Perovskite solar cell and manufacturing method therefor, power generation device, and electrical device

Abstract

The present application relates to a perovskite solar cell and a manufacturing method therefor, a power generation device, and an electrical device. The perovskite solar cell comprises a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a light absorption layer, a second charge transport layer, and a second electrode which are arranged in sequence. The light absorption layer comprises a perovskite material. At least one of an electron transport layer and a hole transport layer comprises a microporous layer and a dense layer located on the side of the microporous layer distant from the light absorption layer. The microporous layer is provided with micropores and entrapped gas within the micropores.

Description

Perovskite solar cells, their fabrication methods, power generation devices, and power consumption devices

[0001] Related applications

[0002] This application claims priority to Chinese patent application No. CN2024108146452, filed on June 21, 2024, entitled "Perovskite Battery and Preparation Method Thereof, Power Generation Device and Power Consumption Device Thereof", the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] This application relates to the field of solar cell technology, and further to perovskite solar cells and their preparation methods, power generation devices, and power consumption devices. Background Technology

[0004] The statements herein are provided only as background information in connection with this application and do not necessarily constitute prior art.

[0005] With the development of photovoltaic technology, solar cells are increasingly widely used in various electronic products such as smartphones, tablets, smart wearables, power tools, and electric vehicles. Among them, perovskite solar cells are devices that convert solar energy into electrical energy using the photoelectric conversion mechanism of perovskite crystalline materials. They are currently the third generation of solar cells, possessing advantages such as high photoelectric conversion efficiency, simple fabrication process, and low production cost, and have been extensively studied in recent years. Improving the energy conversion efficiency and device stability of perovskite solar cells is one of the important directions for improvement. Summary of the Invention

[0006] According to various embodiments and examples of this application, this application provides a perovskite solar cell, a method for its fabrication, a power generation device, and a power consumption device thereof. This perovskite solar cell exhibits improved device stability and high energy conversion efficiency.

[0007] In a first aspect of this application, a perovskite solar cell is provided.

[0008] In some embodiments, a perovskite solar cell is provided, comprising a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, a second charge transport layer, and a second electrode arranged sequentially; the light-absorbing layer comprises a perovskite material; at least one of the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer comprises a microporous layer and a dense layer located on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer; the microporous layer is provided with micropores and a sealing gas located at the micropores.

[0009] In some embodiments, a perovskite solar cell is provided, comprising a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, a second charge transport layer, and a second electrode arranged sequentially; one of the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer is an electron transport layer, and the other is a hole transport layer.

[0010] The light-absorbing layer comprises a perovskite material;

[0011] At least one of the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer includes a microporous layer and a dense layer located on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer; the microporous layer is provided with micropores and a sealed gas located at the micropores;

[0012] The sealed gas includes perovskite-related gases, which include at least one of a first gas and a second gas. The first gas refers to the gas that can be generated when the perovskite material degrades, and the second gas refers to the gas that can participate in the synthesis reaction of the perovskite material.

[0013] For perovskite solar cells where the light-absorbing layer includes perovskite material, a multilayer structure including a microporous layer and a dense layer is provided on at least one side of the electron transport layer and hole transport layer on both sides of the light-absorbing layer. The microporous layer is located between the dense layer and the light-absorbing layer, and a gas can be placed in the microporous layer for storage. The dense layer can provide better carrier transport capability for the corresponding functional layer (which can be at least one of the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer).

[0014] Furthermore, utilizing the stability-enhancing effect of encapsulation gases on perovskite materials can improve device stability and energy conversion efficiency. Specifically, encapsulation gases can enhance the stability of perovskite materials by inhibiting degradation and / or promoting structural repair. Perovskite-related gases can be incorporated into the encapsulation gas. A first gas can be used to increase the concentration of degradation products, thereby inhibiting the degradation reaction. Alternatively, a second gas, capable of participating in perovskite synthesis, can be used to achieve structural repair of the perovskite material. Through one or both of these mechanisms, the stability of perovskite materials can be improved, thus enhancing device stability and facilitating higher energy conversion efficiency.

[0015] In addition, the dense layer can protect the corresponding side electrode. For the degradation gas that may be generated by the light-absorbing layer, it forms a barrier between the electrode and the light-absorbing layer, which can reduce or prevent the degradation gas that may be generated by the light-absorbing layer from diffusing to the electrode, thereby helping to avoid or slow down electrode aging.

[0016] In some embodiments, the perovskite-related gas includes at least one of nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor, wherein the nitrogen-containing gas includes gases that can be formed from organic nitrogen contained in the perovskite material during degradation.

[0017] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell satisfies at least one of the following characteristics:

[0018] (ta1) The perovskite material includes organic nitrogen, and the storage gas includes the nitrogen-containing gas;

[0019] (ta2) The perovskite material includes iodine, and the sealing gas includes iodine vapor;

[0020] (ta3) The first gas includes at least one of the nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor;

[0021] (ta4) The second gas includes at least one of the nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor;

[0022] (ta5) The sealed gas includes at least one of the nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor.

[0023] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell satisfies at least one of the following characteristics:

[0024] (ta1') The perovskite material includes organic nitrogen, and the encapsulation gas includes one or more of ammonia, methylamine and formamidin;

[0025] (ta2') The perovskite material includes iodine, and the storage gas includes iodine vapor;

[0026] (ta3') The first gas includes at least one of ammonia, methylamine, formamidin, and iodine vapor;

[0027] (ta4') The second gas includes at least one of ammonia, methylamine, formamidin, and iodine vapor;

[0028] (ta5') The sealed gas includes at least one of ammonia, methylamine, formamidin, and iodine vapor.

[0029] At least one of nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor can be added to the sealing gas (wherein, the nitrogen-containing gas includes the gas that can be formed when organic nitrogen-containing perovskite materials degrade; and iodine vapor may be generated when perovskite materials containing iodine degrade). At least one of nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor can be used to increase the concentration of degradation products of perovskite materials and inhibit the degradation reaction. Alternatively, at least one of nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor can be used to participate in perovskite synthesis to achieve structural repair of perovskite materials. Through one or both of the aforementioned mechanisms, the stability of perovskite materials can be improved, thereby improving device stability and also facilitating the achievement of higher energy conversion efficiency.

[0030] In some embodiments, the perovskite material comprises a monovalent cation and a monovalent anion, and the perovskite material comprises at least one of a monovalent organic cation and an iodine anion.

[0031] When the perovskite material includes at least one of monovalent organic cations and iodine anions, the use of the aforementioned perovskite battery structure to set up the sealing gas has a more significant effect on improving device stability and energy conversion efficiency.

[0032] In some embodiments, the perovskite material comprises a monovalent cation, wherein the monovalent cation comprises an organic component with a molar percentage of 10 mol% to 100 mol%.

[0033] Optionally, the monovalent cation includes organic components with a molar percentage of 80 mol% to 100 mol%.

[0034] When the monovalent cations in perovskite materials include the aforementioned amounts of organic components, the stability of the perovskite materials and the stability of the devices can be significantly improved by introducing the aforementioned types of encapsulation gases, which can effectively improve energy conversion efficiency.

[0035] In some embodiments, a perovskite solar cell is provided, comprising a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, a second charge transport layer, and a second electrode arranged sequentially; one of the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer is an electron transport layer, and the other is a hole transport layer.

[0036] The light-absorbing layer comprises a perovskite material, which includes a monovalent cation and a monovalent anion, and the perovskite material includes at least one of a monovalent cation containing organic nitrogen and an iodine anion.

[0037] At least one of the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer includes a microporous layer and a dense layer located on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer; the microporous layer is provided with micropores and a sealed gas located at the micropores;

[0038] The sealed gas includes at least one of nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor, wherein the nitrogen-containing gas includes the gas that can be formed when the organic nitrogen contained in the perovskite material containing organic nitrogen undergoes degradation;

[0039] The perovskite solar cell satisfies at least one of the following characteristics:

[0040] (tb1) The perovskite material includes organic nitrogen, and the storage gas includes the nitrogen-containing gas;

[0041] (tb2) The perovskite material includes iodine, and the containment gas includes iodine vapor.

[0042] For perovskite solar cells where the light-absorbing layer includes perovskite material, when the perovskite material includes at least one of monovalent cations containing organic nitrogen and iodine anions, a multilayer structure including a microporous layer and a dense layer can be formed on at least one side of the electron transport layer and hole transport layer on both sides of the light-absorbing layer. The microporous layer is located between the dense layer and the light-absorbing layer. A containment gas can be placed in the microporous layer, and the dense layer can provide better carrier transport capability for the corresponding functional layer (which can be at least one of the electron transport layer and hole transport layer). Furthermore, at least one of nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor can be placed in the containment gas (wherein, the nitrogen-containing gas includes gases that can be formed from the organic nitrogen contained in the perovskite material during degradation). At least one of the nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor can be used to increase the concentration of degradation products of the perovskite material, thereby inhibiting the degradation reaction. Alternatively, at least one of the nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor can be used to participate in perovskite synthesis, thereby achieving structural repair of the perovskite material. Through one or both of the aforementioned mechanisms, the stability of the perovskite material can be improved, thus improving device stability and facilitating higher energy conversion efficiency.

[0043] In some embodiments, the perovskite material comprises a monovalent cation, which includes a monovalent cation containing organic nitrogen.

[0044] In some embodiments, the molar percentage of the organic nitrogen-containing monovalent cation in the monovalent cation is 10 mol% to 100 mol%.

[0045] Further optionally, the molar percentage of the organic nitrogen-containing monovalent cation in the monovalent cation is 80 mol% to 100 mol%.

[0046] When the monovalent cations in the perovskite material include monovalent cations containing organic nitrogen, a gas that can be formed by the organic nitrogen contained in the perovskite material during degradation can be set in the storage gas. This increases the concentration of degradation products of the perovskite material and inhibits the degradation reaction. It also allows the storage gas to participate in the perovskite synthesis, thereby achieving structural repair of the perovskite material. Thus, the stability of the perovskite material can be improved through one or two of the aforementioned mechanisms, which in turn can improve device stability and is also conducive to achieving higher energy conversion efficiency.

[0047] When the monovalent cations in the perovskite material include the aforementioned content of organic nitrogen-containing monovalent cations, the stability of the perovskite material and the stability of the device can be significantly improved by introducing the aforementioned types of encapsulation gases, which can effectively improve the energy conversion efficiency.

[0048] Based on any suitable embodiment of this application, in some embodiments, the perovskite material includes a monovalent cation, which includes one or more of monovalent amine cations and monovalent amidine cations;

[0049] Optionally, the monovalent cation includes one or more of formamidinium ions and methylamine ions; the nitrogen-containing gas includes one or more of ammonia, methylamine, and formamidinium.

[0050] When the monovalent cations in the perovskite material include monovalent amine cations (such as methylamine ions) and monovalent amidine cations (such as formamidinium ions) (the aforementioned monovalent cations are exemplary monovalent organic cations containing organic nitrogen), if the perovskite material undergoes a degradation reaction, nitrogen-containing gases such as ammonia, methylamine, and formamidinium may be generated. Therefore, by setting the aforementioned nitrogen-containing gases in the sealing gas, the degradation reaction can be suppressed, and it may even be possible to reverse the degradation reaction and synthesize perovskite materials. This can improve the stability of perovskite materials and device stability, as well as increase energy conversion efficiency.

[0051] Based on any suitable embodiment of this application, in some embodiments, the percentage of the sum of the partial pressures of the perovskite-related gases in the microporous layer relative to the total gas pressure in the microporous layer is denoted as R. A In at least one microporous layer, 20% ≤ R A ≤100%;

[0052] Optionally, in at least one microporous layer, 40% ≤ R A ≤100%.

[0053] By R A Controlling the degradation of perovskite materials within the aforementioned range helps to better suppress the degradation of perovskite materials and improve device stability and energy conversion efficiency.

[0054] Based on any suitable embodiment of this application, in some embodiments, in at least one of the microporous layers, the percentage of the sum of the partial pressures of the gas and iodine vapor formed by the organic nitrogen contained in the perovskite material during degradation, relative to the total gas pressure in the microporous layer, is denoted as R. N+I In at least one microporous layer, 0 <R N+I ≤100%;

[0055] Optionally, in at least one microporous layer, 20% ≤ R N+I ≤100%;

[0056] Further optionally, in at least one microporous layer, 40% ≤ R N+I ≤100%.

[0057] When perovskite materials containing organic nitrogen undergo degradation, the percentage of the sum of the partial pressures of the gases formed by the organic nitrogen and iodine vapor in the microporous layer relative to the total gas pressure in the microporous layer (R0). N+I ) can be greater than 0. When 0 <R N+I When the content is ≤100%, at least one of the gases formed by the organic nitrogen contained in the perovskite material during degradation and iodine vapor can be used to inhibit the degradation reaction of the perovskite material, and may even reverse the degradation reaction to increase the content of the perovskite material.

[0058] By R N+I Controlled at 20% ≤ R N+I Within the range of ≤100%, it is beneficial to better suppress the degradation of perovskite materials and better improve device stability and energy conversion efficiency.

[0059] Based on any suitable embodiment of this application, in some embodiments, the pressure ratio between the gas pressure value of the microporous layer and the gas pressure value of the light-absorbing layer is denoted as R. P Satisfying R P ≥1.

[0060] The dense layer can help control the filling of the sealed gas into the microporous layer, providing pressure retention and helping to maintain the gas pressure value of the microporous layer. When R P When the pressure is greater than 1, a positive pressure higher than that of the light-absorbing layer can be set in the microporous layer using the sealing gas. This is the pressure ratio (R0) between the gas pressure of the microporous layer and the gas pressure of the light-absorbing layer. P A value greater than 1 indicates a better inhibition of perovskite material degradation, leading to improved perovskite material stability and device stability, which is more conducive to achieving higher energy conversion efficiency. When the encapsulated gas includes perovskite-related gases and R... P When the value is greater than 1, the degradation of perovskite materials can be inhibited, device stability can be improved, and energy conversion efficiency can be enhanced by utilizing the dual mechanisms of perovskite-related gases and positive pressure in the microporous layer.

[0061] When the sealed gas includes at least one of nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor and R P When the value is greater than 1, the degradation of perovskite materials can be inhibited, device stability can be improved, and energy conversion efficiency can be enhanced by utilizing the dual mechanism of at least one of nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor and the positive pressure of the microporous layer.

[0062] When 0 <R N+I ≤100% and R P When the value is greater than 1, at least one of the gases formed by the organic nitrogen contained in the perovskite material during degradation, and iodine vapor, can be used to inhibit the degradation reaction of the perovskite material, and may even reverse the degradation reaction to increase the perovskite content. Furthermore, the positive pressure difference of the sealed gas (Ro) can also be utilized. P>1) Better suppress the degradation reaction of perovskite materials.

[0063] Based on any suitable implementation of this application, in some implementations, in at least one of the microporous layers, R P >1.

[0064] When R P When the pressure is greater than 1, the gas pressure of the microporous layer is greater than that of the light-absorbing layer, which can better inhibit the degradation of perovskite materials, thereby improving the stability of perovskite materials and device stability, and making it more conducive to achieving higher energy conversion efficiency.

[0065] As R P >1 An example of a combination with any suitable implementation in this application, when R P >1 and 0 <R N+I When the content is ≤100%, the storage gas includes at least one of the gases that can be formed by the organic nitrogen contained in the perovskite material during degradation and iodine vapor. At this time, the degradation of the perovskite material can be inhibited, the device stability can be improved, and the energy conversion efficiency can be improved by utilizing the dual mechanism of at least one of the gases that can be formed by the organic nitrogen contained in the perovskite material during degradation and iodine vapor, as well as the positive pressure of the microporous layer.

[0066] As R P >1 An example of a combination with any suitable implementation in this application, when R P When >1 and the monovalent cation includes organic nitrogen, the monovalent cation includes monovalent cations containing organic nitrogen. This can improve the material stability of the light-absorbing layer by inhibiting the degradation reaction of perovskite materials and possibly promoting the repair of perovskite structure, thereby improving device stability and energy conversion efficiency. It can also utilize the positive pressure difference between the encapsulation gas and the light-absorbing layer to better inhibit the degradation of perovskite materials, thereby improving device stability and energy conversion efficiency.

[0067] In some embodiments, in at least one of the microporous layers, 1 ≤ R P ≤1.1;

[0068] Optionally, in at least one of the microporous layers, 1.01 ≤ R P ≤1.06.

[0069] By R P By controlling the pressure within the aforementioned range, the degradation of perovskite materials can be better suppressed by utilizing the positive pressure of the microporous layer being higher than that of the light-absorbing layer. This also helps to create lower compressive stress within the device, which is more conducive to maintaining the stability of the device structure and performance.

[0070] In some embodiments, the perovskite material comprises monovalent anions, including iodine anions, and the containment gas comprises iodine vapor.

[0071] In some embodiments, in the perovskite material, the molar percentage of iodine anions in the monovalent anions is 0 mol% to 30 mol%.

[0072] Optionally, in the perovskite material, the molar percentage of iodide anions in the monovalent anions is 1 mol% to 5 mol%.

[0073] When the monovalent anions in the perovskite material include iodine anions, iodine vapor may be generated if the perovskite material in the light-absorbing layer undergoes a degradation reaction. In this case, by introducing iodine vapor into the sealing gas, the material stability of the light-absorbing layer can be improved by inhibiting the degradation reaction of the perovskite material and promoting the repair of the perovskite structure, thereby improving the device stability and energy conversion efficiency.

[0074] By controlling the molar percentage of iodine anions in the monovalent anions of perovskite materials within the aforementioned range, it is more beneficial to improve device stability and energy conversion efficiency.

[0075] In some embodiments, the pore size in the microporous layer is 0.1 nm to 100 nm;

[0076] Optionally, the pore size in the microporous layer is 5 nm to 100 nm.

[0077] By adjusting the pore size of the microporous layer, the content of the encapsulated gas can be adjusted. By controlling the pore size of the microporous layer within the aforementioned range, it is beneficial to effectively suppress the degradation of perovskite materials using the encapsulated gas, while also ensuring that the functional layer containing the microporous layer (which can be at least one of an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer) has good carrier transport capability. This results in better device stability, as well as better energy conversion efficiency, short-circuit current density, and other device performance characteristics.

[0078] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell satisfies one or more of the following characteristics:

[0079] The electron transport layer includes the microporous layer, and the microporous layer in the electron transport layer includes one or more of the following materials: copper bath, [6,6]-phenyl-C 61 Isomethyl butyrate, [6,6]-phenyl-C 71 -Methyl butyrate, C 60 C 70 Metal oxides, MXene, electron transport derivatives of any of the aforementioned materials, and modified products of any of the aforementioned materials that have been doped or passivated;

[0080] The hole transport layer includes the microporous layer, which comprises one or more of the following materials: carbazole phosphate, poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine], poly-3-hexylthiophene, triphenylamine with a triphenylene core, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-(4-aniline)carbazole-spirobisfluorene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonic acid), polythiophene, metal oxides, hole transport derivatives of any of the aforementioned materials, and modified products of any of the aforementioned materials that have been doped or passivated.

[0081] In some embodiments, the metal element in the metal oxide includes one or more of Mg, Cd, Zn, In, Pb, W, Sb, Bi, Hg, Ti, Ag, Mn, Fe, V, Sn, Zr, Sr, Ga, Cr, Ni, Mo, and Cu.

[0082] By adjusting the type of charge transport material in the microporous layer, the carrier transport rate and / or carrier concentration of the microporous layer can be controlled. By incorporating the aforementioned charge transport material into the microporous layer, it is possible to enable the microporous layer to not only inhibit the degradation of perovskite materials but also possess good carrier transport capabilities and high material stability.

[0083] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell satisfies at least one of the following characteristics:

[0084] At least one of the first electrode and the second electrode is a transparent electrode;

[0085] The first charge transport layer includes the microporous layer and a dense layer located on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer (at this time, the microporous layer in the first charge transport layer can be referred to as the first microporous layer, and the dense layer in the first charge transport layer can be referred to as the first dense layer).

[0086] The second charge transport layer includes the microporous layer and a dense layer located on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer (at this time, the microporous layer in the second charge transport layer can be referred to as the second microporous layer, and the dense layer in the second charge transport layer can be referred to as the second dense layer).

[0087] The electron transport layer includes the microporous layer and a dense layer located on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer (at this time, the microporous layer in the electron transport layer can be referred to as the electron transport microporous layer, and the dense layer in the electron transport layer can be referred to as the electron transport dense layer);

[0088] The hole transport layer includes the microporous layer and a dense layer located on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer (at this time, the microporous layer in the hole transport layer can be referred to as the hole transport microporous layer, and the dense layer in the hole transport layer can be referred to as the hole transport dense layer).

[0089] Non-limiting, a microporous layer and a dense layer further away from the light-absorbing layer may be provided in one or both of the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer.

[0090] Non-limitingly, a microporous layer and a dense layer further away from the light-absorbing layer can be formed in the electron transport layer. Furthermore, by adjusting the type of electron transport material in the electron transport microporous layer, better electron transport capability can be provided while suppressing the degradation of perovskite materials.

[0091] Non-limitingly, a microporous layer and a dense layer further away from the light-absorbing layer can be formed in the hole transport layer. Furthermore, by adjusting the type of hole transport material in the hole transport microporous layer, better hole transport capability can be provided while suppressing the degradation of perovskite materials.

[0092] In some embodiments, both the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer include the microporous layer, and at least one of the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer has the dense layer on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer; or,

[0093] Both the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer include the microporous layer, and at least one of the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer has the dense layer on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer.

[0094] Non-limitingly, microporous layers can be provided in both the first and second charge transport layers, or microporous layers can be provided in both the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer. This is beneficial for better suppressing the degradation of perovskite material in the light-absorbing layer and for better improving the material stability, device stability, and energy conversion efficiency of the light-absorbing layer. Furthermore, a dense layer can be provided in at least one of the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer. When only a microporous layer is provided in one of the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer, and no dense layer is provided on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer, other structural layers further away from the light-absorbing layer can be used to seal the gas in the microporous layer and maintain the gas pressure value of the microporous layer. For example, an electrode (which can be a transparent electrode) on the corresponding side can be used to prevent the gas sealed in the microporous layer from escaping from the device.

[0095] In some embodiments, the microporous layer and the transparent electrode are sequentially disposed on one side of the light-absorbing layer, and the dense layer may or may not be disposed between the microporous layer and the transparent electrode; the microporous layer and the dense layer are sequentially disposed on the other side of the light-absorbing layer.

[0096] When a microporous layer is provided between the transparent electrode and the light-absorbing layer, and a dense layer is provided on the other side, a dense layer may or may not be provided between the transparent electrode and the microporous layer. When a dense layer is not provided between the transparent electrode and the microporous layer, it is beneficial to increase the transmittance of incident light, reduce process steps, reduce the number of film interfaces, improve the energy conversion efficiency of the device, and reduce the difficulty of the process.

[0097] In some embodiments, the thickness of the microporous layer is denoted as d1, which satisfies 5nm≤d1≤1μm;

[0098] Optionally, 5nm≤d1≤100nm.

[0099] By controlling the microporous layer within the aforementioned thickness range, it is beneficial to effectively extract charge carriers while also stably providing the required gas pressure.

[0100] In some embodiments, the thickness of the dense layer is denoted as d2, where 5nm≤d2≤1μm;

[0101] Optionally, 5nm≤d2≤100nm.

[0102] By controlling the dense layer within the aforementioned thickness range, it is beneficial to provide a better pressure-holding effect for the microporous layer while also efficiently transporting charge carriers, which is conducive to achieving better electrode collection efficiency for charge carriers.

[0103] In some embodiments, the first electrode is a transparent electrode and the first charge transport layer is a hole transport layer; or, the first electrode is a transparent electrode and the first charge transport layer is an electron transport layer.

[0104] Perovskite solar cells can be either n-p-type or n-type. N-p-type perovskite solar cells offer better stability and are more likely to achieve longer lifespans. N-p-type perovskite solar cells, on the other hand, are better suited for achieving higher photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0105] In a second aspect of this application, a method for preparing a perovskite solar cell is provided, which can be used to prepare the perovskite solar cell described in the first aspect of this application.

[0106] In some embodiments, the method for fabricating the perovskite solar cell includes the following steps: sequentially depositing a first charge transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, a second charge transport layer, and a second electrode on one side of the first electrode;

[0107] The microporous layer is prepared by one or two of the following methods:

[0108] Method 1: Coating a colloidal liquid containing a first charge transport material onto a preset surface and annealing it to form a precursor layer; coating a solution containing a gas generation source and a solvent onto the precursor layer and heating it to form the micropores in the precursor layer and convert at least one of the gas generation source and the solvent into the sealed gas, with at least a portion of the micropores filled with the sealed gas;

[0109] Method 2: Provide a multilayer film including the light-absorbing layer, the light-absorbing layer being located on one side surface of the multilayer film, the perovskite material in the light-absorbing layer including organic components; coat the light-absorbing layer with a colloidal liquid including a second charge-transfer material, anneal it to form the microporous layer having the micropores, and convert a portion of the organic components in the perovskite material into the sealing gas, at least a portion of the micropores being filled with the sealing gas.

[0110] The microporous layer can be prepared by one or both of methods one and two. The encapsulated gas in the microporous layer can be provided by at least one of the gas source and solvent introduced into the precursor layer, or by the decomposition products of the perovskite material in the light-absorbing layer.

[0111] In some embodiments, the heating temperature in the heating step of Method 1 is denoted as T1, where T1 is 80℃~160℃;

[0112] Optionally, T1 is 100℃~150℃;

[0113] Optionally, T1 is lower than the decomposition temperature of the perovskite material.

[0114] When using Method 1 to provide the storage gas, a suitable heat treatment temperature T1 can be selected based on the physical properties of the gas source and the solvent. For example, when using the decomposition products of the gas source to provide the storage gas, the heat treatment temperature T1 should be higher than the decomposition temperature of the gas source. Furthermore, controlling T1 below the decomposition temperature of the perovskite material is beneficial for ensuring better material and structural stability of the light-absorbing layer during the microporous layer preparation process.

[0115] In some embodiments, in the heating step of the second method, the heating temperature is denoted as T2, and T2 is higher than the decomposition temperature of the perovskite material;

[0116] Optionally, T2 is 100℃~200℃;

[0117] Alternatively, T2 can be 150℃~160℃.

[0118] When using method two to provide the sealing gas, a suitable heat treatment temperature T2 can be selected based on the decomposition temperature of the perovskite material. The heat treatment temperature T2 should be higher than the decomposition temperature of the perovskite material in the light-absorbing layer. Furthermore, by controlling T2 within the aforementioned range, it is advantageous to minimize the loss of perovskite material in the light-absorbing layer while providing the required sealing gas.

[0119] In some embodiments, the methods for preparing perovskite solar cells satisfy one or more of the following characteristics:

[0120] In at least one of the methods one and two, the pore size of the micropores in the microporous layer is controlled by controlling at least one of the parameters of the concentration of the charge transport material in the colloidal liquid, the annealing temperature, and the annealing time.

[0121] In the first method, the gas pressure ratio R of the microporous layer relative to the light-absorbing layer is controlled by controlling at least one parameter of the composition and amount of the solution including the gas source and the solvent. P ;

[0122] In at least one of the methods one and two, the gas pressure ratio R of the microporous layer relative to the light-absorbing layer is controlled by controlling at least one parameter of the heating temperature and heating duration in the heating step. P .

[0123] The pore size of the micropores in the microporous layer can be controlled in the aforementioned manner, thereby better controlling the filling amount of the sealed gas. The gas pressure ratio R between the microporous layer and the light-absorbing layer can also be controlled in the aforementioned manner. P .

[0124] In a third aspect of this application, a perovskite battery is provided, comprising a perovskite battery prepared by the method for preparing a perovskite battery as described in the second aspect of this application.

[0125] By incorporating the aforementioned perovskite solar cell into a perovskite solar cell, the degradation of the perovskite material in the light-absorbing layer can be suppressed by using a gas encapsulated in the microporous layer. This suppression can be achieved by incorporating the aforementioned perovskite-related gas (non-limiting examples of perovskite-related gases include at least one of monovalent cations containing organic nitrogen and an iodine anion) into the encapsulated gas, or by setting a positive pressure in the microporous layer that is higher than that in the light-absorbing layer. This improves the stability of the perovskite material and enhances device stability, while also facilitating the achievement of higher energy conversion efficiency.

[0126] In a fourth aspect of this application, a power generation device is provided, comprising at least one of the perovskite battery described in the first aspect of this application, a perovskite battery prepared by the method described in the second aspect of this application, and a perovskite battery described in the third aspect of this application.

[0127] In a fifth aspect of this application, an electrical device is provided, comprising at least one of the perovskite battery described in the first aspect of this application, a perovskite battery prepared by the method described in the second aspect of this application, and a perovskite battery described in the third aspect of this application.

[0128] By incorporating at least one of the aforementioned perovskite solar cells into a power generation or power consumption device, device stability can be improved, and higher energy conversion efficiency can be achieved.

[0129] Details of one or more embodiments or examples of this application are set forth in the following drawings and description. Other features, objects, and advantages of this application will become apparent from the specification, drawings, and claims. Attached Figure Description

[0130] To better describe and illustrate the embodiments, examples, or models provided in this application, reference may be made to one or more accompanying drawings. Additional details or examples used to describe the drawings should not be considered as limiting the scope of any of the disclosed applications, the currently described embodiments, examples, or models, or the best mode of these applications as currently understood. It should also be noted that the drawings are drawn in a simplified form and are only used to facilitate and clarify the illustration of this application. The various dimensions of each component shown in the drawings are arbitrarily shown and may be precise or not drawn to actual scale. For example, the dimensions of components are appropriately exaggerated in some places in the drawings to make the illustration clearer. Unless otherwise specified, the components in the drawings are not drawn to scale. The drawings of this application do not limit every dimension of every component. Furthermore, the same reference numerals are used to denote the same components throughout all the drawings. In the drawings:

[0131] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the photoelectric conversion structure of a perovskite solar cell according to an embodiment of this application; the illustrated photoelectric conversion structure includes a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, a second charge transport layer, and a second electrode.

[0132] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the photoelectric conversion structure of a perovskite solar cell according to an embodiment of this application; the photoelectric conversion structure shown includes a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, a second charge transport layer and a second electrode, the first charge transport layer includes a first microporous layer and a first dense layer, and the second charge transport layer includes a second microporous layer and a second dense layer.

[0133] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the photoelectric conversion structure of a perovskite solar cell according to an embodiment of this application; the photoelectric conversion structure shown includes a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, a second charge transport layer and a second electrode, and the first charge transport layer includes a first microporous layer and a first dense layer.

[0134] Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the photoelectric conversion structure of a perovskite solar cell according to an embodiment of this application; the photoelectric conversion structure shown includes a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, a second charge transport layer and a second electrode, and the second charge transport layer includes a second microporous layer and a second dense layer.

[0135] Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of a perovskite solar cell according to an embodiment of this application; the perovskite solar cell shown includes a substrate layer, a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, a second charge transport layer, and a second electrode.

[0136] Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of a perovskite solar cell according to an embodiment of this application; the perovskite solar cell shown includes a substrate layer, a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, a second charge transport layer, and a second electrode, and the perovskite solar cell is provided with a first etched region, a second etched region, and a third etched region.

[0137] Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of an electrical device using a perovskite battery as a power generation device according to an embodiment of this application.

[0138] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures: 100 is a perovskite solar cell; 110 is the substrate layer; 120 is the first electrode; 130 is the first charge transport layer; 140 is the light-absorbing layer; 150 is the second charge transport layer; 160 is the second electrode; 1301 is the first microporous layer; 1302 is the first dense layer; 1501 is the second microporous layer; 1502 is the second dense layer; P1 is the first etched region; P2 is the second etched region; P3 is the third etched region; 6 is the power supply device. Detailed Implementation

[0139] The following describes in detail, with appropriate reference to the accompanying drawings, some embodiments of the perovskite solar cell of this application, its preparation method, power generation device, and power consumption device. However, some unnecessary detailed descriptions may be omitted. For example, detailed descriptions of well-known matters and repetitive descriptions of practically identical structures may be omitted. This is to avoid unnecessarily lengthy descriptions and to facilitate understanding by those skilled in the art. Furthermore, the accompanying drawings and the following description are provided for the purpose of enabling those skilled in the art to fully understand this application and are not intended to limit the subject matter of the claims.

[0140] The "range" disclosed in this application can be defined in the form of a lower limit and an upper limit. A given range is defined by selecting a lower limit and an upper limit, which define the boundaries of a particular range. Ranges defined in this way can include or exclude endpoints. Any endpoint can be included or excluded independently and can be combined arbitrarily; that is, any lower limit can be combined with any upper limit to form a range. For example, if ranges of 60-120 and 80-110 are listed for a specific parameter, it is expected that ranges of 60-110 and 80-120 are also included. Furthermore, if minimum range values ​​1 and 2 are listed, and maximum range values ​​3, 4, and 5 are also listed, then the following ranges are all expected: 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2-3, 2-4, and 2-5. In this application, unless otherwise stated, the numerical range "ab" represents a shortened representation of any combination of real numbers between a and b, where a and b are real numbers. For example, the numerical range "0-5" indicates that all real numbers between "0" and "5" have been listed in this article; "0-5" is simply a shortened representation of these numerical combinations. Furthermore, when describing a parameter as an integer ≥ 2, it is equivalent to listing integers such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 for that parameter. For instance, when describing a parameter as an integer selected from "2-10", it is equivalent to listing the integers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10.

[0141] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "about" means within a reasonable range above and below the stated number, and the range of fluctuation may vary depending on the type and value of the stated number. For example, a range of ±10%, ±5%, ±2%, ±1%, etc., may be allowed. For example, taking "about 20°C" and its approximation as ±1°C, approximate values ​​such as 19°C, 19.5°C, etc., within the approximation range indicated by "about 20°C" should also be included in the range indicated by "about 20°C".

[0142] In this application, the terms "multiple," "various," "multiple items," "several," etc., unless otherwise specified, refer to a quantity greater than or equal to 2. For example, "one or more" means one or more (greater than or equal to) two. It can be understood that when "any number of" items are involved, it refers to any suitable combination of multiple items, that is, a combination of "any number of" items in a manner that does not conflict and enables the implementation of this application.

[0143] Unless otherwise specified, all embodiments and optional embodiments of this application can be combined to form new technical solutions.

[0144] In this document, the term "embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment or implementation of this application. The appearance of this phrase in various places throughout the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, nor is it a separate or alternative embodiment mutually exclusive with other embodiments. It will be explicitly and implicitly understood by those skilled in the art that the embodiments described herein can be combined with other embodiments. The term "implementation" as used herein has a similar understanding.

[0145] Those skilled in the art will understand that the order in which the steps are written in the methods of various embodiments or examples does not imply a strict execution order and does not constitute any limitation on the implementation process. The detailed execution order of each step should be determined by its function and possible internal logic. Unless otherwise specified, all steps of this application may be performed sequentially or randomly, but are preferably performed sequentially. For example, if method M includes steps (a) and (b), it means that the method may include steps (a) and (b) performed sequentially, or it may include steps (b) and (a) performed sequentially. For example, method M may also include step (c), meaning that step (c) can be added to method M in any order. For example, method M may include steps (a), (b), and (c), or it may include steps (a), (c), and (b), or it may include steps (c), (a), and (b), etc.

[0146] In this application, open-ended technical features or solutions described using terms such as "containing," "comprising," or "including" do not exclude additional members beyond those listed unless otherwise specified. They can be considered as providing both closed-ended features or solutions comprised of the listed members and open-ended features or solutions that include additional members beyond the listed members. For example, if 'a' includes a1, a2, and a3, it may also include other members or exclude additional members unless otherwise specified. This can be considered as providing both features or solutions where "a consists of a1, a2, and a3" or "a is selected from a1, a2, and a3," and features or solutions where "a includes not only a1, a2, and a3, but also other members."

[0147] In this application, unless otherwise specified, M (e.g., m1) means that m1 is a non-limiting example of M, and it is understood that M is not limited to m1.

[0148] In this application, "optionally," "optionally," and "optional" mean that something is optional, that is, it is selected from either "with" or "without." If multiple "options" appear in a technical solution, unless otherwise specified and there are no contradictions or mutual constraints, each "option" is independent. Unless otherwise specified, the descriptions such as "optionally include" and "optionally contain" in this application, taking "optionally include" as an example, mean "may include or not include."

[0149] In this application, unless otherwise specified, the features or solutions corresponding to "and / or" include any one of two or more of the related listed items, as well as any and all combinations of the related listed items. Any and all combinations include any two related listed items, any more related listed items, or a combination of all related listed items. For example, "M and / or N" represents the group consisting of M, N, and "a combination of M and N". "Containing M and / or N" can mean "containing M, containing N, and containing both M and N", or "containing M, containing N, or containing both M and N", and can be appropriately understood according to the context.

[0150] The terms “combinations of,” “any combination of,” and “any combination of” used in this article include all suitable combinations of any two or more of the listed items.

[0151] In this document, the term "suitable" in phrases such as "suitable combination," "suitable method," and "any suitable method" refers to the technical solution that enables the implementation of this application.

[0152] In this document, terms such as "preferred," "better," "more suitable," "ideal," "good," and "superior" are merely descriptions of more effective implementation methods or embodiments, and should be understood not to limit the scope of protection of this application. If multiple "preferred" terms appear in a technical solution, unless otherwise specified and there are no contradictions or mutual constraints, each "preferred" term shall be independent.

[0153] In this application, terms such as "further," "even more," "especially," "for example," "as," "example," and "exemplary" are used for descriptive purposes to indicate differences in content, but should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of this application.

[0154] In this application, the terms "first aspect," "second aspect," "third aspect," "fourth aspect," and "fifth aspect," etc., are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or quantity, nor should they be construed as implicitly indicating the importance or quantity of the indicated technical features. Moreover, "first," "second," "third," "fourth," and "fifth" etc. serve only as a non-exhaustive enumeration and should be understood not to constitute a closed limitation on quantity.

[0155] In this application, unless otherwise expressly specified and limited, the phrase "above" or "below" the second feature can mean that the first and second features are in direct contact, or that the first and second features are in indirect contact through an intermediate medium. In this application, unless otherwise expressly specified and limited, the phrase "above" or "below" the second feature can indicate a horizontal positional relationship, or it can simply indicate the existence of an attachment relationship without specifying a horizontal positional relationship.

[0156] In this application, the term "room temperature" generally refers to 4℃ to 35℃, and may refer to 20℃ ± 5℃. In some embodiments or examples of this application, room temperature refers to 20℃ to 30℃.

[0157] In this application, if the unit for a data range is only followed by the right endpoint, it indicates that the units for the left and right endpoints are the same. For example, 3~5h or 3-5h both mean that the unit for the left endpoint "3" and the right endpoint "5" is h (hours), and both have the same meaning as 3h~5h. Furthermore, similar descriptions of other parameters such as temperature and size are interpreted in the same way.

[0158] The weight or mass of the relevant components mentioned in the embodiments or examples of this application can refer not only to the content of each component, but also to the proportional relationship of weight or mass between the components. Therefore, as long as the content of the relevant components is scaled up or down proportionally according to the embodiments or examples of this application, it is within the scope described in this application. Furthermore, the mass involved in the embodiments or examples of this application can be a mass unit known in the chemical industry, such as microgram (μg), milligram (mg), gram (g), kilogram (kg). Unless otherwise specified, the mass ratio is equal to the corresponding weight ratio. For example, if the mass of substance A is m1 and the weight is W1, and the mass of substance B is m2 and the weight is W2, then the mass ratio m1 / m2 is numerically equal to the corresponding weight ratio W1 / W2.

[0159] In this application, unless otherwise specified, wt% represents a weight percentage by weight, which is numerically equal to the corresponding mass percentage by mass. In this application, the weight percentage denoted as "0" has the same meaning as "0wt%" and can be used interchangeably.

[0160] In this application, "greater than or equal to", "greater than or equal to", and "≥" have the same meaning and can be used interchangeably; "less than or equal to", "less than or equal to", and "≤" have the same meaning and can be used interchangeably; "greater than" can be equivalently represented as ">", and "less than" can be equivalently represented as "<". In this application, unless otherwise specified, "greater than or equal to" and "≥" can be considered as providing two additional solutions: "greater than" and "equal to". In this application, unless otherwise specified, "less than or equal to" and "≤" can be considered as providing two additional solutions: "less than" and "equal to".

[0161] In this application, the exemplary descriptions such as "in some implementations (or embodiments)" and "in one implementation (or embodiment)" may cover, but are not limited to, the following meanings: these solutions can be combined with other solutions in a suitable manner to form new technical solutions.

[0162] For perovskite solar cells with perovskite material in the light-absorbing layer, the perovskite material may undergo spontaneous degradation, or it may degrade or be accelerated by external factors such as light, heat, water, oxygen, and electricity. These degradation reactions can all produce gaseous degradation products. In perovskite solar cells, if there are gas escape channels between adjacent film layers or if these gaseous degradation products are absorbed, the degradation reaction will be accelerated, leading to the loss of perovskite material and decreased device stability, thus resulting in performance degradation of the perovskite solar cell, such as poor energy conversion efficiency. Furthermore, when the aforementioned gaseous degradation products diffuse to the electrodes, they may also cause electrode aging.

[0163] According to various embodiments and examples of this application, this application provides a perovskite solar cell, a method for its fabrication, a power generation device, and a power consumption device thereof. This perovskite solar cell exhibits improved device stability and high energy conversion efficiency.

[0164] In some embodiments, a perovskite solar cell is provided, comprising a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, a second charge transport layer, and a second electrode arranged sequentially; the light-absorbing layer comprises a perovskite material; at least one of the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer comprises a microporous layer and a dense layer located on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer; the microporous layer is provided with micropores and a sealing gas located at the micropores.

[0165] In some embodiments, a perovskite solar cell includes a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, a second charge transport layer, and a second electrode arranged sequentially. The light-absorbing layer comprises a perovskite material. At least one of the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer includes a microporous layer and a dense layer located on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer. The microporous layer has micropores and a sealing gas located at the micropores. The sealing gas includes perovskite-related gases, which include at least one of a first gas and a second gas. The first gas refers to a gas that can be generated by the degradation of the perovskite material, and the second gas refers to a gas that can participate in the synthesis reaction of the perovskite material. This perovskite solar cell has improved device stability and high energy conversion efficiency.

[0166] Furthermore, at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode is a transparent electrode.

[0167] In some implementations, one of the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer is an electron transport layer and the other is a hole transport layer.

[0168] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell includes a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, a second charge transport layer, and a second electrode arranged sequentially. The light-absorbing layer includes a perovskite material, which includes at least one of monovalent organic cations and iodine anions. At least one of the electron transport layer and hole transport layer includes a microporous layer and a dense layer located on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer. The microporous layer has micropores and a sealing gas located at the micropores. The sealing gas includes at least one of nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor. Further, the nitrogen-containing gas includes gases that can be formed from the organic nitrogen contained in the perovskite material when it degrades. The perovskite solar cell satisfies at least one of the following characteristics: (tb1) the perovskite material includes organic nitrogen, and the sealing gas includes a nitrogen-containing gas; (tb2) the perovskite material includes iodine, and the sealing gas includes iodine vapor. This perovskite solar cell has improved device stability and higher energy conversion efficiency. Furthermore, one of the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer is an electron transport layer and the other is a hole transport layer; even further, at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode is a transparent electrode.

[0169] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "perovskite solar cell" refers to a solar cell that includes a perovskite layer. The perovskite layer refers to a light-absorbing layer comprising perovskite material.

[0170] Unless otherwise stated in this application, the "perovskite solar cell" includes a photoelectric conversion structure, which includes a light-absorbing layer and a charge transport layer. Further, the charge transport layer includes a first charge transport layer and a second charge transport layer.

[0171] When a perovskite solar cell operates, upon exposure to light, electrons within the light-absorbing layer gain energy and break free from the layer's binding force, forming negatively charged electron carriers and positively charged hole carriers, thus creating electron-hole pairs. These free electrons and holes then travel in opposite directions through corresponding transport layers, causing them to flow and forming an external current, thus converting light energy into electrical energy. Furthermore, after absorbing photons, the perovskite layer is stimulated to generate electron-hole pairs. These pairs further dissociate to form free carriers with opposite charges. Free electrons travel through the electron transport layer to the positive electrode, while free holes travel through the hole transport layer to the negative electrode. Both types of free carriers are collected by their respective electrodes, further generating a photocurrent within the perovskite solar cell's circuitry.

[0172] The electron transport layer can extract and transport electron carriers and block free holes from passing through.

[0173] The hole transport layer can extract and transport hole carriers and block free electrons from passing through.

[0174] It is understandable that perovskite solar cells also include two electrodes. One of these electrodes serves as the positive electrode, collecting electron carriers transported via the electron transport layer, while the other serves as the negative electrode, collecting hole carriers transported via the hole transport layer.

[0175] In a first aspect of this application, a perovskite solar cell is provided.

[0176] In some embodiments, a perovskite solar cell is provided, comprising a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, a second charge transport layer, and a second electrode arranged sequentially; one of the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer is an electron transport layer, and the other is a hole transport layer; wherein the light-absorbing layer comprises a perovskite material;

[0177] At least one of the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer includes a microporous layer and a dense layer located on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer; the microporous layer has micropores and a sealed gas located at the micropores;

[0178] The sealed gases include perovskite-related gases, which include at least one of a first gas and a second gas. The first gas refers to the gas that can be generated when the perovskite material degrades, and the second gas refers to the gas that can participate in the synthesis reaction of the perovskite material.

[0179] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "perovskite solar cell" refers to a solar cell that includes a light-absorbing layer, and the light-absorbing layer includes perovskite material. In this application, the light-absorbing layer including perovskite material may also be referred to as a "perovskite layer".

[0180] Some embodiments of the first aspect of this application provide a perovskite solar cell that further includes two charge transport layers located on either side of the light-absorbing layer, one of which is an electron transport layer and the other is a hole transport layer; two electrodes are further included on either side of the two charge transport layers. Typically, at least one of the electrodes is a transparent electrode. Either transparent electrode can be used for light incident.

[0181] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "perovskite material" refers to a material comprising perovskite-type compounds. Generally, perovskite materials comprise a monovalent cation A and a monovalent anion X.

[0182] In this application, unless otherwise specified, a "microporous layer" is a charge transport layer with micropores, where the micropores can be used to store gas; a "dense layer" is a charge transport layer with a higher degree of density than the microporous layer. When a dense layer is provided in the charge transport layer, it is located on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer. The dense layer or electrode on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer can be used to suppress or block the escape of the stored gas in the microporous layer from the perovskite solar cell. The gas stored in the micropores of the microporous layer is called "stored gas". From the perspective of the composition of the stored gas, perovskite-related gases can be used to suppress the degradation of perovskite materials in the light-absorbing layer. When the perovskite-related gas includes gaseous degradation products of the perovskite material, the degradation reaction can be suppressed. When the perovskite-related gas can participate in the synthesis of perovskite materials, structural repair of the perovskite material can also be achieved.

[0183] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "perovskite-related gas" refers to the gaseous substances involved in the degradation and synthesis reaction equations of perovskite materials. These can be reactants in the synthesis of perovskite materials or gaseous degradation products of perovskite materials. In this application, perovskite-related gas may include at least one of a first gas and a second gas, wherein the first gas refers to a gas generated during the degradation of perovskite materials, and the second gas refers to a gas capable of participating in the synthesis reaction of perovskite materials. The first gas and the second gas may be the same or different; when the first gas and the second gas are the same, the gas is both a gas generated during the degradation of perovskite materials and capable of participating in the synthesis reaction of perovskite materials. It can be understood that perovskite materials refer to the perovskite materials contained in the light-absorbing layer of a perovskite solar cell.

[0184] In this application, a high-resolution infrared gas detector can be used to detect and analyze the gas composition in a microporous layer: the detector's infrared light source emits infrared light within a specific wavelength range (corresponding to a reference light intensity I0), and the optical path system ensures that the infrared light emitted by the light source can pass smoothly through the gas sample to be tested, enabling the infrared detector to receive the infrared light (corresponding to the received light intensity I) after passing through the gas sample and filter, and convert it into an electrical signal. Furthermore, the signal processing circuit analyzes the intensity of the electrical signal received by the detector, and by comparing the infrared absorption spectrum and the received light intensity of the absorption peak with the reference light intensity, the gas composition and partial pressure in the microporous layer and the light-absorbing layer can be determined.

[0185] Unless otherwise specified in this application, conventional methods in the art can be used to detect and analyze the composition of the perovskite material in the light-absorbing layer of the perovskite solar cell. Non-limiting examples include inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).

[0186] For perovskite solar cells where the light-absorbing layer includes perovskite material, a multilayer structure including a microporous layer and a dense layer is provided on at least one side of the electron transport layer and hole transport layer on both sides of the light-absorbing layer. The microporous layer is located between the dense layer and the light-absorbing layer, and a gas can be placed in the microporous layer for storage. The dense layer can provide better carrier transport capability for the corresponding functional layer (which can be at least one of the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer).

[0187] Furthermore, utilizing the stability-enhancing effect of encapsulation gases on perovskite materials can improve device stability and energy conversion efficiency. Specifically, encapsulation gases can enhance the stability of perovskite materials by inhibiting degradation and / or promoting structural repair. Perovskite-related gases can be incorporated into the encapsulation gas. A first gas can be used to increase the concentration of degradation products, thereby inhibiting the degradation reaction. Alternatively, a second gas, capable of participating in perovskite synthesis, can be used to achieve structural repair of the perovskite material. Through one or both of these mechanisms, the stability of perovskite materials can be improved, thus enhancing device stability and facilitating higher energy conversion efficiency.

[0188] In addition, the dense layer can protect the corresponding side electrode. For the degradation gas that may be generated by the light-absorbing layer, it forms a barrier between the electrode and the light-absorbing layer, which can reduce or prevent the degradation gas that may be generated by the light-absorbing layer from diffusing to the electrode, thereby helping to avoid or slow down electrode aging.

[0189] In some embodiments, the perovskite-related gas includes at least one of nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor, wherein the nitrogen-containing gas includes gases that can be formed from organic nitrogen contained in the perovskite material during degradation.

[0190] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "organic nitrogen" has the well-known meaning in the field of chemistry, referring to nitrogen element present in organic groups, organic ions, or organic substances. Without limitation, organic nitrogen can be combined with carbon atoms; for example, nitrogen element present in organic structures such as formamidinium ions and methylamine ions falls within the scope of "organic nitrogen" in this application.

[0191] In some embodiments, the nitrogen-containing gas includes gases that can be formed from the organic nitrogen contained in the perovskite material during degradation.

[0192] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "nitrogen-containing gas" can be an organic gas, an inorganic gas, or a mixture of organic and inorganic gases. Non-limiting examples of organic gases include methylamine gas and formamidinium gas. Non-limiting examples of inorganic gases include ammonia (NH3).

[0193] In some embodiments, the nitrogen-containing gas may include one or more of ammonia, methylamine, and formamidinium; more specifically, the nitrogen-containing gas may include ammonia.

[0194] In some implementations, the perovskite solar cell satisfies at least one of the following characteristics:

[0195] (ta1) Perovskite materials include organic nitrogen, and the storage gases include nitrogen-containing gases;

[0196] (ta2) Perovskite materials include iodine, and the sealed gas includes iodine vapor;

[0197] (ta3) The first gas includes at least one of nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor;

[0198] (ta4) The second gas includes at least one of nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor;

[0199] (ta5) The sealed gas includes at least one of nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor.

[0200] In some embodiments, the perovskite material includes organic nitrogen, and the encapsulation gas includes nitrogen-containing gas.

[0201] In some embodiments, the storage gas includes one or more nitrogen-containing gases selected from ammonia, methylamine, and formamidinium. Further optionally, the storage gas includes ammonia.

[0202] In some embodiments, the perovskite material includes iodine, and the containment gas includes iodine vapor.

[0203] In some embodiments, the first gas includes at least one of a nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor. Further, the nitrogen-containing gas may include one or more of ammonia, methylamine, and formamidinium; even further, the nitrogen-containing gas may include ammonia.

[0204] In some embodiments, the second gas includes at least one of a nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor. Further, the nitrogen-containing gas may include one or more of ammonia, methylamine, and formamidinium; even further, the nitrogen-containing gas may include ammonia.

[0205] In some implementations, the perovskite solar cell satisfies at least one of the following characteristics:

[0206] (ta1') Perovskite materials include organic nitrogen, and the encapsulated gases include one or more of ammonia, methylamine, and formamidinium;

[0207] (ta2') Perovskite materials include iodine, and the sealed gas includes iodine vapor;

[0208] (ta3') The first gas includes at least one of ammonia, methylamine, formamidinium and iodine vapor, optionally, the first gas includes at least one of ammonia and iodine vapor, and further optionally, the first gas includes ammonia and iodine vapor;

[0209] (ta4') The second gas includes at least one of ammonia, methylamine, formamidin and iodine vapor, optionally, the second gas includes at least one of ammonia and iodine vapor, and further optionally, the second gas includes ammonia and iodine vapor;

[0210] (ta5') The storage gas includes at least one of ammonia, methylamine, formamidin and iodine vapor, optionally, the storage gas includes at least one of ammonia and iodine vapor, and further optionally, the storage gas includes ammonia and iodine vapor.

[0211] In some embodiments, the containment gas includes ammonia and iodine vapor. Further, the perovskite material includes a monovalent cation containing organic nitrogen and an iodine anion; even further, the monovalent cation containing organic nitrogen may include one or more of monovalent amine cations, monovalent amidine cations, etc.; even further, the monovalent cation containing organic nitrogen may include one or more of formamidinium ions, methylamine ions, etc.

[0212] At least one of nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor can be added to the sealing gas (wherein, the nitrogen-containing gas includes the gas that can be formed when organic nitrogen-containing perovskite materials degrade; and iodine vapor may be generated when perovskite materials containing iodine degrade). At least one of nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor can be used to increase the concentration of degradation products of perovskite materials and inhibit the degradation reaction. Alternatively, at least one of nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor can be used to participate in perovskite synthesis to achieve structural repair of perovskite materials. Through one or both of the aforementioned mechanisms, the stability of perovskite materials can be improved, thereby improving device stability and also facilitating the achievement of higher energy conversion efficiency.

[0213] In some embodiments, the perovskite material includes a monovalent cation and a monovalent anion, and the perovskite material includes at least one of a monovalent organic cation and an iodine anion.

[0214] When the perovskite material includes at least one of monovalent organic cations and iodine anions, the use of the aforementioned perovskite battery structure to set up the sealing gas has a more significant effect on improving device stability and energy conversion efficiency.

[0215] Non-limitingly, perovskite materials include monovalent cations, which may include one or more of monovalent amine cations, monovalent amidine cations, etc. Non-limiting examples of monovalent amine cations, such as methylamine ion, can be found below. Non-limiting examples of monovalent amidine cations, such as formamidinium ion, can be found below.

[0216] In some embodiments, the monovalent cation in the perovskite material may include one or more of formamidinium ions, methylamine ions, etc.

[0217] In some embodiments, the monovalent cation in the perovskite material includes formamidinium ions, and more particularly, it can be formamidinium ions. In some embodiments, the monovalent cation in the perovskite material includes methylamine ions, and more particularly, it can be methylamine ions. In some embodiments, the monovalent cation in the perovskite material can include both formamidinium ions and methylamine ions, and more particularly, it can be a combination of formamidinium ions and methylamine ions. In some embodiments, the monovalent cation can be a monovalent organic cation.

[0218] Based on any suitable embodiment of this application, in some embodiments, the perovskite material includes a monovalent organic cation, which may include one or more of monovalent amine cations, monovalent amidine cations, etc. Non-limiting examples of monovalent amine cations, such as methylamine ion, can be found below. Non-limiting examples of monovalent amidine cations, such as formamidinium ion, can be found below.

[0219] Based on any suitable embodiment of this application, in some embodiments, the perovskite material includes a monovalent organic cation containing organic nitrogen. Without limitation, the monovalent organic cation containing organic nitrogen may include one or more of monovalent amine cations, monovalent amidine cations, etc.

[0220] In some embodiments, the perovskite material includes a monovalent cation. Non-limitingly, the monovalent cation may include an organic component with a molar percentage of 10 mol% to 100 mol% (i.e., the molar percentage of the monovalent organic cation in the monovalent cation is 10 mol% to 100 mol%). Optionally, the monovalent cation includes an organic component with a molar percentage of 80 mol% to 100 mol%. Non-limitingly, in the perovskite material, the molar percentage of the organic component in the monovalent cation can be any of the following molar percentages or a range selected from any two of the following molar percentages: 10 mol%, 15 mol%, 20 mol%, 25 mol%, 30 mol%, 35 mol%, 40 mol%, 45 mol%, 50 mol%, 60 mol%, 70 mol%, 75 mol%, 80 mol%, 90 mol%, 100 mol%, etc.

[0221] In perovskite materials, non-limiting examples of organic components in monovalent cations include one or more of formamidinium ions, methylamine ions, etc.

[0222] In some embodiments, the perovskite material includes a monovalent cation, and the monovalent cation is an organic component, that is, the monovalent cation is a monovalent organic cation (100 mol%).

[0223] When the monovalent cations in perovskite materials include the aforementioned amounts of organic components, the stability of the perovskite materials and the stability of the devices can be significantly improved by introducing the aforementioned types of encapsulation gases, which can effectively improve energy conversion efficiency.

[0224] In some embodiments, a perovskite solar cell is provided, comprising a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, a second charge transport layer, and a second electrode arranged sequentially; one of the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer is an electron transport layer, and the other is a hole transport layer.

[0225] The light-absorbing layer includes a perovskite material, which includes a monovalent cation and a monovalent anion, and the perovskite material includes at least one of a monovalent organic cation and an iodine anion.

[0226] At least one of the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer includes a microporous layer and a dense layer located on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer; the microporous layer has micropores and a sealed gas located at the micropores;

[0227] The sealed gases include perovskite-related gases, which include at least one of a first gas and a second gas. The first gas refers to the gas that can be generated when the perovskite material degrades, and the second gas refers to the gas that can participate in the synthesis reaction of the perovskite material.

[0228] In some embodiments, the monovalent organic cation includes a monovalent cation containing organic nitrogen.

[0229] In some embodiments, the perovskite material includes at least one of a monovalent cation containing organic nitrogen and an iodine anion.

[0230] Without limitation, the monovalent cation containing organic nitrogen may include one or more of monovalent amine cations, monovalent amidine cations, etc., and optionally, the monovalent cation containing organic nitrogen may include one or more of formamidinium ion, methylamine ion, etc.

[0231] For perovskite solar cells where the light-absorbing layer comprises perovskite material, when the perovskite material includes at least one of monovalent organic cations and iodine anions, a multilayer structure comprising a microporous layer and a dense layer can be formed on at least one side of the electron transport layer and hole transport layer on both sides of the light-absorbing layer. The microporous layer is located between the dense layer and the light-absorbing layer, and a containment gas can be placed within the microporous layer. The dense layer can provide better carrier transport capability for the corresponding functional layer (which can be at least one of the electron transport layer and hole transport layer). Furthermore, by placing a perovskite-related gas involving at least one of monovalent organic cations and iodine anions in the containment gas, the concentration of perovskite material degradation products can be increased using a first gas to inhibit the degradation reaction, and a second gas capable of participating in perovskite synthesis can be used to achieve structural repair of the perovskite material. Through one or both of the aforementioned mechanisms, the stability of the perovskite material can be improved, thereby improving device stability and facilitating higher energy conversion efficiency.

[0232] In some embodiments, a perovskite solar cell is provided, comprising a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, a second charge transport layer, and a second electrode arranged sequentially; one of the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer is an electron transport layer, and the other is a hole transport layer.

[0233] The light-absorbing layer includes a perovskite material, which includes a monovalent cation and a monovalent anion, and the perovskite material includes at least one of a monovalent cation containing organic nitrogen and an iodine anion.

[0234] At least one of the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer includes a microporous layer and a dense layer located on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer; the microporous layer has micropores and a sealed gas located at the micropores;

[0235] The storage gas includes at least one of nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor, and the nitrogen-containing gas includes the gas that can be formed when the organic nitrogen contained in the perovskite material containing organic nitrogen undergoes degradation;

[0236] Perovskite solar cells satisfy at least one of the following characteristics:

[0237] (tb1) Perovskite materials include organic nitrogen, and the storage gas includes nitrogen-containing gases;

[0238] (tb2) Perovskite materials include iodine, and the sealed gas includes iodine vapor.

[0239] For perovskite solar cells where the light-absorbing layer includes perovskite material, when the perovskite material includes at least one of monovalent cations containing organic nitrogen and iodine anions, a multilayer structure including a microporous layer and a dense layer can be formed on at least one side of the electron transport layer and hole transport layer on both sides of the light-absorbing layer. The microporous layer is located between the dense layer and the light-absorbing layer. A containment gas can be placed in the microporous layer, and the dense layer can provide better carrier transport capability for the corresponding functional layer (which can be at least one of the electron transport layer and hole transport layer). Furthermore, at least one of nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor can be placed in the containment gas (wherein, the nitrogen-containing gas includes gases that can be formed from the organic nitrogen contained in the perovskite material during degradation). At least one of the nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor can be used to increase the concentration of degradation products of the perovskite material, thereby inhibiting the degradation reaction. Alternatively, at least one of the nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor can be used to participate in perovskite synthesis, thereby achieving structural repair of the perovskite material. Through one or both of the aforementioned mechanisms, the stability of the perovskite material can be improved, thus improving device stability and facilitating higher energy conversion efficiency.

[0240] In some embodiments, the perovskite material comprises a monovalent cation, which includes a monovalent cation containing organic nitrogen. Non-limitingly, the molar percentage of the monovalent cation containing organic nitrogen can be 10 mol% to 100 mol%; optionally, the molar percentage of the monovalent cation containing organic nitrogen can be 80 mol% to 100 mol%. Non-limitingly, in the perovskite material, the molar percentage of the monovalent cation containing organic nitrogen can be any of the following molar percentages or a range selected from any two of the following molar percentages: 10 mol%, 15 mol%, 20 mol%, 25 mol%, 30 mol%, 35 mol%, 40 mol%, 45 mol%, 50 mol%, 60 mol%, 70 mol%, 75 mol%, 80 mol%, 90 mol%, 100 mol%, etc.

[0241] When the monovalent cations in the perovskite material include monovalent cations containing organic nitrogen, a gas that can be formed by the organic nitrogen contained in the perovskite material during degradation can be set in the storage gas. This increases the concentration of degradation products of the perovskite material and inhibits the degradation reaction. It also allows the storage gas to participate in the perovskite synthesis, thereby achieving structural repair of the perovskite material. Thus, the stability of the perovskite material can be improved through one or two of the aforementioned mechanisms, which in turn can improve device stability and is also conducive to achieving higher energy conversion efficiency.

[0242] When the monovalent cations in the perovskite material include the aforementioned content of organic nitrogen-containing monovalent cations, the stability of the perovskite material and the stability of the device can be significantly improved by introducing the aforementioned types of encapsulation gases, which can effectively improve the energy conversion efficiency.

[0243] Based on any suitable embodiment of this application, in some embodiments, the perovskite material includes a monovalent cation, which includes one or more of formamidinium ions and methylamine ions; the nitrogen-containing gas includes one or more of ammonia, methylamine, and formamidinium.

[0244] In some implementations, the nitrogen-containing gas includes ammonia.

[0245] When the monovalent cations in perovskite materials include monovalent cations such as methylamine ions and formamidin ions (both methylamine ions and formamidin ions are monovalent organic cations containing organic nitrogen), if the perovskite material undergoes a degradation reaction, nitrogen-containing gases such as ammonia, methylamine, and formamidin may be generated. Therefore, by setting the aforementioned nitrogen-containing gases in the sealing gas, the degradation reaction can be inhibited, and it may even be possible to reverse the degradation reaction and synthesize perovskite materials. This can improve the stability of perovskite materials and device stability, as well as increase energy conversion efficiency.

[0246] In this application, the percentage of the sum of the partial pressures of perovskite-related gases in the microporous layer relative to the total gas pressure in the microporous layer is denoted as R. A It can be understood that in at least one microporous layer, R A >0. In some embodiments, at least one microporous layer contains 0. <R A ≤100%.

[0247] Based on any suitable embodiment of this application, in some embodiments, in at least one microporous layer, 20% ≤ R A ≤100%. Non-limitingly, in at least one microporous layer, R A It can also be the following percentages or ranges selected from any two of the following percentages: 20%, 30%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, etc. In some embodiments, in at least one microporous layer, 40% ≤ RA ≤100%. In some embodiments, in at least one microporous layer, 45% ≤R A ≤100%.

[0248] By R A Controlling the degradation of perovskite materials within the aforementioned range helps to better suppress the degradation of perovskite materials and improve device stability and energy conversion efficiency.

[0249] Based on any suitable embodiment of this application, in some embodiments, the percentage of the sum of the partial pressures of the gases and iodine vapors formed by the organic nitrogen contained in the perovskite material during degradation, relative to the total gas pressure in the microporous layer, is denoted as R. N+I In at least one microporous layer, R N+I >0.

[0250] Based on any suitable implementation of this application, in some embodiments, in at least one microporous layer, 0 <R N+I ≤100%.

[0251] Based on any suitable embodiment of this application, in some embodiments, in at least one microporous layer, 20% ≤ R N+I ≤100%. In some embodiments, in at least one microporous layer, 40% ≤R N+I ≤100%. In some embodiments, in at least one microporous layer, 45% ≤R N+I ≤100%.

[0252] Non-limiting, in at least one microporous layer, R N+I It can also be the following percentages or intervals composed of any two of the following percentages: 20%, 30%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, etc.

[0253] In this application, R in the first microporous layer (if any) may also be included. N+I Let it be R1 N+I R in the second microporous layer (if any) N+I Let it be R2 N+I .

[0254] In this application, the percentage of iodine vapor partial pressure in the microporous layer can be detected and analyzed using the aforementioned high-resolution infrared gas detector (R0). I The percentage of nitrogen-containing gas partial pressure in the microporous layer (R) N ).

[0255] When perovskite materials containing organic nitrogen undergo degradation, the percentage of the sum of the partial pressures of the gases formed by the organic nitrogen and iodine vapor in the microporous layer relative to the total gas pressure in the microporous layer (R0).N+I ) can be greater than 0. When 0 <R N+I When the content is ≤100%, at least one of the gases formed by the organic nitrogen contained in the perovskite material during degradation and iodine vapor can be used to inhibit the degradation reaction of the perovskite material, and may even reverse the degradation reaction to increase the content of the perovskite material.

[0256] By R N+I Controlled at 20% ≤ R N+I Within the range of ≤100%, it is beneficial to better suppress the degradation of perovskite materials and better improve device stability and energy conversion efficiency.

[0257] In this application, the pressure ratio of the first microporous layer (if any) relative to the light-absorbing layer may also be denoted as R1. P Let R2 be the pressure ratio of the second microporous layer (if present) relative to the light-absorbing layer. P .

[0258] Based on any suitable embodiment of this application, in some embodiments, the pressure ratio of the gas pressure value of the microporous layer to the gas pressure value of the light-absorbing layer is denoted as R. P Satisfying R P ≥1.

[0259] In some implementations, a dense layer or electrode on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer can be used to suppress or block the escape of the encapsulated gas in the microporous layer from the perovskite solar cell, thereby maintaining the pressure of the microporous layer.

[0260] In some embodiments, the first electrode, first charge transport layer, light-absorbing layer, second charge transport layer, and second electrode in a perovskite solar cell are encapsulated within an encapsulation film. Consequently, the pressure ratio R between the gas pressure of the microporous layer and the gas pressure of the light-absorbing layer is... P It can be preserved relatively well.

[0261] From the perspective of the gas pressure of the sealed gas, when the gas pressure of the microporous layer is higher than that of the light-absorbing layer (R... P When the value is >1), the degradation of perovskite material in the light-absorbing layer can be better suppressed.

[0262] The dense layer can help control the filling of the sealed gas into the microporous layer, providing pressure retention and helping to maintain the gas pressure value of the microporous layer. When R P When the pressure is greater than 1, a positive pressure higher than that of the light-absorbing layer can be set in the microporous layer using the sealing gas. This is the pressure ratio (R0) between the gas pressure of the microporous layer and the gas pressure of the light-absorbing layer. P A value greater than 1 indicates a better inhibition of perovskite material degradation, leading to improved perovskite material stability and device stability, which is more conducive to achieving higher energy conversion efficiency. When the encapsulated gas includes perovskite-related gases and R... PWhen the value is greater than 1, the degradation of perovskite materials can be inhibited, device stability can be improved, and energy conversion efficiency can be enhanced by utilizing the dual mechanisms of perovskite-related gases and positive pressure in the microporous layer.

[0263] When the sealed gas includes at least one of nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor and R P When the value is greater than 1, the degradation of perovskite materials can be inhibited, device stability can be improved, and energy conversion efficiency can be enhanced by utilizing the dual mechanism of at least one of nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor and the positive pressure of the microporous layer.

[0264] When 0 <R N+I ≤100% and R P When the value is greater than 1, at least one of the gases formed by the organic nitrogen contained in the perovskite material during degradation, and iodine vapor, can be used to inhibit the degradation reaction of the perovskite material, and may even reverse the degradation reaction to increase the perovskite content. Furthermore, the positive pressure difference of the sealed gas (Ro) can also be utilized. P >1) Better suppress the degradation reaction of perovskite materials.

[0265] In this application, the pressure ratio between the gas pressure of the microporous layer and the gas pressure of the light-absorbing layer can be denoted as R. P This can also be referred to as the gas pressure ratio of the microporous layer relative to the light-absorbing layer. In this application, a high-resolution infrared gas detector can be used to detect and analyze the gas composition and R in the microporous layer. P The detector's infrared light source emits infrared light within a specific wavelength range (corresponding to a reference light intensity I0). The optical path system ensures that the infrared light emitted by the light source can smoothly pass through the gas sample to be tested, allowing the infrared detector to receive the infrared light (corresponding to the received light intensity I) after passing through the gas sample and filter, and convert it into an electrical signal. Further, the signal processing circuit analyzes the intensity of the electrical signal received by the detector. By comparing the infrared absorption spectrum and the received light intensity of the absorption peak with the reference light intensity, the gas composition and concentration ratio in the microporous layer and the light-absorbing layer can be determined, and then R can be calculated. P .

[0266] The dense layer in a perovskite solar cell can act as a barrier layer against the diffusion of encapsulated gas, thus maintaining pressure on the microporous layer. In some embodiments, this dense layer can block the passage of encapsulated gas. In this application, unless otherwise specified, the phrase "can block" in "the dense layer can block the passage of encapsulated gas" can be determined through a pressure-holding characteristic test: after placing the perovskite solar cell in a normal temperature and pressure environment for 200 hours, the gas pressure ratio R... P The change value ΔR P When the density is ≤0.01, it is considered that "the dense layer can block the passage of the sealed gas"; otherwise, such as R P If the change value is greater than 0.01, it is considered that "the dense layer cannot block the passage of the sealed gas".

[0267] In some embodiments, the dense layer has the following characteristics: after the perovskite solar cell is placed in a normal temperature and pressure environment for 200 hours, the gas pressure ratio R P The change value satisfies ΔR P ≤0.01.

[0268] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "normal temperature" refers to 20℃~30℃, such as 25℃, and "normal pressure" refers to atmospheric pressure without pressurization or depressurization operations. For example, it can be 1 standard atmosphere or its approximation, such as ±0.002MPa.

[0269] Based on any suitable implementation of this application, in some implementations, in at least one microporous layer, R P =1.

[0270] When R P When =1, as mentioned above, from the perspective of the composition of the sealed gas, the perovskite-related gas can be used to inhibit the degradation of the perovskite material in the light-absorbing layer. When the perovskite-related gas includes the gaseous degradation products of the perovskite material, the degradation reaction can be inhibited. When the perovskite-related gas can participate in the synthesis of perovskite material, the structural repair of the perovskite material can also be achieved.

[0271] Based on any suitable implementation of this application, in some implementations, in at least one microporous layer, R P >1.

[0272] When R P When the pressure is greater than 1, the gas pressure of the microporous layer is greater than that of the light-absorbing layer, which can better inhibit the degradation of perovskite materials, thereby improving the stability of perovskite materials and device stability, and making it more conducive to achieving higher energy conversion efficiency.

[0273] As R P >1 An example of a combination with any suitable implementation in this application, when R P >1 and 0 <R N+I When the content is ≤100%, the storage gas contains at least one of the gases that can be formed by the organic nitrogen contained in the perovskite material during degradation and iodine vapor. At this time, the degradation of the perovskite material can be inhibited, the device stability can be improved, and the energy conversion efficiency can be improved by utilizing the dual mechanism of at least one of the gases that can be formed by the organic nitrogen contained in the perovskite material during degradation and iodine vapor, as well as the positive pressure of the microporous layer.

[0274] As R P >1 An example of a combination with any suitable implementation in this application, when R PWhen >1 and the monovalent cation includes organic nitrogen, the monovalent cation includes monovalent cations containing organic nitrogen. This can improve the material stability of the light-absorbing layer by inhibiting the degradation reaction of perovskite materials and possibly promoting the repair of perovskite structure, thereby improving device stability and energy conversion efficiency. It can also utilize the positive pressure difference between the encapsulation gas and the light-absorbing layer to better inhibit the degradation of perovskite materials, thereby improving device stability and energy conversion efficiency.

[0275] In some embodiments, in at least one microporous layer, 1 ≤ R P ≤1.1; optionally, 1 <R P ≤1.06, and further optionally, 1.01≤R P ≤1.06. Without limitation, R P It can also be any of the following values, greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to any of the following values, greater than 1 and less than or equal to any of the following values, or an interval selected from any two of the following values: 1, 1.00, 1.01, 1.02, 1.03, 1.04, 1.05, 1.06, 1.07, 1.08, 1.09, 1.10, 1.1, etc. Non-restrictively, R P It can also be any of the following ranges: 1≤R P ≤1.08, 1≤R P ≤1.06、1 <R P ≤1.08、1 <R P ≤1.06, 1.01≤R P ≤1.06, 1≤R P ≤1.05、1 <R P ≤1.05, 1.01≤R P ≤1.05, etc.

[0276] By R P By controlling the pressure within the aforementioned range, the degradation of perovskite materials can be better suppressed by utilizing the positive pressure of the microporous layer being higher than that of the light-absorbing layer. This also helps to create lower compressive stress within the device, which is more conducive to maintaining the stability of the device structure and performance.

[0277] In some embodiments, the perovskite material includes monovalent anions, including iodine anions, and the encapsulation gas includes iodine vapor.

[0278] Non-limiting, the molar percentage of iodide anions in the monovalent anions can be 0 mol% to 30 mol%; it can be selected as 1 mol% to 5 mol%. Non-limiting, in perovskite materials, the molar percentage of iodide anions in the monovalent anions can also be any of the following percentages or a range selected from any two of the following percentages: 0 mol%, 1 mol%, 2 mol%, 5 mol%, 6 mol%, 8 mol%, 10 mol%, 12 mol%, 15 mol%, 20 mol%, 25 mol%, 30 mol%, etc.

[0279] When the monovalent anions in the perovskite material include iodine anions, iodine vapor may be generated if the perovskite material in the light-absorbing layer undergoes a degradation reaction. In this case, by introducing iodine vapor into the sealing gas, the material stability of the light-absorbing layer can be improved by inhibiting the degradation reaction of the perovskite material and promoting the repair of the perovskite structure, thereby improving the device stability and energy conversion efficiency.

[0280] By controlling the molar percentage of iodine anions in the monovalent anions of perovskite materials within the aforementioned range, it is more beneficial to improve device stability and energy conversion efficiency.

[0281] In some embodiments, in addition to perovskite-related gases, the sequestration gas may also include non-reactive gases. Alternatively, the sequestration gas may not include non-reactive gases. "Non-reactive gases" refers to gases that do not participate in the degradation and synthesis of perovskite materials.

[0282] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "non-reactive gas" refers to a gas that does not participate in the degradation and synthesis of perovskite materials, that is, it only provides gas partial pressure in the microporous layer.

[0283] In some implementations, the non-reactive gas includes one or more of nitrogen, oxygen, rare gases, and carbon dioxide.

[0284] The encapsulated gas in the microporous layer can include non-reactive gases that do not participate in the degradation and synthesis of perovskite materials, that is, gases other than perovskite-related gases are allowed. In this case, the degradation reaction of perovskite materials can be suppressed, the stability of perovskite materials can be improved, and the stability and energy conversion efficiency of devices can be improved by setting the aforementioned perovskite-related gases (non-limiting examples of perovskite-related gases include at least one of monovalent cations containing organic nitrogen and iodide anions) in the encapsulated gas.

[0285] In some embodiments, the pore size in the microporous layer is 0.1 nm to 100 nm; optionally, the pore size in the microporous layer is 5 nm to 100 nm. Non-limitingly, the pore size in the microporous layer can also be any of the following values ​​or a range selected from any two of the following values: 0.1 nm, 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 2 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 25 nm, 30 nm, 35 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 55 nm, 60 nm, 65 nm, 70 nm, 75 nm, 80 nm, 85 nm, 90 nm, 95 nm, 100 nm, etc. Non-limitingly, the pore size in the microporous layer can also be any of the following ranges: 1 nm to 100 nm, etc.

[0286] Unless otherwise stated in this application, the micropore size and the thickness of the microporous layer and the dense layer can be detected by the following method: observation with a high-resolution scanning electron microscope.

[0287] By adjusting the pore size of the microporous layer, the content of the encapsulated gas can be adjusted. By controlling the pore size of the microporous layer within the aforementioned range, it is beneficial to effectively suppress the degradation of perovskite materials using the encapsulated gas, while also ensuring that the functional layer containing the microporous layer (which can be at least one of an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer) has good carrier transport capability. This results in better device stability, as well as better energy conversion efficiency, short-circuit current density, and other device performance characteristics.

[0288] In some implementations, perovskite solar cells satisfy one or more of the following characteristics:

[0289] The electron transport layer includes the microporous layer, which comprises one or more of the following materials: copper bath, [6,6]-phenyl-C 61 Isomethyl butyrate, [6,6]-phenyl-C 71 -Methyl butyrate, C 60 C 70 Metal oxides, MXene, electron transport derivatives of any of the aforementioned materials, and modified products of any of the aforementioned materials that have been doped or passivated (it can be understood that "modified products of any of the aforementioned materials that have been doped or passivated" includes modified products of "electron transport derivatives of any of the aforementioned materials" that have been doped or passivated).

[0290] The hole transport layer includes the microporous layer, which comprises one or more of the following materials: carbazole phosphate, poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine], poly-3-hexylthiophene, triphenylamine with a triphenylene core, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-(4-aniline)carbazole-spirobisfluorene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonic acid), polythiophene, metal oxides, hole transport derivatives of any of the aforementioned materials, and modified products of any of the aforementioned materials that have been doped or passivated (it can be understood that "modified products of any of the aforementioned materials that have been doped or passivated" includes modified products of "hole transport derivatives of any of the aforementioned materials" that have been doped or passivated).

[0291] MXenes are a class of two-dimensional organic compounds well known to those skilled in the art, examples of which include two-dimensional layered materials composed of transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides.

[0292] Non-limitingly, in one or both of the microporous layers of the electron transport layer and the microporous layers of the hole transport layer, the metal element in the metal oxide may include one or more of Mg, Cd, Zn, In, Pb, W, Sb, Bi, Hg, Ti, Ag, Mn, Fe, V, Sn, Zr, Sr, Ga, Cr, Ni, Mo and Cu.

[0293] By adjusting the type of charge transport material in the microporous layer, the carrier transport rate and / or carrier concentration of the microporous layer can be controlled. By incorporating the aforementioned charge transport material into the microporous layer, it is possible to enable the microporous layer to not only inhibit the degradation of perovskite materials but also possess good carrier transport capabilities and high material stability.

[0294] In some embodiments, at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode is a transparent electrode for light incident.

[0295] In some implementations, the perovskite solar cell satisfies at least one of the following characteristics:

[0296] The first charge transport layer includes a microporous layer and a dense layer located on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer (at this time, the microporous layer in the first charge transport layer can be referred to as the first microporous layer, and the dense layer in the first charge transport layer can be referred to as the first dense layer).

[0297] The second charge transport layer includes a microporous layer and a dense layer located on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer (at this time, the microporous layer in the second charge transport layer can be referred to as the second microporous layer, and the dense layer in the second charge transport layer can be referred to as the second dense layer).

[0298] Non-limiting, a microporous layer and a dense layer further away from the light-absorbing layer may be provided in one or both of the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer.

[0299] In some implementations, the perovskite solar cell satisfies at least one of the following characteristics:

[0300] The electron transport layer includes a microporous layer and a dense layer located on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer. (At this time, the microporous layer in the electron transport layer can be referred to as the electron transport microporous layer, and the dense layer in the electron transport layer can be referred to as the electron transport dense layer.)

[0301] The hole transport layer includes a microporous layer and a dense layer located on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer. (At this time, the microporous layer in the hole transport layer can be referred to as the hole transport microporous layer, and the dense layer in the hole transport layer can be referred to as the hole transport dense layer.)

[0302] Non-limitingly, a microporous layer and a dense layer further away from the light-absorbing layer can be formed in the electron transport layer. Furthermore, by adjusting the type of electron transport material in the electron transport microporous layer, better electron transport capability can be provided while suppressing the degradation of perovskite materials.

[0303] Non-limitingly, a microporous layer and a dense layer further away from the light-absorbing layer can be formed in the hole transport layer. Furthermore, by adjusting the type of hole transport material in the hole transport microporous layer, better hole transport capability can be provided while suppressing the degradation of perovskite materials.

[0304] In some embodiments, both the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer include a microporous layer, and at least one of the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer has a dense layer on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer; or,

[0305] Both the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer include a microporous layer, and at least one of the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer has a dense layer on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer.

[0306] Non-limitingly, microporous layers can be provided in both the first and second charge transport layers, or microporous layers can be provided in both the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer. This is beneficial for better suppressing the degradation of perovskite material in the light-absorbing layer and for better improving the material stability, device stability, and energy conversion efficiency of the light-absorbing layer. Furthermore, a dense layer can be provided in at least one of the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer. When only a microporous layer is provided in one of the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer, and no dense layer is provided on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer, other structural layers further away from the light-absorbing layer can be used to seal the gas in the microporous layer and maintain the gas pressure value of the microporous layer. For example, an electrode (which can be a transparent electrode) on the corresponding side can be used to prevent the gas sealed in the microporous layer from escaping from the device.

[0307] In some embodiments, a microporous layer and a transparent electrode are sequentially disposed on one side of the light-absorbing layer, and a dense layer is disposed or not disposed between the microporous layer and the transparent electrode; a microporous layer and a dense layer are sequentially disposed on the other side of the light-absorbing layer.

[0308] When a microporous layer is provided between the transparent electrode and the light-absorbing layer, and a dense layer is provided on the other side, a dense layer may or may not be provided between the transparent electrode and the microporous layer. When a dense layer is not provided between the transparent electrode and the microporous layer, it is beneficial to increase the transmittance of incident light, reduce process steps, reduce the number of film interfaces, improve the energy conversion efficiency of the device, and reduce the difficulty of the process.

[0309] In some implementations, the strength of the sealing effect on the gas trapped in the microporous layer can be adjusted by controlling the density of the dense layer.

[0310] In some embodiments, the thickness of the microporous layer is denoted as d1, satisfying 5nm ≤ d1 ≤ 1μm; optionally, 5nm ≤ d1 ≤ 100nm. Non-limitingly, d1 can also be selected from any of the following thicknesses or from a range consisting of any two of the following thicknesses: 5nm, 10nm, 15nm, 20nm, 30nm, 40nm, 50nm, 60nm, 80nm, 100nm, 150nm, 200nm, 250nm, 300nm, 400nm, 500nm, 600nm, 800nm, 900nm, 1μm, etc. Non-limitingly, d1 can also be selected from any of the following ranges: 10nm ≤ d1 ≤ 1μm, 10nm ≤ d1 ≤ 100nm, etc.

[0311] By controlling the microporous layer within the aforementioned thickness range, it is beneficial to effectively extract charge carriers while also stably providing the required gas pressure.

[0312] In some embodiments, the thickness of the dense layer is denoted as d2, and is 5nm ≤ d2 ≤ 1μm; optionally, 5nm ≤ d2 ≤ 100nm. Non-limitingly, d2 can also be selected from any of the following thicknesses or from a range consisting of any two of the following thicknesses: 5nm, 10nm, 15nm, 20nm, 30nm, 40nm, 50nm, 60nm, 80nm, 100nm, 150nm, 200nm, 250nm, 300nm, 400nm, 500nm, 600nm, 800nm, 900nm, 1μm, etc. Non-limitingly, d2 can also be selected from any of the following ranges: 10nm ≤ d2 ≤ 1μm, 10nm ≤ d2 ≤ 100nm, etc.

[0313] By controlling the dense layer within the aforementioned thickness range, it is beneficial to provide a better pressure-holding effect for the microporous layer while also efficiently transporting charge carriers, which is conducive to achieving better electrode collection efficiency for charge carriers.

[0314] In some embodiments, the first electrode is a transparent electrode and the first charge transport layer is a hole transport layer, or the first electrode is a transparent electrode and the first charge transport layer is an electron transport layer.

[0315] Perovskite solar cells can be either n-p-type or n-type. N-p-type perovskite solar cells offer better stability and are more likely to achieve longer lifespans. N-p-type perovskite solar cells, on the other hand, are better suited for achieving higher photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0316] The following is a description of the light-absorbing layer.

[0317] The light-absorbing layer comprises a perovskite material. As previously stated, "perovskite material" refers to a material comprising a perovskite-type compound.

[0318] Without limitation, in the perovskite material of the light-absorbing layer, the perovskite-type compound may include a perovskite-type metal halide.

[0319] As a non-limiting example, perovskite-type metal halides may include ABX3; wherein A is a monovalent cation, B is a divalent cation, and X is a monovalent anion.

[0320] In perovskite materials of the light-absorbing layer, A in the perovskite-type metal halide can be a monovalent organic cation, a monovalent inorganic cation, or a monovalent organic / inorganic mixed cation. "Monovalent organic / inorganic mixed cation" refers to a mixture of monovalent organic cations and monovalent inorganic cations.

[0321] In the perovskite material of the light-absorbing layer, B in the perovskite-type metal halide can be a divalent organic cation, a divalent inorganic cation, or a mixed divalent organic / inorganic cation. "Mixed divalent organic / inorganic cation" refers to a mixture of divalent organic and divalent inorganic cations. In some embodiments, B includes a divalent metal cation, and more specifically, it can be a divalent metal cation.

[0322] In perovskite materials of the light-absorbing layer, X in perovskite-type metal halides can be a monovalent organic anion, a monovalent inorganic anion, or a monovalent organic / inorganic mixed anion. "Monovalent organic / inorganic mixed anion" refers to a mixture of monovalent organic anions and monovalent inorganic anions.

[0323] In some embodiments, the perovskite material comprises an organometallic halide, which includes a monovalent organic cation, a divalent cation B, and a halide anion. In some embodiments, the monovalent organic cation may be defined as defined in the context. In some embodiments, the halide anion comprises an iodide anion.

[0324] In some embodiments, A in organometallic halide ABX3 is a monovalent organic cation, B is a divalent cation, and X is a halide anion; when the perovskite material degrades, the aforementioned perovskite-related gases may be generated.

[0325] In some embodiments, the monovalent organic cation includes a monovalent organic cation containing organic nitrogen.

[0326] In some embodiments, the perovskite material comprises a monovalent organic cation, a divalent cation, and a halide anion; further, the perovskite material may satisfy one or more of the following characteristics:

[0327] (tc1) Monovalent organic cations include one or more of monovalent amine cations and monovalent amido cations, and optionally, monovalent organic cations include one or more of methylamine ions and formamidinium ions;

[0328] (tc2) Halogen anions include iodide anions;

[0329] Optionally, the divalent cation includes a divalent metal cation.

[0330] As a non-limiting example, A in perovskite metal halides may include one or more of monovalent amine cations, monovalent amidine cations, and alkali metal ions. A in perovskite metal halides may or may not include alkali metal ions; further, the alkali metal ions may include Cs. + K + 、Rb + and Li + One or more of them.

[0331] In some embodiments, A in the perovskite metal halide includes one or more of monovalent amine cations and monovalent amido cations; further, it can be one or more of monovalent amine cations and monovalent amido cations.

[0332] Non-limiting examples of monovalent organic cations containing organic nitrogen, such as (NR) 21 R 22 R 23 R 24 ) + 、(R 21 R 22 N=CR 23 R 24) + 、(R 21 R 22 NC(R 25 ) = NR 23 R 24 ) + or (R) 21 R 22 NC(NR 25 R 26 ) = R 23 R 24 ) + , where R 21 R 22 R 23 R 24 R 25 and R 26 Each is independently selected from H and C. 1-20 Alkyl, aryl, substituted C 1-20 Alkyl or substituted aryl; wherein, C 1-20 Alkyl and substituted C 1-20 The "C" in alkyl 1-20 Each alkyl group can be independently selected as C. 1-15 Alkyl, further optionally C 1-10 Alkyl, and further optionally C 1-8 Alkyl, and further optionally C 1-6 Alkyl, and further optionally C 1-4 Alkyl, and further optionally C 1-3 Alkyl, and further optionally methyl. The "aryl" in aryl and substituted aryl groups can each independently be C10. 6-20 Aryl, further optionally C 6-12 Aryl, and further alternatively C 6-10 Aryl, further optionally phenyl or naphthyl, and further optionally phenyl. Substituted C 1-20 In alkyl and substituted aryl groups, each substituent is independently C1. 1-10 Hydrocarbon group, further optionally C 1-6 Alkyl or C 6-10 Aryl, and may further be methyl or phenyl.

[0333] Non-limiting examples of monovalent amine cations include CH3NH3 + (methylamine, MA) + ), ammonium (NH4) + ).

[0334] Non-limiting examples of monovalent amidine cations include NH₂CH=NH₂. + (Amitraz, which can be denoted as FA) + ).

[0335] In this document, unless otherwise specified, "alkyl" refers to a monovalent residue formed by the loss of a hydrogen atom from a saturated hydrocarbon containing a primary (normal) carbon atom, or a secondary carbon atom, or a tertiary carbon atom, or a quaternary carbon atom, or a combination thereof. Phrases containing this term, such as "C", are also included. 1-9 "Alkyl" refers to an alkyl group containing 1 to 9 carbon atoms, and each time it appears, it can independently be a C1 alkyl, C2 alkyl, C3 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C5 alkyl, C6 alkyl, C7 alkyl, C8 alkyl, or C9 alkyl. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to: methyl (Me, -CH3), ethyl (Et, -CH2CH3), 1-propyl (n-Pr, n-propyl, -CH2CH2CH3), 2-propyl (i-Pr, i-propyl, -CH(CH3)2), 1-butyl (n-Bu, n-butyl, -CH2CH2CH2CH) 3) 2-Methyl-1-propyl (i-Bu, i-butyl, -CH2CH(CH3)2), 2-butyl (s-Bu, s-butyl, -CH(CH3)CH2CH3), 2-Methyl-2-propyl (t-Bu, t-butyl, -C(CH3)3), 1-pentyl (n-pentyl, -CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3), 2-pentyl (-CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH3), 3-pentyl (-CH(CH2CH3)2), 2-Methyl-2-butyl (-C(CH3)2CH2CH3), 3 -Methyl-2-butyl (-CH(CH3)CH(CH3)2), 3-methyl-1-butyl (-CH2CH2CH(CH3)2), 2-methyl-1-butyl (-CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3), 1-hexyl (-CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3), 2-hexyl (-CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH2CH3), 3-hexyl (-CH(CH2CH3)(CH2CH2CH3)), 2-methyl-2-pentyl (-C(CH3)2CH2CH2CH3), 3- Methyl-2-pentyl (-CH(CH3)CH(CH3)CH2CH3), 4-methyl-2-pentyl (-CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)2), 3-methyl-3-pentyl (-C(CH3)(CH2CH3)2), 2-methyl-3-pentyl (-CH(CH2CH3)CH(CH3)2), 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl (-C(CH3)2CH(CH3)2), 3,3-dimethyl-2-butyl (-CH(CH3)C(CH3)3 and octyl (-(CH2)7CH3).

[0336] In this article, unless otherwise specified, "aryl" refers to an aromatic hydrocarbon group derived from an aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon compound by losing one hydrogen atom; that is, it forms a monovalent linking site directly on the ring. It can be a monocyclic aryl, a fused-ring aryl, or a polycyclic aryl. For polycyclic rings, at least one is an aromatic ring system. For example, "C 6-10 "Aryl" refers to an aryl group containing 6 to 10 carbon atoms. Each time it appears, it can be independently C6 aryl, C8 aryl, C9 aryl, or C6 aryl. 10 Aryl. For example, "C 6-20 "Aryl" refers to an aryl group containing 6 to 20 carbon atoms. Each time it appears, it can independently be, but is not limited to, C6 aryl aryl (e.g., phenyl), C6 aryl aryl (e.g., benzocyclobutenyl), C8 aryl (e.g., phenylpropylcyclobutenyl), C9 aryl (e.g., indene), C6 aryl aryl, C9 ... 10 Aryl (such as naphthyl), C 12 Aryl (such as acenaphthene, biphenyl), C 13 Aryl (such as fluorene), C 14 Aryl (such as anthracene, phenanthrene), C 18 Aryl (such as phenylene) or C 20 Aryl (e.g., dinaphthalene-based phenylene). Examples of suitable aromatic cyclic hydrocarbons include, but are not limited to: benzene, phenylcyclobutene, biphenyl, indene, naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, anthracene, phenanthrene, triphenylene, dinaphthalene-based phenylene, and derivatives of any of the aforementioned compounds.

[0337] As a non-limiting example, B in perovskite-type metal halides may include Pb. 2+ Be 2+ Mg 2+ Ca 2+ 、Sr 2+ Ba 2+ Zn 2+ 、Ge 2+ Fe 2+ Co 2+ and Ni 2+ One or more divalent metal cations in it.

[0338] In some embodiments, B in the perovskite metal halide includes Pb. 2+ Furthermore, B can be Pb. 2+ .

[0339] In some embodiments, X in the argyrite-type metal halide may include Br. - and I - One or two of them.

[0340] In some embodiments, the chemical composition of the perovskite metal halide is ABX3, wherein A is a monovalent cation, B is a divalent metal cation, and X is a monovalent anion; furthermore, X in the perovskite metal halide may include Br - and I - One or both of them. In some embodiments, A is a monovalent organic cation, as defined in the context.

[0341] The following is a description of the electron transport layer.

[0342] The electron transport layer includes an electron transport material. Non-limitingly, the electron transport material in the electron transport layer may include, but is not limited to, one or more of the following materials and their electron transport derivatives: fullerenes and their derivatives, non-fullerene small molecule acceptors, n-type conjugated polymers, metal oxides, silicon oxide, strontium titanate, calcium titanate, lithium fluoride, and calcium fluoride. Non-limitingly, non-fullerene small molecule acceptors may include one or more of imides, pyrrolidones, hexaazanaphthalene, tetraphenylethylene, etc. Non-limitingly, n-type conjugated polymers may include one or more of a amine-functionalized conjugated polymer composed of naphthalene diimide and thiophene bridging bonds (PFN-2TNDI), a copolymer of benzobisthiophene-perylene diimide (PBDT-PDI), [poly(naphthalene dibenzotetramethylene-vinylene)] (NDP-V), etc. In a non-limiting sense, in electron transport materials, the metal element in the metal oxide may include one or more of Mg, Cd, Zn, In, Pb, W, Sb, Bi, Hg, Ti, Ag, Mn, Fe, V, Sn, Zr, Sr, Ga, and Cr.

[0343] Unless otherwise stated in this application, "charge transport derivatives of compound M" have charge transport properties similar to those of compound M. For example, fullerene derivatives, as electron transport materials, have electron transport effects similar to those of fullerenes.

[0344] Unless otherwise stated in this application, “electron transport derivatives of compound M” have similar electron transport properties to compound M.

[0345] Unless otherwise stated in this application, "hole transport derivatives of compound M" have similar hole transport properties to compound M.

[0346] In some embodiments, the electron transport material in the electron transport layer may include, but is not limited to, one or more of the following materials and their electron transport derivatives: imide compounds, quinone compounds, fullerenes and their derivatives, methoxytriphenylamine-fluoroformamidine (OMeTPA-FA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonic acid (PEDOT:PSS), poly3-hexylthiophene (P3HT), triphenylamine with a triphenylene core (H101), 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine (EDOT-OMeTPA), N-(4-aniline)carbazole-spirobifluorene (CzPAF-SBF), polythiophene, metal oxides, etc. The metal element in the metal oxide may include one or more of Mg, Ni, Cd, Zn, In, Pb, Mo, W, Sb, Bi, Cu, Hg, Ti, Ag, Mn, Fe, V, Sn, Zr, Sr, Ga, and Cr.

[0347] In some embodiments, the electron transport material in the electron transport layer may include, but is not limited to, one or more of the following materials: copper bath, [6,6]-phenyl-C 61 Isomethyl butyrate, [6,6]-phenyl-C 71 -Methyl butyrate, C 60 C 70 Tin oxide, zinc oxide, electron transport derivatives of any of the aforementioned materials, and modified products of any of the aforementioned materials that have been doped or passivated. It is understood that "modified products of any of the aforementioned materials that have been doped or passivated" includes modified products of "electron transport derivatives of any of the aforementioned materials that have been doped or passivated.

[0348] The following is a description of the hole transport layer.

[0349] The hole transport layer includes a hole transport material. Without limitation, the hole transport material in the hole transport layer may include, but is not limited to, 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra(N,N-p-methoxyphenylamino, alkylamino)-9,9'-spirodifluorene, methoxytriphenylamine, alkylamine-fluoroformamidinium, poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine], poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonic acid, poly3-hexylthiophene, triphenylamine with a triphenylene core, alkylamine, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-(4-aniline)carbazole-spirodifluorene, N-(4-alkylamine)carbazole-spirodifluorene, polythiophene, phosphate monomers, carboxylic acid monomers, carbazole monomers, sulfonic acid monomers, triphenylamine, alkylamine monomers, aromatic monomers, metal oxides, and cuprous thiocyanate, or one or more of these. As a non-limiting example, in hole transport materials, the metal element in the metal oxide may include one or more of Ni, Mo, and Cu.

[0350] Based on any suitable embodiment of this application, in some embodiments, the hole transport material in the hole transport layer may include, but is not limited to, one or more of the following materials: carbazole phosphate materials, poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine], poly-3-hexylthiophene, triphenylamine with a triphenylene core, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-(4-aniline)carbazole-spirobisfluorene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonic acid), polythiophene, nickel oxide, molybdenum oxide, cuprous iodide, cuprous oxide, hole transport derivatives of any of the aforementioned materials, and modified versions of any of the aforementioned materials that have been doped or passivated. Non-limiting embodiments of carbazole phosphate materials include, for example, [4-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid, and doped or passivated [4-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid, etc. The aforementioned hole transport materials can be modified by doping or passivation.

[0351] In some embodiments, the hole transport material in the hole transport layer may include, but is not limited to, one or more of the following materials and their hole transport derivatives: 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirodifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), polytriarylamine (PTAA), nickel oxide, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonic acid (PEDOT:PSS), WO3, etc., which are materials capable of transporting holes and blocking electrons.

[0352] The following is a description of the first and second electrodes.

[0353] In a perovskite solar cell, one of the first and second electrodes is the positive electrode, and the other is the negative electrode.

[0354] In a perovskite solar cell, at least one of the first and second electrodes is a transparent electrode. Either transparent electrode can be used for light incident.

[0355] Based on any suitable embodiment of this application, in some embodiments, one of the "first electrode" and the "second electrode" is a transparent electrode for light incident. In some embodiments, the first electrode is a transparent electrode.

[0356] Non-limitingly, the first electrode and the second electrode each independently include a conductive material. The conductive material in the first electrode and the conductive material in the second electrode may each independently include organic conductive materials, inorganic conductive materials, and organic-inorganic mixed conductive materials. As an example, the organic-inorganic mixed conductive material includes both organic and inorganic conductive components. As a non-limiting example, the organic conductive material may include a conductive polymer, wherein non-limiting examples of the conductive polymer may include one or more of PEDOT, polythiophene, and polyacetylene. As a non-limiting example, the inorganic conductive material may include one or more of transparent conductive oxides, metallic conductive materials, and carbon conductive materials, wherein non-limiting examples of transparent conductive oxides may include one or more of FTO, ITO, and AZO. In some embodiments, non-limiting examples of inorganic conductive materials include metallic conductive materials; further, the metallic conductive material may include any one of gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), bismuth (Bi), platinum (Pt), and magnesium (Mg), or any suitable mixture of the aforementioned elements.

[0357] The transparent electrode comprises a transparent conductive material. In some embodiments, the transparent conductive material contained in the transparent electrode may include a conductive oxide. Non-limitingly, the conductive oxide in the transparent electrode may include one or more of indium tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, indium-doped tungsten oxide, indium-doped zinc oxide, and aluminum-doped zinc oxide. In some embodiments, the transparent conductive material in the transparent electrode may be exemplified, but is not limited to, one or more of the following materials: FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide), ITO (tin-doped indium oxide), AZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide), BZO (boron-doped zinc oxide), IZO (indium zinc oxide), IWO (tungsten-doped indium oxide), etc.

[0358] In some embodiments, one of the first and second electrodes is a metal electrode. The metal electrode may include one or more of the following: gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), bismuth (Bi), platinum (Pt), magnesium (Mg), molybdenum (Mo), and tungsten (W).

[0359] Based on any suitable implementation of this application, in some implementations, the first electrode is a transparent electrode.

[0360] Based on any suitable embodiment of this application, in some embodiments, the second electrode is a metal electrode.

[0361] Based on any suitable embodiment of this application, in some embodiments, the first electrode is a transparent electrode and the second electrode is a metal electrode.

[0362] The following is a description of the structure of perovskite solar cells.

[0363] Based on any suitable embodiment of this application, in some embodiments, one of the "first charge transport layer" and the "second charge transport layer" is an electron transport layer and the other is a hole transport layer. In some embodiments, the first charge transport layer is an electron transport layer. In some embodiments, the first charge transport layer is a hole transport layer.

[0364] Based on any suitable embodiment of this application, in some embodiments, the hole transport layer is located between the first electrode and the light-absorbing layer, and the electron transport layer is located between the second electrode and the light-absorbing layer. In other embodiments, the electron transport layer is located between the first electrode and the light-absorbing layer, and the hole transport layer is located between the second electrode and the light-absorbing layer.

[0365] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell includes the photoelectric conversion structure shown in FIG1. ​​In this case, the perovskite solar cell includes a first electrode 120, a first charge transport layer 130, a light-absorbing layer 140, a second charge transport layer 150, and a second electrode 160. Further, the structural layers shown in the figure are stacked sequentially.

[0366] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell includes the photoelectric conversion structure shown in FIG2. In this case, the perovskite solar cell includes a first electrode 120, a first charge transport layer 130, a light-absorbing layer 140, a second charge transport layer 150, and a second electrode 160. The first charge transport layer 130 includes a first microporous layer 1301 and a first dense layer 1302, and the second charge transport layer 150 includes a second microporous layer 1501 and a second dense layer 1502. Further, the structural layers shown in the figure are stacked sequentially.

[0367] In some embodiments, a perovskite solar cell includes a transparent electrode (as a first electrode), a first dense layer, a first microporous layer, a light-absorbing layer, a second microporous layer, a second dense layer, and a second electrode arranged sequentially. Optionally, the second electrode is a metal electrode. In some embodiments, the first dense layer and the first microporous layer are respectively an electron transport dense layer and an electron transport microporous layer, and the second microporous layer and the second dense layer are respectively a hole transport microporous layer and a hole transport dense layer. In other embodiments, the first dense layer and the first microporous layer are respectively a hole transport dense layer and a hole transport microporous layer, and the second microporous layer and the second dense layer are respectively an electron transport microporous layer and an electron transport dense layer.

[0368] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell includes the photoelectric conversion structure shown in FIG3. In this case, the perovskite solar cell includes a first electrode 120, a first charge transport layer 130, a light-absorbing layer 140, a second charge transport layer 150, and a second electrode 160. The first charge transport layer 130 includes a first microporous layer 1301 and a first dense layer 1302. Further, the structural layers shown in the figure are stacked sequentially.

[0369] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell includes the photoelectric conversion structure shown in FIG. 4. In this case, the perovskite solar cell includes a first electrode 120, a first charge transport layer 130, a light-absorbing layer 140, a second charge transport layer 150, and a second electrode 160; wherein the second charge transport layer 150 includes a second microporous layer 1501 and a second dense layer 1502. Further, the structural layers shown in the figure are stacked sequentially.

[0370] In some embodiments, a perovskite solar cell includes a substrate layer, a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, a second charge transport layer, and a second electrode arranged sequentially.

[0371] The following is a description of the basal layer.

[0372] The substrate layer involved in the embodiments or examples of this application can be, but is not limited to, a glass substrate or a flexible substrate. Without limitation, the flexible substrate may include one or more materials selected from polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, etc. Optionally, the first electrode is a transparent electrode for light incident.

[0373] Based on any suitable embodiment of this application, in some embodiments, the base layer is a flexible base layer. Further, the material of the base layer may be, for example (but not limited to), an organic polymer material, and may be a mixture of one or more of the following materials in different proportions: including but not limited to polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyester (PET), polyimide (PI), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), etc.

[0374] In a second aspect of this application, a method for preparing a perovskite solar cell is provided, which can be used to prepare the perovskite solar cell described in the first aspect of this application.

[0375] In some embodiments, the fabrication method of a perovskite solar cell includes the following steps: sequentially depositing a first charge transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, a second charge transport layer, and a second electrode on one side of a first electrode;

[0376] The microporous layer can be prepared by one or both of the following methods:

[0377] Method 1: Coating a colloidal liquid including a first charge transport material onto a predetermined surface and annealing it to form a precursor layer; coating a solution including a gas generation source and a solvent onto the precursor layer and heating it to form micropores in the precursor layer and convert at least one of the gas generation source and solvent into a storage gas, with at least a portion of the micropores filled with the storage gas.

[0378] Method 2: Provide a multilayer film including a light-absorbing layer, the light-absorbing layer being located on one side surface of the multilayer film, the perovskite material in the light-absorbing layer including organic components; coat the light-absorbing layer with a colloidal liquid including a second charge transport material, anneal it to form a microporous layer with micropores, and convert a portion of the organic components in the perovskite material into a sealing gas, at least a portion of the micropores being filled with the sealing gas.

[0379] The microporous layer can be prepared by one or both of methods one and two. The encapsulated gas in the microporous layer can be provided by at least one of the gas source and solvent introduced into the precursor layer, or by the decomposition products of the perovskite material in the light-absorbing layer.

[0380] In some embodiments, the heating temperature in the heating step of Method 1 is denoted as T1, where T1 is 80°C to 160°C. Non-limitingly, the heating time can be 5 min to 20 min, or more specifically, 5 min to 15 min.

[0381] In some embodiments, T1 is 100°C to 150°C. Without limitation, T1 may also be any of the following temperatures or a range selected from any two of the following temperatures: 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 110°C, 120°C, 130°C, 140°C, 150°C, etc.

[0382] In some implementations, T1 is below the decomposition temperature of the perovskite material.

[0383] In some embodiments, the heating step of Method 1, involving annealing at 100°C for 30 minutes followed by annealing at 150°C for 5 minutes, can yield a relatively low R0. P For example, R P Approximately equal to 1.

[0384] When using Method 1 to provide the storage gas, a suitable heat treatment temperature T1 can be selected based on the physical properties of the gas source and the solvent. For example, when using the decomposition products of the gas source to provide the storage gas, the heat treatment temperature T1 should be higher than the decomposition temperature of the gas source. Furthermore, controlling T1 below the decomposition temperature of the perovskite material is beneficial for ensuring better material and structural stability of the light-absorbing layer during the microporous layer preparation process.

[0385] In some embodiments, the heating temperature in the heating step of Method 2 is denoted as T2, which is higher than the decomposition temperature of the perovskite material.

[0386] In some embodiments, T2 is 100°C to 200°C. Non-limitingly, the heating time can be 20 min to 40 min, more specifically 25 min to 35 min.

[0387] In some implementations, T2 is 150°C to 160°C.

[0388] In a non-limiting sense, T2 may also be any of the following temperatures or a range selected from any two of the following temperatures: 150℃, 155℃, 160℃, 170℃, 180℃, 190℃, 200℃, etc.

[0389] When using method two to provide the sealing gas, a suitable heat treatment temperature T2 can be selected based on the decomposition temperature of the perovskite material. The heat treatment temperature T2 should be higher than the decomposition temperature of the perovskite material in the light-absorbing layer. Furthermore, by controlling T2 within the aforementioned range, it is advantageous to minimize the loss of perovskite material in the light-absorbing layer while providing the required sealing gas.

[0390] The fabrication methods of perovskite solar cells described in some embodiments satisfy one or more of the following characteristics:

[0391] In at least one of Method 1 and Method 2, the pore size of the micropores in the microporous layer is controlled by controlling at least one of the parameters of the concentration of the charge transport material in the colloidal liquid, the annealing temperature, and the annealing time.

[0392] In Method 1, the gas pressure ratio R of the microporous layer relative to the light-absorbing layer is controlled by controlling at least one parameter of the composition and amount of the solution, including the gas source and the solvent. P ;

[0393] In at least one of Method 1 and Method 2, the gas pressure ratio R of the microporous layer relative to the light-absorbing layer is controlled by controlling at least one parameter of the heating temperature and heating duration in the heating step. P .

[0394] The pore size of the micropores in the microporous layer can be controlled in the aforementioned manner, thereby better controlling the filling amount of the sealed gas. The gas pressure ratio R between the microporous layer and the light-absorbing layer can also be controlled in the aforementioned manner. P .

[0395] Non-limitingly, the perovskite layer and other structural layers in a perovskite solar cell can be prepared using one or more of the following methods, including but not limited to: chemical bath deposition, electrochemical deposition, chemical vapor deposition, thermal evaporation, atomic layer deposition, magnetron sputtering, spin coating of precursor solution, slot coating of precursor solution, blade coating of precursor solution, and mechanical pressing. Appropriate methods can be selected to stack the structural layers with adjacent structural layers based on the material properties of each layer. In some embodiments, the structural layers in a perovskite solar cell, excluding the perovskite layer, can be prepared using one or more of the following methods, including but not limited to: thermal evaporation, precursor solution coating, etc., wherein the precursor solution coating method can be a spin coating method.

[0396] In a third aspect of this application, a perovskite solar cell is provided, comprising a perovskite solar cell prepared by the method for preparing a perovskite solar cell described in the second aspect of this application.

[0397] By incorporating the aforementioned perovskite solar cell into a perovskite solar cell, the degradation of the perovskite material in the light-absorbing layer can be suppressed by using a gas encapsulated in the microporous layer. This suppression can be achieved by incorporating the aforementioned perovskite-related gas (non-limiting examples of perovskite-related gases include at least one of monovalent cations containing organic nitrogen and an iodine anion) into the encapsulated gas, or by setting a positive pressure in the microporous layer that is higher than that in the light-absorbing layer. This improves the stability of the perovskite material and enhances device stability, while also facilitating the achievement of higher energy conversion efficiency.

[0398] Based on any suitable embodiment of this application, in some embodiments, this application provides a perovskite solar cell, which includes a positive electrode, an electron transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, a hole transport layer, and a negative electrode arranged sequentially. Further, the perovskite solar cell can be either a reverse pin cell or a conventional nip cell.

[0399] The perovskite solar cell provided in this application can be either formal or reverse.

[0400] Based on any suitable implementation of this application, in some embodiments, the perovskite cell is a reverse pin cell or a conventional nip cell.

[0401] In some implementations, the perovskite solar cell has a pin structure.

[0402] Based on any suitable embodiment of this application, in some embodiments, for the formal purpose, the perovskite solar cell includes a transparent electrode (as a first electrode) and an electron transport layer (as a first charge transport layer), a light-absorbing layer, a hole transport layer (as a second charge transport layer), and a second electrode, which are sequentially stacked on the transparent electrode.

[0403] Based on any suitable embodiment of this application, in some embodiments, for the inverted type, the perovskite solar cell includes a transparent electrode (as a first electrode) and a hole transport layer (as a first charge transport layer), a light-absorbing layer, an electron transport layer (as a second charge transport layer), and a second electrode sequentially stacked on the transparent electrode. The transparent electrode is used for light incident.

[0404] Based on any suitable embodiment of this application, in some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell includes the following structure arranged in sequence: a substrate layer (which may be a glass substrate or a flexible substrate), a first electrode, a hole transport layer (as a first charge transport layer), a light-absorbing layer, an electron transport layer (as a second charge transport layer), and a second electrode.

[0405] Based on any suitable embodiment of this application, in further embodiments, the perovskite solar cell includes the following structure arranged sequentially: a substrate layer (glass substrate or flexible substrate), a first electrode, an electron transport layer (as a first charge transport layer), a light-absorbing layer, a hole transport layer (as a second charge transport layer), and a second electrode. Optionally, the first electrode is a transparent electrode for light incident. The definition of a flexible substrate can be found above.

[0406] Based on any suitable embodiment of this application, in some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell 100 includes the structure shown in FIG. 5. The perovskite solar cell 100 includes a substrate layer 110, a first electrode 120, a first charge transport layer 130, a light-absorbing layer 140, a second charge transport layer 150, and a second electrode 160 arranged sequentially. Further, the structural layers shown in the figure are stacked sequentially.

[0407] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell has three cross-layer etched regions, P1, P2, and P3. The perovskite solar cell is divided into several series-connected sub-cells using these etched region groups. Each sub-cell includes a P1 etched region, a P2 etched region, and a P3 etched region arranged sequentially, with the P2 etched region located between the P1 and P3 etched regions. The P1, P2, and P3 etched regions can connect spaced-apart structural layers, thereby forming a circuit between the first and second electrodes. P1, P2, and P3 can each be independently linear etched regions, also called etch lines. P1, P2, and P3 can each be independently laser-etched regions. The number of P1, P2, and P3 regions corresponds to the number of sub-cells. Non-limitingly, P1, P2, and P3 can be configured as follows: P1 is used to divide the first electrode, with its two ends connected to the first charge transport layer and the substrate layer, respectively; P2 is used to penetrate and divide the second charge transport layer, the light-absorbing layer, and the first charge transport layer, with the two ends of the etched area of ​​P2 connected to the second electrode and the first electrode, respectively; P3 is used to penetrate and divide the second electrode, the second charge transport layer, the light-absorbing layer, and the first charge transport layer, with one end of P3 connected to the surface of the first electrode and the other end extending out of the outer surface of the second electrode.

[0408] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell includes the structure shown in FIG. 6 (a vertical cross-sectional view of the device), comprising a substrate layer 110, a first electrode 120, a first charge transport layer 130, a light-absorbing layer 140, a second charge transport layer 150, and a second electrode 160 stacked sequentially. It also has three etching regions, P1, P2, and P3, to divide the perovskite solar cell into several sub-cells connected in series. P1 is used to divide the first electrode, P2 is used to penetrate and divide the second charge transport layer, the light-absorbing layer, and the first charge transport layer, and P3 is used to penetrate and divide the second electrode, the second charge transport layer, the light-absorbing layer, and the first charge transport layer.

[0409] In some embodiments, the substrate 110 in the structure shown in FIG6 is an incident glass substrate.

[0410] In some implementations, the filling material in the P1 etched region of the perovskite solar cell may be consistent with the first charge transport layer.

[0411] In some implementations, the filling material in the P2 etched region of the perovskite solar cell can be consistent with that of the second electrode.

[0412] In some implementations, the width of P1 is 10 μm to 50 μm, for example, 30 μm.

[0413] In some implementations, the width of P2 is 10 μm to 200 μm, for example, 150 μm. Further, the interval between P2 and P1 can be 20 μm to 80 μm, for example, 20 μm.

[0414] In some embodiments, the width of P3 is 10 μm to 50 μm, for example, 15 μm. Further, the interval between P3 and P2 can be 20 μm to 40 μm, for example, 20 μm.

[0415] There are no particular restrictions on the size of perovskite solar cells; they can be, but are not limited to, 300mm × 300mm.

[0416] It is understood that the structure of the perovskite solar cell involved in this application is not limited to the structural layers listed above. Other functional layers, such as buffer layers and intercalation layers, can also be introduced as needed. In some embodiments, a buffer layer with appropriate energy levels can be provided in the perovskite solar cell, which can play one or more of the following roles: reducing the energy level barrier, promoting energy level matching, improving carrier extraction efficiency, passivating interface defect states, protecting the light absorption layer, inhibiting the oxidation and decomposition of the cell by water molecules and oxygen, improving photoelectric conversion efficiency, and improving the stability of the perovskite solar cell. Depending on the location of the buffer layer, the type of buffer layer can include four types: a buffer layer between the hole transport layer and the anode, a buffer layer between the electron transport layer and the cathode, a buffer layer between the hole transport layer and the absorption layer, and a buffer layer between the electron transport layer and the absorption layer. Materials that can be used for buffer layers in perovskite solar cells can include, but are not limited to, Cu2O, NiO, AZO, TiO2, etc. In some embodiments, an intercalation layer can be provided between the electron transport layer and the second electrode, and an example of an intercalation layer material is bath copper phosphate (BCP).

[0417] In a fourth aspect of this application, a power generation device is provided, comprising at least one of the perovskite battery described in the first aspect of this application, a perovskite battery prepared by the method for preparing a perovskite battery described in the second aspect of this application, and a perovskite battery described in the third aspect of this application.

[0418] In a fifth aspect of this application, an electrical device is provided, comprising at least one of the perovskite battery described in the first aspect of this application, a perovskite battery prepared by the method for preparing a perovskite battery described in the second aspect of this application, and a perovskite battery described in the third aspect of this application.

[0419] By incorporating at least one of the aforementioned perovskite solar cells into a power generation or power consumption device, device stability can be improved, and higher energy conversion efficiency can be achieved.

[0420] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell described above can be a power generation device that functions as an electrical device. The type of power generation device may include, but is not limited to, integrated power generation. The location of the power generation device may include, but is not limited to, the roof of a vehicle, the back panel, etc.

[0421] Furthermore, the aforementioned electrical devices may include mobile devices, such as mobile phones and laptops, electric vehicles, electric trains, ships and satellites, power generation systems, etc., but are not limited to these.

[0422] Figure 7 shows an example of an electrical device. This electrical device 6 is a car, and can further be a pure electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, or a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, etc.

[0423] Another example of an electrical device could be a mobile phone, tablet, laptop, calculator, etc.

[0424] Another example of an electrical device could be a wearable device, such as a watch.

[0425] The following describes some embodiments of this application. The embodiments described below are exemplary and are only used to explain this application, and should not be construed as limiting this application. Where the technology or conditions are not specified in the embodiments, they are performed according to the description above, or according to the technology or conditions described in the literature in the art, or according to the product instructions. Reagents or instruments whose manufacturers are not specified are all conventional products that can be obtained commercially, or can be synthesized from commercially available products using conventional methods.

[0426] In the following examples, room temperature refers to 20°C to 30°C.

[0427] I. Fabrication of Perovskite Solar Cells

[0428] Example 1.

[0429] (1) Substrate: The surface of FTO conductive glass with a specification of 2.0cm×2.0cm was cleaned twice with acetone and isopropanol, immersed in deionized water and ultrasonically treated for 10min, then dried in a forced-air drying oven and placed in a glove box (N2 atmosphere) as the upper electrode (including the substrate layer and the first electrode, which is a transparent electrode).

[0430] (2) Hole transport dense layer (first dense layer): Nickel oxide (this nickel oxide layer serves as the first dense layer) is deposited on the surface of FTO conductive glass using magnetron sputtering, with a thickness of approximately 15 nm.

[0431] (3) Hole transport microporous layer (first microporous layer): A 20 mg / mL NiO nano-aqueous solution was spin-coated onto the first dense layer of the sample obtained in step (2) at a speed of 5000 rpm, and then transferred to a constant temperature hot plate and heated at 200 °C for 30 min; a 100 mg / mL FAI (formamidine) IPA (isopropanol) solution was spin-coated onto the obtained sample at a speed of 5000 rpm, and then transferred to a constant temperature hot plate and heated at 100 °C for 10 min. A first microporous layer with a thickness of 30 nm was formed on the first dense layer.

[0432] (4) Light-absorbing layer: A 1.5 mol / L FAPbI3 dimethylformamide (DMF) solution was spin-coated onto the first microporous layer of the sample obtained in step (3) at a speed of 3000 rpm to 4500 rpm. Then, it was transferred to a constant temperature hot stage and heated at 100 °C for 30 min. After cooling to room temperature, a perovskite layer (light-absorbing layer) with a thickness of 500 nm was formed. The obtained sample was placed in a phenylethylamine atmosphere and kept for 5 min to obtain a gas-phase passivated sample.

[0433] The perovskite material is FAPbI3, which has an ABX3 structure, where A is the formamidinium ion (FA). + (Monovalent cation), B is lead ion Pb 2+ (Divalent metal cation), X is an iodide anion (I - (monovalent anions). Among them, monovalent cations include organic components with a molar percentage of 100 mol%.

[0434] (5) Electron transport microporous layer (second microporous layer): A 20 mg / mL chlorobenzene solution of PCBM ([6,6]-phenyl-C71-isomethyl butyrate) was spin-coated onto the sample obtained in step (4) at a speed of 2000 rpm. The sample was then transferred to a constant temperature hot plate and heated at 150 °C for 30 min. After cooling to room temperature, the thickness was 60 nm. This formed the second microporous layer.

[0435] (6) Electron transport dense layer (second dense layer): SnO2 film is deposited on the sample obtained in step (5) using ALD (atomic layer deposition) process at a process temperature of 100℃; a second dense layer is formed with a thickness of 30nm.

[0436] (7) Preparation of Cu electrode (as the second electrode, which is a metal electrode): The sample obtained in step (6) is placed in a vacuum coating machine and coated at 5×10⁻⁶. -4 A Cu electrode was deposited on the surface of the second dense layer under vacuum conditions of Pa at a deposition rate of 0.1 Å / s, with a Cu electrode thickness of 80 nm.

[0437] Thus, the perovskite battery of Example 1 was obtained, which serves as a perovskite battery.

[0438] Examples 2-3. Using essentially the same method as in Example 1, the gas pressure ratio R1 of the first microporous layer relative to the light-absorbing layer was changed. P Adjust the preparation parameters according to Table 1-2.

[0439] Example 4. Using the same method as in Example 1, but changing the method of setting the sealing gas in the second microporous layer, step (5) is changed to the same method as the preparation of the first microporous layer, and the preparation parameters are adjusted according to Table 1-2.

[0440] Examples 5-6. Using essentially the same method as in Example 4, the gas pressure ratio R2 of the second microporous layer relative to the light-absorbing layer was changed. P Adjust the preparation parameters according to Table 1-2.

[0441] Example 7. Using the same method as in Example 1, the gas source for preparing the first microporous layer was changed, and formamidinium iodide (FAI) was replaced with methylamine iodide (MAI). The preparation parameters were adjusted according to Table 1-2.

[0442] Example 8. Using the same method as in Example 4, the first microporous layer was omitted, and the preparation parameters were adjusted according to Table 1-2.

[0443] Example 9. Using the same method as Example 4, the second microporous layer was omitted, and the preparation parameters were adjusted according to Table 1-2.

[0444] Example 10. The same method as in Example 4 was used, except that the first dense layer was omitted, and the preparation parameters were adjusted according to Table 1-2.

[0445] Example 11. Using the same method as in Example 4, the second dense layer was omitted, and the preparation parameters were adjusted according to Table 1-2.

[0446] Example 12. Using essentially the same method as in Example 1, the monovalent cation A portion in the light-absorbing layer was replaced with Cs. + Adjust the preparation parameters according to Table 1-2.

[0447] Example 13. Using essentially the same method as in Example 1, the monovalent anion X in the light-absorbing layer was partially replaced with Br. - Adjust the preparation parameters according to Table 1-2.

[0448] Example 14. Using the same method as in Example 1, the thickness of the hole transport dense layer was adjusted to 5 nm, the thickness of the hole transport microporous layer was adjusted to 5 nm, the thickness of the electron transport dense layer was adjusted to 5 nm, and the thickness of the electron transport microporous layer was adjusted to 5 nm.

[0449] Example 15. Using the same method as in Example 1, the thickness of the hole transport dense layer was adjusted to 100 nm, the thickness of the hole transport microporous layer was adjusted to 100 nm, the thickness of the electron transport dense layer was adjusted to 100 nm, and the thickness of the electron transport microporous layer was adjusted to 100 nm.

[0450] Example 16. The method is basically the same as that in Example 4, except that the first microporous layer R1 is controlled. P Second microporous layer R2 P Both are approximately equal to 1. The nitrogen component in the gas source is FA (formamidinium), and the nitrogen component in the perovskite material is MA (methylamine). Change the heating method of the gas source solution on the constant temperature hot plate in steps (3) and (5). Adjust the preparation parameters according to Table 1-2.

[0451] Comparative Example 1. Trans-perovskite solar cell. The first and second microporous layers are omitted.

[0452] Using the same method as in Example 1, but omitting steps (3) and (5), a light-absorbing layer is prepared on the first dense layer (hole transport dense layer), and a second dense layer is prepared on the second light-absorbing layer.

[0453] Comparative Example 2. While retaining the first and second microporous layers, the gas pressure ratio R1... P and R2 P All are set to 1.

[0454] (1) Substrate: The surface of FTO conductive glass with a specification of 2.0cm×2.0cm was cleaned twice with acetone and isopropanol, immersed in deionized water and ultrasonically treated for 10min, then dried in a forced-air drying oven and placed in a glove box (N2 atmosphere) as the upper electrode (including the substrate layer and the first electrode, which is a transparent electrode).

[0455] (2) Hole transport dense layer (first dense layer): Nickel oxide (this nickel oxide layer serves as the first dense layer) is deposited on the surface of FTO conductive glass using magnetron sputtering, with a thickness of approximately 15 nm.

[0456] (3) Pressure ratio R1 P Microporous layer with a value of 1: 20 mg / mL NiO nano-aqueous solution was spin-coated onto the first dense layer of the sample obtained in step (2) at a speed of 5000 rpm, and then transferred to a constant temperature hot plate and heated at 200 °C for 30 min.

[0457] (4) Light-absorbing layer: A 1.5 mol / L FAPbI3 dimethylformamide (DMF) solution was spin-coated onto the first microporous layer of the sample obtained in step (3) at a speed of 3000 rpm to 4500 rpm. Then, it was transferred to a constant temperature hot stage and heated at 100 °C for 30 min. After cooling to room temperature, a perovskite layer (light-absorbing layer) with a thickness of 500 nm was formed. The obtained sample was placed in a phenylethylamine atmosphere and kept for 5 min to obtain a gas-phase passivated sample.

[0458] The perovskite material is FAPbI3, which has an ABX3 structure, where A is the formamidinium ion (FA). + (Monovalent cation), B is lead ion Pb 2+ (Divalent metal cation), X is an iodide anion (I - (monovalent anions). Among them, monovalent cations include organic components with a molar percentage of 100 mol%.

[0459] (5) Electron transport microporous layer (second microporous layer): A 20 mg / mL chlorobenzene solution of PCBM ([6,6]-phenyl-C71-isomethyl butyrate) was spin-coated onto the sample obtained in step (4) at a speed of 2000 rpm. The sample was then transferred to a constant temperature hot plate and heated at 100 °C for 30 min. After cooling to room temperature, the thickness was 60 nm. This formed the second microporous layer.

[0460] (6) Electron transport dense layer (second dense layer): SnO2 film is deposited on the sample obtained in step (5) using ALD (atomic layer deposition) process at a process temperature of 100℃; a second dense layer is formed with a thickness of 30nm.

[0461] (7) Preparation of Cu electrode (as the second electrode, which is a metal electrode): The sample obtained in step (6) is placed in a vacuum coating machine and coated at 5×10⁻⁶. -4 A Cu electrode was deposited on the surface of the second dense layer under vacuum conditions of Pa at a deposition rate of 0.1 Å / s, with a Cu electrode thickness of 80 nm.

[0462] Thus, the perovskite solar cell of Comparative Example 2 was obtained, which serves as the perovskite solar cell.

[0463] Comparative Example 3. The first and second microporous layers are retained, R1 P and R2 P All values ​​are equal to 1, indicating that the sealed gas is not a gaseous degradation product of the light-absorbing perovskite material. The second microporous layer was prepared under an N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) atmosphere, and the nitrogen-containing component in the perovskite material was FA (formamidinium).

[0464] The preparation parameters for each of Examples 1-16 and Comparative Examples 1-3 can be found in Tables 1-2.

[0465] Table 1.

[0466] Table 2.

[0467] II. Testing and Analysis

[0468] 1. Performance Testing and Analysis

[0469] Test subjects: perovskite solar cells prepared in each embodiment and comparative example, i.e., perovskite solar cells prepared in each embodiment and comparative example.

[0470] (1) Gas composition test in microporous layer and gas pressure ratio test of microporous layer relative to light-absorbing layer.

[0471] Instrument: High-resolution infrared gas detector, Honeywell ACM 150FT-IR.

[0472] Method: The detector's infrared light source emits infrared light within a specific wavelength range (corresponding to a reference light intensity I0). The optical path system ensures that the infrared light emitted by the light source can smoothly pass through the gas sample to be tested. The infrared detector receives the infrared light after passing through the gas sample and filter (corresponding to the received light intensity I) and converts it into an electrical signal. Further, the signal processing circuit analyzes the intensity of the electrical signal received by the detector. By comparing the infrared absorption spectrum and the received light intensity of the absorption peak with the reference light intensity, the gas composition and concentration ratio in the microporous layer and the light-absorbing layer can be determined. Then, the partial pressure parameters and R are calculated. P .

[0473] R is denoted as the percentage of the sum of the partial pressures of the perovskite-related gases in the microporous layer relative to the total gas pressure in the microporous layer. A .

[0474] R is denoted as the percentage of the sum of the partial pressures of gases and iodine vapors formed by the organic nitrogen in perovskite materials during degradation, relative to the total gas pressure in the microporous layer. N+I R in the first microporous layer (if any) N+I Let it be R1 N+I R in the second microporous layer (if any) N+I Let it be R2 N+I .

[0475] Let R1 be the pressure ratio of the first microporous layer (if any) relative to the light-absorbing layer. P Let R2 be the pressure ratio of the second microporous layer (if present) relative to the light-absorbing layer. P .

[0476] (2) Micropore diameter test of microporous layer and thickness test of microporous layer and dense layer: observation by high resolution scanning electron microscope Zeiss SEM3200.

[0477] (3) Battery performance test

[0478] In an atmospheric environment, the solar simulated light source uses the AM1.5G standard light source. A four-channel digital source meter (Keithley 2440) is used to measure the current-voltage characteristic curve of the battery under the illumination of the light source, and the open circuit voltage (Voc), short circuit current density (Jsc), and fill factor (FF) of the battery are obtained. The energy conversion efficiency (Eff) of the battery is then calculated.

[0479] Energy conversion efficiency is calculated as follows: Eff = Pout / Pin = Voc × Jsc × [(Vmpp × Jmpp) / (Voc × Jsc)] / Pin = Voc × Jsc × FF / Pin

[0480] Wherein, Pout, Pin, Voc, Jsc, Vmpp, Jmpp, and FF represent the battery's operating output power, incident light power, open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, maximum power point voltage, maximum power point current, and fill factor, respectively. The incident light power is 100 mW / cm². 2 .

[0481] The test analysis results can be found in Table 3.

[0482] (4) Stability test.

[0483] Storage conditions: 60±5℃, dark, atmospheric environment (no positive or negative pressure applied). After storing the perovskite solar cell to be tested for 200 hours, the cell performance was tested using the aforementioned method. The relative percentage of the performance value compared to the initial prepared value is recorded as the retention rate of the corresponding performance. For the energy conversion efficiency (Eff), the percentage of Eff after 200 hours relative to the initial Eff is the Eff retention rate, which can be found in Table 3 under "200-hour stability".

[0484] The aforementioned method was also used to test the gas pressure ratio R1 of the microporous layer relative to the light-absorbing layer. P and R2 P Calculate the percentage of the pressure ratio relative to the initial value, and record it as the retention rate of the corresponding pressure ratio. Refer to Table 2 for "R1 after 200 hours". P "Retention rate" and "R2 after 200 hours" P Retention rate.

[0485] 2. Test Result Analysis

[0486] In Examples 1-16, the pore size of the micropores in the microporous layer is in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm (more specifically, in the range of 5 nm to 100 nm). In Examples 1-16, the devices exhibit high energy conversion efficiency and maintain a high retention rate over a relatively long period. The perovskite solar cells prepared in each example all demonstrate good energy conversion efficiency and device stability.

[0487] In Examples 1-7 and 9-16, the first microporous layer contains perovskite-related gases, mainly ammonia and iodine vapor; R N+I and R A All were within the range of 20% to 100%, further, all were within the range of 40% to 100%, and most embodiments reached over 45%. The second microporous layer in Examples 1-8 and 10-16 contained perovskite-related gases, mainly ammonia and iodine vapor. N+I and R A All are in the range of 20% to 100%, and further, all are in the range of 40% to 100%, with most embodiments reaching more than 45%. Among them, ammonia corresponds to the gas that can be formed when the organic nitrogen contained in the perovskite material undergoes degradation. In Examples 1-16, as non-limiting examples, the organic nitrogen in the perovskite material is present in formamidinium ions and / or methylamine ions.

[0488] Comparative Example 1 lacked a microporous layer and a containment gas, resulting in a significant decrease in device stability.

[0489] In Comparative Example 2, no sealing gas was placed in the microporous layer, resulting in a significant decrease in device stability.

[0490] In Comparative Example 3, no containment gas was placed in the microporous layer, resulting in a significant decrease in both energy conversion efficiency and device stability.

[0491] Table 3.

[0492] The descriptions of the various implementation methods and embodiments above tend to emphasize the differences between them. Similarities or resemblances can be referenced interchangeably, and for the sake of brevity, they will not be repeated here. The technical features of the implementation methods and embodiments described above can be combined arbitrarily. For the sake of brevity, not all possible combinations of the technical features in the above embodiments have been described. However, as long as the combinations of these technical features do not contradict each other, they should be considered within the scope of this specification.

[0493] It should be noted that this application is not limited to the above-described embodiments and examples. The above-described embodiments and examples are merely examples, and any embodiments and examples that have the same structure and achieve the same effect as the technical concept within the scope of this application are included in the technical scope of this application. The embodiments and examples described above only illustrate several embodiments and examples of this application, and although the descriptions are relatively detailed, they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the patent. Furthermore, various modifications that can be conceived by those skilled in the art to the embodiments or examples, and other ways of constructing embodiments or examples by combining some of the constituent elements of the embodiments or examples, are also included in the scope of this application without departing from the spirit of this application.

Claims

1. A perovskite solar cell, comprising a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, a second charge transport layer, and a second electrode sequentially disposed therefrom; wherein, one of the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer is an electron transport layer, and the other is a hole transport layer; wherein, The light-absorbing layer comprises a perovskite material; At least one of the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer includes a microporous layer and a dense layer located on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer; the microporous layer is provided with micropores and a sealed gas located at the micropores; The sealed gas includes perovskite-related gases, which include at least one of a first gas and a second gas. The first gas refers to the gas that can be generated when the perovskite material degrades, and the second gas refers to the gas that can participate in the synthesis reaction of the perovskite material.

2. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, wherein, The sealed gas includes at least one of nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor, wherein the nitrogen-containing gas includes gases that can be formed from organic nitrogen contained in perovskite materials that undergo degradation containing organic nitrogen.

3. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 2, wherein it satisfies at least one of the following characteristics: (ta1) The perovskite material includes organic nitrogen, and the storage gas includes the nitrogen-containing gas; (ta2) The perovskite material includes iodine, and the sealing gas includes iodine vapor; (ta3) The first gas includes at least one of the nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor; (ta4) The second gas includes at least one of the nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor; (ta5) The sealed gas includes at least one of the nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor.

4. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 2 or 3, wherein it satisfies at least one of the following characteristics: (ta1') The perovskite material includes organic nitrogen, and the encapsulation gas includes one or more of ammonia, methylamine and formamidin; (ta2') The perovskite material includes iodine, and the storage gas includes iodine vapor; (ta3') The first gas includes at least one of ammonia, methylamine, formamidin, and iodine vapor; (ta4') The second gas includes at least one of ammonia, methylamine, formamidin, and iodine vapor; (ta5') The sealed gas includes at least one of ammonia, methylamine, formamidin, and iodine vapor.

5. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein, The perovskite material includes monovalent cations and monovalent anions, and the perovskite material includes at least one of monovalent organic cations and iodide anions.

6. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein, The perovskite material includes a monovalent cation, and the monovalent cation includes an organic component with a molar percentage of 10 mol% to 100 mol%. Optionally, the monovalent cation includes organic components with a molar percentage of 80 mol% to 100 mol%.

7. A perovskite solar cell, comprising a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, a second charge transport layer, and a second electrode arranged sequentially; wherein one of the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer is an electron transport layer and the other is a hole transport layer; in, The light-absorbing layer comprises a perovskite material, which includes a monovalent cation and a monovalent anion, and the perovskite material includes at least one of a monovalent cation containing organic nitrogen and an iodine anion; At least one of the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer includes a microporous layer and a dense layer located on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer; the microporous layer is provided with micropores and a sealed gas located at the micropores; The sealed gas includes at least one of nitrogen-containing gas and iodine vapor, wherein the nitrogen-containing gas includes the gas that can be formed when the organic nitrogen contained in the perovskite material containing organic nitrogen undergoes degradation; The perovskite solar cell satisfies at least one of the following characteristics: (tb1) The perovskite material includes organic nitrogen, and the storage gas includes the nitrogen-containing gas; (tb2) The perovskite material includes iodine, and the containment gas includes iodine vapor.

8. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein, The perovskite material includes a monovalent cation, which includes a monovalent cation containing organic nitrogen.

9. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 8, wherein, The molar percentage of the monovalent cation containing organic nitrogen in the monovalent cation is 10 mol% to 100 mol%. Optionally, the molar percentage of the organic nitrogen-containing monovalent cation in the monovalent cation is 80 mol% to 100 mol%.

10. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein, The perovskite material includes a monovalent cation, which includes one or more of monovalent amine cations and monovalent amidine cations; Optionally, the monovalent cation includes one or more of formamidinium ions and methylamine ions; the storage gas includes one or more of ammonia, methylamine, and formamidinium.

11. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein, The percentage of the sum of the partial pressures of the perovskite-related gases in the microporous layer relative to the total gas pressure in the microporous layer is denoted as R. A In at least one microporous layer, 20% ≤ R A ≤100%; Optionally, in at least one microporous layer, 40% ≤ R A ≤100%.

12. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein, R is denoted as the percentage of the sum of the partial pressures of the gases and iodine vapors formed by the organic nitrogen in the microporous layer during the degradation of perovskite materials containing organic nitrogen, relative to the total gas pressure in the microporous layer. N+I In at least one microporous layer, 0 <R N+I ≤100%.

13. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 12, wherein, In at least one microporous layer, 20% ≤ R N+I ≤100%; Optionally, in at least one microporous layer, 40% ≤ R N+I ≤100%.

14. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein, The pressure ratio between the air pressure of the microporous layer and the air pressure of the light-absorbing layer is denoted as R. P Satisfying R P ≥1.

15. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 14, wherein, In at least one of the microporous layers, R P >1.

16. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 14, wherein, In at least one of the microporous layers, 1 ≤ R P ≤1.

1.

17. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 14, wherein, In at least one of the microporous layers, 1.01 ≤ R P ≤1.

06.

18. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein, The perovskite material includes monovalent anions, which include iodine anions, and the sealing gas includes iodine vapor.

19. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 18, wherein, In the perovskite material, the molar percentage of iodide anions in the monovalent anions is 0 mol% to 30 mol%.

20. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 18, wherein, In the perovskite material, the molar percentage of iodide anions in the monovalent anions is 1 mol% to 5 mol%.

21. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein, The pore size in the microporous layer is 0.1 nm to 100 nm.

22. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 21, wherein, The micropores in the microporous layer have a pore size of 5 nm to 100 nm.

23. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 22, wherein it satisfies one or more of the following characteristics: The electron transport layer includes the microporous layer, and the microporous layer in the electron transport layer includes one or more of the following materials: copper bath, [6,6]-phenyl-C 61 Isomethyl butyrate, [6,6]-phenyl-C 71 -Methyl butyrate, C 60 C 70 Metal oxides, MXene, electron transport derivatives of any of the aforementioned materials, and modified products of any of the aforementioned materials that have been doped or passivated; The hole transport layer includes the microporous layer, which comprises one or more of the following materials: carbazole phosphate, poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine], poly-3-hexylthiophene, triphenylamine with a triphenylene core, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-(4-aniline)carbazole-spirobisfluorene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonic acid), polythiophene, metal oxides, hole transport derivatives of any of the aforementioned materials, and modified products of any of the aforementioned materials that have been doped or passivated.

24. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 23, wherein, The metal elements in the metal oxide include one or more of Mg, Cd, Zn, In, Pb, W, Sb, Bi, Hg, Ti, Ag, Mn, Fe, V, Sn, Zr, Sr, Ga, Cr, Ni, Mo, and Cu.

25. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 24, wherein it satisfies at least one of the following characteristics: At least one of the first electrode and the second electrode is a transparent electrode; The first charge transport layer includes the microporous layer and a dense layer located on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer; The second charge transport layer includes the microporous layer and a dense layer located on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer; The electron transport layer includes the microporous layer and a dense layer located on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer; The hole transport layer includes the microporous layer and a dense layer located on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer.

26. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 25, wherein, Both the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer include the microporous layer, and at least one of the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer has the dense layer on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer; or, Both the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer include the microporous layer, and at least one of the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer has the dense layer on the side of the microporous layer away from the light-absorbing layer.

27. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 26, wherein, The microporous layer and the transparent electrode are sequentially disposed on one side of the light-absorbing layer, and the dense layer may or may not be disposed between the microporous layer and the transparent electrode; the microporous layer and the dense layer are sequentially disposed on the other side of the light-absorbing layer.

28. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 27, wherein, The thickness of the microporous layer is denoted as d1, which satisfies 5nm≤d1≤1μm.

29. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 28, wherein, 5nm≤d1≤100nm.

30. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 29, wherein, The thickness of the dense layer is denoted as d2, which satisfies 5nm≤d2≤1μm.

31. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 30, wherein, 5nm≤d2≤100nm.

32. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 31, wherein, The first electrode is a transparent electrode and the first charge transport layer is a hole transport layer, or the first electrode is a transparent electrode and the first charge transport layer is an electron transport layer.

33. A method for preparing a perovskite solar cell, wherein, The perovskite solar cell is as defined in any one of claims 1 to 32; The method for fabricating the perovskite solar cell includes the following steps: sequentially depositing the first charge transport layer, the light-absorbing layer, the second charge transport layer, and the second electrode on one side of the first electrode; The microporous layer is prepared by one or two of the following methods: Method 1: Coating a colloidal liquid containing a first charge transport material onto a preset surface and annealing it to form a precursor layer; coating a solution containing a gas generation source and a solvent onto the precursor layer and heating it to form the micropores in the precursor layer and convert at least one of the gas generation source and the solvent into the sealed gas, with at least a portion of the micropores filled with the sealed gas; Method 2: Provide a multilayer film including the light-absorbing layer, the light-absorbing layer being located on one side surface of the multilayer film, the perovskite material in the light-absorbing layer including organic components; coat the light-absorbing layer with a colloidal liquid including a second charge-transfer material, anneal it to form the microporous layer having the micropores, and convert a portion of the organic components in the perovskite material into the sealing gas, at least a portion of the micropores being filled with the sealing gas.

34. The method for preparing a perovskite solar cell according to claim 33, wherein, In the heating step of Method 1, the heating temperature is denoted as T1, where T1 is 80℃~160℃; Optionally, T1 is 100℃~150℃; Optionally, T1 is lower than the decomposition temperature of the perovskite material.

35. The method for preparing a perovskite solar cell according to claim 33, wherein, In the heating step of Method 2, the heating temperature is denoted as T2, which is higher than the decomposition temperature of the perovskite material. Optionally, T2 is 100℃~200℃; Alternatively, T2 can be 150℃~160℃.

36. The method for preparing a perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 33 to 34, wherein it satisfies one or more of the following characteristics: In at least one of the methods one and two, the pore size of the micropores in the microporous layer is controlled by controlling at least one of the parameters of the concentration of the charge transport material in the colloidal liquid, the annealing temperature, and the annealing time. In the first method, the gas pressure ratio R of the microporous layer relative to the light-absorbing layer is controlled by controlling at least one parameter of the composition and amount of the solution including the gas source and the solvent. P ; In at least one of the methods one and two, the gas pressure ratio R of the microporous layer relative to the light-absorbing layer is controlled by controlling at least one parameter of the heating temperature and heating duration in the heating step. P .

37. A perovskite battery, comprising a perovskite battery prepared by the method of any one of claims 33 to 36.

38. A power generation device comprising at least one of the perovskite battery according to any one of claims 1 to 32, a perovskite battery prepared by the method of preparing a perovskite battery according to any one of claims 33 to 36, and a perovskite battery according to claim 37.

39. An electrical device comprising at least one of the following: a perovskite battery according to any one of claims 1 to 32; a perovskite battery prepared by the method of preparing a perovskite battery according to any one of claims 33 to 36; and a perovskite battery according to claim 37.

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