. For example, the electrical device may be a solar water heater, a solar street light, a solar photovoltaic generator, etc.

[0099] Example

[0100] The following describes embodiments of this disclosure. The embodiments described below are exemplary and are only used to explain this disclosure, and should not be construed as limiting this disclosure. Unless otherwise stated, all reagents used are commercially available, and all equipment used is conventional equipment.

[0101] The present disclosure is further illustrated by the following examples.

[0102] Example 1

[0103] Fabrication of perovskite solar cells:

[0104] 1) Preparation of the first electrode layer: Using FTO conductive glass as the first electrode, a 2.0cm × 2.0cm FTO conductive glass piece was sequentially immersed in detergent, deionized water, and anhydrous ethanol for ultrasonic cleaning for 30 minutes each, and then dried. The dried FTO glass was then subjected to ultraviolet ozone treatment for 15 minutes before proceeding to the next step.

[0105] 2) Preparation of the second hole transport layer on the first electrode layer: 10 mg of NiOx nanoparticles were weighed and dissolved in 1 mL of deionized water to obtain a NiOx nanoparticle dispersion. Then, the NiOx nanoparticle dispersion was spin-coated onto the above-treated FTO conductive glass at 4000 rpm for 30 s. After spin-coating, the glass was annealed at 100 °C for 5 min to obtain the second hole transport layer with a thickness of 80 nm.

[0106] 3) Preparation of the first hole transport layer on the second hole transport layer: Weigh 0.3 mg of MeO-4PACz and 1 mg of VNPB, and dissolve them in 1 mL of a mixed solvent of isopropanol (IPA) and chlorobenzene (CB) (V... CB :V IPA A first hole transport material solution was prepared by mixing a ratio of 1:3. Then, the first hole transport material solution was spin-coated onto the second hole transport layer at 4000 rpm for 30 s. After spin-coating, the solution was annealed at 100°C for 5 min to obtain the first hole transport layer with a thickness of 5 nm.

[0107] 4) Preparation of a perovskite layer on the first hole transport layer: Weigh 691.52 mg lead iodide (PbI2), 245.06 mg formamidine iodide (FAI), 19.49 mg cesium iodide (CsI), and 20.26 mg chloromethylamine (MACl) and dissolve them in a mixed solvent of 0.8 mL DMF and 0.2 mL DMSO. Stir for 3 h and filter with a 0.22 μm organic filter membrane to obtain a perovskite precursor solution. Spin coat the perovskite precursor solution onto the first hole transport layer with parameters of 2000 rpm for 15 s and 3000 rpm for 40 s. Add 200 μL of chlorobenzene dropwise when the spin coating reaches the last 10 s. Anneal at 120 °C for 20 min and cool to room temperature to form a perovskite layer with a thickness of approximately 600 nm.

[0108] 5) Fabrication of an electron transport layer on the perovskite layer: The FTO conductive glass sheet with the second and first hole transport layers and the perovskite layer formed thereon is placed in an evaporation machine, and C is deposited. 60 7nm, SnO2 30nm, forming an electron transport layer.

[0109] 6) Fabrication of a second electrode layer on the electron transport layer: The sheet obtained above is placed in a vapor deposition machine to vapor deposit a metal electrode Ag with a thickness of 110 nm to obtain a perovskite solar cell.

[0110] Energy conversion efficiency

[0111] Using Keithley 2400SMU, AM1.5G solar irradiation at 1000W / m 2 The fabricated perovskite solar cell was tested under a specific light source. The positive electrode of a Keithley 2400SMU was connected to the anode (hole terminal) and the negative electrode to the cathode (electron terminal) of the perovskite solar cell. The starting voltage was set to -0.1V, the ending voltage to 1.2V, and the scan mode was set to reverse scan. The measured output power (P) of the cell was recorded. out Incident light power (P) opt The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of a perovskite solar cell is calculated using the following formula: PCE = P out / P opt

[0112] Stability test

[0113] The perovskite solar cells obtained above were placed on an 85°C heating stage under a nitrogen atmosphere. They were periodically removed and their energy conversion efficiency was tested according to the above test method. The values ​​of each test were recorded, as well as the time elapsed until the energy conversion efficiency was stably below 80% (T80 at 85°C). The longer this time, the more stable the cell is.

[0114] Example 2

[0115] Perovskite solar cells were prepared according to the method of Example 1, except that the polymer of the first hole transport layer was PTAA, and the mass of MeO-4PACz and PTAA was 0.3 mg and 0.5 mg, respectively.

[0116] The performance test was conducted in the same manner as in Example 1, and the test results are shown in Table 1.

[0117] Example 3

[0118] Perovskite solar cells were prepared according to the method of Example 1, except that the polymer of the first hole transport layer was P3HT, and the mass of MeO-4PACz and P3HT were 0.3 mg and 0.25 mg, respectively.

[0119] The performance test was conducted in the same manner as in Example 1, and the test results are shown in Table 1.

[0120] Example 4

[0121] Perovskite solar cells were prepared according to the method of Example 1, except that the polymer of the first hole transport layer was PEDOT:PSS, and the mass of MeO-4PACz and PEDOT:PSS was 0.3 mg and 2 mg, respectively.

[0122] The performance test was conducted in the same manner as in Example 1, and the test results are shown in Table 1.

[0123] Example 5

[0124] Perovskite solar cells were prepared according to the method of Example 1, except that the self-assembled monomolecule material and polymer of the first hole transport layer were Me-4PACz and poly-VNPB, respectively.

[0125] The performance test was conducted in the same manner as in Example 1, and the test results are shown in Table 1.

[0126] Example 6

[0127] Perovskite solar cells were prepared according to the method of Example 1, except that the self-assembled monomolecule material and polymer of the first hole transport layer were 4PACz and poly-VNPB, respectively.

[0128] Comparative Example 1

[0129] Perovskite solar cells were prepared according to the method of Example 1, except that a first hole transport layer was not formed.

[0130] The performance test was conducted in the same manner as in Example 1, and the test results are shown in Table 1.

[0131] Comparative Example 2

[0132] Perovskite solar cells were prepared according to the method of Example 1, except that the first hole transport layer consisted only of the polymer poly-VNPB and did not include self-assembled monomolecule materials.

[0133] The performance test was conducted in the same manner as in Example 1, and the test results are shown in Table 1.

[0134] Comparative Example 3

[0135] Perovskite solar cells were prepared according to the method of Example 1, except that the first hole transport layer consisted only of the self-assembled monomolecule material MeO-4PACz and did not include polymer materials.

[0136] The performance test was conducted in the same manner as in Example 1, and the test results are shown in Table 1.

[0137] Table 1

[0138] As can be seen from the data in Table 1, compared with the perovskite solar cells prepared in Comparative Examples 1 to 3, the perovskite solar cells prepared in Examples 1 to 6 have a hole transport layer including a first hole transport layer (including a self-assembled monolayer and a polymer) and a second hole transport layer. The stability of the perovskite solar cells is significantly improved, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency is significantly improved.

[0139] Examples 7-8

[0140] Perovskite solar cells were prepared according to the methods of Examples 1 and 2, except that step 2) was omitted and a second hole transport layer was not formed. The results are shown in Table 2.

[0141] Table 2

[0142] The perovskite solar cells prepared in Examples 7 and 8 of Table 2, by using self-assembled monomolecules and polymers as the first hole transport layer, show significantly improved stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency compared to Comparative Examples 1-3.

[0143] Examples 9-10

[0144] Perovskite solar cells were prepared according to the method in Example 1, with the difference being that the mass ratio of self-assembled monomolecules to polymer materials was different, as shown in Table 3 below.

[0145] The test was conducted using the same method as in Example 1, and the results are shown in Table 3.

[0146] Table 3

[0147] As shown in Table 3, by setting the mass ratio of self-assembled monomolecules to polymers in the first hole transport layer to be in the range of 1:10-10:1, the stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells are improved compared with Comparative Examples 1-3, and the technical effects of this disclosure are achieved.

[0148] Examples 11-15

[0149] Perovskite solar cells were prepared according to the method of Example 1, except that the polymer for the first hole transport layer was polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyamide, or polyvinyl chloride. Tests were performed using the same method as in Example 1, and the results are shown in Table 4.

[0150] Table 4

[0151] As shown in Table 4, by using the above-mentioned polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyamide or polyvinyl chloride as the polymer for the first hole transport layer, the thermal stability and PCE of the battery are both improved.

[0152] This disclosure is not limited to the above-described embodiments. The above embodiments are merely examples, and any embodiments with the same essential structure and effect as the technical concept within the scope of this disclosure are included within the technical scope of this disclosure. Furthermore, various modifications that can be conceived by those skilled in the art to the embodiments, and other ways of constructing by combining some of the constituent elements of the embodiments, are also included within the scope of this disclosure without departing from the spirit of this disclosure.

Claims

1. A perovskite solar cell, comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, a hole transport layer and a perovskite layer arranged in sequence between the first electrode and the second electrode along a first direction, wherein the hole transport layer comprises a first hole transport layer comprising a self-assembled monolayer and a polymer. The first direction is a light incident direction. In the first hole transport layer, the mass ratio of the self-assembled monolayer and the polymer is 1:10-10:

1.

2. The perovskite solar cell of claim 1, wherein, The polymer comprises a P-type polymer and / or an insulating polymer.

3. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 1 or 2, wherein The P-type polymer comprises at least one of poly-VNPB, PTAA, P3HT and PEDOT:PSS.

4. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein, The insulating polymer comprises at least one of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyamide, polyvinyl chloride and polyvinyl fluoride.

5. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1-4, wherein, The material of the self-assembled monolayer satisfies a structure represented by a general formula: Q-L-A 6. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein, Q is selected from substituted or unsubstituted carbazolyl or triphenylamine, L is selected from substituted or unsubstituted alkylene chain, and Q is selected from oxygen-containing acid group. The material of the self-assembled monolayer satisfies one or more of the following conditions:

7. The perovskite solar cell of claim 6, wherein, (1) the substituent of the substituted or unsubstituted carbazolyl or triphenylamine comprises any one of halogen group, alkoxy group, oxygen-containing acid group, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group with 6-15 ring-forming atoms, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group with 5-15 ring-forming atoms, and substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group with 1-5 carbon atoms; (2) the substituted or unsubstituted alkylene chain comprises any one of halogen-substituted or unsubstituted alkylene chain with 2-11 carbon atoms, alkoxy-substituted or unsubstituted alkylene chain with 2-11 carbon atoms, oxygen-containing acid-substituted or unsubstituted alkylene chain with 2-11 carbon atoms, aromatic-substituted or unsubstituted alkylene chain with 6-15 ring-forming atoms, and heteroaromatic-substituted or unsubstituted alkylene chain with 5-15 ring-forming atoms; (3) the oxygen-containing acid group is selected from any one of phosphonic acid group, hypophosphorous acid group, sulfonic acid group, carboxylic acid group, sulfinic acid group, boric acid group or silicic acid group. The material of the self-assembled monolayer comprises at least one of MeO-4PACz, Me-4PACz, 4PACz, Br-4PACz, MeO-2PACz, Me-2PACz, 2PACz and Br-2PACz.

8. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 6 or 7, wherein The first hole transport layer comprises a self-assembled monolayer and a polymer, wherein the material of the self-assembled monolayer comprises one or more of MeO-4PACz, Me-4PACz and 4PACz, and the polymer comprises one or more of poly-VNPB, PTAA, P3HT, PEDOT:PSS, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyamide and polyvinyl chloride.

9. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1-8, wherein, ​ 10. The perovskite solar cell of claim 9, wherein, The first hole transport layer comprises at least one of a combination of MeO-4PACz and poly-VNPB, MeO-4PACz and PTAA, MeO-4PACz and P3HT, MeO-4PACz and PEDOT:PSS, Me-4PACz and poly-VNPB, 4PACz and poly-VNPB, MeO-4PACz and PE, MeO-4PACz and PP, MeO-4PACz and PS, MeO-4PACz and PA, MeO-4PACz and PVC.

11. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1-10, wherein, The first hole transport layer has a thickness of 1 nm-5 nm.

12. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1-11, wherein, The hole transport layer further comprises a second hole transport layer, the second hole transport layer being disposed between the first hole transport layer and the first electrode.

13. The perovskite solar cell of claim 12, wherein, The second hole transport layer has a thickness of 20 nm-80 nm.

14. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 12 or 13, wherein The second hole transport layer comprises a metal oxide.

15. The perovskite solar cell of claim 14, wherein, The metal oxide comprises nickel oxide.

16. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1-15, wherein, The perovskite solar cell further comprises an electron transport layer, the electron transport layer being disposed between the perovskite layer and the second electrode.

17. A method of preparing the perovskite solar cell of any one of claims 1-16, comprising: forming a hole transport layer comprising a first hole transport layer on a first electrode; forming a perovskite layer on the hole transport layer; forming a second electrode on the perovskite layer; wherein the first hole transport layer comprises a self-assembled monolayer and a polymer.

18. A photovoltaic module comprising the perovskite solar cell of any one of claims 1-16, or prepared by the method of claim 17.

19. A power generation device comprising the perovskite solar cell of any one of claims 1-16, or prepared by the method of claim 17.

20. A power consumption device comprising the perovskite solar cell of any one of claims 1-16, or prepared by the method of claim 17.

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