Perovskite solar cell, photovoltaic module, electric device, and power generating device

Abstract

The present application provides a perovskite solar cell, a photovoltaic module, an electric device, and a power generating device. The perovskite solar cell comprises a first electrode layer, a functional layer, and a second electrode layer which are stacked; the functional layer comprises an electron transport layer and a perovskite layer which are stacked; the material of the electron transport layer comprises a fullerene or a derivative thereof and an additive; the additive comprises a polymer containing at least one modified functional group; and the modified functional group comprises at least one of an element containing a lone pair of electrons and a group containing a π bond. The perovskite solar cell has high efficiency.

Description

Perovskite solar cells, photovoltaic modules, electrical appliances and power generation devices

[0001] Related applications

[0002] This application claims priority to Chinese patent application filed on June 19, 2024, application number 2024107986890, entitled "Perovskite Solar Cells, Photovoltaic Modules, Electrical Devices and Power Generation Devices", the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] This application relates to the field of battery technology, and in particular to a perovskite solar cell, photovoltaic module, electrical device, and power generation device. Background Technology

[0004] Perovskite solar cells are devices that convert solar energy into electrical energy using the photoelectric conversion mechanism of perovskite crystal materials. They are currently the third generation of solar cells and have many advantages such as high photoelectric conversion efficiency, simple manufacturing process, and low production cost. They have been extensively studied in recent years.

[0005] Fullerenes or their derivatives are organic semiconductor materials that can be used as electron transport layers in perovskite solar cells. However, such perovskite solar cells generally suffer from low efficiency. Summary of the Invention

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the first aspect of this application provides a high-efficiency perovskite solar cell, as well as a photovoltaic module, an electrical device, and a power generation device including the perovskite solar cell.

[0007] A first aspect of this application provides a perovskite solar cell, comprising a first electrode layer, a functional layer, and a second electrode layer stacked together. The functional layer comprises an electron transport layer and a perovskite layer stacked together. The material of the electron transport layer comprises fullerene or its derivatives and additives. The additives comprise polymers containing at least one modified functional group, wherein the modified functional group comprises one or more of elements containing lone pairs of electrons and groups containing π bonds.

[0008] The aforementioned perovskite solar cells, by adding polymers containing specific modified functional groups to the functional layer using fullerenes or their derivatives as electron transport materials, are more conducive to electron transport, reduce the series resistance of the device, and thus improve the efficiency of the device.

[0009] In some embodiments, the modified functional groups include one or more of pyridyl, ester, amide, carboxyl, cyano, and phenyl groups. Using these groups as modified functional groups in polymers is more beneficial for improving the uniformity of fullerenes or their derivatives and reducing halogen vacancy defects in the perovskite layer, thereby achieving better device efficiency.

[0010] In some embodiments, the structural units in the polymer include one or more of the following structures:

[0011] Wherein, R0 represents the modified functional group;

[0012] R1, R2, and R3 each independently include H or C1-C5 alkyl groups.

[0013] In some embodiments, the polymer includes one or more of poly(4-vinylpyridine), poly(4-vinylpyridine)polystyrene, poly(4-vinylpyridine)poly(butyl methacrylate), polymethacrylic acid, poly(isopropylacrylamide)polymethacrylic acid, polymethyl methacrylate polymethacrylic acid, and polyacrylonitrile polystyrene.

[0014] In some embodiments, the polymer has a weight-average molecular weight of 10. 3 ~10 7 .

[0015] In some embodiments, the polymer comprises 0.1% to 8% by mass relative to the fullerene or its derivative. By appropriately controlling the mass percentage of the polymer, lower series resistance and higher efficiency can be obtained. Further, the polymer comprises 0.2% to 5% by mass relative to the fullerene or its derivative.

[0016] In some embodiments, the fullerene or its derivatives include one or more of C60, C70, PCBM, and PC71BM.

[0017] In some embodiments, the material of the perovskite layer includes a perovskite-type metal halide with the chemical formula ABX3;

[0018] Where A includes Cs + K + 、Rb + MA + and FA + One or more of the following;

[0019] B includes Pb 2+ Sn 2+ Fe 2+ Mn 2+Ni 2+ 、Ge 2+ Co 2+ and Sb 2+ One or more of the following;

[0020] X includes I - ,Br - and Cl - One or more of them.

[0021] A second aspect of this application provides a method for fabricating the perovskite solar cell described in the first aspect, comprising the following steps: fabricating the functional layer on the surface of the first electrode layer;

[0022] The second electrode layer is prepared on the surface of the functional layer;

[0023] The preparation of the functional layer includes the steps of preparing an electron transport layer and preparing a perovskite layer. The step of preparing the electron transport layer includes mixing the fullerene or its derivative with additives and forming a film.

[0024] A third aspect of this application provides a photovoltaic module including the perovskite solar cell described in the first aspect.

[0025] A fourth aspect of this application provides an electrical device comprising the perovskite solar cell described in the first aspect or the photovoltaic module described in the third aspect.

[0026] A fifth aspect of this application provides a power generation device, comprising the perovskite solar cell described in the first aspect or the photovoltaic module described in the third aspect. Attached Figure Description

[0027] To better describe and illustrate the embodiments or examples provided in this application, reference may be made to one or more accompanying drawings. Additional details or examples used to describe the drawings should not be considered as limiting the scope of any of the disclosed applications, the currently described embodiments or examples, or the best mode of conduct of these applications as currently understood. Furthermore, the same reference numerals denote the same parts throughout the drawings. In the drawings:

[0028] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a perovskite solar cell according to an embodiment of this application. Detailed Implementation

[0029] To facilitate understanding of this application, a more complete description will be provided below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Preferred embodiments of this application are shown in the drawings. However, this application can be implemented in many different forms and is not limited to the embodiments described herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided to provide a thorough and complete understanding of the disclosure of this application.

[0030] The "range" disclosed in this application can be defined in the form of a lower limit and an upper limit. A given range is defined by selecting a lower limit and an upper limit, which define the boundaries of the specific range. Ranges defined in this way can include or exclude endpoints. Any endpoint can be included or excluded independently, and they can be combined arbitrarily; that is, any lower limit can be combined with any upper limit to form a range. For example, if ranges of 60–120 and 80–110 are listed for a specific parameter, it is expected that ranges of 60–110 and 80–120 are also included. Furthermore, if minimum range values ​​of 1 and 2 are listed, and if maximum range values ​​of 3, 4, and 5 are also listed, then the following ranges are all expected: 1–3, 1–4, 1–5, 2–3, 2–4, and 2–5. In this application, unless otherwise stated, the numerical range "a–b" represents a shortened representation of any combination of real numbers between a and b, where a and b are real numbers. For example, the numerical range "0-5" indicates that all real numbers between "0" and "5" have been listed in this article; "0-5" is simply a shortened representation of these numerical combinations. Furthermore, when a parameter is described as an integer ≥ 2, it is equivalent to listing integers such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc. For instance, when a parameter is described as an integer selected from "2-10", it is equivalent to listing the integers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10.

[0031] In this application, "at least one" means "one or more", and "one or more" means, unless otherwise specified, a quantity greater than or equal to 2.

[0032] Unless otherwise specified, all embodiments and optional embodiments of this application can be combined to form new technical solutions.

[0033] In this document, the term "embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment or implementation of this application. The appearance of this phrase in various places throughout the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, nor is it a separate or alternative embodiment mutually exclusive with other embodiments. It will be explicitly and implicitly understood by those skilled in the art that the embodiments described herein can be combined with other embodiments. The term "implementation" as used herein has a similar understanding.

[0034] Those skilled in the art will understand that the order in which the steps are written in the methods of various embodiments or examples does not imply a strict execution order and does not constitute any limitation on the implementation process. The detailed execution order of each step should be determined by its function and possible internal logic. Unless otherwise specified, all steps of this application may be performed sequentially or randomly, preferably sequentially. For example, if the method includes steps (a) and (b), it means that the method may include steps (a) and (b) performed sequentially, or it may include steps (b) and (a) performed sequentially. For example, if the method may also include step (c), it means that step (c) can be added to the method in any order. For example, the method may include steps (a), (b), and (c), or it may include steps (a), (c), and (b), or it may include steps (c), (a), and (b), etc.

[0035] In this application, unless otherwise specified, A (e.g., B) means that B is a non-limiting example of A, and it is understood that A is not limited to B.

[0036] When fullerenes or their derivatives are used as electron transport layer materials in perovskite solar cells, their high electron affinity results in short carrier lifetimes and limited electron transport capabilities, leading to low device efficiency and high series resistance.

[0037] One embodiment of this application provides a perovskite solar cell, including a first electrode layer, a functional layer and a second electrode layer stacked together, wherein the functional layer includes an electron transport layer and a perovskite layer stacked together.

[0038] The materials of the electron transport layer include fullerenes or their derivatives and additives, the additives including polymers containing at least one modified functional group, the modified functional group including one or more of elements containing lone pairs of electrons and groups containing π bonds.

[0039] The aforementioned perovskite solar cells incorporate polymers containing specific modified functional groups into the functional layer of fullerenes or their derivatives as electron transport materials. These modified functional groups can bond with active groups (such as ester groups) in the fullerenes or their derivatives, reducing the pairing and aggregation of the fullerenes or their derivatives themselves. This allows the fullerenes or their derivatives to be uniformly dispersed in the layer structure, with a more favorable orientation for electron transport, reduced series resistance of the device, and ultimately improved device efficiency.

[0040] In addition, the polymer possesses the aforementioned modified functional groups with lone pairs of electrons, which can pair with defects such as halogen vacancies in the perovskite layer, thereby improving the overall stability of the device.

[0041] Without limitation, elements containing lone pairs of electrons can include, for example, one or more of the elements S, F, N, and O.

[0042] In some embodiments, the fullerenes or their derivatives and additives in the electron transport layer are mixed together. Understandably, "mixed together" means that the two are physically mixed.

[0043] In some embodiments, fullerenes or their derivatives include one or more of C60, C70, PCBM ([6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyrate methyl ester) and PC71BM ([6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyrate methyl ester).

[0044] In some embodiments, the modified functional groups include one or more of pyridyl, ester, amide, carboxyl, cyano, and phenyl. Using these groups as modified functional groups in polymers is more beneficial for improving the uniformity of fullerenes or their derivatives and reducing halogen vacancy defects in the perovskite layer, thereby achieving better device efficiency. Further, the modified functional groups include one or more of pyridyl, ester, amide, carboxyl, and phenyl.

[0045] In some embodiments, the modified functional groups include pyridyl, or a combination of pyridyl and phenyl, or a combination of pyridyl and ester, carboxyl, a combination of amide and carboxyl, a combination of ester and carboxyl, or a combination of phenyl and cyano.

[0046] In some embodiments, the structural units in the polymer include one or more of the following structures:

[0047] Wherein, R0 represents the aforementioned modified functional group;

[0048] R1, R2, and R3 each independently include H or C1-C5 alkyl groups.

[0049] Without limitation, the polymer includes one or more of poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP), poly(4-vinylpyridine)polystyrene (P4VPCS), poly(4-vinylpyridine)poly(butyl methacrylate) (P4VPCBMA), polymethacrylic acid (PMAA), poly(isopropylacrylamide)polymethacrylic acid (PIPAACMAA), polymethyl methacrylate polymethacrylic acid (PMMACMAA), and polyacrylonitrile polystyrene (PNACS).

[0050] In some embodiments, the polymer has a weight-average molecular weight of 10. 3 ~10 7 .

[0051] In some embodiments, the polymer is present in a mass percentage of 0.1% to 8% relative to the fullerene or its derivative. Reasonably controlling the mass percentage of the polymer can achieve lower series resistance and higher efficiency. Specifically, the mass percentage of the polymer relative to the fullerene or its derivative includes, but is not limited to, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 0.7%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5%, 6%, 6.5%, 7%, 7.5%, 8%, or any range between the foregoing. Further, the mass percentage of the polymer relative to the fullerene or its derivative is present in a mass percentage of 0.2% to 5%.

[0052] Without limitation, the polymer in the electron transport layer provided in the embodiments of this application can be measured by ion mass spectrometry (mass spectrum), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (HNMR). 1 Analysis was performed using methods such as 1H-NMR. Compared to other components, polymers have a larger molecular weight, so ion mass spectrometry (IMS) can detect their presence. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) can detect characteristic peaks of polymers, such as carboxylic acid groups, ester groups, and ethers, which are not present in other layers. Using deuterated organic solvents such as DMSO-d6 to dissolve substances in the electron transport layer, the characteristic peaks of the polymer appear on the 1H NMR spectrum. Furthermore, the mass percentage of the polymer relative to fullerenes or their derivatives can be calculated by using the ratio of characteristic peaks of different substances in ion mass spectrometry and 1H NMR.

[0053] In some embodiments, the material of the perovskite layer includes a perovskite-type metal halide with the chemical formula ABX3; wherein A is a monovalent cation, B is a divalent cation, and X is a monovalent anion.

[0054] In some embodiments, the monovalent cation includes an inorganic monovalent cation, an organic monovalent cation, or a mixed organic-inorganic monovalent cation. Exemplarily, the organic monovalent cation includes (NR'1R'2R'3R'4). + (R'1R'2N=CR'3R'4) + (R'1R'2N-C(R'5)=NR'3R'4) + and (R'1R'2N-C(NR'5R'6)=NR'3R'4) + One or more of the following, wherein R'1, R'2, R'3, R'4, R'5, and R'6 are each independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyl groups, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl groups. Optionally, the organic monovalent cation includes (H2N=CH-NH2). +(Formamidine cation, abbreviated as: FA) + CH3NH3 + (Methylamine cation, abbreviated as: MA) + The inorganic monovalent cations include one or more of the following: dimethylamine cation, ethylamine cation, propylamine cation, butylamine cation, pentamine cation, hexamine cation, and imidazole cation. For example, inorganic monovalent cations include: Li + Na + K + 、Rb + Cs + Cu + Ag + Au + or Hg + One or more of them.

[0055] In some implementations, A includes Cs + K + 、Rb + MA + and FA + One or more of them.

[0056] In some implementations, B includes Pb. 2+ Sn 2+ Fe 2+ Mn 2+ Ni 2+ 、Ge 2+ Co 2+ and Sb 2+ One or more of them. Further, B includes Pb. 2+ Using a lead-containing perovskite layer material, combined with the aforementioned additives, can improve the efficiency of single-junction perovskite solar cells. Furthermore, B includes Pb. 2+ and Sn 2+ By using a perovskite layer material containing tin and lead, combined with the aforementioned additives, the efficiency of narrow bandgap perovskite solar cells can be improved.

[0057] In some embodiments, X includes one or more halogens or halogen-like substances, including I. - ,Br - and Cl - One or more of the following, halogen-like substances including SCN - CN - Etc. Furthermore, X includes I. - ,Br - One or two of them. X can be I. - ,Br - Or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, X is I. - .

[0058] In some embodiments, the thickness of the perovskite layer is 500 nanometers (nm) to 800 nm.

[0059] In some embodiments, the thickness of the electron transport layer is 30 nm to 50 nm.

[0060] In some embodiments, a perovskite solar cell includes a first electrode layer, a hole transport layer, a perovskite layer, an electron transport layer, and a second electrode layer stacked together.

[0061] In some embodiments, the hole transport material of the hole transport layer in this application is a common hole transport layer material in the art, and this application does not limit its type. The hole transport material of the hole transport layer may include, but is not limited to, one or more of the following materials and their derivatives: poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (abbreviated as: PTAA), 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirodifluorene (abbreviated as: Spiro-OMeTAD), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonic acid (abbreviated as: PEDOT:PSS), poly3-hexylthiophene (abbreviated as: P... Materials that can transport holes and block electrons include 3HT), triphenylamine with a triphenylene core (abbreviated as H101), 3,4-ethylenedioxythiazole-methoxytriphenylamine (abbreviated as EDOT-OMeTPA), N-(4-aniline)carbazole-spirobisfluorene (abbreviated as CzPAF-SBF), polythiazole, nickel oxide, molybdenum oxide (abbreviated as MoO3), cuprous iodide (abbreviated as (CuI), cuprous oxide (abbreviated as CuO), triphenylamine monomers and their polymers, carbazole monomers and their polymers, etc.

[0062] In some embodiments, at least one of the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer is a transparent electrode for light incident. In some embodiments, the first electrode layer is a transparent electrode. Without limitation, the material of the transparent electrode can be, for example, but not limited to, one or more of the following materials: FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide), ITO (tin-doped indium oxide), AZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide), BZO (boron-doped zinc oxide), IZO (indium zinc oxide), IWO (tungsten-doped indium oxide), etc.

[0063] In some embodiments, the second electrode layer comprises a conductive material. Further, the conductive material can be an organic conductive material, an inorganic conductive material, or a combination thereof. Non-limiting examples of inorganic conductive materials include metallic conductive materials. Further, metallic conductive materials can include any one of gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), bismuth (Bi), platinum (Pt), magnesium (Mg), or any suitable mixture of the aforementioned elements. The conductive material can include a conductive oxide. Further, the conductive material can be a conductive oxide; non-limiting examples of conductive oxides can include one or more of FTO, ITO, IWO, AZO, etc.

[0064] Without limitation, perovskite solar cells can be either inverted pin cells or conventional nip cells. For conventional cells, a perovskite solar cell includes a transparent electrode and, sequentially stacked on the transparent electrode, an electron transport layer, a perovskite layer, a hole transport layer, and a second electrode layer. For inverted cells, a perovskite solar cell includes a transparent electrode and, sequentially stacked on the transparent electrode, a hole transport layer, a perovskite layer, an electron transport layer, and a second electrode layer. The transparent electrode is used for light incident.

[0065] It is understood that the structure of the perovskite solar cell involved in this application is not limited to the structural layers listed above. Other functional layers, such as buffer layers and passivation layers, can also be introduced as needed. In some embodiments, as shown in FIG1, the perovskite solar cell includes a first electrode layer 100, a hole transport layer 200, a passivation layer 300, a perovskite layer 400, an electron transport layer 500, a buffer layer 600, and a second electrode layer 700 stacked together.

[0066] In some embodiments, the material of the passivation layer includes one or more of 4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butylphosphonic acid (Me-4PACz), 4-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butylphosphonic acid (MeO-4PACz), 2-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethylphosphonic acid (Me-2PACz), and 2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethylphosphonic acid (MeO-2PACz).

[0067] In some embodiments, the material of the buffer layer includes one or more of tin oxide and 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP).

[0068] In some embodiments, perovskite solar cells include single-junction cells and tandem cells. Tandem cells include double-junction cells, triple-junction cells, quadruple-junction cells, etc., which contain perovskite solar cells. Examples include perovskite-perovskite tandem cells and perovskite-crystalline silicon tandem cells.

[0069] Other embodiments of this application provide a method for fabricating a perovskite solar cell as described above, including the following steps: fabricating a functional layer on the surface of a first electrode layer;

[0070] A second electrode layer is fabricated on the surface of the functional layer;

[0071] The preparation of the functional layer includes the steps of preparing an electron transport layer and preparing a perovskite layer. The step of preparing the electron transport layer includes mixing fullerene or its derivatives with additives and forming a film.

[0072] Without limitation, the steps for preparing the electron transport layer include:

[0073] Fullerene or its derivatives, additives and solvents are mixed to prepare an electron transport layer precursor solution;

[0074] Electron transport layer precursor solution was formed into a film by spin coating.

[0075] Other embodiments of this application provide a photovoltaic module, including the perovskite solar cell as described above.

[0076] Other embodiments of this application provide an electrical device, including a perovskite solar cell as described above or a photovoltaic module as described above.

[0077] Other embodiments of this application provide a power generation device, including a perovskite solar cell as described above or a photovoltaic module as described above.

[0078] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell described above can be a power generation device that functions as an electrical device. The type of power generation device may include, but is not limited to, integrated power generation. The location of the power generation device may include, but is not limited to, the roof of a vehicle, the back panel, etc.

[0079] Furthermore, the aforementioned electrical devices may include mobile devices, such as mobile phones and laptops, electric vehicles, electric trains, ships and satellites, power generation systems, etc., but are not limited to these.

[0080] As another implementation method, the power supply device can be a wearable device, such as a watch.

[0081] To make the technical problems, technical solutions, and beneficial effects solved by this application clearer, the application will be further described in detail below with reference to embodiments and accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of this application, and not all embodiments. The following description of at least one exemplary embodiment is merely illustrative and is in no way intended to limit this application or its application. Based on the embodiments in this application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0082] Where specific techniques or conditions are not specified in the examples, they shall be performed in accordance with the techniques or conditions described in the literature in this field or in accordance with the product instructions. Reagents or instruments whose manufacturers are not specified are all commercially available conventional products.

[0083] All polymers used in the examples were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.

[0084] Example 1-1

[0085] This embodiment describes a perovskite solar cell, and the fabrication steps are as follows:

[0086] (1) First electrode layer (FTO glass): The etched ITO glass was ultrasonically cleaned for 30 minutes in an aqueous solution of surfactant, distilled water, acetone and alcohol respectively, and finally dried with nitrogen gas for later use.

[0087] (2) Hole transport layer (nickel oxide): Before the experiment, an aqueous dispersion of nickel oxide nanoparticles with a concentration of 20 mg / mL was prepared. Then, the cleaned ITO glass was treated with Plasma for 3 minutes. Subsequently, the aqueous dispersion of nickel oxide nanoparticles was spin-coated onto the ITO glass surface at 30 s / 4000 rpm. Afterward, it was transferred to a hot stage at 100°C for annealing for 10 minutes, and then cooled to room temperature for later use. The hole transport layer thickness was 50 nm.

[0088] (3) Passivation layer (Me-4PACz): 0.3 mg / mL Me-4PACz isopropanol solution was spin-coated onto the substrate at 5000 rpm / s and annealed at 100℃ for 10 min to obtain the lower passivation layer, which is a monolayer with a thickness of about 1 nm to 3 nm.

[0089] (4) Perovskite layer (CH3NH3PbI3): Preparation of perovskite precursor solution: MAI powder, PbI2 powder and lead acetate powder were mixed in a ratio of 2.2 mmol:0.4 mmol:0.6 mmol, and the mixture was added to 1 mL of DMF and magnetically stirred for 6 hours. Then, in a glove box, 35 μL of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite precursor solution was dropped onto the surface of the passivation layer for spin coating. The spin coating conditions were 4000 rpm for 30 seconds. After spin coating, it was transferred to a hot stage at 100 °C for annealing and crystallization for 10 minutes to obtain a uniform and dense perovskite film with a thickness of 700 nm.

[0090] (5) Electron transport layer (PCBM layer containing polymer): Chlorobenzene was used as a solvent to prepare a solution with a PCBM concentration of 15 mg / mL. Then, polymer material P4VP (weight average molecular weight of 60,000) was added at 0.2% of the PCBM concentration, that is, the mass percentage of polymer material P4VP relative to PCBM was 0.2%. 90 μL of the obtained solution was statically spin-coated onto the perovskite layer at a spin-coating speed of 5000 rpm, an acceleration of 2000 rpm / s, and a spin-coating time of 30 s to obtain an electron transport layer with a thickness of 40 nm.

[0091] (6) Buffer layer (ALD tin oxide): Tin oxide is deposited onto the surface of the intercalation layer using atomic layer deposition (ALD). The tin source is tetra(diethylamine)tin, and the reaction source is water. After the tin source binds, excess compounds are blown off, the reaction source is purged, and excess compounds are blown off again to complete one cycle. 200 cycles are performed to prepare a 20 nm thick tin oxide layer.

[0092] (7) Second Electrode Layer (Ag): After atomic layer deposition, the device is transferred to the evaporation chamber. Silver particles are placed in the evaporation boat, and the chamber door is closed. A vacuum of 10... -4 Pa, with A 100nm silver electrode is evaporated at a speed of evaporation, and after the vacuum is stopped, it is removed, thus completing the fabrication of the perovskite solar cell.

[0093] The perovskite solar cells provided in Examples 1-2 are fabricated using the same steps as in Examples 1-1, with the main difference being that the amount of polymer is increased so that the polymer material accounts for 1% of the mass of the PCBM.

[0094] The perovskite solar cells provided in Examples 1-3 are fabricated using the same steps as in Examples 1-1, with the main difference being that the amount of polymer is increased so that the polymer material accounts for 3% of the mass of the PCBM.

[0095] The perovskite solar cells provided in Examples 1-4 are fabricated using the same steps as in Examples 1-1, with the main difference being that the amount of polymer is increased so that the polymer material accounts for 5% of the mass of the PCBM.

[0096] The perovskite solar cells provided in Examples 1-5 are fabricated using the same steps as in Examples 1-1, with the main difference being that the amount of polymer is increased so that the polymer material accounts for 8% of the mass of the PCBM.

[0097] The perovskite solar cell provided in Example 2-1 is fabricated using the same steps as in Example 1-1, with the main difference being that the polymer material is replaced with P4VPCS (weight-average molecular weight of 100,000).

[0098] The perovskite solar cell provided in Example 2-2 is fabricated using the same steps as in Example 2-1, with the main difference being that the amount of polymer is increased so that the polymer material accounts for 1% of the mass of the PCBM.

[0099] The perovskite solar cell provided in Example 3-1 is fabricated using the same steps as in Example 1-1, with the main difference being that the polymer material is replaced with P4VPCBMA (weight-average molecular weight of 100,000).

[0100] The perovskite solar cell provided in Example 3-2 is fabricated using the same steps as in Example 3-1, with the main difference being that the amount of polymer is increased so that the polymer material accounts for 1% of the mass of the PCBM.

[0101] The perovskite solar cell provided in Example 4-1 is fabricated using the same steps as in Example 1-1, with the main difference being that the polymer material is replaced with PMAA (weight-average molecular weight of 50,000).

[0102] The perovskite solar cell provided in Example 4-2 is fabricated using the same steps as in Example 4-1, with the main difference being that the amount of polymer is increased so that the polymer material accounts for 1% of the mass of the PCBM.

[0103] The perovskite solar cell provided in Example 5-1 is fabricated using the same steps as in Example 1-1, with the main difference being that the polymer material is replaced with PIPAACMAA (weight-average molecular weight of 60,000).

[0104] The perovskite solar cell provided in Example 5-2 is fabricated using the same steps as in Example 5-1, with the main difference being that the amount of polymer is increased so that the polymer material accounts for 1% of the mass of the PCBM.

[0105] The perovskite solar cell provided in Example 6-1 is fabricated using the same steps as in Example 1-1, with the main difference being that the polymer material is replaced with PMMACMAA (weight-average molecular weight of 34,000).

[0106] The perovskite solar cell provided in Example 6-2 is fabricated using the same steps as in Example 6-1, with the main difference being that the amount of polymer is increased so that the polymer material accounts for 1% of the mass of the PCBM.

[0107] The perovskite solar cell provided in Example 7-1 is fabricated using the same steps as in Example 1-1, with the main difference being that the polymer material is replaced with PNACS (weight-average molecular weight of 165,000).

[0108] The perovskite solar cell provided in Example 7-2 is fabricated using the same steps as in Example 7-1, with the main difference being that the amount of polymer is increased so that the polymer material accounts for 1% of the mass of the PCBM.

[0109] The perovskite solar cell provided in Comparative Example 1 was fabricated using the same steps as in Examples 1-1, with the main difference being that no polymer material was added.

[0110] Test example:

[0111] IV measurement method was used (effective area 0.08 cm²). 2 The open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, fill factor, and energy conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells were tested.

[0112] By changing the bias voltage point and simultaneously measuring the current, the IV characteristics (current-voltage curve) of the sample under test can be obtained.

[0113] a) Place the test fixture containing the sample cell on the sample holder, so that it is located in the measurement plane, and ensure that the sample cell is located at the center of the solar simulator's emitted light spot (or the photovoltaic cell normal is parallel to the center line of the solar simulator's emitted light beam).

[0114] b) At 1000W / m 2 Under irradiance conditions, a mask is installed on the sample battery to be tested, and the temperature of the sample battery is controlled by a temperature monitoring device so that the temperature of the sample battery is maintained at (25±3℃) during the measurement process.

[0115] c) Set the scan direction, voltage range, scan interval voltage, and scan interval time. It is recommended that the scan interval not exceed 0.02V, and the interval between two adjacent points not be less than 0.3s. Measure the forward and reverse scan current-voltage characteristics of the battery sample and record the open-circuit voltage V. OC Short-circuit current J SC .

[0116] Calculation formula:

[0117] Fill factor FF = J max *V max / (V OC *JSC ),

[0118] Energy conversion efficiency PCE = P max / P in P in The incident light intensity is 10. 3 W / m 2 .

[0119] The test results are shown in Table 1 below:

[0120] Table 1

[0121] Note: The “mass percentage” in Table 1 refers to the mass percentage of the polymer material relative to fullerene or its derivative PCBM.

[0122] As shown in Table 1, compared with Comparative Example 1, the present application embodiment can significantly improve battery efficiency by using polymer as an additive.

[0123] The comparison between Examples 1-1 to 1-5 shows that the battery efficiency is higher when the mass percentage of the polymer relative to the fullerene or its derivative is 0.2% to 5%.

[0124] A comparison of Examples 1-1 to 1-5, Examples 2-1 to 2-2, Examples 3-1 to 3-2, Examples 4-1 to 4-2, Examples 5-1 to 5-2, Examples 6-1 to 6-2, and Examples 7-1 to 7-2 shows that high battery efficiency can be achieved by using different types of polymers containing at least one modified functional group.

[0125] The technical features of the above embodiments can be combined in any way. For the sake of brevity, not all possible combinations of the technical features in the above embodiments are described. However, as long as there is no contradiction in the combination of these technical features, they should be considered to be within the scope of this specification.

[0126] The embodiments described above are merely illustrative of several implementation methods of this application, and while the descriptions are relatively specific and detailed, they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention patent. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make various modifications and improvements without departing from the concept of this application, and these all fall within the protection scope of this application. Therefore, the protection scope of this patent application should be determined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A perovskite solar cell, comprising a first electrode layer, a functional layer and a second electrode layer arranged in a stack, the functional layer comprising an electron transport layer and a perovskite layer arranged in a stack; a material of the electron transport layer comprises fullerene or a derivative thereof and an additive, the additive comprising a polymer comprising at least one modified functional group, the modified functional group comprising one or more of an element comprising a lone pair of electrons and a group comprising a π bond.

2. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the modified functional group comprises one or more of a pyridyl group, an ester group, an amide group, a carboxyl group, a cyano group and a phenyl group.

3. The perovskite solar cell of claim 2, wherein, The structural units in the polymer include one or more of the structures shown below: wherein R 0 represents the modified functional group; R 1, R 2 and R 3 each independently comprise H or C 1-C 5 alkyl.

4. The perovskite solar cell of claim 3, wherein, the polymer comprises one or more of poly (4-vinylpyridine), poly (4-vinylpyridine) polystyrene, poly (4-vinylpyridine) poly (butyl methacrylate), polymethacrylic acid, poly (isopropyl acrylamide) polymethacrylic acid, polymethyl methacrylate polymethacrylic acid and polyacrylonitrile polystyrene.

5. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein The weight average molecular weight of the polymer is 10 3 ~ 10 7 .

6. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein a mass percentage of the polymer relative to the fullerene or the derivative thereof is 0.1% to 8%.

7. The perovskite solar cell of claim 6, wherein, a mass percentage of the polymer relative to the fullerene or the derivative thereof is 0.2% to 5%.

8. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the fullerene or the derivative thereof comprises one or more of C 60, C 70, PCBM and PC 71 BM.

9. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein a material of the perovskite layer comprises a perovskite type metal halide with a chemical formula of ABX 3; wherein A comprises one or more of Cs + , K + , Rb + , MA + , and FA + . B comprises one or more of Pb 2+ , Sn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ , Ni 2+ , Ge 2+ , Co 2+ , and Sb 2+ . X comprises one or more of I - , Br - , and CI - .

10. The method for producing a perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein comprising the following steps: preparing the functional layer on a surface of the first electrode layer; preparing the second electrode layer on a surface of the functional layer; wherein the preparation of the functional layer comprises steps of preparing the electron transport layer and preparing the perovskite layer, and the step of preparing the electron transport layer comprises mixing the fullerene or the derivative thereof and the additive and film forming. 11.A photovoltaic module, comprising the perovskite solar cell of any one of claims 1 to 10. 12.An electric device, comprising the perovskite solar cell of any one of claims 1 to 10 or the photovoltaic module of claim 11. 13.A power generation device, comprising the perovskite solar cell of any one of claims 1 to 10 or the photovoltaic module of claim 11.

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